down+with...!

(gen. kjalar, dat. kili; pl. kilir, acc. kjölu), m.

1) keel (brotnaði kjölrinn undir skipinu); sigla lausum kili, to sail with an empty ship; koma e-m á kjöl, to get one up on the keel (when the boat is capsized); niðr kili, down in the hold;

2) keel-shaped range of mountains (austr um Kjöl);

3) back of a book.

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m., kjalar, dat. kili, mod. kjöl, plur. kilir, acc. kjölu; [Engl. keel, which seems to be of Norse origin, as the A. S. uses quite a different word for carina; Dan. kjöl; Swed. köl]:— a keel; klökkr k., Lex. Poët.; langir, svalir kilir, id.; rísta kaldan sjá kili, Edda (Ht. 101); brotnaði kjölrinn undir skipinu, Fs. 152; laust skipit svá at þegar horfði upp kjölrinn, Ld. 142; höggva skip í sundr ok auka at kili, Fms. viii. 372; koma e-m or komask á kjöl, to get on the keel when a boat is capsized, ix. 320; þeir létu fallask í kjölinn niðr, vii. 288; ok er niðr hlaupinn drykkr allr í kjöl á skipinu, xi. 233; land Ránar, kjalar, stála …, Edda 66; þeir segjask eigi fá tré svá stórt né gott at heyri til kjalarins, Fb. i. 433; ok hvelfir svá skipinu, at hón ríðr um þveran kjölinn, ii. 26; rifnaði skipit neðan, ok var skjótt undan kjölrinn, Bs, i. 842: phrases, sigla lausum kili, to sail with a loose keel, with an empty ship, Ó. H. 115: in poetry, kjalar-slóð, kjalar stigr, keel-track, keel-path = the sea; kjalar-land, id., Lex. Poët.

II. metaph. a keel-shaped range of mountains; há fjöll liggja eptir endilangri mörkinni ok eru þat kallaðir Kilir, Eg. 58: esp. as a local name of the mountain Kiölen between Sweden and Norway, Eb. 2, 4, Hkr. i. 137, passim; as also in Iceland, Landn., Sturl.

2. the back of a book; biskup lét búa ok líma öll blöðin í kjölinn, Ísl. ii. 460; bók gyllt á kjöl, a gilt book, freq. in mod. usage: as also the inner margin of a book when open, whence the phrase, lesa ofan í kjölinn, to read closely; hann hefir ekki lesit ofan í kjölinn, of superficial, loose reading.

COMPDS: kjalarhæll, kjalarleið, kjalartré.

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(acc. nýjan), a.

1) new (n. átrúnaðr); af nýju, anew, again; næst nýss, just recently (þat vann næst nýss niðr Ylvinga);

2) fresh (nýtt kjöt, nýir fiskar).

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adj., ný, nýtt; gen. nýs, nýrar, nýs; dat. nýjum, nýri, nýju; acc. nýjan, nýja, nýtt: pl. nýir, nýjar, ný; gen. nýra, mod. nýrra; dat. nýjum; acc. nýja, nýjar, ný, see Gramm. p. xix: compar. nýri, mod. nýrri; superl. nýstr, mod. nýjastr; [Ulf. niujis = καινός and νέος; A. S. niwe; Engl. new; O. H. G. niuwi; Germ. neu; Dan.-Swed. ny]:—new; vaðmál nýtt ok únotið, Grág. i. 500; skrúðklæði ný, 504; nýtt tungl, a new moon, but in old usage, as it seems, the waxing, or even the full moon; cp. however, þvíat nýtt var at ok niða-myrkr, Grett. 111 A, where Ed. 1853 has hríð var á.

2. fresh; nýtt kjöt, þat er siðr Færcyinga at hafa nýtt kjöt öllum missarum, Fær. 298; nýja fiska ok ostrur, N. G. L. ii. 263; í nýju nauta blóði, Hdl. 10.

II. temp, new, fresh, recent; ný tíðendi, fresh news, Fas. iii. 597; nýra spjalla, Hkv. Hjörv. 31; of ný samkvámu-mál, Grág. i. 458; inn nýi háttr, the new metre, Edda (Ht.); þetta görðu menn at nýjum tíðendum, Nj. 14; ný bóla, a new blotch, in the phrase, það er engin ný bóla, ‘tis no new thing, ‘tis an old sore.

III. as subst., hón sagði at þat væri nú nýjast, Fas. iii. 219; spyrja eptir hvat til nýs ( quid novi) hefir borit, Mar.

2. adverb, phrases; næst nýs, nearest new, just recently, Hkv. 2. 7; af nýju, anew, again, Hkr. ii. 38, Stj. 504; mod., að nýju, Bs. i. 768; at fornu ok nýju, of old and of late, passim; á nýja-leik, anew, again, Fms. ix. 274, see leikr.

IV. in local names, as, Nýja-land, Newland (in America), Ann. 1290.

COMPDS: nýjabrum, nýjaleik.

B. ný-, denoting newly, recently, may be prefixed to almost every part. pass. as also to adjectives with a part. pass. sense; thus, ný-alinn, ný-fæddr, ný-borinn, new-born, Rb. 346, Fms. iii. 111; ný-gotinn, newly dropped; ný-gipt, ný-kvángaðr, newly married. Sks. 47, Fms. xi. 88; ný-skírðr, newly christened, ii. 42; ný-grafinn, -jarðaðr, newly buried; ný-vígðr, newly ordained or consecrated, Bs. i. 131, Ld. 230, Fms. ix. 413; ný-andaðr, ný-dáinn, ný-látinn, ný-dauðr, -fallinn, -drepinn, newly dead, Fms. xi. 308, Fas. i. 57, Glúm. 392, Fbr. 115, Mar.; ný-kominn, just come, Orkn. 450, Fms. i. 27, x. 118, Eg. 14; ný-farinn, ný-genginn, ný-sigldr, ný-riðinn, ný-hlaupinn, having newly gone, parted, sailed, ridden away, Landn. 84, Fms. ii. 278, viii. 350; ný-háttaðr, ný-sofnaðr, ný vaknaðr, newly gone to bed, to sleep, just awake, v. 105, Orkn. 212 Fas. ii. 411; ný-staðinn upp, having just risen; ný-seztr, having just sat down; ný-klæddr, just dressed, Hkr. iii. 128; ný-görr, newly made, Sturl. i. 121, Bárð. 168; ný-fenginn just recovered, Fms. x. 387; ný-brotinn, fresh broken, 623. 20; ný-gefinn, newly given, Eg. 174; ný-fundinn, just found, discovered, Stj. 650; ný-tekið, just received, Eg. 478, Fms. vii. 60; ný-misst, ný-tapaðr, newly lost; ný-liðinn, just past, Greg. 82; ný-byrjaðr, just begun; ný-lokinn, ný-endaðr, just finished, just done, Rb. 56; ný-lagðr, new-laid, Bs. i. 346; ný-búinn, just done; ný-mæltr, newly spoken, Fas. iii. 75; ný-tekinn, fresh taken, Eg. 478, Fms. vii. 60; ný-dubbaðr, new-dubbed, Al. 7; ný-nefndr, newly named, Bs. i. 699; ný-spurt, newly heard, Fms. i. 213; ný-orðinn (ný-skeð), having just happened, Bs. i. 469, Fms. viii. 5; ný-ortr, ný-ritaðr, ný-skrifaðr, newly composed, written, Glúm. 384; ný-sagðr, ný-talaðr, newly said, reported, Bs. i. 768; ný-greindr, id., 700; ný-vaxinn, Landn. 190; ný-runninn, ný-sprottinn, newly grown, Str. 49, Stj. 290; ný-bræddr, fresh tarred, Fms. viii. 383, xi. 437; ný-birktr, new-barked, of trees; ný-blæddr, new-bled, Orkn. 460, Symb. 29; ný-klipptr, new-shorn, Mart. 123; ný-markaðr, of sheep, Lv. 48; ný-saumaðr, fresh sewn, Orkn. 182; ný-sopit, having just sipped, Fbr. 214; ný-kefldr, newly gagged, of lambs, Eb. 244; ný-skorinn, new-cut, Eg. 516, Fms. iii. 114; ný-sleginn, new-mown, Str. 45; ný-soðinn, fresh cooked, Fas. ii. 232; ný-bakaðr, new-baked, Stj. 121; ný-þveginn, newly washed; ný-litaðr, fresh dyed, Blas. 45, Bs. i. 446; ný-þaktr, new-thatched, Fms. v. 331; ný-hvattr, new-whetted, Bjarn. 65; ný-karinn, new-polished, Fas. iii. 635; ný-bygðr, new-built; ný-þelaðr, refill nýþelaðr, a carpet with the nap on, i. e. not worn, not threadbare, Dipl. v. 18; ný-leitað, Grett. 111 A; ný-legit, Bs. i. 189; ný-rekit, Hrafn. 8; ný-skilizt, hafði hann nýskilizk við Túnsbergs menn, he had newly parted with them, Fms. viii. 408, v. l.

f., pl. rúnar: [rún, raun, reyna are all kindred words, and a lost strong verb, rúna, raun, meaning to enquire, may be presumed; the original notion is scrutiny, mystery, secret conversation; Gotb. runa, by which Ulf. several times renders the Gr. μυστήριον and συμβούλιον (once, Matth. xxvii. 1), βουλή (twice, Luke vii. 30, 1 Cor. iv. 5); A. S. rún = a ‘rowning’ mystery, but also = writing, charter; Hel. rûna = colloquium, and geruni = loquela (Schmeller); cp. Old Engl. to rown, Germ. raunen; Gr. ἐ-ρευνάω is also supposed to be a kindred word (Bugge). In Scandin. writers and poets rún is chiefly used of magical characters, then of writing, whereas the derivative word raun means trial, enquiry, and rúni and rúna = a friend or counsellor.]

B. A secret, hidden lore, mystery; frá jötna rúnum ok allra goða segðú it sannasta, Vþm. 42, 43; kenna rúnar, to teach wisdom, Rm. 33; dæma um rúnar ok regin-dóma, Hm. 112; minnask á fornar rúnar, Vsp. 59: saws, segja sannar rúnir, to tell true saws, Fas. ii. 302 (in a verse): a ‘rowning’ speech, vifs rúnir, a woman’s whispering, Bm.; heita e-n at rúnum, to consult one, Gh. 12, Skv. 3. 14, 43; hniga at rúnum, Gkv. 3. 4.

II. a Rune or written character; the earliest Runes were not writing in proper sense, but fanciful signs possessing a magical power; such Runes have, through vulgar superstition, been handed down even to the present time, for a specimen of them see Ísl. Þjóðs. i.435, 436, and Arna-Magn. Nos. 687. 4 to, and 434. 12 mo (Ísl. Þjóðs.pref. ix); the classical passages for these spell-Runes are, Hm. 133 sqq., Sdm. 5 sqq., Skm. 29, 36, Eg. ch. 44, 61, 75, Yngl. S. ch. 7, Grett. ch. 85, N. G. L. iii. 286, 300, Vsp. 59; cp. also the phrase, rísta trénið, Grág., Fs. 56. The phrase in the old Danish Ballads, kaste runer, to throw Rúnes, i. e. chips (see hlaut, hlautviðr), may be compared to the Lat. sortes, Mommsen’s Hist, of Rome, vol. i. p. 187, foot-note (Engl. Ed.), or the Sibylline leaves in the Aeneid.

2. Runes as writing;the word was first applied to the original Northern alphabet, which at an early time was derived from the common Phœnician, probably through Greek or Roman coins in the first centuries of our era. From these Runes were subsequently formed two alphabets, the old Scandinavian (whence again the Anglo-Saxon), as found on the Golden horn and the stone in Tune, and the later Scandinavian, in which the inscriptions in the greater number of the Swedish and Danish stone monuments are written, most being of the 10th (9th?) and following centuries.—A curious instance of the employment of Runes is their being written on a kefli (a round piece of wood) as messages (cp. the Gr. σκυτάλη), as is freq. recorded in the Sagas, e. g. Gísl. 45, 67, Fms. ix. 390, 490, Grett. 154 new Ed., Fb. i. 251 (of the deaf and dumb Oddny). It is doubtful whether poems were ever written in this way, for almost the only authority for such a statement is Eg. 605, where we read that the Sonatorrek was taken down on a Runic stick, the other instances being mostly from romances or fabulous Sagas, Grett. 144, Örvar Odds S.(fine). This writing on a kefli is mentioned in the Latin line, Barbara ‘fraxineis’ sculpatur runa ‘tabellis,’ Capella (5th century). In later times (from the 13th century) Runic writing was practised as a sort of curiosity; thus calendars used to be written on sticks, of which there is a specimen in the Bodl. Library in Oxford; they were also used for inscriptions on tombstones, spoons, chairs, and the like: there even exists in the Arna-Magn. Library a Runic MS. of an old Danish law, and there is a Runic letter in Sturl. (of the year 1241); Runes carved on an oar occur in Fs. 177: a hidden treasure in a chest is labelled with Runes, Fms. vi. 271, Sd. 146, cp. also the interesting record in Bs. i. 435 (sex manna bein vóru þar hjá honum ok vax ok rúnar þær er sögðu atburð lifláts þeirra).

3. the word rún is also, though rarely, applied to the Latin alphabet; ef hann er á þingi þá skal hann rísta nafn hans ef hann kann rúnar, N. G. L. i. 171; or generally, ræki ek eigi hvárt þú rítr ø þitt eðr o,  eða a, ę eða e, y eða u, en ek svara svá, eigi er þat rúnanna kostr þó at þú lesir vel eða ráðir vel at líkindum, þar sem rúnar visa óskírt, heldr er þat þinn kostr, Thorodd 162; þessi er upphaf allra hátta svá sem málrúnar eru fyrir öðrum minum, Edda (Ht.) 121.

III. in pr. names, Rún-ólfr: as the latter part in pr. names of women, Guð-rún, Sig-rún, Öl-rún, Landn., Nj., Bs., Sturl., Sæm.

COMPDS: rúnakefli, rúnamál, Rúnameistari, rúnastafr.

(-dda, -ddr), v.

1) to catch, hunt (v. rauðdýri, hreina, fugla); v. fisk, to catch fish;

2) to hunt down an enemy; fá e-n veiddan, to get one hunted down.

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d, to catch, hunt; veiða fimm orra, Ó. H. 79; veiða íkorna, 85; veiða rauðdýri, Orkn. 448; veiða sel ok fiska, Hkr. ii. 245; veiða fugla ok fiska, Grág. ii. 345; at han hefði veitt í einu höggi otr ok lax, Edda 72; veiða laxa, Nj. 69; veiða dýr á mörkinni, Fas. iii. 4.

2. metaph., þótti þeim nú mundi lítið fyrir at veiða Gunnar, Nj. 113; ok fáit ér hann eigi veiddan, 102; ok mun þá þar mega veiða í er stundir líða, they will be caught by that, 207; látum þá eigi veiða oss inni, Fms. ix. 217; veiða þenna níðing í snöru, i. 206; veiða e-n í orðum, N. T.; veiða e-t upp ór e-m, to fish it out of one.

II. reflex., hversu veiðisk, how goes it with the catch? þeim veiddist vel, they got a good catch, freq. in mod. usage.

m. the bridal procession; both the procession to and from the church (first the maids and women, then the ladies, and the bride, as the chief person, last); and again, the procession of the bride and ladies from the bride’s room (brúðarhús) into the hall, where the men were assembled with the bridegroom. After grace had been said, both in the stofa, to the men, and in the bride’s-bower, to the ladies, two dishes were served; a toast, called Heilags Anda skál or Heilags Anda minni (Holy Ghost’s toast), perhaps a continuation of the heathen Bragarfull, was then given; at this signal the marshal (siðamaðr) went up to the bride’s room and summoned the brides (ladies) to come down to the stofa and join the men; this was the second procession. The bride then sat on the bride’s chair, and every one took his lady, and the feast went on in common. This custom is obsolete, but the word remains: a slow, stately walk, with an air of importance in measured steps, is called in Icel. a ‘bride’s walk,’ like that of brides on a wedding day; [cp. Germ. brautgang.]

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(dríf; dreif, drifum; drifinn), v.

1) to drift, drive like spray or snow (þá drífr snær ór öllum áttum); fig. of missles, to shower, fly, like flakes of snow (láta drífa skot, vápn, á e-n); veðr var drífanda, there was a great snow-storm; esp. impers. with dat., dreif sandinn, the sand drifted; lauðri dreif á lypting útan, the spray drove over the poop; þegar dreif í Löginn krömmu, there fell wet snow in the Lake, it began to sleet;

2) to crowd, throng, rush; þá drífr ofan mannfjöldi mikill til strandar, a great crowd rushes down to the shore; dreif allt fólk á hans fund, all people crowded to see him; tóku menn þá at drífa brott frá hertoganum, men began to desert the duke; drífa yfir e-n, to befall, happen to one;

refl., láta yfir drífast (= drífa yfir sik), to yield, give in (rán ok útlegðir þeirra manna, er eigi létu yfir drífa);

3) to perform; drífa leik, to play; en í annan stað á ek at drífa mikinn vanda, I am in a hard strait;

4) to besprinkle with (e-t e-u döggu drifinn).

f. fall of snow, snowdrift (skotvápn flugu svá þykt sem drífa).

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u, f. a fall of snow, sleet; fjúk ok d., Bs. i. 185; veðr var þykt ok d., Fms. v. 341; skotvápn flugu svá þykt sem d., i. 45; um kveldit görði á drífu-él blautt, Orkn. 414; kom þá drífu-él mikit, ok var all-myrkt, Fms. ix. 23.

(að), v. to beat the loom with a weaver’s rod (hræll).

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að, older ræla, to beat a loom with a weaver’s rod; hún hrælaði vefinn með gullhræl, Od. v. 62, hrælaðr örum, Darr.; h. dún, to shake eider-down on a frame to cleanse it.

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ð or t, [krókr], to hook with anything crooked, the instrument in dat.; hann krækti handar-stúfinum í kistu-hringana, Fms. x. 258, Eg. 564, Fb. i. 524, Grett. 50 new Ed., Karl.; hann krækir fótunum niðr undir kviðinn (of a horse), Sd. 177; hékk akkeri mikit á Drómundinum, ok var krækt fleinunum á borðit, en leggrinn vissi ofan, and had the fluke hooked on the gunwale, but the leg turned down, Orkn. 362; Þórir krœkði upp öxinni, Ó. H. 135, Fms. vii. 264, Eb. 310, Fær. 110; krækt er saman beinum í þér, thy bones are hooked together, i. e. badly knit, Grett.; hann krækti fætr undan þeim með staf, he hooked their legs with his stick, Fms. vii. 264; hann vildi k. af honum skjöldinn, Gullþ. 15.

II. metaph. to go in circuits, in windings; þeir koma aptan dags á einn fjörð mikinn, ok krækti ymsa vega í landit, a fjord which branched, spread widely into the county, Krók. 52.

III. refiex. to be hooked, Sks. 27 new Ed.; krækjask til, to grapple in close fight, Fær. 18; vera inni kræktr, to be shut in, Fms. viii, 386.

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(að), v. to dye (l. sik í blóði).

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pres. lít; pret. leit, 2nd pers. leizt, pl. litu; part. litinn; imperat. lít and líttu; [a Goth. wleiton may be assumed, cp. litr, lit, leita, A. S. wlîtan; Lat. vultus; cp. Germ. ant-litz]:—to look, behold, see; ek lít, I see, behold, Haustl.; hinnig værir þú undir brún at líta, Nj. 55; Sölvi gat at líta hvar þeir flýðu, 247; ok í augu leit, and looked him in the eyes, Vsp. 21; hón leit báða uxana váta, Ísl. ii. 89; hón leit frú sína gráta, Str. 17: freq. in old and mod. usage, þá hóf hann upp sín augu ok leit Abraham langt burt, og Lazarum í hans skauti, Luke xvi. 23:—the phrases, líta ástar, vinar, öfundar, miskunnar augum til e-s, to cast a glance of love, friendship, envy, mercy, Fb. i. 421, passim; hann mátti eigi réttum augum til hans líta, he could not bear to look straight at him, Fms. iv. 48.

II. with prepp.; líta á e-t, to look at or on; hann stóð nokkura stund á hinn fótinn ok leit á stúfinn …, eigi þarftú at líta á, jafnt er sem þér sýnisk, af er fótrinn, Nj. 97; til á at líta ok eptir at skoða um landa-merki, Dipl. ii. 19; Þórr lítr á hornit ok sýnist ekki mikit, Edda 32; líttú á ljúfan, leggðú munn við grön … á leit Guðrún, Gkv. 1: metaph. to consider, er þat ekki jafnræði … mun því ekki verða á litið, Ísl. ii. 214; eigi er á at líta, drepum þenna hund sem skjótast, Fms. xi. 146; en hvert mál er skal dæma, þá verðr at líta á tilgörð með efnum, Eg. 417, (a saying); ek mun hafa skjótt á litið, ok vartú fjarri at kenna mér ráðin, Orkn. 214: líta á með e-m, to keep an eye on, take care of, Fb. iii. 305, Fs. 172:—líta aptr, to look back after one, Karl. 404:—líta til e-s, to look towards one; hann leit seint til þeirra ok glotti um tönn, Edda 30; þeir litu til ok kváðusk sjá hann, Nj. 70: metaph., hver spurning lítr jafnan til svara, a question looks for an answer, a saying, Sks. 307:—líta yfir, to look over, look about, view; en er Þorsteinn hafði litið yfir verk húskarla sinna, Eg. 741; kemr heim á Mel ok lítr yfir eignir sínar, Band. 3; hafa brátt yfir litið, Fb. iii. 386:—líta við e-m, to look to one; keisari leit við honum, ok spurði hverr hann væri, Fms. i. 125; konungr leit við þeim ok svarar heldr stutt, Eg. 95:—líta upp, to lift the eyes, Hm. 130; en hann leit upp ok sá þá hina ríku, Luke xxi. 1:—líta niðr fyrir sig, to look down.

III. reflex. he seems, it appears to one that, e-t lízk e-t; leizk honum mærin fögr, Eg. 23; hann sér hvat leið drykkr inum, ok lízk honum svá sem allítill munr mun vera, Edda 32; svá lízk mér ( methinks) … sem þessi mun mestr ætlaðr, id.; svá lízk mér, frændi, sem nú munim vit hafa gört ráð okkat, Nj. 5; lízk mér svá sem engum várum bræðrum muni trúligt, Fms. i. 53; ok lítisk þeim svá at hann vili vörn hans glepja í því, Grág. i. 60. beta. with prepp.; e-m lítzk á e-t, it seems, pleases me so and so; hversu lítzk þér á mey þessa, þykki þér eigi fögr vera? Nj. 2; teksk umræða mikil hversu þeim hafði á litisk konunginn … svá leizk mér vel á konunginn it fyrsta sinn er ek sá hann, Ld. 174; hefir mér opt vel litisk á konunginn, en aldri betr en nú, Fms. x. 296 (ii. 37); ok bað móður sína göra sér góð klæði, at Steingerði mætti sem bezt á sik lítask, Korm. 32; spyrr Karli hversu Leifi litisk á fé þetta, Fms. iv. 346.

γ. one likes to have it, ellipt. for lítask ráð; honum leizt at fara, passim in mod. usage:— to like, lízk þér eigi silfrit, does not the silver like thee? Fms. iv. 346; see lítask á.

2. recipr. to look to one another; fellzk hvárt öðru vel í geð, ok litusk þau vel til ok bliðliga, Band. 3.

(að), v.

1) to travel, roam; r. viða, to travel far (vits er þörf, þeim er víða ratar); fig., r. í e-t, to fall into (misfortune); ek hefi ratat í vandræði míkit, I have fallen into a great strait;

2) to meet wilh find, with acc. (laxa skulu vér veiða, ef vér rötum eigi sauðina); to find the way (ok ratar hann harðla stóra fjallvegu);

3) to collapise, fall down (grjótbjörg gnata, en gífr rata).

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að, originally vrata, [Ulf. wraton = πορεύεσθαι], to travel, fare, journey: in the old allit. phrase, rata víða (prop. allit. vrata víða), to fare widely; sá einn veit, er víða ratar | ok hefir fjöld um farit, Hm. 17; vits er þörf þeim er víða ratar, 5; Vingþórr ek heiti, ek hefi víða ratað, Am. 6: with acc. to find the way, ok ratar hann harðla stóra fjallvegu, Fas. ii. 258: to hit, find, þat varð stundum, at menn viltusk á mörkum, at menn rötuðu þá til þeirra heimkynna, iii. 4: allvel hefir þetta til borit, Þorgils, er ek hefi þik hér ratað, Ld. 176; þat skip hafði ratað í hafinu várkulda ok aðrar raunir, Bs. ii. 439.

2. in mod. usage absol. to find the way; eg rata ekki, I do not know the way.

3. metaph. to fall into, of misfortune; ek hefi ratað í vandræði mikit, Nj. 98; er þú skalt ratað hafa í svá mikla úhamingju, Ó. H. 115; rata í mikla heimsku, Andr. 71; rata í ólukku, Fb. ii. 74; rata í stór áfelli, Al. 83; þessir stórhlutir, er vér höfum í ratað (hratað Ed.), Fms. i. 295:—reflex. in the phrase, opt ratask kjöptugum satt á munn, even a gabbler may by chance speak a true word.

II. to reel, collapse; gífr rata, Vsp. 52; ratar görliga ( collapses) ráð Sigurðar, Skv. 1. 36, (rare.)

* * *

(dat. pl. strám), n. straw (smjör drýpr af hverju strái); liggja stirðr á strám, to lie stiff on straw, of a corpse (cf. nástrá).

(strá, stráða, stráðr), v. to strew, cover with straw (s. golf, bekki, herbergi).

* * *

f., dat. pl. strám, [A. S. streaw; Engl. straw; Dan. straa; Germ. stroh]:—straw; af hverju strái, Landn. 31; hann tók eitt strá ok dró eptir gólfinu, Fms. vii. 219; liggja stirðr á strám, of a corpse, Sól. 47: the floors of ancient halls were covered with straw (sedge), hence flets-strá, pall-strá, bench-straw, Ls. 46: allit., í búri …, á starru eða strái, N. G. L. i. 383: corpses were laid on straw at a lyke-wake, sú eina nótt er ek lá stirðr á strám, Sól. 47; lík skal færa í úthús ok hylja með starru eða strái, 392; lík-strá, ná-strá, q. v.

2. phrases; öll strá stanga e-n, every straw stings one, of an ill-used man (perhaps from some old tale similar to that of Herr Korbes in Grimm’s Märchen), Fms. xi. 155; mjök vilja mik öll strá stanga, Sturl. iii. 141; stráin stangi þik, an imprecation. Fas. iii. 206 (in a verse):—falla í strá, to fall into itraw, be lost, Fbr. (in a verse); falla sem strá, to fall like straw, be mown down, perish.

(only in infin. and pres. svelgir), v. = svelga.

* * *

svelg; pret. svalg, pl. sulgu; subj. sylgi; imperat. svelg; part. solginn; since it became weak, svelgðist, Bs. ii. (in a verse of the 14th century), and so in mod. usage; [A. S. swelgan; Engl. swallow, swill; Germ. schwelgen]:—to swallow, with acc., Ýt. 4; hræ Ólafs hofgyldir svalg, 21; at jörðin sylgi hestinn, Nj. 163; mun hón solgit hafa yrmling, Fms. vi. 350; s. sinn föður-arf, Al. 114; eitt skógar-dýr svalg hann, Stj. 219; svelgja þik, Barl. 111: to swallow, svelg hrákann niðr, Pr.; svelgr hann allan Sigföðr, Ls. 58; Eljúðnir vann solginn Baldr, Mkv.

2. with dat.; ef hann svelgr niðr þeim bita, N. G. L. i. 343; þá svelgit mér sem fyrst, Barl. 54.

3. absol.; var honum bæði meint niðr at svelga, ok svá at drekka, en meinst at hósta, Bs. i. 347: to take a deep draught, hann tekr at drekka, ok svelgr allstórum, took a deep draught, Edda 32; þeir sulgu stórum, Grett. 43 new Ed.; svelgjandi eldr, Hom. 31.

II. recipr. (weak); e-m svelgisk á, to go down the wrong way, Dan. faae i den vrange strube; honum svelgðist á.

III. part. solginn, hungry, Hm. 32, Haustl.

* * *

(vef; vafða; vafiðr, vafðr, vafinn), v.

1) to wrap, fold; v. e-u um höfuð sér, at höfði e-m, to wrap it round one’s head; hann tók vaðmál ok vafði at sér, and wrapped it round himself; v. e-t saman, to fold or wrap it together (vóru þar margir tötrar saman vafðir); v. e-t e-u (í e-u, með e-u), to wrap it up in a thing (barnit var vafit í dúki); meðal-kafli gulli vafiðr, a sword-haft wound with gold;

2) to entangle, embroil (þú lætr Egil v. öll mál fyrir þér);

3) refl., vefjast, to be wrapped (v. um fœtr e-m) to straggle (hrossin höfðu vafizt í einu lœkjarfari); to be entangled (vefjast í áhyggjum).

* * *

pres. vef; pret. vafði; subj. vefði; part. vafíðr, vafðr, and vafinn; [Ulf. bi-waibjan = περιβάλλειν, περικυκλουν]:—to wrap, fold; vefja dúki at höfði e-m, Nj. 200; vafðr, Bs. i. 367; þá var vafiðr fótrinn, Ísl. ii. 247; of vafit spjörrum í skúa niðr, and the legs bound with ribbons down to the shoes, Ld. 136; barnið var vafit í dúki, Fms. i. 112; barn vaft í reifum, Hom. 36; og vafði hann í reifum, … þér munuð finna barnið reifum vafið, Luke ii. 7, 12; vefja saman, Barl. 37; vápnin vafði hann í yfirhöfn sinni, Eg.; hann tók váðmál ok vafði at sér, Dropl. 20; margir tötrar saman vafðir, in a bundle, Fær. 187; tók geitskinn ok vafði um höfuð sér, Nj. 20.

II. to wind, i. e. to entangle, embroil; þú lætr Egil vefja öll mál fyrir þer, Eg. 349; vefjum svá lið þeirra í flokki várum, Fms. vii. 131; vafðr af þungum glæpum, Mar.; vafiðr í villu Aríus, Ann. 492; hafa vafit sik miklu vandræði, embroiled himself, Sturl. i. 65 C; brátt ætla ek at þú fáir vafit fyrir mér, Fms. ii. 156; vefja mál, to embroil a case, Nj. 150.

III. reflex. to be wrapped; at eigi vefðisk hár um höfuð honum, Landn. 146; vefjask um fætr e-m, Fs. 33; e-m vefsk tunga um tönn, see tunga.

2. to saunter, straggle; þau (the horses) höfðu vafizk í einu lækjar-fari, Korm. 182; margr er vafizk hafði í flokkinum, Fms. ix. 36, v. l.; þeir fóru á Harrastaði ok vöfðusk þar, and sauntered there, Sturl. ii. 120 C.

3. to be entangled; vefjask í áhyggjum, 625. 80; ek tek þat til er hánum skyldi svá mjök vefjask, Fms. vii. 277; þrályndi er hann hafði lengi í vafzk, Barl. 125; hann hafði langa stund vafzk í þessum vesaldar-veg, 197.

(gen. vallar, dat. velli; pl. vellir, acc. völlu), m.

1) field, (level) ground (þar vöru víða vellir sléttir); kasta sér niðr við vellinum, to cast oneself down flat on the ground; leggja e-n við (or at) velli, to lay one level with the ground, kill one; hús mín liggja við velli, my house lies an the ground, is demolished; lauss á velli, loose in the ranks, not steady; fastr á velli, firm, steady; vígligr á velli at sjá, martial to look at; friðr, mikill á velli, of fine, stout, appearance;

2) manured field, meadow (reiða á völl).

* * *

m., gen. vallar, dat. velli; pl. vellir, gen. valla, acc. völlu, mod. velli; [Icel. völlr and Germ. wald = wood seem to be the same word; the change in the sense from wood to field being much the same as in mörk]:—a field; knáttu Vanir völlu sporna, Vsp. 28; vaxinn völlum hæri, 36; völlu algræna, Akv. 13; þar vóru víða vellir sléttir, Fms. vii. 56; þeir sátu úti at skemtan sinni á völlum nökkurum, vi. 141; þar var torfa ristin ór velli … fastir í vellinum, Ld. 58; kasta sér niðr við vellinum, flat on the ground, Nj. 58; leggja e-n við velli, to lay one level with the ground, Fms. v. 236; or at velli, Nj. 117; hús min liggja við velli, lies on the ground, is demolished, Fms. iii. 144; hasla e-m völl, Eg. 273 (see hasla); lauss á velli, loose in the ranks, not steady, Eg. 293; fastr á velli, firm, steady. Fms. xi. 246; vígligr á velli at sjá, warlike to look at, Eg. 475; so, fríðr, mikill … á velli, of fine, stout … appearance; miklir at vallar-sýn. big in outward appearance, Nj. 66, v. l.; víg-völlr, a battle-field; þing-völlr, q. v.; þreskj-öldr.

2. a close or paddock; at úsánum ok úbreiddum völlum, unsown and unmanured fields, Jb. 193; reiða á völl, Grág.; slá átta stakka völl, Fb. i. 522; tún-völlr, Korm.

II. freq. in local names, Völlr and Vellir, Rangár-vellir.

COMPDS: vallargarðr.

(þykki, þótta, þótt), v.

1) to be thought to be, seem to be, be esteemed or reckoned as;

hón þótti beztr kostr, she was thought the best match;

2) with dat. it seems to one, one thinks (þykki mér ráð, at þú farir at finna Gizur hvíta);

e-m þykkir at e-u, one feels hurt at, takes it to heart, is displeased with (þótti mönnum mikit at um víg Kjartans);

mér þykkir fyrir (or fyr) e-u, I dislike, am unwilling to (mér þykkir meira fyrir en öðrum mönnum at vega menn);

e-m þykkir mikit um e-t, one takes it much to heart (honum þótti svá mikit um fall Ólafs konungs, at);

e-m þykkir mikit undir e-u, one thinks it of great importance (mikit þótti spökum mönnum undir því, at);

impers., vilda ek, at þér þœtti eigi verr, I wish that thou wouuldst not take it amiss;

þótti sinn veg hvárum, they disagreed;

þykki mér sem undan sé gaflveggrinn, it seems to me as though the gable-wall were down;

þótti mér þeir sœkja at (= sem þeir sœkti at), methought they pressed hard on me;

3) refl., þykkjast, to seem to oneself, think oneself, think (en ek þykkjumst þó mjök neyddr til hafa verit);

hann þykkist einn vita allt, he thinks he alone knows everything;

þykkist hann mjök fyrir öðrum mönnum, he thinks himself far above other men;

en Brynhildr þykkist brúðr var-gefin, but B. will think she is ill-matched.

1) thought;

liking, sentiment, disposition;

fóru þykkjur þeira saman, their sentiments went together;

2) dislike, displeasure (leggja þykkju á e-n or e-t).

* * *

u, f. a thought, liking, sentiment, disposition; fann hann, at stórlangt var í millum þeirra þykkju, that their thoughts (likings) were wide apart, Eb. 24; fóru þykkjur þeirra saman, their sentiments went together, Grett. 113 new Ed.; þer munut ráða … en ek mun ráða þykkju minni, Fbr. 15; var konungr mjök sér einn á þykkju ( self-willed), þvi at hann vildi …, Bs. i. 781; honum þótti mestu varða um yðra þykkju ( goodwill), Fms. iii. 138.

2. denoting discord; hann hvað úvarligt at fara þannig einsliga við slíkan þykkju-drátt ( discord) sem þeirra í milli var, Finnb. 284.

3. denoting dislike; þóttusk menn þat sjá, at hvárir-tveggi lögðu á mál þessi mikla þykkju, Sturl. iii. 272; þótti mörgum mönnum við of, ok lögðu þykkju á Þorgrím þar fyrir, Vígl. 18, and so in mod. usage; sundr-þ., ú-þykkja.

COMPDS: þykkjulauss, þykkjumikill.

i. e. œðri, compar. higher, superl. œztr, highest (spelt eozt, Rb. 1812. 51; the mod. spelling is æðstr); it has no positive: [this word is the same as the Goth. auhuma, auhumists, h and þ being interchanged; the usages in the Icel. N. T., when compared with the Goth., shew the identity of the words beyond doubt, e. g. æðstu prestar, Matth. xxvi. 59; sá æðsti prestr, 63; þeim æðstu prestum, xxvii. 3; þeir æðstu prestar, 6, 20: with which cp. ahumists gudja in Ulf.: þess árs æðsti prestr, John xviii. 15 (where Ulf. ‘ahumists’ weiha)]:—higher, highest:

I. in a local sense; uppi ok niðri leitaða ek æðra vegar up and down I sought for the higher road, Sól. 52; á bekk annan þann er æðri var, Ld. 294,—in the old halls the two sets of benches were technically called the æðri, the higher, and the ú-æðri, th e lower; as also æðra öndvegi and ú-æðra öndvegi, the upper and lower high-seat, passim: þeir náðu uppgöngu ok urðu æðri, higher, Fms. x. 412; ef leysings leysingr verðr veginn, ok á inn æðri (the former, Germ. jener) þar sök ok bætr, Grág. ii. 71; in all other places used,

2. metaph. higher in rank or dignity; heilagir englar, aðrir eru öðrum œðri, ok öfundar engi annan, Greg. 37; œðri tign, Eluc. 12; œðri kraptr, Sks. 25; tólf hofgoðar vóru œztir, Hkr. i. 6; askr Ygdrasils hann er œztr viða, Gm. 44; biskupa allra er páfi œztr, 415. 5; þeim sveini er œztr væri, Heiðrekr segir, Haralds son vera œztan, Fas. i. 526; œztr ok mest virðr, Fms. i. 247; fyrstr eðr êdzstr (sic), Sti, 278, v. l.; hit œzta hof í Gautlandi, Fms. x. 252; inni æztu Guðs þjónustu, K. Á. 36; þar er œzt kirkja Benedikti, Symb. 25: the word is still in freq. use both in speech and in writing, see the references above from the Icel. N. T.

n. ‘eke-name,’ a nickname:

α. a defamatory name, punishable with the lesser outlawry, Grág. ii. 146.

β. in a less strong sense; hann var svartr á hár ok hörund, ok því þótti honum a. gefit er hann var Birtingr kallaðr, he was swarth of hair and skin, and for that it seemed a nickname was given him when he was called ‘Brighting,’ Fms. vii. 157: Helgi átti kenningar nafn, ok var kallaðr hvíti; ok var þat eigi a., því at hann var vænn maðr ok vel hærðr, hvítr á hár, Helgi had a surname (in a good sense), and was called ‘White;’ and that was no nickname, for he was a handsome man and well-haired, white of hair, Fbr. 80: þú hyggr at ek muna vilja giptast einum bastarði,—eigi em ek bastarðr nema at a., of William the Conqueror, Fb. iii. 464. In old times, esp. at the time of the colonisation of Iceland, such nicknames were in freq. use, as may be seen from the index in the Landnama; they gradually went out of use, but still occur now and then throughout the whole of the Saga period in Icel. down to the 14th century.

m. beer (öl heitir með mönnum, en með Ásum bjórr).

(-s, -ar), m.

1) triangular cut off piece of skin (bjórar þeir, er menn sníða ór skóm sínum fyrir tám eða hæl);

2) triangular strip of land, = geiri (bjórr lá ónuminn fyrir austan Fljót);

3) front wall, party wall; engi var bjórrinn milli húsanna, there was no partition between the houses;

4) a sort of tapestry of triangular shape (var stofan vel tjölduð ok settir upp bjórar).

(-s, -ar), m. beaver, esp. the beaver’s skin (bjórr ok safali).

* * *

m. [O. H. G. pior or bior; Low Germ. and mod. Germ. bier; Fris. biar; A. S. bior; Engl. beer], no doubt a word of German extraction, öl (öldr), ale, being the familiar word used in prose:—bjór hardly ever occurs, vide however Hkr. iii. 447, Bk. 48, 89, 96 (Norse); and is a foreign word, as is indicated even by the expression in the Alvismál—öl heitir með mönnum, en með Ásum bjór, ale it is called by men, by gods beer: bjór however is very current in poetry, but the more popular poems, such as the Hávamál, only speak of öl or öldr, Hm. 11, 13, 65, 80, 132, 138.

m. [Lat. fiber; A. S. beofar], a beaver, esp. the beaver’s skin, Eg. 71, in the phrase, b. ok savali.

2. a triangular cut off piece of skin, [cp. provincial Swed. bjaur]; þat eru bjórar þeir er menn sníða ór skóm sínum fyrir tám eðr hael, Edda 42; still used in Icel. in that sense.

II. metaph. a small piece of land (an απ. λεγ. as it seems); bjór lá ónuminn fyrir austan Fljót, Landn. 284.

m., must be different from the preceding word, synonymous with brjóstþili, a wall in a house, a party wall, but also in the 13th and 14th centuries freq. a costly tapestry used in halls at festivals and in churches; hrindum hallar bjóri, let us break down the wall of the hall, Hálfs S. Fas. ii. (in a verse); eingi var bjórrinn milli húsanna, there was no partition between the houses, Sturl. iii. 177; gengu þeir í stofuna, var hón vel tjölduð ok upp settir bjórar, 229; annarr hlutrinn stökk útar í bjórinn, svá at þar varð fastr, Háv. 40.

β. of a movable screen between choir and nave, of cloth or costly stuff, different from tjöld ( hangings) and reflar; hann lét Atla prest penta allt ræfr innan, ok svá allan bjórinn, Bs. i. 132; kirkja á tjöld umhverfis sik með tvennum bjórum, Vm. 153; kirkja tjölduð sæmiligum tjöldum ok þrír bjórar, 171, D. I. i. 402; bjórr framan um kór, tjöld um alla kirkju, Pm. 103; b. slitinn blámerktr yfir altari, 108, Bs. ii. 476, 322; vide bjórþili.

adj., bleikálingr, m., and bleikála, f. a dun horse with a dark stripe down the back, Nj. 81, Sturl. ii. 145, Grett. 91.

adj. (a horse) of mouse-grey colour with a black stripe down the back, Hrafn. 5.