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  • 121 next

    1. adjective
    1) (nearest) nächst...

    the seat next to me — der Platz neben mir

    the next but one — der/die/das übernächste

    next to — (fig.): (almost) fast; nahezu

    2) (in order) nächst...

    within the next few days — in den nächsten Tagen

    we'll come next May — wir kommen im Mai nächsten Jahres

    the next largest/larger — der/die/das nächstkleinere/nächstgrößere

    [the] next time — das nächste Mal

    the next best — der/die/das nächstbeste

    2. adverb
    (in the next place) als nächstes; (on the next occasion) das nächste Mal

    sit/stand next to somebody — neben jemandem sitzen/stehen

    place something next to somebody/something — etwas neben jemanden/etwas stellen

    come next to last — (in race) zweitletzter/zweitletzte werden

    come next to bottom — (in exam) der/die Zweitschlechteste sein

    3. noun
    1)

    the week after next — [die] übernächste Woche

    2) (person)

    next of kin — nächster/nächste Angehörige

    next please! — der nächste, bitte!

    * * *
    [nekst] 1. adjective
    (nearest in place, time etc: When you have called at that house, go on to the next one; The next person to arrive late will be sent away; Who is next on the list?) nächst
    2. adverb
    (immediately after in place or time: John arrived first and Jane came next.) als Nächste/r/s
    3. pronoun
    (the person or thing nearest in place, time etc: Finish one question before you begin to answer the next; One minute he was sitting beside me - the next he was lying on the ground.) der/die/das Nächste
    - academic.ru/117500/next_best">next best
    - biggest
    - oldest
    - next door
    - next to
    * * *
    [nekst]
    I. adj inv
    1. (coming immediately after) nächste(r, s)
    the \next moment she was gone im nächsten Augenblick war sie weg
    I'll be on holiday for the \next couple of days ich bin die nächsten zwei Tage auf Urlaub
    this time \next year nächstes Jahr um diese Zeit
    for the \next couple of weeks die nächsten paar Wochen
    the \next day am nächsten Tag
    \next month nächsten Monat
    [the] \next time das nächste Mal, nächstes Mal
    \next time I'll bring a hat nächstes Mal bringe ich einen Hut mit
    on Monday \next nächsten Montag
    2. (next in order, space) nächste(r, s), folgende(r, s)
    the \next step is to find a house to buy als Nächstes müssen wir dann ein Haus finden, das wir kaufen können
    take the \next turning on the right biegen Sie bei der nächsten Gelegenheit rechts ab
    the woman in the \next room die Frau im Raum nebenan
    the \next chapter das nächste Kapitel
    as much as the \next person wie jede(r) andere [auch]
    the \next but one der/die/das Übernächste
    she is the \next managing director but one sie ist die übernächste Geschäftsführerin
    ▪ to be \next der/die Nächste sein, als Nächste(r) dran sein
    who's \next please? wer ist der/die Nächste?
    excuse me, I was \next Entschuldigung, ich komme als Nächste(r)
    3.
    ▶ the \next world das Jenseits
    II. adv inv
    1. (subsequently) dann, gleich darauf
    what would you like \next? was möchten Sie als Nächstes?
    so what happened \next? was geschah als Nächstes?
    \next, I heard the sound of voices dann hörte ich Stimmen
    2. (again) das nächste Mal
    when I saw him \next he had transformed himself als ich ihn das nächste Mal sah, sah er ganz verwandelt aus
    when are you \next going to London? wann fährst du das nächste Mal nach London?
    3. (second) zweit-
    the opinion poll found that law and order is the most important political issue for voters and education is the \next most important bei der Meinungsumfrage kam heraus, dass Gesetze für die Wähler das wichtigste Thema sind, Bildung das zweitwichtigste
    \next-to-last day esp AM vorletzter Tag
    he injured himself in a climbing accident on the \next-to-last day of his vacation er verletzte sich am vorletzten Tag seines Urlaubs bei einem Kletterunfall
    the \next best thing die zweitbeste Sache
    the \next oldest/youngest der/die/das Zweitälteste/Zweitjüngste
    Jo was the \next oldest after Martin Jo war der/die Zweitälteste nach Martin
    4. (to one side)
    ▪ \next to sth/sb neben etw/jdm
    who works in the office \next to yours? wer arbeitet in dem Büro neben dir?
    I prefer to sit \next to the window when I'm on a plane ich sitze im Flugzeug am liebsten neben dem Fenster
    we sat \next to each other wir saßen nebeneinander
    5. (following in importance)
    ▪ \next to sth nach etw dat
    cheese is my favourite food and \next to cheese I like chocolate best Käse esse ich am liebsten und nach Käse mag ich am liebsten Schokolade
    ▪ \next to... beinahe..., fast...
    in \next to no time im Handumdrehen fam
    there was very little traffic and it took \next to no time to get home es war sehr wenig Verkehr, und wir waren im Handumdrehen zu Hause
    \next to impossible beinahe unmöglich
    it's \next to impossible to find somewhere cheap to live in the city centre es ist fast unmöglich, eine günstige Wohnung im Stadtzentrum zu finden
    \next to nothing fast gar nichts
    Charles knew \next to nothing about farming Charles wusste fast nichts über Landwirtschaft
    7. (compared with)
    ▪ \next to sb/sth neben jdm/etw
    \next to her I felt like a fraud neben ihr komme ich mir wie ein Betrüger/eine Betrügerin vor
    8.
    ▶ what [or whatever] \next! und was kommt dann?
    so he decided to get married at last — whatever \next! — children, I expect jetzt haben sie also endlich geheiratet — und was kommt als Nächstes? — Kinder, nehme ich an
    III. n (following one) der/die/das Nächste
    nothing ever changes, one day is very much like the \next nichts ändert sich, ein Tag gleicht so ziemlich dem anderen
    can we arrange a meeting for the week after \next? können wir uns übernächste Woche treffen?
    one moment he wasn't there, the \next he was kaum war er da, war er auch schon wieder weg
    \next in line der/die/das Nächste
    hey don't butt in in front of me — I was the \next in line he, drängen Sie sich nicht vor — ich war der/die Nächste
    he is \next in line to the throne er ist der Nächste in der Thronfolge
    from one day/moment/year/minute to the \next von einem Tag/Augenblick/Jahr/einer Minute auf den nächsten/das nächste/die nächste
    things don't change much here from one year to the \next die Dinge ändern sich hier von einem Jahr aufs andere kaum
    * * *
    [nekst]
    1. adj
    1) (in place) nächste(r, s)

    next ( Comput: command ) — weiter

    2) (in time) nächste(r, s)

    come back next week/Tuesday — kommen Sie nächste Woche/nächsten Dienstag wieder

    he came back the next day/week — er kam am nächsten Tag/in der nächsten Woche wieder

    (the) next time I see him — wenn ich ihn das nächste Mal sehe

    the year after next —

    3) (order) nächste(r, s)

    I knew I was the next person to speak — ich wusste, dass ich als Nächster sprechen sollte

    I'll ask the very next person (I see) — ich frage den Nächsten(, den ich sehe)

    the next but one —

    the next thing to do is (to) polish it — als Nächstes poliert man (es)

    the next thing I knew I... — bevor ich wusste, wie mir geschah,... ich...; (after fainting etc) das Nächste, woran ich mich erinnern kann, war, dass ich...

    the next size up/down — die nächstkleinere/nächstgrößere Größe

    2. adv
    1) (= the next time) das nächste Mal; (= afterwards) danach

    what shall we do next? —

    whatever next? (in surprise) — Sachen gibts! (inf); (despairingly) wo soll das nur hinführen?

    2)

    next to sb/sth — neben jdm/etw; (with motion) neben jdn/etw

    the next to last row —

    the next to bottom shelf — das vorletzte Brett, das zweitunterste Brett

    next to nothing/nobody — so gut wie nichts/niemand

    next to impossible —

    I kept it next to my heart (most important thing) (dearest thing) — es lag mir am meisten am Herzen es war mir das Liebste

    3)

    the next best — der/die/das Nächstbeste

    3. n
    Nächste(r) mf; (= child) Nächste(s) nt
    4. prep (old)
    neben (+dat)
    * * *
    next [nekst]
    A adj
    1. (Ort, Lage) nächst(er, e, es), nächststehend:
    the next house; → door Bes Redew
    2. (Zeit, Reihenfolge) nächst(er, e, es), (unmittelbar) folgend:
    next month nächsten Monat;
    next time das nächste Mal, ein andermal, in Zukunft;
    the next day am nächsten oder folgenden oder anderen Tag
    3. unmittelbar vorhergehend oder folgend:
    next in size nächstgrößer(er, e, es) oder nächstkleiner(er, e, es)
    4. (an Rang) nächst(er, e, es)
    B adv
    1. (Ort, Zeit etc) als Nächste(r) oder Nächstes, gleich darauf:
    come next als Nächster (Nächste, Nächstes) folgen;
    his turn comes next after hers er kommt unmittelbar nach ihr dran
    2. nächstens, demnächst, das nächste Mal:
    when I saw him next als ich ihn das nächste Mal sah
    3. (bei Aufzählung) dann, darauf
    C präp obs
    1. gleich neben (dat oder akk)
    2. gleich nach (Rang, Reihenfolge)
    D s (der, die, das) Nächste:
    next, please der Nächste, bitte!;
    the next to come der Nächste;
    you are next Sie sind als Nächster dran;
    you’ll be next du wirst der Nächste sein;
    “to be continued in our next” „Fortsetzung folgt“;
    in my next obs in meinem nächsten SchreibenBesondere Redewendungen: next to
    a) gleich neben (dat od akk),
    b) gleich nach (Rang, Reihenfolge),
    c) beinahe, fast unmöglich etc, so gut wie nichts etc next to useless praktisch zwecklos;
    next to last zweitletzt(er, e, es);
    I got it for next to nothing ich hab’s für einen Apfel und ein Ei bekommen umg;
    next to the ( oder one’s) skin auf der bloßen Haut;
    next but one übernächst(er, e, es);
    the next best thing to do das Nächstbeste;
    (the) next moment im nächsten Augenblick;
    the next man ( oder person) der erste Beste;
    I’m as honest as the next man ich bin genauso ehrlich wie jeder andere oder wie alle anderen;
    my washing machine is as good as the next one meine Waschmaschine ist ebenso gut wie alle anderen;
    the river next ( oder the next river) to the Thames in length der nächstlängste Fluss nach der Themse;
    not till next time hum nie mehr bis zum nächsten Mal; → what Bes Redew
    * * *
    1. adjective
    1) (nearest) nächst...

    the next but one — der/die/das übernächste

    next to — (fig.): (almost) fast; nahezu

    2) (in order) nächst...

    the next largest/larger — der/die/das nächstkleinere/nächstgrößere

    [the] next time — das nächste Mal

    the next best — der/die/das nächstbeste

    2. adverb
    (in the next place) als nächstes; (on the next occasion) das nächste Mal

    sit/stand next to somebody — neben jemandem sitzen/stehen

    place something next to somebody/something — etwas neben jemanden/etwas stellen

    come next to last — (in race) zweitletzter/zweitletzte werden

    come next to bottom — (in exam) der/die Zweitschlechteste sein

    3. noun
    1)

    the week after next — [die] übernächste Woche

    2) (person)

    next of kin — nächster/nächste Angehörige

    next please! — der nächste, bitte!

    * * *
    adj.
    nächstes adj. prep.
    nächst präp.

    English-german dictionary > next

  • 122 crisis económica

    f. s.&pl.
    economic crisis, slump, depression, financial crisis.
    * * *
    economic crisis, recession
    * * *
    (n.) = financial straits, economic crisis, financial crisis, crash, bad economic times, shakeout [shake-out], financial crunch, economic slump, difficult economic times, economic depression, economic doldrums
    Ex. Despite the present financial straits of developing countries, she argues in favour of long-term plan for the acquisition of relevant rare book material.
    Ex. During the economic crisis of the inter-war years, the development of Polish libraries was hampered by lack of funds and the inflationary cost of books.
    Ex. In 1893 when the nation was deep in one of its worst financial crises, librarians across the land were emphasizing the public library's role as a conservator of order.
    Ex. The article 'After the crash: librarians take stock following the market's recent nosedive' discusses the possible effects of the recent stock market crash on U.S. libraries and suggests how libraries can protect themselves during economic recession.
    Ex. With rare exceptions, law firms prosper during good and bad economic times.
    Ex. There will be a dramatic shakeout in librarianship but information scientists face a great opportunity to develop their skills by the opportunities afforded by the new technology.
    Ex. The article is entitled 'Book acquisition programme in libraries and information centres under the financial crunch'.
    Ex. The mysterious decline in the profitability of the children's book market has less to do with an economic slump than with shifts in market share between established players and the newcomers.
    Ex. This sector has been something of a social 'shock absorber' in recent difficult economic times.
    Ex. Due to economic depression, lap dog thievery is now on the increase.
    Ex. People on both sides noted sardonically that economic doldrums were forcing Croats to turn to Serbs to help save them.
    * * *
    (n.) = financial straits, economic crisis, financial crisis, crash, bad economic times, shakeout [shake-out], financial crunch, economic slump, difficult economic times, economic depression, economic doldrums

    Ex: Despite the present financial straits of developing countries, she argues in favour of long-term plan for the acquisition of relevant rare book material.

    Ex: During the economic crisis of the inter-war years, the development of Polish libraries was hampered by lack of funds and the inflationary cost of books.
    Ex: In 1893 when the nation was deep in one of its worst financial crises, librarians across the land were emphasizing the public library's role as a conservator of order.
    Ex: The article 'After the crash: librarians take stock following the market's recent nosedive' discusses the possible effects of the recent stock market crash on U.S. libraries and suggests how libraries can protect themselves during economic recession.
    Ex: With rare exceptions, law firms prosper during good and bad economic times.
    Ex: There will be a dramatic shakeout in librarianship but information scientists face a great opportunity to develop their skills by the opportunities afforded by the new technology.
    Ex: The article is entitled 'Book acquisition programme in libraries and information centres under the financial crunch'.
    Ex: The mysterious decline in the profitability of the children's book market has less to do with an economic slump than with shifts in market share between established players and the newcomers.
    Ex: This sector has been something of a social 'shock absorber' in recent difficult economic times.
    Ex: Due to economic depression, lap dog thievery is now on the increase.
    Ex: People on both sides noted sardonically that economic doldrums were forcing Croats to turn to Serbs to help save them.

    Spanish-English dictionary > crisis económica

  • 123 prisionero de guerra

    (n.) = prisoner of war, war prisoner
    Ex. The author discusses the production of escape maps by Allied prisoners of war during the First and Second World Wars.
    Ex. Prostitutes outside the camp were mostly of local origin; some were widows or married women whose husbands were war prisoners.
    * * *
    (n.) = prisoner of war, war prisoner

    Ex: The author discusses the production of escape maps by Allied prisoners of war during the First and Second World Wars.

    Ex: Prostitutes outside the camp were mostly of local origin; some were widows or married women whose husbands were war prisoners.

    * * *
    prisoner of war, POW

    Spanish-English dictionary > prisionero de guerra

  • 124 week

    noun
    Woche, die

    what day of the week is it today? — was für ein Wochentag ist heute?

    he was away for a week — er war [für] eine Woche weg

    I haven't seen you for weeks — ich habe dich seit Wochen nicht gesehen

    three times a week — dreimal die od. in der Woche

    £40 a or per week — 40 Pfund die od. in der od. pro Woche

    a week's leave/rest — eine Woche Urlaub/Pause

    once a week, every week — einmal die Woche od. in der Woche; einmal wöchentlich

    in a week['s time] — in einer Woche

    in two weeks[' time] — in zwei Wochen; in vierzehn Tagen

    take a week's holiday — [sich (Dat.)] eine Woche Urlaub nehmen

    from week to week, week by week — Woche für od. um Woche

    a six-week[s]-old baby — ein sechs Wochen altes od. sechswöchiges Baby

    a week [from] today/from or on Monday, today/Monday week — heute/Montag in einer Woche

    a week ago today/Sunday — heute/Sonntag vor einer Woche

    in or during the week — während der Woche

    42-hour/five-day week — 42-Stunden-Woche, die/Fünftagewoche, die

    * * *
    [wi:k] 1. noun
    1) (any sequence of seven days, especially from Sunday to Saturday: It's three weeks since I saw her.) die Woche
    2) (the five days from Monday to Friday inclusive: He can't go during the week, but he'll go on Saturday or Sunday.) die Woche
    3) (the amount of time spent working during a period of seven days: He works a forty-eight-hour week.) die Woche
    •
    - academic.ru/81603/weekly">weekly
    2. adverb
    (once a week: The newspaper is published weekly.) wöchentlich
    3. noun
    (a publication coming out once a week: Is this newspaper a weekly or a daily?) Wochen..
    - weekday
    - weekend
    - a week last Friday
    - a week today
    - tomorrow
    - on/next Friday
    - Friday
    * * *
    [wi:k]
    n
    1. (seven days) Woche f
    it'll be \weeks before the damage is cleared up es wird Wochen dauern, bis die Schäden beseitigt sind
    I saw him only the other \week ich habe ihn gerade vor ein paar Wochen gesehen
    this time next \week nächste Woche um diese Zeit
    a \week last Friday Freitag vor einer Woche
    a \week ago yesterday gestern vor einer Woche
    ▪ a \week [on]...... in einer Woche
    our holiday starts a \week [on] Saturday unsere Ferien beginnen Samstag in einer Woche
    for \weeks [on end] wochenlang
    a few \weeks ago vor einigen Wochen
    last \week letzte Woche
    once/twice a \week einmal/zweimal die Woche
    [for] a \week or two ein bis zwei Wochen [lang]
    ▪ \week by \week [or from \week to \week] von Woche zu Woche
    ▪ \week in, \week out [or \week after \week] Woche für Woche
    2. (work period) [Arbeits]woche f
    a thirty-seven-and-a-half-hour \week eine 37,5-Stunden-Woche
    to work a five-day/35-hour \week eine 5-Tage-/35-Stunden-Woche haben
    during the \week während [o SÜDD, SCHWEIZ, ÖSTERR unter] der Woche
    * * *
    [wiːk]
    n
    Woche f

    week in, week out — Woche für Woche

    twice/£15 a week — zweimal/£ 15 in der Woche or pro Woche or die Woche (inf)

    a week today, today or this day week ( Brit dial ) — heute in einer Woche or in acht Tagen

    a week tomorrow/on Tuesday, tomorrow/Tuesday week (esp Brit) — morgen/Dienstag in einer Woche or in acht Tagen

    or vacation (US) — ein einwöchiger/zweiwöchiger Urlaub

    he works a 40-hour week — er hat eine Vierzigstundenwoche or 40-Stundenwoche

    * * *
    week [wiːk] s Woche f:
    a week, per week wöchentlich, die Woche;
    after weeks of speculation nach wochenlangen Spekulationen;
    week by week Woche für Woche;
    by the week wochenweise;
    for weeks wochenlang;
    week in, week out Woche für Woche;
    today week, this day week
    a) heute in acht Tagen,
    b) heute vor acht Tagen;
    a) Montag in acht Tagen,
    b) Montag vor acht Tagen;
    three-week dreiwöchig; → Great Week
    wk abk
    1. week Wo.
    2. work
    * * *
    noun
    Woche, die

    he was away for a week — er war [für] eine Woche weg

    three times a week — dreimal die od. in der Woche

    £40 a or per week — 40 Pfund die od. in der od. pro Woche

    a week's leave/rest — eine Woche Urlaub/Pause

    for several weeks — mehrere Wochen lang; wochenlang

    once a week, every week — einmal die Woche od. in der Woche; einmal wöchentlich

    in a week['s time] — in einer Woche

    in two weeks[' time] — in zwei Wochen; in vierzehn Tagen

    take a week's holiday — [sich (Dat.)] eine Woche Urlaub nehmen

    from week to week, week by week — Woche für od. um Woche

    a six-week[s]-old baby — ein sechs Wochen altes od. sechswöchiges Baby

    a week [from] today/from or on Monday, today/Monday week — heute/Montag in einer Woche

    a week ago today/Sunday — heute/Sonntag vor einer Woche

    in or during the week — während der Woche

    42-hour/five-day week — 42-Stunden-Woche, die/Fünftagewoche, die

    * * *
    n.
    Woche -n f.

    English-german dictionary > week

  • 125 Camm, Sir Sydney

    [br]
    b. 5 August 1893 Windsor, Berkshire, England
    d. 12 March 1966 Richmond, Surrey, England
    [br]
    English military aircraft designer.
    [br]
    He was the eldest of twelve children and his father was a journeyman carpenter, in whose footsteps Camm followed as an apprentice woodworker. He developed an early interest in aircraft, becoming a keen model maker in his early teens and taking a major role in founding a local society to this end, and in 1912 he designed and built a glider able to carry people. During the First World War he worked as a draughtsman for the aircraft firm Martinsyde, but became increasingly involved in design matters as the war progressed. In 1923 Camm was recruited by Sopwith to join his Hawker Engineering Company as Senior Draughtsman, but within two years had risen to be Chief Designer. His first important contribution was to develop a method of producing metal aircraft, using welded steel tubes, and in 1926 he designed his first significant aircraft, the Hawker Horsley torpedo-bomber, which briefly held the world long-distance record before it was snatched by Charles Lindbergh in his epic New York-Paris flight in 1927. His Hawker Hart light bomber followed in 1928, after which came his Hawker Fury fighter.
    By the mid-1930s Camm's reputation as a designer was such that he was able to wield significant influence on the Air Ministry when Royal Air Force (RAF) aircraft specifications were being drawn up. His outstanding contribution came, however, with the unveiling of his Hawker Hurricane in 1935. This single-seater fighter was to prove one of the backbones of the RAF during 1939–45, but during the war he also designed two other excellent fighters: the Tempest and the Typhoon. After the Second World War Camm turned to jet aircraft, producing in 1951 the Hawker Hunter fighter/ground-attack aircraft, which saw lengthy service in the RAF and many other air forces. His most revolutionary contribution was the design of the Harrier jump-jet, beginning with the P.1127 prototype in 1961, followed by the Kestrel three years later. These were private ventures, but eventually the Government saw the enormous merit in the vertical take-off and landing concept, and the Harrier came to fruition in 1967. Sadly Camm, who was on the Board of Sopwith Hawker Siddeley Group, died before the aircraft came into service. He is permanently commemorated in the Camm Memorial Hall at the RAF Museum, Hendon, London.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    CBE 1941. Knighted 1953. Associate Fellow of the Royal Aeronautical Society 1918, Fellow 1932, President 1954–5, Gold Medal 1958. Daniel Guggenheim Medal (USA) 1965.
    Further Reading
    Alan Bramson, 1990, Pure Luck: The Authorized Biography of Sir Thomas Sopwith, 1888–1989, Wellingborough: Patrick Stephens (provides information about Camm and his association with Sopwith).
    Dictionary of National Biography, 1961–70.
    CM

    Biographical history of technology > Camm, Sir Sydney

  • 126 Dassault (Bloch), Marcel

    SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace
    [br]
    b. 22 January 1892 Paris, France
    d. 18 April 1986 Paris, France
    [br]
    French aircraft designer and manufacturer, best known for his jet fighters the Mystère and Mirage.
    [br]
    During the First World War, Marcel Bloch (he later changed his name to Dassault) worked on French military aircraft and developed a very successful propeller. With his associate, Henri Potez, he set up a company to produce their Eclair wooden propeller in a furniture workshop in Paris. In 1917 they produced a two-seater aircraft which was ordered but then cancelled when the war ended. Potez continued to built aircraft under his own name, but Bloch turned to property speculation, at which he was very successful. In 1930 Bloch returned to the aviation business with an unsuccessful bomber followed by several moderately effective airliners, including the Bloch 220 of 1935, which was similar to the DC-3. He was involved in the design of a four-engined airliner, the SNCASE Languedoc, which flew in September 1939. During the Second World War, Bloch and his brothers became important figures in the French Resistance Movement. Marcel Bloch was eventually captured but survived; however, one of his brothers was executed, and after the war Bloch changed his name to Dassault, which had been his brother's code name in the Resistance. During the 1950s, Avions Marcel Dassault rapidly grew to become Europe's foremost producer of jet fighters. The Ouragon was followed by the Mystère, Etendard and then the outstanding Mirage series. The basic delta-winged Mirage III, with a speed of Mach 2, was soon serving in twenty countries around the world. From this evolved a variable geometry version, a vertical-take-off aircraft, an enlarged light bomber capable of carrying a nuclear bomb, and a swept-wing version for the 1970s. Dassault also produced a successful series of jet airliners starting with the Fan Jet Falcon of 1963. When the Dassault and Breguet companies merged in 1971, Marcel Dassault was still a force to be reckoned with.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Guggenheim Medal. Deputy, Assemblée nationale 1951–5 and 1958–86.
    Bibliography
    1971, Le Talisman, Paris: Editions J'ai lu (autobiography).
    Further Reading
    1976, "The Mirage Maker", Sunday Times Magazine (1 June).
    Jane's All the World's Aircraft, London: Jane's (details of Bloch and Dassault aircraft can be found in various years' editions).
    JDS

    Biographical history of technology > Dassault (Bloch), Marcel

  • 127 Flettner, Anton

    SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace
    [br]
    b. 1 November 1885 Eddersheim-am-Main, Germany
    d. 29 December 1961 New York, USA
    [br]
    German engineer and inventor who produced a practical helicopter for the German navy in 1940.
    [br]
    Anton Flettner was an engineer with a great interest in hydraulics and aerodynamics. At the beginning of the First World War Flettner was recruited by Zeppelin to investigate the possibility of radio-controlled airships as guided missiles. In 1915 he constructed a small radio-controlled tank equipped to cut barbed-wire defences; the military experts rejected it, but he was engaged to investigate radio-controlled pilotless aircraft and he invented a servo-control device to assist their control systems. These servo-controls, or trim tabs, were used on large German bombers towards the end of the war. In 1924 he invented a sailing ship powered by rotating cylinders, but although one of these crossed the Atlantic they were never a commercial success. He also invented a windmill and a marine rudder. In the late 1920s Flettner turned his attention to rotating-wing aircraft, and in 1931 he built a helicopter with small engines mounted on the rotor blades. Progress was slow and it was abandoned after being damaged during testing in 1934. An autogiro followed in 1936, but it caught fire on a test flight and was destroyed. Undeterred, Flettner continued his development work on helicopters and in 1937 produced the Fl 185, which had a single rotor to provide lift and two propellers on outriggers to combat the torque and provide forward thrust. This arrangement was not a great success, so he turned to twin contra-rotating rotors, as used by his rival Focke, but broke new ground by using intermeshing rotors to make a more compact machine. The Fl 265 with its "egg-beater" rotors was ordered by the German navy in 1938 and flew the following year. After exhaustive testing, Flettner improved his design and produced the two-seater Fl 282 Kolibri, which flew in 1940 and became the only helicopter to be used operationally during the Second World War.
    After the war, Flettner moved to the United States where his intermeshing-rotor idea was developed by the Kaman Aircraft Corporation.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1926, Mein Weg zum Rotor, Leipzig; also published as The Story of the Rotor, New York (describes his early work with rotors—i.e. cylinders).
    Further Reading
    W.Gunston and J.Batchelor, 1977, Helicopters 1900–1960, London.
    R.N.Liptrot, 1948, Rotating Wing Activities in Germany during the Period 1939–45, London.
    K.von Gersdorff and K.Knobling, 1982, Hubschrauber und Tragschrauber, Munich (a more recent publication, in German).
    JDS

    Biographical history of technology > Flettner, Anton

  • 128 Parseval, August von

    SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace
    [br]
    b. 1861
    d. 22 February 1942 Berlin, Germany
    [br]
    German designer of tethered observation balloons and non-rigid airships.
    [br]
    Major von Parseval and his colleague Captain von Sigsfeld were serving in the German army during the 1890s when improved military observation from the air was being pursued. Tethered observation balloons, raised and lowered by a winch, had been used since 1794, but in strong winds a spherical balloon became very unstable. Manned kites were being developed by "Colonel" S.F. Cody, in Britain, and others, but kites were a problem if the wind dropped. A very successful compromise was achieved in 1897 by von Parseval and von Sigsfeld, who developed a kite-balloon, the Drachen ("Dragon"), which was elongated like an airship and fitted with large inflated fins. It was attached to its tethering cable in such a way that it flew with a positive incidence (nose up) to the wind, thus producing some lift—like a kite. The combination of these factors made the kite-balloon very stable. Other countries followed suit and a version designed by the Frenchman Albert Caquot was widely used during the First World War for observing the results of artillery fire. Caquot balloons were also used around London as a barrage to obstruct enemy aircraft, and "barrage balloons" were widely used during the Second World War. After working at a government balloon factory in Berlin where non-rigid airships were built, von Parseval designed his own non-rigid airship. The Parseval I which flew in 1906 was small, but larger and faster non-rigids followed. These were built by Luftfahrzeug-Gesellschaft m.b.H. of Berlin founded in 1908 to build and operate Parseval airships. The British Admiralty ordered three Parseval airships, two to be built by Vickers of Barrow (who had built the rigid airship R 1 Mayfly in 1911), and one to be built in Berlin. This one was flown from Berlin to Farnborough in 1913 and joined the Vickers-built Parseval in the Naval Air Service. During the First World War, Parseval airships had the unique distinction of serving on both sides. Three small Parseval airships were built between 1929 and 1932 for use in advertising.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    A.Hildebrandt, 1908, Airships Past and Present, London (describes the kite-balloon). Fred Gütschow, 1985, Das Luftschiff, Stuttgart (includes a record of all the airships). Basil Clarke, 1961, The History of Airships, London (provides limited coverage of von Parseval's work).
    Basil Collier, 1974, The Airship: A History, London (provides limited coverage of von Parseval's work).

    Biographical history of technology > Parseval, August von

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