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21 controllo
m control( verifica) checkmedicine check-upcontrollo alla frontiera customs inspectioncontrollo dei biglietti ticket inspectioncontrollo della qualità quality control* * *controllo s.m.1 ( verifica) control, check; ( ispezione) inspection; ( contabile) audit, auditing: controllo di qualità, quality control; controllo casuale, saltuario, random inspection (o spot check); controllo di cassa, cash control; controllo monetario, monetary control; controllo valutario, foreign exchange control; controllo governativo, government control; controllo doganale, customs inspection (o control o examination o check); sottoporre qlco. a un controllo minuzioso, to subject sthg. to a close inspection; dai controlli fatti la merce risultò di qualità inferiore, after checking, the goods turned out to be of inferior quality; aperto per il controllo, (di pacco postale ecc.) open for inspection; posto di controllo, checkpoint (o control station) // (mecc.) apparecchio di controllo, control apparatus // (aer.) controlli a terra, ground checks // (inform.): controllo di disparità, odd parity (check); controllo di parità, even parity; controllo di accesso, access control2 (med.) checkup; ( esame) test, check: ha una visita di controllo fra due settimane, he has a checkup in two weeks time; si sta sottoponendo a una serie di controlli per il cuore, he is having a series of tests for his heart3 ( vigilanza) control, surveillance; ( restrizione) restriction, control; ( dominio, comando) control: esercitare il controllo su una zona, to exercise control over an area (o to be in control of an area); il bambino è sfuggito al controllo della madre ed è finito sotto un'auto, the child eluded his mother and was run over by a car; la polizia riuscì a tenere sotto controllo la folla, the police managed to keep the crowd under control; mettere un telefono sotto controllo, to tap (o to bug) a telephone; avere il controllo dei propri nervi, to be self-controlled; non perdete il controllo!, don't lose your temper (o cool)!; perse il controllo dell'automobile, he lost control of his motorcar // controllo delle nascite, birth control (o family planning) // (amm., econ.): controllo delle spese, expense control; controllo dei costi, cost control; controllo dei salari, wage control; controllo degli affitti, rent control (o restriction); organo di controllo, supervisory body; controllo di gestione, management control; a controllo statale, state-controlled; avere il controllo di una società, to control a company; avere il controllo di un mercato, to command a market // (rad., tv) controllo del volume, volume control // (mecc.) leva di controllo, control lever // (aer.) superficie di controllo, control surface // (fis. nucleare) barra di controllo, control rod.* * *1. [kon'trɔllo]sm1) (verifica: gen) check, (di biglietti) inspectionfare un controllo di — to check sth, to inspect sth
visita di controllo Med — checkup
2) (sorveglianza) supervision3) (padronanza, regolamentazione) controlperdere il controllo (di qc) — (di macchina, situazione) to lose control (of sth)
ha perso il controllo (di sé) — he lost control (of himself), he lost his self-control
2.* * *[kon'trɔllo]sostantivo maschile1) (dominio) (di paese, organizzazione, situazione) control (di of; su over)essere sotto controllo — [incendio, problema, situazione] to be under control
tenere sotto controllo — to bring o get o keep [sth.] under control [animale, folla, incendio]
perdere il controllo di — to lose control of [situazione, veicolo]
sfuggire al controllo — [ situazione] to get out of hand
2) (padronanza) (di emozione, desiderio) control, command3) (sorveglianza) controltenere sotto controllo — to watch [edificio, persona sospetta, movimenti]
4) (verifica) (di qualità, sicurezza) check; (di biglietto) inspection; (di fatti, affermazioni) verification5) med. check-up, examination6) tecn. control•controllo delle nascite — birth o population control
controllo (di) qualità — ind. quality control
controllo sanitario — amm. sanitary inspection
controllo del traffico aereo — aer. air-traffic control
* * *controllo/kon'trɔllo/sostantivo m.1 (dominio) (di paese, organizzazione, situazione) control (di of; su over); controllo statale state control; essere sotto controllo [incendio, problema, situazione] to be under control; tenere sotto controllo to bring o get o keep [sth.] under control [animale, folla, incendio]; perdere il controllo di to lose control of [situazione, veicolo]; sfuggire al controllo [ situazione] to get out of hand2 (padronanza) (di emozione, desiderio) control, command; controllo di sé self-control; perdere il controllo to lose control3 (sorveglianza) control; tenere sotto controllo to watch [edificio, persona sospetta, movimenti]; mettere sotto controllo il telefono to tap the telephone4 (verifica) (di qualità, sicurezza) check; (di biglietto) inspection; (di fatti, affermazioni) verification; fare dei -i to carry out checks; posto di controllo checkpoint5 med. check-up, examination; visita di controllo check-up; sotto controllo medico under medical supervision; controllo della vista eye control6 tecn. controlcontrollo degli armamenti arms control; controllo di gestione management control; controllo delle nascite birth o population control; controllo passaporti passport control; controllo (di) qualità ind. quality control; controllo sanitario amm. sanitary inspection; controllo del traffico aereo aer. air-traffic control. -
22 obław|a
f 1. Myślis. battue (hunt) spec.; hunt- urządzić obławę na niedźwiedzia to hold a bear hunt2. (akcja) manhunt; (policyjna) dragnet; (wojskowa) sweep operation- obława uliczna a street round-up- policja zorganizowała a. zrobiła obławę na złodziei samochodów the police launched a crackdown on car thieves- urządzić a. przeprowadzić wielką/masową obławę na kogoś to launch a. carry out a major/massive manhunt for sb3. (grupa ścigających) manhunt team; Myślis. (circle a. ring of) beaters- przestępca wymknął się obławie a. z obławy the criminal slipped through the dragnet- przedostać a. przebić się przez pierścień obławy to slip through the dragnet- zwierzę uszło obławie the animal eluded the beatersThe New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > obław|a
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23 заставить себя ждать
be a long time; make smb. wait; elude smb. longer than usualСон на этот раз заставил себя ждать более обыкновенного. Уже восток начинал бледнеть, когда я заснул. (М. Лермонтов, Герой нашего времени) — Tonight, however, sleep eluded me longer than usual. The east was already beginning to grow pale when I fell asleep.
Русско-английский фразеологический словарь > заставить себя ждать
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24 verbum
verbum, i ( gen. plur. verbūm, Plaut. As. 1, 3, 1; id. Bacch. 4, 8, 37; id. Truc. 2, 8, 14), n. [from the root er; Gr. ERô, whence eirô and rhêma, what is spoken or said; cf. Goth. vaurd; Germ. Wort; Engl. word], a word; plur., words, expressions, language, discourse, conversation, etc. (cf.: vox, vocabulum).I.In gen.:B.verbum nullum fecit,
Plaut. Bacch. 4, 9, 58:si ullum verbum faxo,
id. Men. 1, 2, 47:qui verbum numquam in publico fecerunt,
Cic. Brut. 78, 270; so,facere,
to talk, chat, discourse, converse, id. Verr. 2, 4, 65, § 147; id. Imp. Pomp. 10, 27; id. Planc. 8, 20 al.:spissum istud amanti est verbum veniet, nisi venit,
Plaut. Cist. 1, 1, 77; cf. id. Most. 5, 1, 2:videtis hoc uno verbo unde significari res duas et ex quo et a quo loco,
Cic. Caecin. 30, 88:verbum voluptatis,
id. Fin. 2, 23, 75 (for which:vox voluptatis,
id. ib. 2, 2, 6); cf.:libenter verbo utor Catonis (i. e. origines),
id. Rep. 2, 1, 3:verbum usitatius et tritius,
id. Ac. 1, 7, 27:verbum scribere... verbi litterae,
id. de Or. 2, 30, 130:nec vero ullum (verbum) aut durum aut insolens, aut humile aut longius ductum, etc.,
id. Brut. 79, 274: si pudor, si modestia, si pudicitia, si uno verbo temperantia (literally, in one word; cf. B. 2. infra), id. Fin. 2, 22, 73.— Plur.:verba rebus impressit,
Cic. Rep. 3, 2, 3:in quo etiam verbis ac nominibus ipsis fuit diligens (Servius Tullius),
id. ib. 2, 22, 40:quid verbis opu'st?
Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 289:haec plurimis a me verbis dicta sunt,
Cic. Rep. 1, 7, 12:verba facere,
to speak, Caes. B. G. 2, 14: contumelia verborum, insulting or abusive language, id. ib. 5, 58:ut verbis, quid sit, definiam,
Cic. Rep. 1, 24, 38:verba ponenda sunt, quae vim habeant illustrandi, nec ab usu sint abhorrentia, grandia, plena, sonantia, etc.,
id. Part. Or. 15, 53:dialecticorum verba nulla sunt publica: suis utuntur,
id. Ac. 1, 7, 25:verborum delectum originem esse eloquentiae,
id. Brut. 72, 253 et saep.:multis verbis ultro citroque habitis ille nobis est consumptus dies,
much talk on both sides, id. Rep. 6, 9, 9; cf. id. ib. 3, 4, 7: accusabat Canutius Scamandrum verbis tribus, venenum esse deprehensum (literally, in three words; cf. B. 2. b. infra), Cic. Clu. 18, 50.—Prov.: verba facit emortuo, he talks to the dead, i. e. in vain, Plaut. Poen. 4, 2, 18;for which: verba fiunt mortuo,
Ter. Phorm. 5, 8 (9), 26.—Adverbial phrases.1.Ad verbum, verbum e (de, pro), verbo, or simply verbum verbo, to a word, word for word, exactly, literally (Cic. uses verbum e or ex verbo where the exact equivalent of a single word is given; verbum pro verbo of the literal translation of a passage; v. infra):2.fabellae Latinae ad verbum de Graecis expressae,
Cic. Fin. 1, 2, 4; cf. Suet. Caes. 30 fin.:ediscere ad verbum,
Cic. de Or. 1, 34, 157:ea quae modo expressa ad verbum dixi,
id. Tusc. 3, 19, 44:somnium mirifice ad verbum cum re convenit,
id. Div. 1, 44, 99: quae Graeci pathê appellant:ego poteram morbos, et id verbum esset e verbo,
id. Tusc. 3, 4, 7: istam katalêpsin, quam, ut dixi, verbum e verbo exprimentes, comprehensionem dicemus, id. Ac. 2, 10, 31; id. Fin. 3, 4, 15; id. Top. 8, 35; id. Ac. 2, 6, 17:verbum de verbo expressum extulit,
Ter. Ad. prol. 11:verbum pro verbo reddere,
Cic. Opt. Gen. 5, 14:nec verbum verbo curabis reddere fidus Interpres,
Hor. A. P. 133; cf.: ea sine scripto eisdem verbis reddebat, quibus cogitaverat, Cic. Brut. 88, 301.—Verbi causā or gratiā, for the sake of example, for example, for instance:3. a.si quis, verbi causā, oriente Caniculā natus est,
Cic. Fat. 6, 12: M. Quid dicis igitur! A. Miserum esse verbi causā M. Crassum, id. Tusc. 1, 4, 12; id. Mil. 22, 60:qui verbi causā post mortem amici liberos ejus custodiant,
Auct. Her. 4, 47, 60:ut propter aliam quampiam rem, verbi gratiā propter voluptatem, nos amemus,
Cic. Fin. 5, 11, 30.—Quin tu uno verbo dic, quid est quod me velis, Ter. And. 1, 1, 18; Cato, R. R. 157, 7:b.praetores, praetorios, tribunos plebis, magnam partem senatūs, omnem subolem juventutis unoque verbo rem publicam expulsam atque extirminatam suis sedibus,
Cic. Phil. 2, 22, 54.—Pa. Brevin' an longinquo sermoni? Mi. Tribus verbis, Plaut. Mil. 4, 2, 30:c.pax, te tribus verbis volo,
Plaut. Trin. 4, 2, 121.—Sed paucis verbis te volo, Plaut. Mil. 2, 4, 22; cf.:4.verbis paucis quam cito Alium fecisti me,
id. Trin. 1, 2, 123; cf. also paucus, II. B.—Verbo.a.Orally, by word of mouth (opp. scripturā): C. Furnio plura verbo quam scripturā mandata dedimus, Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 8, 5:b.cui verbo mandabo, quid, etc.,
Vulc. Gall. Avid. Cass. 10, § 10.—Briefly, in a word:5.postquam Caesar dicendi finem fecit, ceteri verbo alius alii varie adsentiebantur,
Sall. C. 52, 1:aut verbo adsentiebatur, aut pedibus in sententiam ibat,
Liv. 27, 34, 7 Weissenb. ad loc.; 3, 40, 6; cf. also: rogatus a me etiamne majus quam dedecus, verbo de sententiā destitisti, at a word from me, Cic. Tusc. 2, 12, 28 Ernest. ad loc.—Meis, tuis, suis verbis, in my, thy, or his name; for me, thee, or him:II.gratum mihi feceris, si uxori tuae meis verbis eris gratulatus,
Cic. Fam. 15, 8; 5, 11, 2; id. Att. 16, 11, 8:anulum quem ego militi darem tuis verbis,
Plaut. Mil. 3, 3, 38; id. Bacch. 4, 4, 79:denuntiatum Fabio senatus verbis, ne, etc.,
Liv. 9, 36, 14.In partic.A.Verbum, in the sing.1.Of an entire clause, a saying, expression, phrase, sentence (mostly anteclass.; cf.: sententia, dictum): Me. Plus plusque istuc sospitent quod nunc habes. Eu. Illud mihi verbum non placet:2.quod nunc habes!
Plaut. Aul. 3, 6, 11; id. Cas. 2, 5, 39; id. Most. 1, 3, 18; 1, 3, 95; 1, 3, 139; Ter. And. 1, 5, 5; id. Eun. 1, 2, 95; id. Ad. 5, 8, 29.—Of a proverb:B.verum est verbum, quod memoratur: ubi amici, ibidem opus,
Plaut. Truc. 4, 4, 32; so id. ib. 4, 5, 39; Ter. Ad. 5, 3, 17:quod verbum in pectus Jugurthae altius quam quisquam ratus erat descendit,
Sall. J. 11, 7.—Pregn., mere talk, mere words (opp. to deed, fact, reality, etc.; cf.C.nomen): qui omnia verborum momentis, non rerum ponderibus examinet,
Cic. Rep. 3, 8, 12; cf.:verbo et simulatione (opp. re verā),
id. Verr. 2, 3, 58, § 133; v. res: dolor est malum, ut disputas;existimatio, dedecus, infamia verba sunt atque ineptiae,
empty words, id. Pis. 27, 65:verborum sonitus inanis,
id. de Or. 1, 12, 51:in quibus (civitatibus) verbo sunt liberi omnes?
in word, in name, id. Rep. 1, 31, 47. —Hence, verba dare (alicui), to give empty words, i. e. to deceive, cheat:cui verba dare difficile est,
Ter. And. 1, 3, 6:vel verba mihi dari facile patior in hoc, meque libenter praebeo credulum,
Cic. Att. 15, 16, A: descendit atque Gallis verba dedit, i. e. eluded, escaped from them, Quadrig. ap. Gell. 17, 2, 24:curis dare verba,
i. e. to beguile, drive away, Ov. Tr. 5, 7, 40.—In gram., a verb:D.Aristoteles orationis duas partes esse dicit, vocabula et verba, ut homo et equus, et legit et currit, etc.,
Varr. L. L. 8, § 11 sq. Müll.; 9, § 95; 10, § 77 al.; Cic. de Or. 3, 49, 191.—In eccl. Lat. as a translation of logos, the second person of the Trinity, Vulg. Joan. 1, 1; id. 1 Joan. 5, 7; id. Apoc. 19, 13. -
25 elude
[ɪˈluːd] verb1) to escape or avoid by quickness or cleverness:يَتَمَلَّص منHe eluded his pursuers.
2) to be too difficult etc for (a person) to understand or remember:يَفوتُه ، يَسْتَصْعِب فَهْمُهُ أو تَذَكُّرُهThe meaning of this poem eludes me.
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26 თავი დააღწია
veluded, evaded -
27 ხელიდან დამსხლტარი
veluded -
28 Böttger, Johann Friedrich
SUBJECT AREA: Domestic appliances and interiors[br]b. 4 February 1682 Scheiz, Germanyd. 13 March 1719 Dresden, Germany[br]German inventor of Meissen porcelain.[br]After the early death of his father, Böttger spent his childhood in Magdeburg, where he received instruction in mathematics, fortification and pyrotechnics. He spent twelve years with the apothecary F.Zorn in Berlin, where there was a flourishing colony of alchemists. Böttger became an adept himself and claimed to have achieved transmutations into gold by 1701.In March 1702 Böttger moved near to Dresden, in the service of August II, Elector of Saxony and King of Poland. While there, he made friends with E.W.von Tschirnhaus (1651–1708), scientist and possessor of glass-and ironworks. It was this association that led eventually to the founding of the celebrated Meissen porcelain factory. By 1708, Böttger had succeeded in making fine red stoneware by adding a flux, alabaster or marble, to infusible Saxony clay. By varying his raw materials, and in particular in using white china clay from the Erzgebirge, he obtained the first European true, hard, white porcelain, which had eluded European workers for centuries. At the same time he improved the furnace to achieve a temperature of around 1,350°C. To exploit his discovery, the Meissen factory was set up in 1710 and its products began to be marketed in 1713. Böttger managed the factory until his death in 1719, although throughout the period of experimentation and exploitation he had worked in conditions of great secrecy, in a vain attempt to preserve the secret of the process.[br]Further ReadingC.A.Engelhardt, 1837, J.F.Böttger: Erfinder des sachsischen Porzellan, Leipzig; reprinted 1982, Verlag Weidlich (the classic biography).K.Hoffman, 1985, Johann Friedrich Böttger: von Alchemistengold zum weissenPorzellan, Berlin: Verlag Neues Leben.LRDBiographical history of technology > Böttger, Johann Friedrich
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29 Merica, Paul Dyer
SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy[br]b. 17 March 1889 Warsaw, Indiana, USAd. 20 October 1957 Tarrytown, New York, USA[br]American physical metallurgist who elucidated the mechanism of the age-hardening of alloys.[br]Merica graduated from the University of Wisconsin in 1908. Before proceeding to the University of Berlin, he spent some time teaching in Wisconsin and in China. He obtained his doctorate in Berlin in 1914, and in that year he joined the US National Bureau of Standards (NBS) in Washington. During his five years there, he investigated the causes of the phenomenon of age-hardening of the important new alloy of aluminium, Duralumin.This phenomenon had been discovered not long before by Dr Alfred Wilm, a German research metallurgist. During the early years of the twentieth century, Wilm had been seeking a suitable light alloy for making cartridge cases for the Prussian government. In the autumn of 1909 he heated and quenched an aluminium alloy containing 3.5 per cent copper and 0.5 per cent magnesium and found its properties unremarkable. He happened to test it again some days later and was impressed to find its hardness and strength were much improved: Wilm had accidentally discovered age-hardening. He patented the alloy, but he made his rights over to Durener Metallwerke, who marketed it as Duralumin. This light and strong alloy was taken up by aircraft makers during the First World War, first for Zeppelins and then for other aircraft.Although age-hardened alloys found important uses, the explanation of the phenomenon eluded metallurgists until in 1919 Merica and his colleagues at the NBS gave the first rational explanation of age-hardening in light alloys. When these alloys were heated to temperatures near their melting points, the alloying constituents were taken into solution by the matrix. Quenching retained the alloying metals in supersaturated solid solution. At room temperature very small crystals of various intermetallic compounds were precipitated and, by inserting themselves in the aluminium lattice, had the effect of increasing the hardness and strength of the alloy. Merica's theory stimulated an intensive study of hardening and the mechanism that brought it about, with important consequences for the development of new alloys with special properties.In 1919 Merica joined the International Nickel Company as Director of Research, a post he held for thirty years and followed by a three-year period as President. He remained in association with the company until his death.[br]Bibliography1919, "Heat treatment and constitution of Duralumin", Sci. Papers, US Bureau of Standards, no. 37; 1932, "The age-hardening of metals", Transactions of the American Institution of Min. Metal 99:13–54 (his two most important papers).Further ReadingZ.Jeffries, 1959, "Paul Dyer Merica", Biographical Memoirs of the National Academy of Science 33:226–39 (contains a list of Merica's publications and biographical details).LRD -
30 Mond, Ludwig
SUBJECT AREA: Chemical technology[br]b. 7 March 1839 Cassel, Germanyd. 11 December 1909 London, England[br]German (naturalized English) industrial chemist.[br]Born into a prosperous Jewish merchant family, Mond studied at the Polytechnic in Cassel and then under the distinguished chemists Hermann Kolbe at Marburg and Bunsen at Heidelberg from 1856. In 1859 he began work as an industrial chemist in various works in Germany and Holland. At this time, Mond was pursuing his method for recovering sulphur from the alkali wastes in the Leblanc soda-making process. Mond came to England in 1862 and five years later settled permanently, in partnership with John Hutchinson \& Co. at Widnes, to perfect his process, although complete success eluded him. He became a naturalized British subject in 1880.In 1872 Mond became acquainted with Ernest Solvay, the Belgian chemist who developed the ammonia-soda process which finally supplanted the Leblanc process. Mond negotiated the English patent rights and set up the first ammoniasoda plant in England at Winnington in Cheshire, in partnership with John Brunner. After overcoming many difficulties by incessant hard work, the process became a financial success and in 1881 Brunner, Mond \& Co. was formed, for a time the largest alkali works in the world. In 1926 the company merged with others to form Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd (ICI). The firm was one of the first to adopt the eight-hour day and to provide model dwellings and playing fields for its employees.From 1879 Mond took up the production of ammonia and this led to the Mond producer-gas plant, patented in 1883. The process consisted of passing air and steam over coal and coke at a carefully regulated temperature. Ammonia was generated and, at the same time, so was a cheap and useful producer gas. Mond's major discovery followed the observation in 1889 that carbon monoxide could combine with nickel in its ore at around 60°C to form a gaseous compound, nickel carbonyl. This, on heating to a higher temperature, would then decompose to give pure nickel. Mond followed up this unusual way of producing and purifying a metal and by 1892 had succeeded in setting up a pilot plant to perfect a large-scale process and went on to form the Mond Nickel Company.Apart from being a successful industrialist, Mond was prominent in scientific circles and played a leading role in the setting up of the Society of Chemical Industry in 1881. The success of his operations earned him great wealth, much of which he donated for learned and charitable purposes. He formed a notable collection of pictures which he bequeathed to the National Gallery.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsFRS 1891.Bibliography1885, "On the origin of the ammonia-soda process", Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry 4:527–9.1895. "The history of the process of nickel extraction", Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry 14:945–6.Further ReadingJ.M.Cohen, 1956, The Life of Ludwig Mond, London: Methuen. Obituary, 1918, Journal of the Chemical Society 113:318–34.F.C.Donnan, 1939, Ludwig Mond 1839–1909, London (a valuable lecture).LRD -
31 Pilkington, Sir Lionel Alexander Bethune (Alastair)
SUBJECT AREA: Chemical technology[br]b. 7 January 1920 Calcutta, India[br]English inventor of the float-glass process.[br]Pilkington was educated at Sherborne School and Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated in mechanical science. He spent one year at Cambridge followed by war service, which lasted until 1945. He returned to complete his degree and then joined Pilkington, the well-known glass manufacturer at St Helens' Lancashire, in 1947. Sir Alastair is not, however, related to the Pilkington family of glassmakers.The forming of perfectly flat glass that retained its fire finish had eluded glassmakers for centuries. Until the 1950s the only way of making really flat glass was to form plate glass by continuous casting between steel rollers. This destroyed the fire finish, which had to be restored by expensive grinding and polishing. The process entailed the loss of 20 per cent of good glass. The idea of floating glass on molten metal occurred to Sir Alastair in October 1952, and thereafter he remained in charge of development until commercial success had been achieved. The idea of floating molten glass on molten tin had been patented in the United States as early as 1902, but had never been pursued. The Pilkington process in essence was to float a ribbon of molten glass on a bath of molten tin in an inert atmosphere of nitrogen, to prevent oxidation of the tin. It was patented in Britain in 1957 and in the USA two years later. The first production glass issued from the plant in May 1957, although the first good glass did not appear until July 1958. The process was publicly announced the following year and was quickly taken up by the industry. It is now the universal method for manufacturing high quality flat glass.Having seen through the greatest single advance in glassmaking and one of the most important technological developments this century, Sir Alastair became Chairman of Pilkingtons until 1980 and President thereafter.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsKnighted 1970. FRS 1969. Honorary Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, 1991.Bibliography1969, "Float glass process—the review lecture", Royal Society (13 February). 1975, "Floating windows", Proceedings of the Royal Institution, Vol. 48.1976, "Float glass—evolution and revolution over 60 years", Glass Technology, Vol. 17, no. 5.1963, "The development of float glass", Glass Industry, (February).Further ReadingJ.Jewkes et al., 1969, The Sources of Invention, 2nd ed., London: Macmillan.LRDBiographical history of technology > Pilkington, Sir Lionel Alexander Bethune (Alastair)
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32 Solvay, Ernest
SUBJECT AREA: Chemical technology[br]b. 16 April 1838 Rebcq, near Brussels, Belgiumd. 26 May 1922 Brussels, Belgium[br]Belgian manufacturer, first successfully to produce soda by the ammonia-soda process.[br]From the beginning of the nineteenth century, soda had been manufactured by the Leblanc process. Important though it was, serious drawbacks had shown themselves early on. The worst was the noxious alkali waste left after the extraction of the soda, in such large quantities that two tons of waste were produced for one of soda. The first attempt to work out an alternative process was by the French scientist and engineer A.J. Fresnel, but it failed. The process consisted essentially of passing carbon dioxide into a solution of ammonia in brine (sodium chloride). The product, sodium bicarbonate, could easily be converted to soda by heating. For over half a century, practical difficulties, principally the volatility of the ammonia, dogged the process and a viable solution eluded successive chemists, including James Muspratt and William Deacon.Finally, Ernest Solvay and his brother Alfred tackled the problem, and in 1861 they filed a Belgian patent for improvements, notably the introduction of a carbonating tower, which made the process continuous. The first works were set up at Couillet in 1863, but four further years of hard work were still needed to overcome teething troubles. Once the Solvay ammonia-soda process was working well, it made rapid strides. It was introduced into Britain in 1872 under licence to Ludwig Mond and four years later Solvay opened the large Dombaske works in France.Solvay was a member of the Belgian Senate and a Minister of State. International institutes of physics, chemistry and sociology are named after him.[br]Further ReadingP.Heger and C.Lefebvre, 1919, La vie d'Ernest Solvay.Obituary, 1922, Ind. Eng. Chem.: 1,156.LRD -
33 wich aus
1. dodged2. eluded3. shunned4. side stepped5. swerved
- 1
- 2
См. также в других словарях:
Eluded — Elude E*lude , v. t. [imp. & p. p. {Eluded}; p. pr. & vb. n. {Eluding}.] [L. eludere, elusum; e + ludere to play: cf. F. [ e]luder. See {Ludicrous}.] To avoid slyly, by artifice, stratagem, or dexterity; to escape from in a covert manner; to mock … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
eluded — e·lude || ɪ luËd v. avoid; shirk, escape … English contemporary dictionary
eluded — 1) dueled 2) delude … Anagrams dictionary
elude — [[t]ɪlu͟ːd[/t]] eludes, eluding, eluded 1) VERB: no passive If something that you want eludes you, you fail to obtain it. [V n] Sleep eluded her... [V n] At 62, Brian found the celebrity and status that had eluded him for so long … English dictionary
United States — a republic in the N Western Hemisphere comprising 48 conterminous states, the District of Columbia, and Alaska in North America, and Hawaii in the N Pacific. 267,954,767; conterminous United States, 3,022,387 sq. mi. (7,827,982 sq. km); with… … Universalium
elude — UK [ɪˈluːd] / US [ɪˈlud] verb [transitive] Word forms elude : present tense I/you/we/they elude he/she/it eludes present participle eluding past tense eluded past participle eluded formal 1) a) if a fact, idea, or word eludes you, you cannot… … English dictionary
USS Sailfish (SS-192) — USS Sailfish (SS 192), a sclass|Sargo|submarine, was originally named Squalus .Her keel was laid on 18 October 1937 by the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard in Kittery, Maine, as Squalus , the only ship of the United States Navy named for the squalus.… … Wikipedia
The Ugly Duckling (play) — The Ugly Duckling is a comedy play by A. A. Milne, which has nothing to do with the Hans Christian Andersen story. In the play, a King and a Queen have a hard time marrying their daughter, an ugly princess. Her beauty is certainly elusive, Your… … Wikipedia
Germany — /jerr meuh nee/, n. a republic in central Europe: after World War II divided into four zones, British, French, U.S., and Soviet, and in 1949 into East Germany and West Germany; East and West Germany were reunited in 1990. 84,068,216; 137,852 sq.… … Universalium
Ice Skating — ▪ 2009 Introduction Figure Skating. Canada came away as the biggest winner at the 2008 International Skating Union (ISU) world figure skating championships, held in March in Göteborg, Swed., by capturing a gold, a silver, and a bronze… … Universalium
elude — transitive verb (eluded; eluding) Etymology: Latin eludere, from e + ludere to play more at ludicrous Date: 1667 1. to avoid adroitly ; evade < the mice eluded the traps > < managed to elude capture > 2 … New Collegiate Dictionary
