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61 LYRITR
(gen. -ar), m. veto, interdict; verja e-t lýriti, to put a veto on, forbid by law.* * *m., or better lýritr or lýrittr, gen. lyritar (but lyrits, Grág. ii. 233), dat. lyriti, plur. lyritar. N. G. L. ii. 94, Jb. 193; the quantity cannot be ascertained because the vellums do not distinguish between long and short vowels; it is spelt with one t throughout the Grág. (Kb.); the alliterative phrase lagalyritr, as also the invariable spelling in the Grágás, shew that the word had no initial h. Former attempts at an etymology, from læ and rifta (Björn á Skarðsá), hlýrar and réttir (Pal Vídal.), lygi and rift (Fritzner), must be dismissed; tiie spelling lyriftar, which once or twice occurs in Norse MSS. of the 14th century (N. G. L. i. 394, ii. 94, v. l. 19), is probably a mere corruption. Lyritr is a compd word from lög, law, and rör or reyr, a landmark, which word in the old Swed. law exactly answers to lyrit in the Norse law; lyrit is thus qs. lý-ryr-ti, by assimilation and by weakening the y into i, lyritti; the t being inflexive: its literal sense, therefore, is a lawful rör or landmark. In Sweden there were often five mark-stones, but it is added (Schlyter iii. s. v. rör)—fiuri stenar oc þri stenar mughu rör heta = four stones and even three stones may be called rör, i. e. make a ‘law-rör,’ a lawful landmark, a lyrit; this, we believe, is the etymology of this much-contested word. About the gender (masc., not fem.) there can be no doubt, from the numerous instances in the Grágás; but in the 13th century the word began to become neuter, thus we have lyritit, Grág. (Kb.) i. 103, lines 14 and 21, but lyritinn several times in the same page: nom. lyriti in Grág. (Sb.) ii. 226; and elalausu lyriti, Nj. passim.B. SENSE:I. prop. when the boundary of a field or estate was to be drawn, the law prescribed that a mark-stone (mark-steinn) should be raised on the spot, and three other stones laid beside it; these three stones were called landmark-stones (lyrit-steinar or lyritar); by their number and position they were distinguished from all other stones in the field, see N. G. L. ii. 94, cp. note 19 (Jb. 193).II. metaph. in the Icel. law, a full title of possession, lawful claim to right or property; thus defined by Konrad Maurer—‘Lyrit bedeutet in der Grágás und in den ältern Sagas, das volle Eigentums-recht, oder auch den Bann, der dem Grunde gentümer zum Schutze seines Eigentumes, dem Goden aber Kraft seiner Amtsgewalt zusteht:’1. the earliest kind was probably the land-lyrit or ‘land-ban;’ this law term was originally borrowed from the mark-stones themselves, and then came to mean a full title to land, field, pasture, or estate, Grág. ii. 224, 225:—eignar-lyritr, full lawful possession, a legal title of ownership; hafa eignar-lyrit fyrir landi, 204, 222.2. a veto; Goða-lyritr, the veto of a Goði ( Priest), forbidding the court or neighbours to deliver a sentence or verdict in a case, and thus quashing the suit. A Goði alone, by virtue of his office, was entitled to stop a court in this way, whether personally or by one of his liegemen, so that if any one else wished thus to stop a suit, he had first to go to his liegelord (Goði) and be authorised by him to do so; cp. the phrases, taka lyrit af Goða, selja lyrit, ef Goði færir lyrit sinn sjálfr fram, and similar law phrases, Grág. i. 109–111, cp. esp. Þ. Þ. ch. 38; neglect of this was contempt of court, punishable by the lesser outlawry. The word lyritr occurs at every step in the Grágás, esp. in the phrase, verja lyriti, or verja e-t lyriti, to defend through a lyrit, i. e. to put under veto, to vindicate one’s right, forbid, or the like; eigi varðar hagabeit, nema lyriti sé varið, Grág. ii. 224; verja lyriti haga, 225; þótt maðr veri fleirum lyriti (dat.), 226, Nj.; láta lyrit koma fyrir sök, to stop on a case, Grág. i. 109; kaupa land lagn kaupi ok lyritar, to buy land by a lawful bargain and with full tide of possession, ii. 213; eptir þat nefndi Þorkéll sér vátta, ok setti (varði?) þeim lyriti, ok fyrirbauð þeim at dæma, Lv. 31; ok er únýt stefna hans eðr lyriti (lyritr?), Grág. ii. 226; hann (the Goði) skal nefna sér vátta, áðr hann færi lyrit fram, í þat vætti, at ek ver lyriti, goða-lyriti, löglyriti fullum dómendum at dæma um sök þá … enda skal hann svá verja kviðmönnum lyriti, at bera kviðu um hann, i. 111; ek ver lyriti mínum, löglyriti dómendum at dæma, id.; færa lyrit sinn fram, to utter one’s veto, id.; fara með land-lyriti, ii. 225.COMPDS: lyritareiðr, lyritarvarzla, lyritarvörn. -
62 LÖG
* * *n.1) flame (kerti mjök mikit ok log á);2) esp. pl. lights, torches (þrjú vóru log í skálanum).* * *n. pl. laws, see lag B.2. in compds as a prefix = lawful, legal, as defined, ordered, prescribed in law, general, or the like. -
63 lög-eggjan
f. full provocation, as defined by law, Nj. 154. -
64 lög-fóstr
n. a fostering, as defined in law, the fostering a child from its 8th to its 16th year, Grág. ii. 45; see fóstr. -
65 lög-hreppr
m. a Rape (hreppr) as defined by law, Grág. i. 443, Jb. 178. -
66 lög-mæltr
part. defined in the law, prescribed in the law; in the old oath, öll lögmælt skil, all pleadings or proceedings as prescribed in the law, Nj. 232; see lögmætr below, which seems to be the older form. -
67 mis-vígi
n. a law term for a kind of indirect or intended slaughter, defined in N. G. L. i. 80 (ch. 238). -
68 níðings-víg
n. a ‘foul murder,’ Fas. i. 331, Fms. xi. 339, Hkr. iii. 425, Eg. 415, Gþl. 133; defined as a law term in N. G. L. i. 66. -
69 rauða-rán
n. a ‘red robbery,’ a law term, a kind of aggravated robbery liable to skóggang, defined in Grág. ii. 191; graves adhuc immanesque rapinas ro boran cognoininare solemus, Saxo Grammat. i. 353. -
70 rím-spillir
m. ‘calendar spoiler,’ ‘calendar confounder;’ a name given to the winters of those years in which the Elevatio Crucis (14th Sept.) falls on Sunday, if in the same summer an intercalary week is added (sumar-auki, q. v.), in which case the calendar of the winter becomes irregular, defined in Rb. 44 (ch. 27), see also Rb. (1812) 58. -
71 sak-auki
a, m. a relation of a slain person entitled to an additional portion of weregild, defined in N. G. L. i. 79, 185, and Grág. ii. 183; a son or brother born of a bondwoman, a brother on the mother’s side, a grandfather and grandson are so named, N. G. L. l. c., cp. also Grág. l. c., where the sakauki is opp. to the receiver of the höfuð-baugr. sakauka-bót, f. compensation due to a s., N. G. L. i. 187. -
72 sannaðr
m., in sannaðar-maðr, m. [cp. Dan. sande-mænd, ‘veridici’]:—a law term, a ‘sooth-man,’ ‘oath-helper,’ in court; e. g. in the Fifth Court, each party had to be backed by two ‘sooth-men,’ who on oath testified to the truth of the evidence and the pleadings; it is defined in Grág. Þingsk. þ. ch. 46, 47 (Kb.); sannaðar-menn skulu eiða vinna …, skal svá sannaðarmann vanda at frændsemi við aðilja at þeir sé firnari en næsta bræðra, Grág. (St.) i. 31; ef hann hefir eigi sannaðarmenn, þá skal hann kveðja heimilis-búa sína fimm, hvárt sá væri þar veginn eðr eigi, Kb. i. 189; hann skal hafa sannaðarmenn tvá, þeir skolu þat leggja undir þegnskap sinn, at sú er frændsemis tala rétt ok sönn, ii. 11. sannaðar-vitni, n. the witness of a ‘sooth-man,’ N. G. L. i. 87. -
73 SÁR
* * *I)(sás, sáir), m. large cask.n. wound (liggja í sárum).* * *1.m., gen. sás, acc. sá, pl. sáir, and so in mod. usage, but saar (i. e. sár), N. G. L. iii. 15, l. 6; [Swed. så]:—a large cask; þau báru á öxlum sér sá, Edda 7; fjóra sái fulla vatns, Stj. 593; sás-girði, cask-hoops, Grág. ii. 338; sáir kallask stór keröld, Krók.; smá-verplar eðr sár, N. G. L. iii. 15: freq. in mod. usage of large vessels in a dairy, skyr-sár.2.n., old pl. sór Skálda 162, Grág. passim; [Engl, sore; Dan.-Swed. saar]:— a sore; féllu maðkar ór sárum hans, 656 A. i. 25; hundar kómu ok sleiktu sár hans, N. T.; this, although rarer, is the original sense, cp. also sársauki; hence,II. a wound; in the Scandin. languages this is the general word, ‘und’ and ‘ben’ being special; it is thus defined, þat eru sár, ef þar blæðir sem á kom, Grág. ii. 90; þat er sár er odds farvegr er á eðr eggjar, enda er þó sár, at maðr ljósti til, ef þar blæðir sem við kemr, eðr hvat sem hann görir þess er blæðir, 115, 116; and in the Norse law, ef maðr kastar at manni ok lýstr hann, þat heitir sár, ef maði hefir ekki vápn i-hendi, en annars drep, N. G. L. i. 69; sár þau er menn fá í orrostum, Post.; hafði annarr bana en annar sár á sér, Nj. 101; veita e-m sár, N. G. L. i. 67; liggja í sárum, Fbr. 96 new Ed.; deyja ór sárum, Fs. 130; bana-sár, q. v.; holsár, Fbr. 211, vöðva-sár, a flesh wound; síðu-sár, a side wound; svöðu-sár, and so passim: poët., sár-dropi, -flóð, -gýmir, -lá, -lögr, = ‘wound-drop,’ i. e. blood; sár-eldr, -iss, -jökull, -klungr, -laukr, -linnr, -teinn, -viti, -vöndr, -þisl, = ‘wound-fire,’ … ‘wound-shaft,’ i. e. a weapon; sár-gagl, -gammr, -geitungr, -límr, -mútari, -orri, = a carrion-crow; sár-fíkinn, ‘wound-greedy,’ Lex. Poët.COMPDS: sársauki, sársbrún, sárafar, sárafullr, sáramenn, sárasýki. -
74 sekt
* * *f.1) guilt (lifandi guð fyrirláti mér mína sekt);2) penalty; full sekt, the highest penalty of the law, forfeiture of goods and outlawry (lýsa til sektar fullrar á hönd e-m);3) fine, mulct (þriggja marka sekt).* * *f.; in the Grág., esp. Kb., the older form sekð or sekþ prevails; in Kb. ch. 60, sekt occurs nine times, sekð or sekþ seventeen times:—a penalty, fine, mulct; varðar búanda þat þriggja marka sekt, Grág. i. 158; ef maðr handsalar manni ákveðna sekt sína, 119.II. as an Icel. law term, the condition is one of the three degrees of outlawry or lög-sekt,—thus defined, þær eru lögsekðir þrjár á landi vóru, ef maðr er görr skógar-maðr óferjandi, eða fjörbaugs-maðr, en sú en þriðja at auka svá fjörbaugs-sekð, at hann skyli eigi eiga fært út hingat, Grág. i. 119; yet, as a rule, only the first two degrees appear in the Sagas; sekt is opp. to sætt, Fs. 73; lýsa til fullrar sektar, Nj.:—hence the outlawry itself, Grág.; Nj.; hann (Grettir) var lengst í sekt, Grett. (fine); þótti sumum sem hann hefði úti sekt sína ef hann hafði nokkut af hinu tuttugasta ári, 149. This clause about the twenty years is nowhere mentioned in the Grágás, and seems to be a mere popular fiction in the Grett. S., cp.also Gísl. 126 and Harðar S. ad fin.2. guilt; játa þær sektina, Th. 78; syndir ok sektir, Stj. 55; sektir eða lögbrot, Sks. 665.COMPDS: sekðauðigr, sekðardómr, sekðarfé, sekðargörð, sekðarhandsal, sekðarlauss, sektarmark, sektamál, sektarsakir, sektarúmagi. -
75 skapt-hár
adj. ‘shaft-high,’ above the horizon, of the sun in the early morning; til þess sól er skapthá, K. Þ. K. 94, defined 96. -
76 vísendr
part. pl. a law term, defined in N. G. L. i. 184; vegandi eða veganda sonr skal reiða bauga alla nema hann hafi vísendr til, the slayer and his son are bound to pay off all the parts of the weregild, unless he has vísendr, viz. living relations who are sure to pay each his share.
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