economic+context

• КАК ПИТЬ ДАТЬ <ДАСТ, ДАДУТ both obs> coll

[ как + VP; these forms only; usu. used as adv; usu. used with verbs in pfv fut or, less often, subjunctive; fixed WO]

=====

⇒ (used to emphasize that an action will occur, a situation will be etc precisely as predicted or stated) certainly, without a doubt:

- (that's) for (dead) sure < certain>;

- as sure as sure can be;

- (there are) no two ways about it;

- no doubt (question) about it;

- you can count on < be sure of> that.

     ♦ "Нет, взять надо, а то её [водки] завтра, если получку привезут, как пить дать не будет. Я знаю, у нас тут это так" (Распутин 3). "We must get it I vodka] today, or it won't be there tomorrow if the wages come in, that's for dead certain. That's the way it is here" (3a).

     ♦ "Ах, полковник, вы не знаете женщин. Ведь пойдёт, как пить дать - пойдет" (Терц 2). "But, Colonel, you don't understand women. She will go, she will go, as sure as sure can be" (2a).

     ♦...Он [местный нарядчик], вроде, обдуманно сел [в тюрьму] "вовремя и по отличной бытовой статье". Промешкай он со своей хозяйственной махинацией до тридцать седьмого [ года], подсунули бы ему, как пить дать, террор или вредительство (Гинзбург 2).... Не [the local work assigner] had, as it were, deliberately got himself put away "in good time and on an excellent nonpolitical charge." Had he missed the boat with his economic machinations and left them until '37, he would have found himself-no doubt about it-up on a charge of terrorism or sabotage (2a).

     ♦ "Будешь у нас мотористом... Восемь бумаг в месяц, работа - не бей лежачего....... Может, действительно, плюнуть на все, на все эти студии и сценарии, и пойти к нему? "Ладно, подумаю. Вот завалят мне сценарий..." - "Завалят, как пить дать" (Некрасов 1). "You could get a job with us as a mechanic...Eight hundred a month, and it's not hard work...."..Perhaps, Vadim thought, he really should say to hell with it all, the studios and scenarios, and go work with Romka. "All right. I'll think it over. If they turn down my scenario..." "They'll turn it down, you can count on that" (1a).

     ♦ "Хотите пари? Коллективу строителей Лозунга дадут Ленинскую премию. Как пить дать, дадут!" (Зиновьев 2). [context transl] "Do you want a bet? They'll give the people who built the Slogan the Lenin Prize. It's as good as done" (2a).

Yankee.

gringo, Yankee.

* * *

► adjetivo

1 familiar Yankee

► nombre masculino,nombre femenino

1 familiar Yankee

* * *

1. ADJ

1) (=extranjero) foreign; (=norteamericano) Yankee, North American

2) (=rubio) blond(e), fair

3) †† [idioma] foreign, unintelligible

2. SM / F

1) (=extranjero) foreigner; (=norteamericano) Yankee, North American

2) Cono Sur (=italiano) Italian, wop ***

3) (=rubio) blond(e), fair-haired person

SM †† (=lenguaje ininteligible) gibberish

* * *

- ga adjetivo

a) (AmL fam & pey) gringo, foreign ( of or relating to a gringo II a))

b) (Andes fam) ( rubio) fair-haired

- ga masculino, femenino

a) (AmL fam & pey) ( extranjero) gringo, foreigner ( from a non-Spanish speaking country); ( norteamericano) Yank (colloq & pej), Yankee (colloq & pej)

b) (Andes fam) ( rubio) (m) fair-haired boy/man; (f) fair-haired girl/woman

* * *

= gringo.

Nota: Término peyorativo.

Ex. Consider now what we're going to place in the right-hand column, one for one, analogous: Krauts, Wops, Frogs, Kikes, Polacks, Micks, and gringos.

* * *

- ga adjetivo

a) (AmL fam & pey) gringo, foreign ( of or relating to a gringo II a))

b) (Andes fam) ( rubio) fair-haired

- ga masculino, femenino

a) (AmL fam & pey) ( extranjero) gringo, foreigner ( from a non-Spanish speaking country); ( norteamericano) Yank (colloq & pej), Yankee (colloq & pej)

b) (Andes fam) ( rubio) (m) fair-haired boy/man; (f) fair-haired girl/woman

* * *

= gringo.

Nota: Término peyorativo.

* * *

1 ( AmL fam pey); gringo, foreign (of or relating to a gringo² m,f 1. (↑ gringo (2)) )

2 ( Andes fam) (rubio) fair-haired, blond

gringo² -ga gringo (↑ gringo a1)

1 ( AmL fam pey) (extranjero) gringo, foreigner ( from a non-Spanish speaking country); (norteamericano) Yankee ( colloq pej), Yank ( BrE colloq pej)

2 ( Andes fam) (rubio) ( masculine) blond o fair-haired boy/man; ( feminine) blonde o fair-haired girl/woman

A pejorative term in Latin America to refer to white English speakers, particularly North Americans. It has overtones of US intervention in Latin American internal affairs. In the eighteenth century the word was applied to foreigners who spoke little or no Spanish.

* * *

◊ -ga adjetivo

a) (AmL fam & pey) gringo, foreign ( of or relating to a person from a non-Spanish speaking country)

b) (Andes fam) ( rubio) fair-haired

a) (AmL fam & pey) ( extranjero) gringo, foreigner ( from a non-Spanish speaking country);

b) (Andes fam) ( rubio) (m) fair-haired boy/man;

* * *

gringo, -a Fam

♦ adj

1. [estadounidense] gringo, Yankee

2. Am [extranjero] gringo, foreign

♦ nm,f

1. [estadounidense] gringo, Yank

2. Am [extranjero] gringo, foreigner [from a non-Spanish-speaking country]

* * *

m, gringa f L.Am. desp

gringo desp, foreigner

* * *

gringo, -ga adj & n

yanqui: Yankee, gringo

1 space, ambit, closed quarters, environment.

2 range, scope, purview.

3 terms of reference, brief of study.

* * *

► nombre masculino

1 (espacio) sphere, space

■ en el ámbito nacional nationwide

■ en el ámbito de la región within the region

■ de ámbito local local

2 (marco) field

■ en el ámbito de la informática in the computer science field

■ fuera del ámbito de mis capacidades beyond my capabilities

* * *

1) (=campo) field; (=límite) boundary, limit

2) (fig) (=esfera) scope, range

* * *

a) (campo, círculo) sphere, field

b) ( alcance) scope, range

* * *

= front, scope, milieu, sphere, domain, ambit, shore.

Ex. Present auguries on the resource front are not good.

Ex. Subject field definition arises from the scope of the information service or system that the indexing language is expected to serve.

Ex. These are the kinds of problems that characteristically arise in the complex and continually changing milieu of libraries and media and information centers.

Ex. I am not convinced that people become connoisseurs -- experts: educated and discriminating people in any sphere -- from limited knowledge and experience, no matter how rich in quality.

Ex. The CRONOS data bank includes a FISH domain, with data on catches and fleet statistics, and the COMEXT data bank covers the external trade statistics of fisheries.

Ex. Though the liaison is valuable there is a danger of the National Archives' representatives being too submerged in the President's ambit to be fully impartial.

Ex. People have employed this term to encompass programmes of study stretching from the furthest shores of technology-based activity to the vaguest and most nebulous-seeming courses of study in the arts/humanities areas.

----

* ámbito de acción = territory, sphere of influence.

* ámbito de actuación = sphere of activity, sphere of influence, arena for activity, extent of activity.

* ámbito de aplicación = field of application.

* ámbito de estudio = scope.

* ámbito de experiencia = circle of experience.

* ámbito de interés = sphere of interest.

* ámbito de trabajo = field of endeavour.

* ámbito geográfico de actuación = catchment area.

* ámbito privado, el = private sector, the.

* ámbito público, el = public sector, the.

* de ámbito estatal = statewide [state-wide].

* en el ámbito de = in the realm of.

* entrar dentro del ámbito de = fall into + the ambit of.

* entrar en el ámbito de = fall within + the ambit of.

* * *

a) (campo, círculo) sphere, field

b) ( alcance) scope, range

* * *

* * *

1 (campo, área de acción) field, area, sphere

en tres ámbitos muy distintos in three very different fields o areas o spheres

en el ámbito de la investigación in the field of research

en el ámbito de la política within the sphere of politics

han reducido su ámbito de acción they have reduced their sphere of activity

(ambiente): el clima de violencia vivido en el ámbito de la familia the climate of violence experienced within the family

en el ámbito literario in literary circles

3 (alcance) scope, range

fuera del ámbito de su competencia beyond the scope o range of his authority

el ámbito (de aplicación) de la ley the scope of the law

una empresa de ámbito nacional a company with outlets ( o offices etc) throughout the country o nationwide

* * *

a) (campo, círculo) sphere, field

b) ( alcance) scope, range;

◊ el ámbito (de aplicación) de la ley the scope of the law

* * *

ámbito nm

1. [espacio, límites] confines, scope;

un problema de ámbito nacional a nationwide problem;

una ley de ámbito provincial a law which is applicable at provincial level;

dentro del ámbito de within the scope of;

fuera del ámbito de outside the realm of;

ámbito geográfico [de una especie] geographic domain

2. [ambiente] world, circles;

una teoría poco conocida fuera del ámbito científico a theory which is little known outside scientific circles o the scientific world;

la violencia en el ámbito familiar domestic violence

* * *

1 area

2 ( límite) scope

* * *

ámbito nm

: domain, field, area

   Portugal is a small Western European nation with a large, distinctive past replete with both triumph and tragedy. One of the continent's oldest nation-states, Portugal has frontiers that are essentially unchanged since the late 14th century. The country's unique character and 850-year history as an independent state present several curious paradoxes. As of 1974, when much of the remainder of the Portuguese overseas empire was decolonized, Portuguese society appeared to be the most ethnically homogeneous of the two Iberian states and of much of Europe. Yet, Portuguese society had received, over the course of 2,000 years, infusions of other ethnic groups in invasions and immigration: Phoenicians, Greeks, Celts, Romans, Suevi, Visigoths, Muslims (Arab and Berber), Jews, Italians, Flemings, Burgundian French, black Africans, and Asians. Indeed, Portugal has been a crossroads, despite its relative isolation in the western corner of the Iberian Peninsula, between the West and North Africa, Tropical Africa, and Asia and America. Since 1974, Portugal's society has become less homogeneous, as there has been significant immigration of former subjects from its erstwhile overseas empire.

   Other paradoxes should be noted as well. Although Portugal is sometimes confused with Spain or things Spanish, its very national independence and national culture depend on being different from Spain and Spaniards. Today, Portugal's independence may be taken for granted. Since 1140, except for 1580-1640 when it was ruled by Philippine Spain, Portugal has been a sovereign state. Nevertheless, a recurring theme of the nation's history is cycles of anxiety and despair that its freedom as a nation is at risk. There is a paradox, too, about Portugal's overseas empire(s), which lasted half a millennium (1415-1975): after 1822, when Brazil achieved independence from Portugal, most of the Portuguese who emigrated overseas never set foot in their overseas empire, but preferred to immigrate to Brazil or to other countries in North or South America or Europe, where established Portuguese overseas communities existed.

   Portugal was a world power during the period 1415-1550, the era of the Discoveries, expansion, and early empire, and since then the Portuguese have experienced periods of decline, decadence, and rejuvenation. Despite the fact that Portugal slipped to the rank of a third- or fourth-rate power after 1580, it and its people can claim rightfully an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions that assure their place both in world and Western history. These distinctions should be kept in mind while acknowledging that, for more than 400 years, Portugal has generally lagged behind the rest of Western Europe, although not Southern Europe, in social and economic developments and has remained behind even its only neighbor and sometime nemesis, Spain.

   Portugal's pioneering role in the Discoveries and exploration era of the 15th and 16th centuries is well known. Often noted, too, is the Portuguese role in the art and science of maritime navigation through the efforts of early navigators, mapmakers, seamen, and fishermen. What are often forgotten are the country's slender base of resources, its small population largely of rural peasants, and, until recently, its occupation of only 16 percent of the Iberian Peninsula. As of 1139—10, when Portugal emerged first as an independent monarchy, and eventually a sovereign nation-state, England and France had not achieved this status. The Portuguese were the first in the Iberian Peninsula to expel the Muslim invaders from their portion of the peninsula, achieving this by 1250, more than 200 years before Castile managed to do the same (1492).

   Other distinctions may be noted. Portugal conquered the first overseas empire beyond the Mediterranean in the early modern era and established the first plantation system based on slave labor. Portugal's empire was the first to be colonized and the last to be decolonized in the 20th century. With so much of its scattered, seaborne empire dependent upon the safety and seaworthiness of shipping, Portugal was a pioneer in initiating marine insurance, a practice that is taken for granted today. During the time of Pombaline Portugal (1750-77), Portugal was the first state to organize and hold an industrial trade fair. In distinctive political and governmental developments, Portugal's record is more mixed, and this fact suggests that maintaining a government with a functioning rule of law and a pluralist, representative democracy has not been an easy matter in a country that for so long has been one of the poorest and least educated in the West. Portugal's First Republic (1910-26), only the third republic in a largely monarchist Europe (after France and Switzerland), was Western Europe's most unstable parliamentary system in the 20th century. Finally, the authoritarian Estado Novo or "New State" (1926-74) was the longest surviving authoritarian system in modern Western Europe. When Portugal departed from its overseas empire in 1974-75, the descendants, in effect, of Prince Henry the Navigator were leaving the West's oldest empire.

   Portugal's individuality is based mainly on its long history of distinc-tiveness, its intense determination to use any means — alliance, diplomacy, defense, trade, or empire—to be a sovereign state, independent of Spain, and on its national pride in the Portuguese language. Another master factor in Portuguese affairs deserves mention. The country's politics and government have been influenced not only by intellectual currents from the Atlantic but also through Spain from Europe, which brought new political ideas and institutions and novel technologies. Given the weight of empire in Portugal's past, it is not surprising that public affairs have been hostage to a degree to what happened in her overseas empire. Most important have been domestic responses to imperial affairs during both imperial and internal crises since 1415, which have continued to the mid-1970s and beyond. One of the most important themes of Portuguese history, and one oddly neglected by not a few histories, is that every major political crisis and fundamental change in the system—in other words, revolution—since 1415 has been intimately connected with a related imperial crisis. The respective dates of these historical crises are: 1437, 1495, 1578-80, 1640, 1820-22, 1890, 1910, 1926-30, 1961, and 1974. The reader will find greater detail on each crisis in historical context in the history section of this introduction and in relevant entries.

   LAND AND PEOPLE

   The Republic of Portugal is located on the western edge of the Iberian Peninsula. A major geographical dividing line is the Tagus River: Portugal north of it has an Atlantic orientation; the country to the south of it has a Mediterranean orientation. There is little physical evidence that Portugal is clearly geographically distinct from Spain, and there is no major natural barrier between the two countries along more than 1,214 kilometers (755 miles) of the Luso-Spanish frontier. In climate, Portugal has a number of microclimates similar to the microclimates of Galicia, Estremadura, and Andalusia in neighboring Spain. North of the Tagus, in general, there is an Atlantic-type climate with higher rainfall, cold winters, and some snow in the mountainous areas. South of the Tagus is a more Mediterranean climate, with hot, dry, often rainless summers and cool, wet winters. Lisbon, the capital, which has a fifth of the country's population living in its region, has an average annual mean temperature about 16° C (60° F).

   For a small country with an area of 92,345 square kilometers (35,580 square miles, including the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and the Madeiras), which is about the size of the state of Indiana in the United States, Portugal has a remarkable diversity of regional topography and scenery. In some respects, Portugal resembles an island within the peninsula, embodying a unique fusion of European and non-European cultures, akin to Spain yet apart. Its geography is a study in contrasts, from the flat, sandy coastal plain, in some places unusually wide for Europe, to the mountainous Beira districts or provinces north of the Tagus, to the snow-capped mountain range of the Estrela, with its unique ski area, to the rocky, barren, remote Trás-os-Montes district bordering Spain. There are extensive forests in central and northern Portugal that contrast with the flat, almost Kansas-like plains of the wheat belt in the Alentejo district. There is also the unique Algarve district, isolated somewhat from the Alentejo district by a mountain range, with a microclimate, topography, and vegetation that resemble closely those of North Africa.

   Although Portugal is small, just 563 kilometers (337 miles) long and from 129 to 209 kilometers (80 to 125 miles) wide, it is strategically located on transportation and communication routes between Europe and North Africa, and the Americas and Europe. Geographical location is one key to the long history of Portugal's three overseas empires, which stretched once from Morocco to the Moluccas and from lonely Sagres at Cape St. Vincent to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. It is essential to emphasize the identity of its neighbors: on the north and east Portugal is bounded by Spain, its only neighbor, and by the Atlantic Ocean on the south and west. Portugal is the westernmost country of Western Europe, and its shape resembles a face, with Lisbon below the nose, staring into the

   Atlantic. No part of Portugal touches the Mediterranean, and its Atlantic orientation has been a response in part to turning its back on Castile and Léon (later Spain) and exploring, traveling, and trading or working in lands beyond the peninsula. Portugal was the pioneering nation in the Atlantic-born European discoveries during the Renaissance, and its diplomatic and trade relations have been dominated by countries that have been Atlantic powers as well: Spain; England (Britain since 1707); France; Brazil, once its greatest colony; and the United States.

   Today Portugal and its Atlantic islands have a population of roughly 10 million people. While ethnic homogeneity has been characteristic of it in recent history, Portugal's population over the centuries has seen an infusion of non-Portuguese ethnic groups from various parts of Europe, the Middle East, and Africa. Between 1500 and 1800, a significant population of black Africans, brought in as slaves, was absorbed in the population. And since 1950, a population of Cape Verdeans, who worked in menial labor, has resided in Portugal. With the influx of African, Goan, and Timorese refugees and exiles from the empire—as many as three quarters of a million retornados ("returned ones" or immigrants from the former empire) entered Portugal in 1974 and 1975—there has been greater ethnic diversity in the Portuguese population. In 2002, there were 239,113 immigrants legally residing in Portugal: 108,132 from Africa; 24,806 from Brazil; 15,906 from Britain; 14,617 from Spain; and 11,877 from Germany. In addition, about 200,000 immigrants are living in Portugal from eastern Europe, mainly from Ukraine. The growth of Portugal's population is reflected in the following statistics:

   1527 1,200,000 (estimate only)

   1768 2,400,000 (estimate only)

   1864 4,287,000 first census

   1890 5,049,700

   1900 5,423,000

   1911 5,960,000

   1930 6,826,000

   1940 7,185,143

   1950 8,510,000

   1960 8,889,000

   1970 8,668,000* note decrease

   1980 9,833,000

   1991 9,862,540

   1996 9,934,100

   2006 10,642,836

   2010 10,710,000 (estimated)

(PS)

   Although the Socialist Party's origins can be traced back to the 1850s, its existence has not been continuous. The party did not achieve or maintain a large base of support until after the Revolution of 25 April 1974. Historically, it played only a minor political role when compared to other European socialist parties.

   During the Estado Novo, the PS found it difficult to maintain a clandestine existence, and the already weak party literally withered away. Different groups and associations endeavored to keep socialist ideals alive, but they failed to create an organizational structure that would endure. In 1964, Mário Soares, Francisco Ramos da Costa, and Manuel Tito de Morais established the Portuguese Socialist Action / Acção Socialista Português (ASP) in Geneva, a group of individuals with similar views rather than a true political party. Most members were middle-class professionals committed to democratizing the nation. The rigidity of the Portuguese Communist Party (PCP) led some to join the ASP.

   By the early 1970s, ASP nuclei existed beyond Portugal in Paris, London, Rome, Brussels, Frankfurt, Sweden, and Switzerland; these consisted of members studying, working, teaching, researching, or in other activities. Extensive connections were developed with other foreign socialist parties. Changing conditions in Portugal, as well as the colonial wars, led several ASP members to advocate the creation of a real political party, strengthening the organization within Portugal, and positioning this to compete for power once the regime changed.

   The current PS was founded clandestinely on 19 April 1973, by a group of 27 exiled Portuguese and domestic ASP representatives at the Kurt Schumacher Academy of the Friedrich Ebert Stiftung in Bad Munstereifel, West Germany. The founding philosophy was influenced by nondogmatic Marxism as militants sought to create a classless society. The rhetoric was to be revolutionary to outflank its competitors, especially the PCP, on its left. The party hoped to attract reform-minded Catholics and other groups that were committed to democracy but could not support the communists.

   At the time of the 1974 revolution, the PS was little more than an elite faction based mainly among exiles. It was weakly organized and had little grassroots support outside the major cities and larger towns. Its organization did not improve significantly until the campaign for the April 1975 constituent elections. Since then, the PS has become very pragmatic and moderate and has increasingly diluted its socialist program until it has become a center-left party. Among the party's most consistent principles in its platform since the late 1970s has been its support for Portugal's membership in the European Economic Community (EEC) and the European Union (EU), a view that clashed with those of its rivals to the left, especially the PCP. Given the PS's broad base of support, the increased distance between its leftist rhetoric and its more conservative actions has led to sharp internal divisions in the party. The PS and the Social Democratic Party (PSD) are now the two dominant parties in the Portuguese political party system.

   In doctrine and rhetoric the PS has undergone a de-Marxification and a movement toward the center as a means to challenge its principal rival for hegemony, the PSD. The uneven record of the PS in general elections since its victory in 1975, and sometimes its failure to keep strong legislative majorities, have discouraged voters. While the party lost the 1979 and 1980 general elections, it triumphed in the 1983 elections, when it won 36 percent of the vote, but it still did not gain an absolute majority in the Assembly of the Republic. The PSD led by Cavaco Silva dominated elections from 1985 to 1995, only to be defeated by the PS in the 1995 general elections. By 2000, the PS had conquered the commanding heights of the polity: President Jorge Sampaio had been reelected for a second term, PS prime minister António Guterres was entrenched, and the mayor of Lisbon was João Soares, son of the former socialist president, Mário Soares (1986-96).

   The ideological transformation of the PS occurred gradually after 1975, within the context of a strong PSD, an increasingly conservative electorate, and the de-Marxification of other European Socialist parties, including those in Germany and Scandinavia. While the PS paid less attention to the PCP on its left and more attention to the PSD, party leaders shed Marxist trappings. In the 1986 PS official program, for example, the text does not include the word Marxism.

   Despite the party's election victories in the mid- and late-1990s, the leadership discovered that their grasp of power and their hegemony in governance at various levels was threatened by various factors: President Jorge Sampaio's second term, the constitution mandated, had to be his last.

   Following the defeat of the PS by the PSD in the municipal elections of December 2001, Premier Antônio Guterres resigned his post, and President Sampaio dissolved parliament and called parliamentary elections for the spring. In the 17 March 2002 elections, following Guterres's resignation as party leader, the PS was defeated by the PSD by a vote of 40 percent to 38 percent. Among the factors that brought about the socialists' departure from office was the worsening post-September 11 economy and disarray within the PS leadership circles, as well as charges of corruption among PS office holders. However, the PS won 45 percent of the vote in parliamentary elections of 2005, and the leader of the party, José Sócrates, a self-described "market-oriented socialist" became prime minister.

background

A n

1 ( of person) ( social) milieu m ; (personal, family) origines fpl ; ( professional) formation f ; to come from a middle-class background être issu d'un milieu bourgeois, avoir des origines bourgeoises ; people from poor backgrounds les gens issus d'un milieu pauvre ; we want someone with a scientific/computer background nous cherchons quelqu'un ayant une formation scientifique/d'informaticien ; a background in law/linguistics une formation juridique/en linguistique ;

2 ( context) contexte m ; the economic/political background le contexte économique/politique ; against a background of violence dans un climat de violence ; these events took place against a background of war ces événements avaient pour toile de fond la guerre or se sont déroulés pendant la guerre ; what's the background to the situation? qu'est-ce qui est à l'origine de la situation? ;

3 (of painting, photo, scene) fond m, arrière-plan m ; that's me in the background me voilà à l'arrière-plan ; we could see the Alps in the background on voyait les Alpes au loin ; against a background of sur un fond de ; on a red background sur un fond rouge ;

4 ( not upfront) in the background au second plan ; to be/remain in the background être/rester au second plan ; to push sb/sth into the background reléguer qn/qch au second plan ; ill-feeling was always there in the background la rancune était toujours là dans l'ombre ;

5 (of sound, music) a background of laughter/music des rires/de la musique en bruit de fond ; voices in the background des voix en bruit de fond.

B modif

1 [briefing, information, knowledge, material] concernant les origines de la situation ;

2 [music, lighting] d'ambiance.

the theory that random events, if left to happen without interference, will settle into a complicated pattern rather than a simple one. Complexity theory is a development of chaos theory (see chaos). In a business context, it suggests that events within organizations and in the wider economic and social spheres cannot be predicted by simple models but will develop in a seemingly random and complex manner.

a person who identifies and achieves organizational objectives through the deployment of appropriate resources. A manager can have responsibilities in one or more of five key areas: managing activities; managing resources; managing information; managing people; and managing himor herself at the same time as working within the context of the organizational, political, and economic business environments. There are managers in all disciplines and activities, although some may not bear the title of manager. Some specialize in areas such as personnel, marketing, production, finance, or project management, while others are general managers, applying management skills across all business areas. Very few jobs are entirely managerial, and very few exist without any management responsibilities. It is the capability to harness resources that largely distinguishes a manager from a non-manager.

[kənˈstreɪnt]

accuracy constraint вчт. уточнение погрешности budget constraint бюджетное ограничение budget constraint ограничение на величину капиталовложений constraint напряженность; скованность constraint принуждение; under constraint по принуждению; под давлением constraint принуждение constraint принужденность; стеснение constraint скованность constraint стеснение constraint тюремное заключение context-sensitive constraint вчт. контекстное ограничение credit constraint ограничение кредита dual constraint вчт. ограничение двойственной задачи economic constraint экономическое ограничение equality constraint ограничение в виде равенства equated constraint ограничение в виде равенства external constraint внешнее принуждение financial constraint финансовое ограничение hardware constraint вчт. аппаратное ограничение inequality constraint ограничение в виде неравенства integer-value constraint целочисленное ограничение integral constraint интегральное ограничение linear constraint линейное ограничение nonlinear constraint нелинейное ограничение primal constraint ограничение прямой задачи quadratic constraint квадратическое ограничение software constraint вчт. программное ограничение tight constraint жесткое ограничение two-dimensional constraint двумерное ограничение constraint принуждение; under constraint по принуждению; под давлением

[ˈɪndeks]

adjusted index скорректированный индекс adjustment index индекс выравнивания aggregate liability index совокупный показатель риска aggregative index вчт. составной индекс array index вчт. индекс массива average weighted index средневзвешенный индекс basic index основной показатель bond price index курсовой индекс облигаций building cost index индекс стоимости строительных работ capacity index индекс пропускной способности card index картотека catchword index док. указатель с описаниями под характерным словом chain index вчт. цепной индекс classified index систематизированный указатель clusterization index вчт. индекс кластеризации code line index вчт. кодовый индекс кадра comparative index сравнительный показатель confidence index показатель достоверности construction cost index индекс стоимости строительства consumer confidence index индекс уверенности потребителя consumer price index индекс розничных цен correction index поправочный коэффициент cost-of-living index индекс прожиточного минимума cost-of-living index индекс стоимости жизни cross-weighted index индекс с двойным взвешиванием cycle index вчт. параметр цикла index: downward change in index изменение индекса в сторону понижения downward change in index снижение индекса exchange rate index индекс валютного курса expectation index полит.эк. вероятный индекс floor space index процент застройки fog index индекс непонятности geometric index геометрический индекс geometrical index геометрический индекс gross index вчт. главный индекс harmonic index гармонический индекс harmonical index гармонический индекс help index вчт. справочный указатель hourly wage index индекс почасовой заработной платы index алфавитный указатель, каталог index алфавитный указатель index индекс, указатель index вчт. индекс index индекс index индексировать index вчт. индексный index каталог index оглавление index показатель index предметный указатель index снабжать указателем index составлять указатель index список index вчт. указатель index указатель index числовой показатель, коэффициент Index: Index: Dow Jones index индекс Доу-Джонса index: index: downward change in index изменение индекса в сторону понижения index of average values индекс средних значений index of commodity prices индекс цен на товары index of correlation коэффициент корреляции index of dispersion показатель рассеяния index of economic activity показатель экономической активности index of names указатель названий index of net retail prices индекс розничных нетто-цен index of quotations индекс котировок index of share prices индекс курсов акций index of subject heading док. рубрика предметного указателя index of wages индекс заработной платы index of wholesale prices индекс оптовых цен index to building records указатель строительного регистра keyword-in-context index вчт. указатель ключевых слов median index медианный индекс monthly index месячный индекс monthly price index месячный индекс цен moving base index вчт. индекс с переменной базой multipurpose index индекс используемый для различных целей national pension index национальный пенсионный индекс net price index индекс чистой цены output index индекс объема продукции overall index общий показатель present value index индекс текущей стоимости price index индекс цен production index индекс объема производства quality index показатель качества quantitative index количественный показатель quantity index количественный показатель rectified index number сглаженный индекс reduced price index индекс сниженных цен reliability index показатель надежности retail price index (RPI) индекс розничных цен reverse index обратный индекс risk index кумуляционная карта secondary index вторичный индекс share index фондовый индекс share price index индекс курса акций stock index фондовый индекс subject index doc. предметный указатель systematic index doc. систематический указатель track index вчт. индекс дорожки tree index древовидный индекс trend-adjusted index индекс скорректированный с учетом тренда unit value index индекс средней цены единицы продукции unweighted index невзвешенный индекс wage-regulating price index индекс цен, регулирующий заработную плату weighted index взвешенный индекс weighted index number взвешенный индекс wholesale price index индекс оптовых цен

 

глобальная инициатиа по всеохватывающим информационным и коммуникационным технологиям
-
[ http://www.iks-media.ru/glossary/index.html?glossid=2400324]

EN

global initiative for inclusive information and communication technologies
G3ICT
The purpose of this initiative is to simultaneously:
1. Promote ICT solutions for people with disabilities and related best policy practices among governments in the context of this new United Nations Convention and expanded Member States’ legislations and regulations.
2. Accelerate the development by industry and civil society of the scientific, industrial, standardization and economic conditions to make such solutions affordable worldwide.
[ http://www.iks-media.ru/glossary/index.html?glossid=2400324]

Тематики

• электросвязь, основные понятия

EN

• global initiative for inclusive information and communication technologies
• G3ICT

 

глобальная инициатиа по всеохватывающим информационным и коммуникационным технологиям
-
[ http://www.iks-media.ru/glossary/index.html?glossid=2400324]

EN

global initiative for inclusive information and communication technologies
G3ICT
The purpose of this initiative is to simultaneously:
1. Promote ICT solutions for people with disabilities and related best policy practices among governments in the context of this new United Nations Convention and expanded Member States’ legislations and regulations.
2. Accelerate the development by industry and civil society of the scientific, industrial, standardization and economic conditions to make such solutions affordable worldwide.
[ http://www.iks-media.ru/glossary/index.html?glossid=2400324]

Тематики

• электросвязь, основные понятия

EN

• global initiative for inclusive information and communication technologies
• G3ICT

 

глобальная инициатиа по всеохватывающим информационным и коммуникационным технологиям
-
[ http://www.iks-media.ru/glossary/index.html?glossid=2400324]

EN

global initiative for inclusive information and communication technologies
G3ICT
The purpose of this initiative is to simultaneously:
1. Promote ICT solutions for people with disabilities and related best policy practices among governments in the context of this new United Nations Convention and expanded Member States’ legislations and regulations.
2. Accelerate the development by industry and civil society of the scientific, industrial, standardization and economic conditions to make such solutions affordable worldwide.
[ http://www.iks-media.ru/glossary/index.html?glossid=2400324]

Тематики

• электросвязь, основные понятия

EN

• global initiative for inclusive information and communication technologies
• G3ICT