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engine+problem

  • 61 особенно остро стоять

    Особенно обостряться/остро стоять-- This problem would be most prevalent in engine ingestion testing, in which projectile rotation prior to impact is almost unavoidable.

    Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > особенно остро стоять

  • 62 особенно обостряться

    Особенно обостряться/остро стоять-- This problem would be most prevalent in engine ingestion testing, in which projectile rotation prior to impact is almost unavoidable.

    Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > особенно обостряться

  • 63 первые успехи

    Первые успехи-- However, based on preliminary success of the stiff design in ameliorating this problem, there are no immediate plans for engine tests of this configuration.

    Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > первые успехи

  • 64 соответствовать установившейся практике

    Соответствовать установившейся практике-- The basic composition of the bath corresponds to usual practice. Соответствующий - appropriate (to); associated, involved, applicable, relevant, along the lines of (имеющий отношение к делу); proper, suitable, matching (подходящий); commensurate with, associated, corresponding (связанный зависимостью); corresponding, respective (при сопоставлении нескольких результатов, деталей); conforming to, complying with (подчиняющийся)
     The appropriate values are shown in Table and Fig.
     Physical properties appropriate to methanol boiling at atmospheric pressure were used throughout this analysis.
     It is important to note that the engine contained the normal regenerator disk and associated seals.
     It is possible that it [resonance] is not recognized as the casual agent and a general beefing-up of the parts involved is undertaken as a fix for the problem.
     The supplier shall establish procedures for identifying the product from applicable drawings.
     sT, sr are the stresses to give a specific strain or rupture in the lifetime of the vessel at the relevant temperature.
     Emergency shower, drench hose, and combination units are not a substitute for proper primary protective devices.
     A manipulator along the lines of Fig. has been examined by X.
     It is preferable to accept weaker weld metals with good ductility, rather than a weld metal which has matching strength but poor ductility.
     The atomizing air is preheated to the same temperature as the heated (temperature commensurate with 100 SSU viscosity) residual fuel oil entering the burner oil tube.
     Over the past few decades the generator capacity has been increasing steadily, warranting a corresponding increase in the rotor diameter.
     The initially measured value of the drag coefficient in each run is 10 percent to 12 percent higher than the corresponding steady-state value.
     Surrounding the stagnation zone are streak lines indicating that the fluid adjacent to the plate surface is flowing outward toward the respective edges.

    Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > соответствовать установившейся практике

  • 65 чаще всего приходится сталкиваться с

    Чаще всего приходится сталкиваться с-- The most common problem is the generation of spurious engine rotational frequency signals superimposed on the genuine signals.

    Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > чаще всего приходится сталкиваться с

  • 66 haben;

    hat, hatte, hat gehabt
    I v/t
    1. (Arbeit, Erfahrung, Geld, Zeit etc.) have (got); (besitzen) auch possess, own; haben wollen (wünschen) want (to have); (fordern) want, demand; die Erlaubnis / das Recht haben zu (+ Inf.) have permission / the right to (+ Inf.) woher hast du das? where did you get that (from)?; (Nachricht etc.) where did you hear that?; kann ich mal das Salz haben? umg. could I have the salt, please?; da hast du’s! umg. there you are; zu haben Ware: available; Haus: for sale; ist es noch zu haben? auch is it still going (Am. up for sale)?; sie ist noch zu haben umg., fig. she’s not spoken for, she’s (still) available, she’s (still) single; dafür bin ich nicht zu haben fig. you can count me out; generell: that’s not (really) my thing; für ein Bier bin ich immer zu haben fig. I’m always game for a beer; er hat schon viele Frauen gehabt umg., euph. he’s already had a lot of women; wer hat, der hat! umg., hum. oder iro. if you’ve got it, flaunt it; was man hat, das hat man a bird in the hand (is worth two in the bush) Sprichw., possession is nine points ( oder tenths) of the law; er hat’s ja! umg. he can afford it; haste
    2. (Eigenschaft, Krankheit, Unfall, Zustand etc.) have (got); welche Farbe haben seine Augen? what colo(u)r are his eyes?; Glück / Pech haben be lucky / unlucky; einen Motorschaden haben have engine trouble; es im Hals haben umg. have a sore throat; er hat Geburtstag it’s his birthday; gestern hatten wir Regen we had rain yesterday, it rained here yesterday; hast du heute Dienst / Schule / frei? are you on duty / have you got school / are you off today?; Mathe haben wir bei Herrn Hanel Mr Hanel takes us for math(s), Am. We have math with Mr. Hanel; in der vierten Stunde haben wir Physik we’ve got physics (in the) fourth period ( oder lesson); in Erdkunde haben wir gerade China we’re doing China in geography at the moment; da hast du’s! (siehst du?) I told you so
    3. (fühlen): Angst / Durst etc. haben be afraid / thirsty etc.; Schmerzen haben be in pain, have a pain Sg.; was hast du denn? umg. what’s up ( oder wrong)?; hast du was? umg. is something the matter?
    4. (bestehen aus) comprise, be made up of, consist of; (wiegen) weigh; (messen) measure; der Fisch hat zwei Kilo / zwanzig Zentimeter the fish weighs two kilos / is 20 centimet|res (Am. -ers) long; ein Kilogramm hat tausend Gramm there are a thousand grams in a kilogram; der Verein hat 20 Mitglieder the club has 20 members; Deutschland hat 16 Bundesländer Germany is made up of 16 states
    5. Zeitangabe: wir haben ( jetzt) April / genau sechs Uhr / Montag, den 7.11. it’s April / six o’clock precisely / Monday 7 November (Am. November 7th); wie viel Uhr haben wir? what time is it?; in New York haben sie jetzt Nacht it’s nighttime in New York at the moment
    6. umg. als Brauch, Mode: das hat man jetzt so / wieder / nicht mehr Brauch: it’s what we do nowadays / we’ve gone back to doing it this way / we don’t do it like that any more; Mode: it’s the fashion / back in fashion / out of fashion now
    7. unpers., bes. südd., österr., schw.: es hat there is / are; wie viel Grad hat es ( draußen)? what’s the temperature (outside)?; dieses Jahr hat es wenig Pilze there aren’t very many mushrooms this year; was hat’s bei euch für Wetter? what sort of weather are you having?, what’s the weather like where you are?
    8. umg. (beendet, bekommen, gemacht etc. haben): hast du den Abwasch schon? have you finished washing up (yet)? (Am. finished the dishes [yet]?); hat man den Dieb schon? have they caught the thief yet?; hab ich dich endlich! (erwischt) got you!, gotcha! umg.; das werden wir gleich haben! no problem; bei Reparatur etc.: we’ll have that done ( oder fixed) in no time; ich hab’s bald (I’m) nearly finished; hast du’s bald? ungeduldig: how much longer are you going to take?; ich hab’s oder jetzt hab ich’s! (I’ve) got it!; hast du schon Nachricht von ihr? - Nein, hab ich nicht! have you heard from her yet? - No, I haven’t; was hast du in Mathe? Note: what did you get in math(s)?; dich hat’s wohl! oder hat’s dich jetzt ganz? (spinnst du?) you must be mad (Am. crazy)!, you’re off your head
    9. mit es und Adj.: du hast’s gut you’ve got it good umg., everything’s fine for you; ich hab’s eilig I’m in a hurry; schön habt ihr es hier it’s lovely for you here; jetzt haben wir’s nicht mehr weit not far to go now; sie will es so haben that’s the way she wants it; wie hätten Sie’s denn gern(e)? how would you like it?
    10. mit zu und Inf.: nichts / viel zu essen haben have nothing / a lot to eat; einen Brief zu schreiben haben have a letter to write; ich habe noch Geld von ihr zu bekommen I still have some money to come ( oder coming) from her, she still owes me some money; du hast hier / mir ( gar) nichts zu befehlen oder sagen / verbieten it’s not up to you to tell people / me what to do / what not to do; was hast du hier zu suchen? (verschwinde!) what are you doing here?
    11. mit Verben: wo hast du dein Auto ( stehen)? where did you leave your car?; einen Läufer vor dem Bett ( liegen) haben have a rug in front of the bed; etw. nicht haben können umg. (nicht ertragen, mögen) not be able to stand s.th.; das kann ich nicht haben! I can’t stand it; auf etwas Spezifisches reagierend: I’m not standing for that
    12. mit Präp.: eine Frau / einen Italiener als oder zum Chef haben have a woman / an Italian as one’s boss; ich habe an ihm einen Freund I have a friend in him; ich merke erst jetzt, was ich an ihr gehabt habe it’s only now that I can appreciate what I had in her (bzw. what an asset oder a treasure oder a wonderful woman she was); er hat etwas Überspanntes an sich there’s something eccentric about him; das haben Katzen so an sich that’s just the way cats are; was hat es damit auf sich? what’s it all about?, what does it mean?; es hat nichts auf sich ( damit) it’s nothing; bei sich haben (Geld, Ausweis etc.) have on ( oder with) one; (Person) have with one; es hat viel für sich there’s a lot to be said for it; was hast du gegen ihn? what have you got against him?; ich hab nichts gegen Raucher I have nothing against people who smoke; jetzt hätte ich nichts gegen ein Nickerchen I wouldn’t mind a little nap now; sie hatte alle gegen sich she had everyone against her; hinter sich (Dat) haben (etw.) have been through s.th.; (jemanden) have s.o. behind one; das hätten wir hinter uns well, that’s that; einen anstrengenden Tag hinter sich (Dat) haben have had a tiring day; die fünfzig hinter sich (Dat) haben be over 50, be the wrong side of 50; die Sache hat es in sich umg. it’s not easy, it’s a tough one; der Likör hat es in sich it’s a pretty strong liqueur; hat sie was mit ihm? umg. is there something going on between them?; hat er es schon mit ihr gehabt? umg. has he had it ( oder done it) with her?; ich hab’s nicht (so) mit ihr / mit Pizza umg. I don’t like ( oder get on [Am. along] with) her / I don’t go for ( oder I’m not into) pizza; die hat’s vielleicht mit i-r Ordnung! umg. she’s got a real thing about tidiness; damit hat es ( noch) Zeit oder keine Eile there’s (still) plenty of time for that, there’s no hurry for that (yet); unter sich (Dat) haben be in charge of; (befehligen) command; er hat viel von seinem Vater he takes after his father; er hat etwas von einem Versager etc. he’s a bit of a quitter; wenn du so viel arbeitest, haben wir gar nichts mehr von dir we’ll never see anything of you; wir haben nicht viel von unserem Urlaub gehabt we didn’t get much out of our holiday; was habe ich davon? umg. what do I get out of it?, what for?; das hast du jetzt davon! umg. see?; das hast du davon, wenn... umg. that’s what you get when... ( oder from [+ Ger.]); das haben wir noch vor uns that’s still to come, we’ve still got that to come; Sie wissen wohl nicht, wen Sie vor sich haben? you obviously don’t know who(m) you’re addressing; jemanden zum Feind / Freund haben have s.o. as an enemy / friend; Anschein, Auge 1, gehabt, gern etc.
    II v/i mit zu und Inf.: zu arbeiten / gehorchen etc. haben (müssen) have to work / obey etc.; ich hab zu tun I’ve got things to do; du hast gut lachen / reden you may well laugh / talk
    III v/refl umg.: hab dich nicht so! don’t make such a fuss; (führ dich nicht so auf) don’t take (Am. carry) on like that; der hat sich vielleicht mit seinen Büchern! he makes such a fuss about his books!; und damit hat sich’s! and that’s that, and that’s final; es hat sich was damit it’s not that easy; hat sich was! some hope!
    IV Hilfsv. have; hast du ihn gesehen? have you seen him?; ich habe bis jetzt gelesen I have been reading up to now; er hat uns gestern besucht he visited us yesterday; du hättest es mir sagen sollen you should have told me; er hätte es machen können he could have done it

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > haben;

  • 67 równ|o

    Ⅰ adv. grad. 1. (bez wypukłości) [rozłożyć, rozciągnąć, pomalować] evenly
    - posmarować coś równo masłem/klejem to spread sth evenly with butter/glue
    - ubić równo ziemię to level the soil
    - wygładzić równo powierzchnię to smooth a surface
    - równo przylegać do czegoś to stick evenly to sth
    2. (bez zakrzywień) [przykleić, przyszyć] evenly; [uciąć] evenly, cleanly; (starannie) neatly
    - równo przycięte włosy evenly cut hair
    - pisać równo to have a neat handwriting
    - książki były równo poustawiane the books were neatly lined up
    - iść równo obok kogoś to walk side by side with sb
    3. (miarowo) [oddychać] evenly; [iść, biec] at a steady pace
    - serce biło równo the heartbeat was steady
    - silnik pracował równo the engine ran smoothly
    4. (systematycznie, przewidywalnie) [grać, pracować] consistently
    - w tym sezonie grają bardzo równo Sport they’ve been very consistent this season
    Ⅱ adv. 1. (jednakowo) evenly
    - podzielić coś równo to divide sth evenly
    - było po równo chłopaków i dziewczyn there was an equal number of boys and girls
    - rozdać każdemu po równo to give everybody an equal share
    - podzielić się czymś po równo to share sth evenly
    - równo poprzycinane deski even-sized boards
    2. (dokładnie) exactly
    - równo o dziewiątej at nine o’clock sharp
    - równo rok temu exactly a year ago
    - równo pięć tysięcy exactly five thousand
    3. (równocześnie) równo z kimś at the same time as sb
    - skończyć równo z dzwonkiem to finish as soon as the bell rings
    - zacząłeś równo ze mną you started at the same as I did
    4. pot. (bardzo) like hell pot.
    - chichotałyśmy równo we giggled like hell
    - no to masz równo przechlapane so you’ve got a hell of a problem

    The New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > równ|o

  • 68 вот где собака зарыта

    вот где (вот в чём, тут-то и) собака зарыта
    погов.
    this is the crux of the matter; that's the answer to the mystery!; cf. there's (here lies) the rub; that's where the shoe pinches; that's what behind it all; that's the long and the short of it

    Помню, я чуть не вскрикнул, когда вдруг мысленно узрел единую блочную головку мотора. Блочная конструкция головки, вот где зарыта собака, вот в чём решение всей задачи. (А. Бек, Жизнь Бережкова) — I remember I almost let out a yell when I suddenly got a mental picture of a single block-cast construction for the head of the engine. There was the key, there was the solution of the whole problem!

    - Вот тут-то и зарыта собака. У нас поучают хлеборобов все, кто оказался на подходящей должности, хотя бы сами не умели отличить пшеницы от ячменя. (Н. Рыленков, Недопетая песня) — 'That's the long and the short of it. We get all sorts of people coming to the countryside, preaching to the corn-growers. As long as their position is high enough even though they can't tell wheat from barley.'

    - Позволь, но тогда... литьё крошиться будет? Сталь, она, как известно, хрупкость даёт. - А надо сперва отлить деталь, а потом отжечь её в руде специальной... В марганцовистой руде, кажется... - Ах, отжечь! - ещё больше оживился директор... - Тут-то она и зарыта, собака! (В. Беляев, Старая крепость) — 'Steel? Steady on, that'll make the casting more brittle! Everyone knows that steel makes iron brittle.' 'You have to cast the metal first, then anneal it in special ore... manganese ore, I think...' 'Ah, anneal it!' the director grew even more lively... 'That's the answer to the mystery!'

    Русско-английский фразеологический словарь > вот где собака зарыта

  • 69 проблема логического вывода

    Русско-английский большой базовый словарь > проблема логического вывода

  • 70 трудный

    1. complex
    2. unmanageable
    3. arduous
    4. baffling
    5. harder

    трудный; твердый — are hard

    6. toilsome
    7. difficult; hard; heavy
    8. hard
    9. labored
    10. laborious
    11. laboured
    12. stiff
    13. tough

    человек, с которым трудно справиться — a tough nut

    трудная работа — hard work; tough job

    14. tricky
    15. troublesome
    16. trying
    Синонимический ряд:
    нелегкая (прил.) бедственная; горестная; горькая; каторжная; нелегкая; несладкая; опасная; серьезная; тяжелая; тяжкая
    Антонимический ряд:

    Русско-английский большой базовый словарь > трудный

  • 71 определение


    determination
    (значений величин)
    - (формулировка понятия или термина) — definition definition that "altitude" is to be taken as "pressure altitude".
    - (нахождение) дефектов (неисправностей) — detection of defects (troubles)
    - графического условного обозначения — definition of symbol
    - дефектов (отказавших блоков, узлов и т.п.) — isolating the trouble into...
    - (обнаружение) и устранение дефектов — trouble shooting
    - координат ппм при помощи пеленга и расстояния — definition of /defining/ waypoint (coordinates) by bearing and distance
    - курса — heading determination
    - мест (участков) планера, систем, двигателя, могущих повлиять на безопасность эксплуатации — detection of problem areas in airframe, systems and engines
    - местоположения ла (общий термин) — position determination. аll position-determination schemes are classified as dead-reckoning or position fixing.
    - местоположения ла (безотносительно к предыдущему местоположению) — position fixing. in contrast to dead reckoning, position fixing is the determination of the aircraft position (a fix) without reference to any former position.
    - местоположения ла методом счисления пути (относительно предыдущего известного местоположения) — dead reckoning. dead reckoning consists of extra polation of a "known" position to some future time.
    - местоположения (ла) методом счисления no звездам — position reckoning using the stars

    the stars are used to navigate and reckon position.
    - отказавшего двигателя — acquisition of the engine failed
    - ппм (промежуточного пункта маршрута) — waypoint definition (wpt def)
    - правильного угла захода на посадку — gauging of right approach angle

    learn a method of gauging the right approach angle.
    - скорости v1 по отношению v1/vn.оп (график) — conversion of v1/vr ratio into v1
    - технического состояния деталей и сборочных единиц (раздел рр) — inspection/check

    Русско-английский сборник авиационно-технических терминов > определение

  • 72 Bedson, George

    SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy
    [br]
    b. 3 November 1820 Sutton Coldfield, Warwickshire, England
    d. 12 December 1884 Manchester (?), England
    [br]
    English metallurgist, inventor of the continuous rolling mill.
    [br]
    He acquired a considerable knowledge of wire-making in his father's works before he took a position in 1839 at the works of James Edleston at Warrington. From there, in 1851, he went to Manchester as Manager of Richard Johnson \& Sons' wire mill, where he remained for the rest of his life. It was there that he initiated several important improvements in the manufacture of wire. These included a system of circulating puddling furnace water bottoms and sides, and a galvanizing process. His most important innovation, however, was the continuous mill for producing iron rod for wiredrawing. Previously the red-hot iron billets had to be handled repeatedly through a stand or set of rolls to reduce the billet to the required shape, with time and heat being lost at each handling. In Bedson's continuous mill, the billet entered the first of a succession of stands placed as closely to each other as possible and emerged from the final one as rod suitable for wiredrawing, without any intermediate handling. A second novel feature was that alternate rolls were arranged vertically to save turning the piece manually through a right angle. That improved the quality as well as the speed of production. Bedson's first continuous mill was erected in Manchester in 1862 and had sixteen stands in tandem. A mill on this principle had been patented the previous year by Charles While of Pontypridd, South Wales, but it was Bedson who made it work and brought it into use commercially. A difficult problem to overcome was that as the piece being rolled lengthened, its speed increased, so that each pair of rolls had to increase correspondingly. The only source of power was a steam engine working a single drive shaft, but Bedson achieved the greater speeds by using successively larger gear-wheels at each stand.
    Bedson's first mill was highly successful, and a second one was erected at the Manchester works; however, its application was limited to the production of small bars, rods and sections. Nevertheless, Bedson's mill established an important principle of rolling-mill design that was to have wider applications in later years.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    Obituary, 1884, Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute 27:539–40. W.K.V.Gale, 1969, Iron and Steel, London: Longmans, pp. 81–2.
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Bedson, George

  • 73 Booth, Hubert Cecil

    [br]
    b. 1871 Gloucester, England d. 1955
    [br]
    English mechanical, civil and construction engineer best remembered as the inventor of the vacuum cleaner.
    [br]
    As an engineer Booth contributed to the design of engines for Royal Navy battleships, designed and supervised the erection of a number of great wheels (in Blackpool, Vienna and Paris) and later designed factories and bridges.
    In 1900 he attended a demonstration, at St Paneras Station in London, of a new form of railway carriage cleaner that was supposed to blow the dirt into a container. It was not a very successful experiment and Booth, having considered the problem carefully, decided that sucking might be better than blowing. He tried out his idea by placing a piece of damp cloth over an upholstered armchair. When he sucked air by mouth through his cloth the dirt upon it was tangible proof of his theory.
    Various attempts were being made at this time, especially in America, to find a successful cleaner of carpets and upholstery. Booth produced the first truly satisfactory machine, which he patented in 1901, and coined the term "vacuum cleaner". He formed the Vacuum Cleaner Co. (later to become Goblin BVC Ltd) and began to manufacture his machines. For some years the company provided a cleaning service to town houses, using a large and costly vacuum cleaner (the first model cost £350). Painted scarlet, it measured 54×10×42 in. (137×25×110 cm) and was powered by a petrol-driven 5 hp piston engine. It was transported through the streets on a horse-driven van and was handled by a team of operators who parked outside the house to be cleaned. With the aid of several hundred feet of flexible hose extending from the cleaner through the windows into all the rooms, the machine sucked the dirt of decades from the carpets; at the first cleaning the weight of many such carpets was reduced by 50 per cent as the dirt was sucked away.
    Many attempts were made in Europe and America to produce a smaller and less expensive machine. Booth himself designed the chief British model in 1906, the Trolley- Vac, which was wheeled around the house on a trolley. Still elaborate, expensive and heavy, this machine could, however, be operated inside a room and was powered from an electric light fitting. It consisted of a sophisticated electric motor and a belt-driven rotary vacuum pump. Various hoses and fitments made possible the cleaning of many different surfaces and the dust was trapped in a cloth filter within a small metal canister. It was a superb vacuum cleaner but cost 35 guineas and weighed a hundredweight (50 kg), so it was difficult to take upstairs.
    Various alternative machines that were cheaper and lighter were devised, but none was truly efficient until a prototype that married a small electric motor to the machine was produced in 1907 in America.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    The Story of the World's First Vacuum Cleaner, Leatherhead: BSR (Housewares) Ltd. See also Hoover, William Henry.
    DY

    Biographical history of technology > Booth, Hubert Cecil

  • 74 Edison, Thomas Alva

    [br]
    b. 11 February 1847 Milan, Ohio, USA
    d. 18 October 1931 Glenmont
    [br]
    American inventor and pioneer electrical developer.
    [br]
    He was the son of Samuel Edison, who was in the timber business. His schooling was delayed due to scarlet fever until 1855, when he was 8½ years old, but he was an avid reader. By the age of 14 he had a job as a newsboy on the railway from Port Huron to Detroit, a distance of sixty-three miles (101 km). He worked a fourteen-hour day with a stopover of five hours, which he spent in the Detroit Free Library. He also sold sweets on the train and, later, fruit and vegetables, and was soon making a profit of $20 a week. He then started two stores in Port Huron and used a spare freight car as a laboratory. He added a hand-printing press to produce 400 copies weekly of The Grand Trunk Herald, most of which he compiled and edited himself. He set himself to learn telegraphy from the station agent at Mount Clements, whose son he had saved from being run over by a freight car.
    At the age of 16 he became a telegraphist at Port Huron. In 1863 he became railway telegraphist at the busy Stratford Junction of the Grand Trunk Railroad, arranging a clock with a notched wheel to give the hourly signal which was to prove that he was awake and at his post! He left hurriedly after failing to hold a train which was nearly involved in a head-on collision. He usually worked the night shift, allowing himself time for experiments during the day. His first invention was an arrangement of two Morse registers so that a high-speed input could be decoded at a slower speed. Moving from place to place he held many positions as a telegraphist. In Boston he invented an automatic vote recorder for Congress and patented it, but the idea was rejected. This was the first of a total of 1180 patents that he was to take out during his lifetime. After six years he resigned from the Western Union Company to devote all his time to invention, his next idea being an improved ticker-tape machine for stockbrokers. He developed a duplex telegraphy system, but this was turned down by the Western Union Company. He then moved to New York.
    Edison found accommodation in the battery room of Law's Gold Reporting Company, sleeping in the cellar, and there his repair of a broken transmitter marked him as someone of special talents. His superior soon resigned, and he was promoted with a salary of $300 a month. Western Union paid him $40,000 for the sole rights on future improvements on the duplex telegraph, and he moved to Ward Street, Newark, New Jersey, where he employed a gathering of specialist engineers. Within a year, he married one of his employees, Mary Stilwell, when she was only 16: a daughter, Marion, was born in 1872, and two sons, Thomas and William, in 1876 and 1879, respectively.
    He continued to work on the automatic telegraph, a device to send out messages faster than they could be tapped out by hand: that is, over fifty words per minute or so. An earlier machine by Alexander Bain worked at up to 400 words per minute, but was not good over long distances. Edison agreed to work on improving this feature of Bain's machine for the Automatic Telegraph Company (ATC) for $40,000. He improved it to a working speed of 500 words per minute and ran a test between Washington and New York. Hoping to sell their equipment to the Post Office in Britain, ATC sent Edison to England in 1873 to negotiate. A 500-word message was to be sent from Liverpool to London every half-hour for six hours, followed by tests on 2,200 miles (3,540 km) of cable at Greenwich. Only confused results were obtained due to induction in the cable, which lay coiled in a water tank. Edison returned to New York, where he worked on his quadruplex telegraph system, tests of which proved a success between New York and Albany in December 1874. Unfortunately, simultaneous negotiation with Western Union and ATC resulted in a lawsuit.
    Alexander Graham Bell was granted a patent for a telephone in March 1876 while Edison was still working on the same idea. His improvements allowed the device to operate over a distance of hundreds of miles instead of only a few miles. Tests were carried out over the 106 miles (170 km) between New York and Philadelphia. Edison applied for a patent on the carbon-button transmitter in April 1877, Western Union agreeing to pay him $6,000 a year for the seventeen-year duration of the patent. In these years he was also working on the development of the electric lamp and on a duplicating machine which would make up to 3,000 copies from a stencil. In 1876–7 he moved from Newark to Menlo Park, twenty-four miles (39 km) from New York on the Pennsylvania Railway, near Elizabeth. He had bought a house there around which he built the premises that would become his "inventions factory". It was there that he began the use of his 200- page pocket notebooks, each of which lasted him about two weeks, so prolific were his ideas. When he died he left 3,400 of them filled with notes and sketches.
    Late in 1877 he applied for a patent for a phonograph which was granted on 19 February 1878, and by the end of the year he had formed a company to manufacture this totally new product. At the time, Edison saw the device primarily as a business aid rather than for entertainment, rather as a dictating machine. In August 1878 he was granted a British patent. In July 1878 he tried to measure the heat from the solar corona at a solar eclipse viewed from Rawlins, Wyoming, but his "tasimeter" was too sensitive.
    Probably his greatest achievement was "The Subdivision of the Electric Light" or the "glow bulb". He tried many materials for the filament before settling on carbon. He gave a demonstration of electric light by lighting up Menlo Park and inviting the public. Edison was, of course, faced with the problem of inventing and producing all the ancillaries which go to make up the electrical system of generation and distribution-meters, fuses, insulation, switches, cabling—even generators had to be designed and built; everything was new. He started a number of manufacturing companies to produce the various components needed.
    In 1881 he built the world's largest generator, which weighed 27 tons, to light 1,200 lamps at the Paris Exhibition. It was later moved to England to be used in the world's first central power station with steam engine drive at Holborn Viaduct, London. In September 1882 he started up his Pearl Street Generating Station in New York, which led to a worldwide increase in the application of electric power, particularly for lighting. At the same time as these developments, he built a 1,300yd (1,190m) electric railway at Menlo Park.
    On 9 August 1884 his wife died of typhoid. Using his telegraphic skills, he proposed to 19-year-old Mina Miller in Morse code while in the company of others on a train. He married her in February 1885 before buying a new house and estate at West Orange, New Jersey, building a new laboratory not far away in the Orange Valley.
    Edison used direct current which was limited to around 250 volts. Alternating current was largely developed by George Westinghouse and Nicola Tesla, using transformers to step up the current to a higher voltage for long-distance transmission. The use of AC gradually overtook the Edison DC system.
    In autumn 1888 he patented a form of cinephotography, the kinetoscope, obtaining film-stock from George Eastman. In 1893 he set up the first film studio, which was pivoted so as to catch the sun, with a hinged roof which could be raised. In 1894 kinetoscope parlours with "peep shows" were starting up in cities all over America. Competition came from the Latham Brothers with a screen-projection machine, which Edison answered with his "Vitascope", shown in New York in 1896. This showed pictures with accompanying sound, but there was some difficulty with synchronization. Edison also experimented with captions at this early date.
    In 1880 he filed a patent for a magnetic ore separator, the first of nearly sixty. He bought up deposits of low-grade iron ore which had been developed in the north of New Jersey. The process was a commercial success until the discovery of iron-rich ore in Minnesota rendered it uneconomic and uncompetitive. In 1898 cement rock was discovered in New Village, west of West Orange. Edison bought the land and started cement manufacture, using kilns twice the normal length and using half as much fuel to heat them as the normal type of kiln. In 1893 he met Henry Ford, who was building his second car, at an Edison convention. This started him on the development of a battery for an electric car on which he made over 9,000 experiments. In 1903 he sold his patent for wireless telegraphy "for a song" to Guglielmo Marconi.
    In 1910 Edison designed a prefabricated concrete house. In December 1914 fire destroyed three-quarters of the West Orange plant, but it was at once rebuilt, and with the threat of war Edison started to set up his own plants for making all the chemicals that he had previously been buying from Europe, such as carbolic acid, phenol, benzol, aniline dyes, etc. He was appointed President of the Navy Consulting Board, for whom, he said, he made some forty-five inventions, "but they were pigeonholed, every one of them". Thus did Edison find that the Navy did not take kindly to civilian interference.
    In 1927 he started the Edison Botanic Research Company, founded with similar investment from Ford and Firestone with the object of finding a substitute for overseas-produced rubber. In the first year he tested no fewer than 3,327 possible plants, in the second year, over 1,400, eventually developing a variety of Golden Rod which grew to 14 ft (4.3 m) in height. However, all this effort and money was wasted, due to the discovery of synthetic rubber.
    In October 1929 he was present at Henry Ford's opening of his Dearborn Museum to celebrate the fiftieth anniversary of the incandescent lamp, including a replica of the Menlo Park laboratory. He was awarded the Congressional Gold Medal and was elected to the American Academy of Sciences. He died in 1931 at his home, Glenmont; throughout the USA, lights were dimmed temporarily on the day of his funeral.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Member of the American Academy of Sciences. Congressional Gold Medal.
    Further Reading
    M.Josephson, 1951, Edison, Eyre \& Spottiswode.
    R.W.Clark, 1977, Edison, the Man who Made the Future, Macdonald \& Jane.
    IMcN

    Biographical history of technology > Edison, Thomas Alva

  • 75 Reason, Richard Edmund

    [br]
    b. 21 December 1903 Exeter, Devon, England
    d. 20 March 1987 Great Bowden, Leicestershire, England
    [br]
    English metrologist who developed instruments for measuring machined-surface roughness.
    [br]
    Richard Edmund Reason was educated at Tonbridge School and the Royal College of Science (Imperial College), where he studied under Professor A.F.C.Pollard, Professor of Technical Optics. After graduating in 1925 he joined Taylor, Taylor and Hobson Ltd, Leicester, manufacturers of optical, electrical and scientific instruments, and remained with that firm throughout his career. One of his first contributions was in the development, with E.F.Fincham, of the Fincham Coincidence Optometer. At this time the firm, under William Taylor, was mainly concerned with optical instruments and lens manufacture, but in the 1930s Reason was also engaged in developing means for measuring the roughness of machined surfaces. The need for establishing standards and methods of measurement of surface finish was called for when the subcontracting of aero-engine components became necessary during the Second World War. This led to the development by Reason of an instrument in which a stylus was moved across the surface and the profile recorded electronically. This was called the Talysurf and was first produced in 1941. Further development followed, and from 1947 Reason tackled the problem of measuring roundness, producing the first Talyrond machine in 1949. The technology developed for these instruments was used in the production of others such as the Talymin Comparator and the Talyvel electronic level. Reason was also associated with the development of optical projection systems to measure the profile of parts such as gear teeth, screw threads and turbine blades. He retired in 1968 but continued as a consultant to the company. He served for many years on committees of the British Standards Institution on surface metrology and was a representative of Britain at the International Standards Organization.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    OBE 1967. FRS 1971. Honorary DSc University of Birmingham 1969. Honorary DSc Leicester University 1971.
    Further Reading
    D.J.Whitehouse, 1990, Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society 36, London, pp. 437–62 (an illustrated obituary notice listing Reason's eighty-nine British patents, published between 1930 and 1972, and his twenty-one publications, dating from 1937 to 1966).
    K.J.Hume, 1980, A History of Engineering Metrology, London, 113–21 (contains a shorter account of Reason's work).
    RTS

    Biographical history of technology > Reason, Richard Edmund

  • 76 Sikorsky, Igor Ivanovich

    SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace
    [br]
    b. 25 May 1889 Kiev, Ukraine
    d. 26 October 1972 Easton, Connecticut, USA
    [br]
    Russian/American pioneer of large aeroplanes, flying boats, and helicopters.
    [br]
    Sikorsky trained as an engineer but developed an interest in aviation at the age of 19 when he was allowed to spend several months in Paris to meet French aviators. He bought an Anzani aero-engine and took it back to Russia, where he designed and built a helicopter. In his own words, "It had one minor technical problem—it would not fly—but otherwise it was a good helicopter".
    Sikorsky turned to aeroplanes and built a series of biplanes: by 1911 the 5–5 was capable of flights lasting an hour. Following this success, the Russian-Baltic Railroad Car Company commissioned Sikorsky to build a large aeroplane. On 13 May 1913 Sikorsky took off in the Grand, the world's first four-engined aeroplane. With a wing span of 28 m (92 ft) it was also the world's largest, and was unique in that the crew were in an enclosed cabin with dual controls. The even larger Ilia Mourometz flew the following year and established many records, including the carriage of sixteen people. During the First World War many of these aircraft were built and served as heavy bombers.
    Following the revolution in Russia during 1917, Sikorsky emigrated first to France and then the United States, where he founded his own company. After building the successful S-38 passenger-carrying amphibian, the Sikorsky Aviation Corporation became part of the United Aircraft Corporation and went on to produce several large flying boats. Of these, the four-engined S-42 was probably the best known, for its service to Hawaii in 1935 and trial flights across the Atlantic in 1937.
    In the late 1930s Sikorsky once again turned his attention to helicopters, and on 14 September 1939 his VS-300 made its first tentative hop, with Sikorsky at the controls. Many improvements were made and on 6 May 1941 Sikorsky made a record-breaking flight of over 1½ hours. The Sikorsky design of a single main lifting rotor combined with a small tail rotor to balance the torque effect has dominated helicopter design to this day. Sikorsky produced a long series of outstanding helicopter designs which are in service throughout the world.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur 1960. Presidential Certificate of Merit 1948. Aeronautical Society Silver Medal 1949.
    Bibliography
    1971, "Sixty years in flying", Aeronautical Journal (Royal Aeronautical Society) (November) (interesting and amusing).
    1938, The Story of the Winged S., New York; 1967, rev. edn.
    Further Reading
    D.Cochrane et al., 1990, The Aviation Careers of Igor Sikorsky, Seattle.
    K.N.Finne, 1988, Igor Sikorsky: The Russian Years, ed. C.J.Bobrow and V.Hardisty, Shrewsbury; orig. pub. in Russian, 1930.
    F.J.Delear, 1969, Igor Sikorsky: His Three Careers in Aviation, New York.
    JDS

    Biographical history of technology > Sikorsky, Igor Ivanovich

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