dis-cernō

dis-cerno, crēvi, crētum, 3, v. a., to separate, set apart.

Lit., to separate, part, divide (freq. since the Aug. per.):

equas, ne inter se pugnare possint,

Varr. R. R. 2, 7, 10: ordines (preceded by senatus a populo secretus), Liv. 34, 54:

lignum a carnibus,

Plin. 13, 4, 7, § 33:

Lusitaniam a Baetica,

id. 4, 21, 35, § 116:

neque mons erat, qui fines eorum discerneret,

i. e. to mark out, determine, Sall. J. 79, 3; cf. poet.:

(saxum) telas auro,

to interweave with gold, Verg. A. 4, 264; 11, 75:

haec ipsa fortuna huc illucve discernit,

divides, distributes, Cels. 7, 3.—In the part. perf., divided, separated:

duae urbes, magno inter se spatio discretae,

Liv. 27, 39 fin.; cf.:

Peraea a ceteris Judaeis Jordane amne,

Plin. 5, 14, 15, § 70:

Philippus mari tantum Ionio discretus,

Liv. 23, 33; so,

sol tanto intervallo,

Plin. 2, 11, 8, § 50:

uxor velo,

id. Ep. 4, 19, 3:

ager saxo,

Stat. Th. 5, 559:

decurias pluribus nominibus,

Plin. 33, 2, 7, § 31 et saep.— Of the hair, parted:

discretaque collo Caesaries,

Grat. Cyn. 272:

divisa discretaque tellus,

divided and separated, Lucr. 5, 1441:

tellus (opp. permixta),

id. 691:

ubi discretas insula rumpit aquas,

Ov. F. 2, 194:

sedes piorum,

set apart, retired, Hor. C. 2, 13, 23:

quae cum sint turpissima discreta ac separata, turpius junguntur,

Plin. Ep. 2, 6 fin.:

septem discretus in ostia Nilus,

Ov. M. 5, 324 (for which: septem digestum in cornua Nilum, id. ib. 9, 774); cf. Quint. 7, 1, 1.

Trop.

To separate things according to their different qualities, to distinguish between, discern (freq. and class.):

alba et atra,

Cic. Tusc. 5, 39, 114:

discernere et dispicere insidiatorem et petitum insidiis,

Liv. 40, 10:

jus et injuriam,

Tac. A. 2, 66:

probanda atque improbanda,

Quint. 2, 2, 11:

fas atque nefas,

Hor. C. 1, 18, 11 et saep.:

id quod visum erit a falso,

Cic. Ac. 2, 8, 25:

pantheras a pardis solo candore,

Plin. 8, 17, 23, § 63 et saep.:

verba discerni articulatim,

Lucr. 4, 555: suos, * Caes. B. G. 7, 75:

piceam visu,

Plin. 16, 10, 18, § 40:

temperantiam duobus modis,

Cic. Part. Or. 22, 77 et saep.:

animus discernit, quid sit ejusdem generis, quid alterius,

id. Univ. 8:

pecuniae an famae minus parceret haud facile dis cerneres,

Sall. C. 25, 3; so with an, Tac. A. 5, 6; id. H. 3, 28; Suet. Calig. 25; cf.: nec discernatur, jussu injussu imperatoris pugnent, [p. 587] Liv. 8, 34 fin. —

To determine, settle:

limes agro positus litem ut discerneret arvis,

Verg. A. 12, 898:

discerne causam meam,

Vulg. Psa. 42, 1.—

To except, omit, Amm. 14, 8, 7.—Hence, *

discernen-ter, adv., with a distinction, Cael. Aur. Tard. 1, 4, no. 81.—

discrētim, adv., separately, distinctly, App. M. 6, p. 173:

singillatim ac discretim,

id. Flor. 9, p. 347:

adoriri,

Amm. 29, 6:

tradi,

id. 28, 1; Hilar. in Psa. 138, 23.

S, s, indecl. n. or (agreeing with littera) f.

The eighteenth letter of the Latin alphabet, corresponding in form to the old Greek S for S (Etruscan in a reversed form,);

in its nature a sibilant semi-vowel, whose peculiarities were much discussed by the ancients, and are even treated of in a special work by Messala, a contemporary of Augustus (Messala in libro de S littera,

Quint. 1, 7, 23; cf. Mart. Cap. 3, § 245).—

As an initial and medial it has a hard and sharp sound (which is softened, however, between two vowels), and is therefore joined only with the tenues (c, p, t; cf., on the contrary, the Gr. sbennumi);

and, as a medial, often written double after long vowels: caussa, cassus, divissiones (these forms, used by Cicero and Vergil, were already uncommon in Quintilian's time,

Quint. 1, 7, 20; v. Corss. Ausspr. 1, 283 sq.).—

As a final it had a weakened sound, and therefore not only admitted the medial b before it (plebs, urbs, abs; Arabs, chalybs, etc.; v. the letter B), but often entirely disappeared. So in the ante-class. poets down to the early years of Cicero (and also in his own poem, entitled Aratus, written in his youth), before words beginning with a consonant, to avoid position: Ratu' Romulus, Fulviu' Nobilior, gravi' Terra, est sati' bella, Hyperioni' cursum, Virgine' nam sibi, etc.; cf. Cic. Or. 48, 161; Quint. 9, 4, 38; and v. Freund, in Jahn's Neue Jahrb. 1835, XIII. p. 25 sq.; less freq. before words beginning with a vowel, in which case, to avoid a hiatus, the vowel before s was also elided; vas' argenteis (for vasis argenteis) and palm' et crinibus (for palmis et crinibus); v. Cic. Or. 45, 153. So, too, in the fourth Epitaph of the Scipios (Inscr. Orell. 553), L. CORNELIO L. F. instead of CORNELIOS (cf. a similar elision of the M under that letter). Final s is also elided, and the preceding vowel either dropped with it or weakened, in the forms sat from satis, mage from magis; in the neutr. forms of adjectives of the third declension, acre, agreste, facile (v. the letter E); in the collat. forms of the sec. pers. sing. pass., fatere, fateare, fatebare, etc.; in the gen. sing. of the first, second, and fifth declensions, and in the nom. plur. of the first and second declensions (aurai for aura-is, analog. to reg is, etc.). Lastly, s disappears in the (mostly familiar) collat. forms abin', scin', viden', satin', from abisne, scisne, videsne, satisne, etc.—

As an etymological initial aspirate, s appears in many words whose Greek equivalents begin with a vowel: sal, semi-, serpo, sex, super, sus, corresp. to hals, hêmi-, herpô, hex, huper, us, etc.; si (archaic sei), sero, Segesta, corresp. to ei, ERÔ (whence eirô), Egesta. Less freq. in radical words beginning with a consonant: sculpo corresp. to gluphô, and the derivatives scruta, from grutê, and scrupedae, from kroupeza. To soften the termination, s appears in abs = ab, and ex corresp. to ek.—Very freq., on the contrary, an initial s appears in cognate forms in other languages, where corresp. Latin words have lost the s: Lat. fallo, Gr. sphallô; fungus, Gr. sphongos; fides, Gr. sphidê (comp. also nix with Engl. [p. 1609] snow, nurus with old Germ. snur, daughterin-law); cf. also cutis and scutum; cauda and root sku-, in Goth. skauts, etc.; casa and Gr. skia, skênê; cerno and Gr. krinô for skirnô, skôr, skôria; calumnia and skallô; gradior and root scra-, Germ. schreiten; parco and sparnos; penuria and spanis; pando and spaô; tego and stegô; tono and stonos; taurus and Sanscr. sthūras, Germ. Stier al.; v. Corss. Ausspr. 1, p. 277 sqq.—In the middle of a word s is dropped in at from ast.—

S is interchanged,

Most freq. with r; in partic., an original s, between two vowels, becomes r; v. Varr. L. L. 7, § 26 Müll.; so foederum for foedesum, plurima for plusima, meliorem for meliosem, Lares for Lases, etc.; cf. eram and sum, quaero and quaeso, nasus and naris. Appius Claudius, the censor, is said to have introduced r into the names Furius, Valerius, etc., in place of s, B.C. 312 (v. the letter R, II.).—

With d: Claudius, from the Sabine Clausus; and, on the other hand, rosa, corresp. to the Gr. rhodon; cf. Schneid. Gram. 1, p. 259.—

With t: tensus and tentus, resina corresp. to rhêtinê; and, on the contrary, aggrettus for aggressus; mertare, pultare, for mersare, pulsare (perh. also assentor for assensor).—

With x; v. that letter.—

S is assimilated before f in the compounds of dis: differo, difficilis, diffluo, etc.; v. 3. dis.— On the other hand, it arises by assimilation from d, in assum, assumo, cessi, for adsum, adsumo, ced-si; from t in fassus, from fateor; from b in jussi, from jubeo; from m in pressi, from premo; from r in gessi, from gero; and dossuarius, from dorsum. —

As an abbreviation, S denotes sacrum, semis, sibi, suis, etc.; S. AS. D., sub asciā dedicavit; S. C., senatusconsultum; perh. also, sententia collegii (Inscr. Orell. 2385); S. P., sua pecunia; S. P. Q. R., Senatus Populusque Romanus, etc.

S, s, indecl. n. or (agreeing with littera) f.

The eighteenth letter of the Latin alphabet, corresponding in form to the old Greek S for S (Etruscan in a reversed form,);

in its nature a sibilant semi-vowel, whose peculiarities were much discussed by the ancients, and are even treated of in a special work by Messala, a contemporary of Augustus (Messala in libro de S littera,

Quint. 1, 7, 23; cf. Mart. Cap. 3, § 245).—

As an initial and medial it has a hard and sharp sound (which is softened, however, between two vowels), and is therefore joined only with the tenues (c, p, t; cf., on the contrary, the Gr. sbennumi);

and, as a medial, often written double after long vowels: caussa, cassus, divissiones (these forms, used by Cicero and Vergil, were already uncommon in Quintilian's time,

Quint. 1, 7, 20; v. Corss. Ausspr. 1, 283 sq.).—

As a final it had a weakened sound, and therefore not only admitted the medial b before it (plebs, urbs, abs; Arabs, chalybs, etc.; v. the letter B), but often entirely disappeared. So in the ante-class. poets down to the early years of Cicero (and also in his own poem, entitled Aratus, written in his youth), before words beginning with a consonant, to avoid position: Ratu' Romulus, Fulviu' Nobilior, gravi' Terra, est sati' bella, Hyperioni' cursum, Virgine' nam sibi, etc.; cf. Cic. Or. 48, 161; Quint. 9, 4, 38; and v. Freund, in Jahn's Neue Jahrb. 1835, XIII. p. 25 sq.; less freq. before words beginning with a vowel, in which case, to avoid a hiatus, the vowel before s was also elided; vas' argenteis (for vasis argenteis) and palm' et crinibus (for palmis et crinibus); v. Cic. Or. 45, 153. So, too, in the fourth Epitaph of the Scipios (Inscr. Orell. 553), L. CORNELIO L. F. instead of CORNELIOS (cf. a similar elision of the M under that letter). Final s is also elided, and the preceding vowel either dropped with it or weakened, in the forms sat from satis, mage from magis; in the neutr. forms of adjectives of the third declension, acre, agreste, facile (v. the letter E); in the collat. forms of the sec. pers. sing. pass., fatere, fateare, fatebare, etc.; in the gen. sing. of the first, second, and fifth declensions, and in the nom. plur. of the first and second declensions (aurai for aura-is, analog. to reg is, etc.). Lastly, s disappears in the (mostly familiar) collat. forms abin', scin', viden', satin', from abisne, scisne, videsne, satisne, etc.—

As an etymological initial aspirate, s appears in many words whose Greek equivalents begin with a vowel: sal, semi-, serpo, sex, super, sus, corresp. to hals, hêmi-, herpô, hex, huper, us, etc.; si (archaic sei), sero, Segesta, corresp. to ei, ERÔ (whence eirô), Egesta. Less freq. in radical words beginning with a consonant: sculpo corresp. to gluphô, and the derivatives scruta, from grutê, and scrupedae, from kroupeza. To soften the termination, s appears in abs = ab, and ex corresp. to ek.—Very freq., on the contrary, an initial s appears in cognate forms in other languages, where corresp. Latin words have lost the s: Lat. fallo, Gr. sphallô; fungus, Gr. sphongos; fides, Gr. sphidê (comp. also nix with Engl. [p. 1609] snow, nurus with old Germ. snur, daughterin-law); cf. also cutis and scutum; cauda and root sku-, in Goth. skauts, etc.; casa and Gr. skia, skênê; cerno and Gr. krinô for skirnô, skôr, skôria; calumnia and skallô; gradior and root scra-, Germ. schreiten; parco and sparnos; penuria and spanis; pando and spaô; tego and stegô; tono and stonos; taurus and Sanscr. sthūras, Germ. Stier al.; v. Corss. Ausspr. 1, p. 277 sqq.—In the middle of a word s is dropped in at from ast.—

S is interchanged,

Most freq. with r; in partic., an original s, between two vowels, becomes r; v. Varr. L. L. 7, § 26 Müll.; so foederum for foedesum, plurima for plusima, meliorem for meliosem, Lares for Lases, etc.; cf. eram and sum, quaero and quaeso, nasus and naris. Appius Claudius, the censor, is said to have introduced r into the names Furius, Valerius, etc., in place of s, B.C. 312 (v. the letter R, II.).—

With d: Claudius, from the Sabine Clausus; and, on the other hand, rosa, corresp. to the Gr. rhodon; cf. Schneid. Gram. 1, p. 259.—

With t: tensus and tentus, resina corresp. to rhêtinê; and, on the contrary, aggrettus for aggressus; mertare, pultare, for mersare, pulsare (perh. also assentor for assensor).—

With x; v. that letter.—

S is assimilated before f in the compounds of dis: differo, difficilis, diffluo, etc.; v. 3. dis.— On the other hand, it arises by assimilation from d, in assum, assumo, cessi, for adsum, adsumo, ced-si; from t in fassus, from fateor; from b in jussi, from jubeo; from m in pressi, from premo; from r in gessi, from gero; and dossuarius, from dorsum. —

As an abbreviation, S denotes sacrum, semis, sibi, suis, etc.; S. AS. D., sub asciā dedicavit; S. C., senatusconsultum; perh. also, sententia collegii (Inscr. Orell. 2385); S. P., sua pecunia; S. P. Q. R., Senatus Populusque Romanus, etc.

dēbĕo ( dehibeo, Plaut. Trin. 2, 4, 24 infra, cf. Ritschl, Opusc. Phil. 2, 590), ŭi, ĭtum, 2, v. a. [de-habeo], (lit., to have or keep from some one: "qui pecuniam dissolvit, statim non habet id quod reddidit, qui autem debet, aes retinet alienum," Cic. Planc. 28, 68 Wund.; hence), to owe (Gr. opheilô; opp. reddo, solvo, dissolvo, persolvo, freq. and class.).

Lit., of money and money's worth.

Act.,

with acc.:

quas (drachmas) de ratione dehibuisti,

Plaut. Trin. 2, 4, 24; cf. Ter. Heaut. 4, 5, 43:

Mylasis et Alabandis pecuniam Cluvio debent,

Cic. Fam. 13, 56; so,

pecuniam alicui,

id. ib. 13, 14 et saep.:

qui dissolverem quae debeo,

Ter. Ph. 4, 3, 51:

appellatus es de pecunia, quam pro domo, pro hortis, pro sectione debebas,

Cic. Phil. 2, 29, 71; so,

grandem pecuniam,

Sall. C. 49, 3: quadringenties HS. Cic. Phil. 2, 37:

talenta CC,

id. Att. 5, 21, 12:

quadruplum, duplum,

Quint. 7, 4, 44 et saep.—

Without acc.:

illis quibus debeo,

Ter. Ph. 5, 7, 30:

ut illi quam plurimi deberent,

Sall. J. 96, 2:

nec ipsi debeo,

Quint. 4, 4, 6: Cal. Jan. debuit;

adhuc non solvit,

Cic. Att. 14, 18; Caes. B. C. 3, 20, 3 et saep.— Part. pres. as subst.: debentes, ium, m., debtors, Liv. 6, 27, 3; cf. Sen. Ben. 1, 4, 5.—

Pass.:

dum pecunia accipitur, quae mihi ex publica permutatione debetur,

Cic. Fam. 3, 5, 4; id. Verr. 2, 3, 82; cf.:

quam ad diem legioni frumentum deberi sciebat,

Caes. B. G. 6, 33:

a publicanis suae provinciae debitam biennii pecuniam exegerat,

id. B. C. 3, 31; Quint. 5, 10, 117:

quod si omnino non debetur? Quid? praetor solet judicare deberi?

Cic. Q. Fr. 1, 2, 3, § 10; cf.:

quaeretur an debeatur,

Quint. 7, 1, 21 et saep.—Hence,

Dēbĭ-tum, i, n., what is owing, a debt, Cic. Att. 13, 23 fin.:

ne de bonis deminui paterentur priusquam Fundanio debitum solutum esset,

id. Q. Fr. 1, 2, 3, § 10:

tamquam debito fraudetur,

id. Or. 53, 178:

ex quibus unum haec epistula in debitum solvet,

will pay a debt with one, Sen. Ep. 7, 10:

reddere,

to repay, Col. 10, pr. 1.

Prov.:

animan debere,

to be over head and ears in debt, Ter. Ph. 4, 3, 56 ("Graecum proverbium, kai autên tên psuchên opheilei," Don.).

Trop., to owe something, i. e. to be under obligation, both to and for something.

To owe, i. e. to be bound or under obligation to render, pay, etc., something (for syn. cf.: necesse est, oportet, cogo, decet, opus est, par est, meum, tuum... alicujus est).

In gen.

with acc.:

ego hoc tibi pro servitio debeo,

Ter. Andr. 4, 1, 51:

quo etiam majorem ei res publica gratiam debet,

Cic. Phil. 2, 11, 27; so,

gratiam,

Sall. J. 110; cf. no. b:

videris patriae hoc munus debere,

Cic. Leg. 1, 25:

si fidem debet tutor,

Quint. 5, 10, 73 (acc. to Cic. Top. 10, 42, si tutor fidem praestare debet); cf. no. b:

dies longa videtur opus debentibus,

Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 21:

quos mundo debes oculos,

Ov. M. 4, 197:

debueram patriae poenas odiisque meorum,

Verg. A. 10, 853; cf. Ov. M. 6, 538; id. F. 5, 648:

juvenem nil jam caelestibus ullis debentem,

Verg. A. 11, 51; cf. Sil. 15, 371: navis, quae tibi creditum Debes Vergilium finibus Atticis, Hor. Od. 1, 3, 6; Ov. M. 1, 481 sq.:

Turnum debent haec jam mihi sacra,

Verg. A. 12, 317 Wagn. N. cr.; cf. id. ib. 11, 179:

isti tibi quid homines debent?

i. e. what business have you with those men? Plaut. Trin. 4, 2, 51; cf. infra b fin. —

With inf., to be bound, in duty bound to do something; I ought, must, should, etc., do it (in class. prose always in the sense of moral necessity; in the poets sometimes for necesse est):

debetis velle quae velimus,

Plaut. Am. prol. 39:

num ferre contra patriam arma illi cum Coriolano debuerunt?

Cic. Lael. 11:

multo illa gravius aestimare debere,

Caes. B. G. 7, 14 fin.:

Africam forte Tubero obtinere debebat,

id. B. C. 1, 30:

debes hoc etiam rescribere,

Hor. Ep. 1, 3, 30 et saep.:

ut agri vastari, oppida expugnari non debuerint, Caes, B. G. 1, 11: summae se iniquitatis condemnari debere, si, etc.,

id. ib. 7, 19 fin.:

scriptor... inter perfectos veteresque referri debet, etc.,

Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 37 (for which ib. 41: inter quos referendus erit? cf. also ultima semper Exspectanda dies homini;

dicique beatus Ante obitum nemo debet,

Ov. M. 3, 137):

ut jam nunc dicat, jam nunc debentia dici,

Hor. A. P. 43 et saep.— Poet. for necesse est, oportet, it is necessary, it must needs (so almost everywhere in Lucret.):

omnia debet enim cibus integrare novando et fulcire cibus, etc.,

Lucr. 2, 1146; 3, 188; 4, 61; 1, 232 Munro.—

Pass., to be due or owing:

Veneri jam et Libero reliquum tempus deberi arbitrabatur,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 11:

quanta his (sc. dis) gratia debeatur,

id. Fin. 3, 22, 73; id. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 9 fin.:

honores non ex merito, sed quasi debitos repetere,

Sall. J. 85, 37 et saep.:

persolvant grates dignas et praemia reddant Debita!

Verg. A. 2, 538:

debita quam sulcis committas semina,

id. G. 1, 223; Prop. 1, 6, 17; 2, 28, 60 (3, 26, 14 M.):

debitae Nymphis opifex coronae,

Hor. Od. 3, 27, 30:

calentem debita sparges lacrima favillam,

id. ib. 2, 6, 23; Prop. 3, 7, 9 (4, 6, 9 M.):

soli mihi Pallas debetur,

Verg. A. 10, 443 et saep.:

quid tibi istic debetur?

what business have you there? Plaut. Mil. 2, 5, 18; id. Truc. 2, 2, 8; id. Rud. 1, 1, 34; cf. supra, a

.—Hence, Dēbĭtum, i, n., what is due, debt, duty, obligation (post-Aug. and rare):

velut omni vitae debito liberatus,

Curt. 10, 5, 3:

nepotum nutriendorum,

Val. Max. 2, 9, 1:

non secundum gratiam, sed secundum debitum,

Vulg. Rom. 4, 4; 1 Cor. 7, 3:

solvere debito,

to free from obligation, Sen. Ben. 6, 4, 1.—

Poet. (esp. in Verg.) and in post-Aug. prose like the Gr. opheilô and ophliskanô.

To owe, i. e. to be bound or destined by fate or by nature (v. Lidd. and Scott sub. opheilô, no. 3).

Act.. urbem et jam cerno Phrygios debere nepotes, i. e. are destined to found, Ov. M. 15, 444:

debet multas hic legibus aevi (i. e. fato) Ante suam mortes,

Luc. 2, 82; cf. id. 6, 530.—More usually,

pass., to be due i. e. to be destined:

cui regnum Italiae Romanaque tellus Debentur,

Verg. A. 4, 276; cf. id. ib. 3, 184; 7, 120;

145: indigetem Aeneam scis Deberi caelo,

id. ib. 12, 795:

animae, quibus altera fato Corpora debentur,

id. ib. 6, 714:

sors ista senectae Debita erat nostrae,

id. ib. 11, 166:

fatis debitus Arruns,

i. e. devoted to death, id. ib. 11, 759:

dum bello Argolici vastabant Pergama reges Debita casurasque inimicis ignibus arces,

id. ib. 8, 375 (" fataliter ad exitium destinata," Serv.); cf. so absol.:

tempora Parcae debita complerant,

id. ib. 9, 108:

morbo naturae debitum reddiderunt,

Nep. Reg. 1 fin.: DEBITVM NATVRAE PERSOLVIT, etc., Inscr. Orell. no. 3453;

and simply DEBITVM PERSOLVIT,

id. ib. no. 4482.—

So, because what one is destined by the fates to suffer is regarded as his debt (ophliskanein gelôta tini):

tu nisi ventis debes ludibrium, cave,

Hor. Od. 1, 14, 16.

To owe something to some one, to be indebted to or to have to thank one for something.

With acc.:

ut hoc summum beneficium Q. Maximo debuerim,

Cic. de Or. 1, 26, 121; so magna beneficia mihi, Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 12;

qui mihi laudem illam eo minus deberet,

Cic. Att. 1, 14, 3:

me paene plus tibi quam ipsi Miloni debiturum,

id. Fam. 2, 6 fin.; cf. id. Planc. 28;

and quantum cuique deberet,

Nep. Epam. 3 fin.; Plin. Pan. 30, 1 et saep.:

o cui debere salutem Confiteor,

Ov. M. 7, 164;

so vitam,

id. Pont. 4, 5, 31;

and in a like sense: se,

id. M. 7, 48; 2, 644; so,

in a bad sense, hoc quoque Tarquinio debebimus,

id. Fast. 2, 825. —

Absol., to be indebted, obliged, under obligation to one:

verum fac me multis debere, et in iis Plancio, etc.,

Cic. Planc. 28; cf.

with a clause: tibi nos debere fatemur, quod, etc.,

Ov. M. 4, 76.

To continue to owe something; i. e. to withhold, keep back:

quod praesenti tibi non tribueram, id absenti debere non potui,

Cic. Fam. 7, 19, init. —So pass.:

sic enim diximus, et tibi hoc video non posse debere,

id. Tusc. 2, 27, 67 fin.

dēbĕo ( dehibeo, Plaut. Trin. 2, 4, 24 infra, cf. Ritschl, Opusc. Phil. 2, 590), ŭi, ĭtum, 2, v. a. [de-habeo], (lit., to have or keep from some one: "qui pecuniam dissolvit, statim non habet id quod reddidit, qui autem debet, aes retinet alienum," Cic. Planc. 28, 68 Wund.; hence), to owe (Gr. opheilô; opp. reddo, solvo, dissolvo, persolvo, freq. and class.).

Lit., of money and money's worth.

Act.,

with acc.:

quas (drachmas) de ratione dehibuisti,

Plaut. Trin. 2, 4, 24; cf. Ter. Heaut. 4, 5, 43:

Mylasis et Alabandis pecuniam Cluvio debent,

Cic. Fam. 13, 56; so,

pecuniam alicui,

id. ib. 13, 14 et saep.:

qui dissolverem quae debeo,

Ter. Ph. 4, 3, 51:

appellatus es de pecunia, quam pro domo, pro hortis, pro sectione debebas,

Cic. Phil. 2, 29, 71; so,

grandem pecuniam,

Sall. C. 49, 3: quadringenties HS. Cic. Phil. 2, 37:

talenta CC,

id. Att. 5, 21, 12:

quadruplum, duplum,

Quint. 7, 4, 44 et saep.—

Without acc.:

illis quibus debeo,

Ter. Ph. 5, 7, 30:

ut illi quam plurimi deberent,

Sall. J. 96, 2:

nec ipsi debeo,

Quint. 4, 4, 6: Cal. Jan. debuit;

adhuc non solvit,

Cic. Att. 14, 18; Caes. B. C. 3, 20, 3 et saep.— Part. pres. as subst.: debentes, ium, m., debtors, Liv. 6, 27, 3; cf. Sen. Ben. 1, 4, 5.—

Pass.:

dum pecunia accipitur, quae mihi ex publica permutatione debetur,

Cic. Fam. 3, 5, 4; id. Verr. 2, 3, 82; cf.:

quam ad diem legioni frumentum deberi sciebat,

Caes. B. G. 6, 33:

a publicanis suae provinciae debitam biennii pecuniam exegerat,

id. B. C. 3, 31; Quint. 5, 10, 117:

quod si omnino non debetur? Quid? praetor solet judicare deberi?

Cic. Q. Fr. 1, 2, 3, § 10; cf.:

quaeretur an debeatur,

Quint. 7, 1, 21 et saep.—Hence,

Dēbĭ-tum, i, n., what is owing, a debt, Cic. Att. 13, 23 fin.:

ne de bonis deminui paterentur priusquam Fundanio debitum solutum esset,

id. Q. Fr. 1, 2, 3, § 10:

tamquam debito fraudetur,

id. Or. 53, 178:

ex quibus unum haec epistula in debitum solvet,

will pay a debt with one, Sen. Ep. 7, 10:

reddere,

to repay, Col. 10, pr. 1.

Prov.:

animan debere,

to be over head and ears in debt, Ter. Ph. 4, 3, 56 ("Graecum proverbium, kai autên tên psuchên opheilei," Don.).

Trop., to owe something, i. e. to be under obligation, both to and for something.

To owe, i. e. to be bound or under obligation to render, pay, etc., something (for syn. cf.: necesse est, oportet, cogo, decet, opus est, par est, meum, tuum... alicujus est).

In gen.

with acc.:

ego hoc tibi pro servitio debeo,

Ter. Andr. 4, 1, 51:

quo etiam majorem ei res publica gratiam debet,

Cic. Phil. 2, 11, 27; so,

gratiam,

Sall. J. 110; cf. no. b:

videris patriae hoc munus debere,

Cic. Leg. 1, 25:

si fidem debet tutor,

Quint. 5, 10, 73 (acc. to Cic. Top. 10, 42, si tutor fidem praestare debet); cf. no. b:

dies longa videtur opus debentibus,

Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 21:

quos mundo debes oculos,

Ov. M. 4, 197:

debueram patriae poenas odiisque meorum,

Verg. A. 10, 853; cf. Ov. M. 6, 538; id. F. 5, 648:

juvenem nil jam caelestibus ullis debentem,

Verg. A. 11, 51; cf. Sil. 15, 371: navis, quae tibi creditum Debes Vergilium finibus Atticis, Hor. Od. 1, 3, 6; Ov. M. 1, 481 sq.:

Turnum debent haec jam mihi sacra,

Verg. A. 12, 317 Wagn. N. cr.; cf. id. ib. 11, 179:

isti tibi quid homines debent?

i. e. what business have you with those men? Plaut. Trin. 4, 2, 51; cf. infra b fin. —

With inf., to be bound, in duty bound to do something; I ought, must, should, etc., do it (in class. prose always in the sense of moral necessity; in the poets sometimes for necesse est):

debetis velle quae velimus,

Plaut. Am. prol. 39:

num ferre contra patriam arma illi cum Coriolano debuerunt?

Cic. Lael. 11:

multo illa gravius aestimare debere,

Caes. B. G. 7, 14 fin.:

Africam forte Tubero obtinere debebat,

id. B. C. 1, 30:

debes hoc etiam rescribere,

Hor. Ep. 1, 3, 30 et saep.:

ut agri vastari, oppida expugnari non debuerint, Caes, B. G. 1, 11: summae se iniquitatis condemnari debere, si, etc.,

id. ib. 7, 19 fin.:

scriptor... inter perfectos veteresque referri debet, etc.,

Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 37 (for which ib. 41: inter quos referendus erit? cf. also ultima semper Exspectanda dies homini;

dicique beatus Ante obitum nemo debet,

Ov. M. 3, 137):

ut jam nunc dicat, jam nunc debentia dici,

Hor. A. P. 43 et saep.— Poet. for necesse est, oportet, it is necessary, it must needs (so almost everywhere in Lucret.):

omnia debet enim cibus integrare novando et fulcire cibus, etc.,

Lucr. 2, 1146; 3, 188; 4, 61; 1, 232 Munro.—

Pass., to be due or owing:

Veneri jam et Libero reliquum tempus deberi arbitrabatur,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 11:

quanta his (sc. dis) gratia debeatur,

id. Fin. 3, 22, 73; id. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 9 fin.:

honores non ex merito, sed quasi debitos repetere,

Sall. J. 85, 37 et saep.:

persolvant grates dignas et praemia reddant Debita!

Verg. A. 2, 538:

debita quam sulcis committas semina,

id. G. 1, 223; Prop. 1, 6, 17; 2, 28, 60 (3, 26, 14 M.):

debitae Nymphis opifex coronae,

Hor. Od. 3, 27, 30:

calentem debita sparges lacrima favillam,

id. ib. 2, 6, 23; Prop. 3, 7, 9 (4, 6, 9 M.):

soli mihi Pallas debetur,

Verg. A. 10, 443 et saep.:

quid tibi istic debetur?

what business have you there? Plaut. Mil. 2, 5, 18; id. Truc. 2, 2, 8; id. Rud. 1, 1, 34; cf. supra, a

.—Hence, Dēbĭtum, i, n., what is due, debt, duty, obligation (post-Aug. and rare):

velut omni vitae debito liberatus,

Curt. 10, 5, 3:

nepotum nutriendorum,

Val. Max. 2, 9, 1:

non secundum gratiam, sed secundum debitum,

Vulg. Rom. 4, 4; 1 Cor. 7, 3:

solvere debito,

to free from obligation, Sen. Ben. 6, 4, 1.—

Poet. (esp. in Verg.) and in post-Aug. prose like the Gr. opheilô and ophliskanô.

To owe, i. e. to be bound or destined by fate or by nature (v. Lidd. and Scott sub. opheilô, no. 3).

Act.. urbem et jam cerno Phrygios debere nepotes, i. e. are destined to found, Ov. M. 15, 444:

debet multas hic legibus aevi (i. e. fato) Ante suam mortes,

Luc. 2, 82; cf. id. 6, 530.—More usually,

pass., to be due i. e. to be destined:

cui regnum Italiae Romanaque tellus Debentur,

Verg. A. 4, 276; cf. id. ib. 3, 184; 7, 120;

145: indigetem Aeneam scis Deberi caelo,

id. ib. 12, 795:

animae, quibus altera fato Corpora debentur,

id. ib. 6, 714:

sors ista senectae Debita erat nostrae,

id. ib. 11, 166:

fatis debitus Arruns,

i. e. devoted to death, id. ib. 11, 759:

dum bello Argolici vastabant Pergama reges Debita casurasque inimicis ignibus arces,

id. ib. 8, 375 (" fataliter ad exitium destinata," Serv.); cf. so absol.:

tempora Parcae debita complerant,

id. ib. 9, 108:

morbo naturae debitum reddiderunt,

Nep. Reg. 1 fin.: DEBITVM NATVRAE PERSOLVIT, etc., Inscr. Orell. no. 3453;

and simply DEBITVM PERSOLVIT,

id. ib. no. 4482.—

So, because what one is destined by the fates to suffer is regarded as his debt (ophliskanein gelôta tini):

tu nisi ventis debes ludibrium, cave,

Hor. Od. 1, 14, 16.

To owe something to some one, to be indebted to or to have to thank one for something.

With acc.:

ut hoc summum beneficium Q. Maximo debuerim,

Cic. de Or. 1, 26, 121; so magna beneficia mihi, Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 12;

qui mihi laudem illam eo minus deberet,

Cic. Att. 1, 14, 3:

me paene plus tibi quam ipsi Miloni debiturum,

id. Fam. 2, 6 fin.; cf. id. Planc. 28;

and quantum cuique deberet,

Nep. Epam. 3 fin.; Plin. Pan. 30, 1 et saep.:

o cui debere salutem Confiteor,

Ov. M. 7, 164;

so vitam,

id. Pont. 4, 5, 31;

and in a like sense: se,

id. M. 7, 48; 2, 644; so,

in a bad sense, hoc quoque Tarquinio debebimus,

id. Fast. 2, 825. —

Absol., to be indebted, obliged, under obligation to one:

verum fac me multis debere, et in iis Plancio, etc.,

Cic. Planc. 28; cf.

with a clause: tibi nos debere fatemur, quod, etc.,

Ov. M. 4, 76.

To continue to owe something; i. e. to withhold, keep back:

quod praesenti tibi non tribueram, id absenti debere non potui,

Cic. Fam. 7, 19, init. —So pass.:

sic enim diximus, et tibi hoc video non posse debere,

id. Tusc. 2, 27, 67 fin.