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41 backwards
['bækwədz]backward ['bækwəd] avverbio1) (in a reverse direction) [walk, fall] all'indietro; [lean, step] indietroto face backwards — voltare la schiena, essere di spalle
to move backwards — arretrare, retrocedere
2) (starting from the end) [ count] alla rovesciato put sth. on backwards — mettere qcs. a rovescio, col davanti dietro
4) (thoroughly)to know sth. backwards — conoscere qcs. per filo e per segno
* * *1) (towards the back: He glanced backwards.) indietro, all'indietro2) (with one's back facing the direction one is going in: The child walked backwards into a lamp-post.) all'indietro3) (in the opposite way to that which is usual: Can you count from 1 to 10 backwards? (= starting at 10 and counting to 1).) a ritroso* * *['bækwədz]backward ['bækwəd] avverbio1) (in a reverse direction) [walk, fall] all'indietro; [lean, step] indietroto face backwards — voltare la schiena, essere di spalle
to move backwards — arretrare, retrocedere
2) (starting from the end) [ count] alla rovesciato put sth. on backwards — mettere qcs. a rovescio, col davanti dietro
4) (thoroughly)to know sth. backwards — conoscere qcs. per filo e per segno
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42 Dyer, Joseph Chessborough
SUBJECT AREA: Textiles[br]b. 15 November 1780 Stonnington Point, Connecticut, USAd. 2 May 1871 Manchester, England[br]American inventor of a popular type of roving frame for cotton manufacture.[br]As a youth, Dyer constructed an unsinkable life-boat but did not immediately pursue his mechanical bent, for at 16 he entered the counting-house of a French refugee named Nancrède and succeeded to part of the business. He first went to England in 1801 and finally settled in 1811 when he married Ellen Jones (d. 1842) of Gower Street, London. Dyer was already linked with American inventors and brought to England Perkins's plan for steel engraving in 1809, shearing and nail-making machines in 1811, and also received plans and specifications for Fulton's steamboats. He seems to have acted as a sort of British patent agent for American inventors, and in 1811 took out a patent for carding engines and a card clothing machine. In 1813 there was a patent for spinning long-fibred substances such as hemp, flax or grasses, and in 1825 there was a further patent for card making machinery. Joshua Field, on his tour through Britain in 1821, saw a wire drawing machine and a leather splitting machine at Dyer's works as well as the card-making machines. At first Dyer lived in Camden Town, London, but he had a card clothing business in Birmingham. He moved to Manchester c.1816, where he developed an extensive engineering works under the name "Joseph C.Dyer, patent card manufacturers, 8 Stanley Street, Dale Street". In 1832 he founded another works at Gamaches, Somme, France, but this enterprise was closed in 1848 with heavy losses through the mismanagement of an agent. In 1825 Dyer improved on Danforth's roving frame and started to manufacture it. While it was still a comparatively crude machine when com-pared with later versions, it had the merit of turning out a large quantity of work and was very popular, realizing a large sum of money. He patented the machine that year and must have continued his interest in these machines as further patents followed in 1830 and 1835. In 1821 Dyer had been involved in the foundation of the Manchester Guardian (now The Guardian) and he was linked with the construction of the Liverpool \& Manchester Railway. He was not so successful with the ill-fated Bank of Manchester, of which he was a director and in which he lost £98,000. Dyer played an active role in the community and presented many papers to the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society. He helped to establish the Royal Institution in London and the Mechanics Institution in Manchester. In 1830 he was a member of the delegation to Paris to take contributions from the town of Manchester for the relief of those wounded in the July revolution and to congratulate Louis-Philippe on his accession. He called for the reform of Parliament and helped to form the Anti-Corn Law League. He hated slavery and wrote several articles on the subject, both prior to and during the American Civil War.[br]Bibliography1811, British patent no. 3,498 (carding engines and card clothing machine). 1813, British patent no. 3,743 (spinning long-fibred substances).1825, British patent no. 5,309 (card making machinery).1825, British patent no. 5,217 (roving frame). 1830, British patent no. 5,909 (roving frame).1835, British patent no. 6,863 (roving frame).Further ReadingDictionary of National Biography.J.W.Hall, 1932–3, "Joshua Field's diary of a tour in 1821 through the Midlands", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 6.Evan Leigh, 1875, The Science of Modern Cotton Spinning, Vol. II, Manchester (provides an account of Dyer's roving frame).D.J.Jeremy, 1981, Transatlantic Industrial Revolution: The Diffusion of TextileTechnologies Between Britain and America, 1790–1830s, Oxford (describes Dyer's links with America).See also: Arnold, AzaRLHBiographical history of technology > Dyer, Joseph Chessborough
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43 Silk Yarn Counts
See Denier. Spun silk counts are based on the 840 yards hank, as in cotton, but in folded yarns the finished count is used, not the single count, with the number of component threads placed after the actual count resulting from the doubling. Thus 40/2 has 40 hanks of 840 yards in i-lb. and is composed of two threads of 80's single. Dram System - The weight of 1,000 yards in drams gives the counts, thus if 1,000 yards weighs 6 drams it is known as " 6-dram silk." This is known as the Manchester method of thrown silk counting. Another system is the number of yards per ounce, thus 25,000 organzine or tram yarn means 25,000 yards per ounce, and is that used in Yorkshire. The expression 12/14 as applied to silk yarn counts means that the yarn is not lighter than 12 denier, nor heavier than 14 denier, the average being 13 -
44 reckoning
1) (calculation; counting: By my reckoning, we must be about eight kilometres from the town.) cálculo2) (the settling of debts etc.) ajuste de cuentastr['rekənɪŋ]1 cálculos nombre masculino plural■ by my reckoning,... según mis cálculos,...\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLthe day of reckoning el día nombre masculino del juicio finalreckoning ['rɛkənɪŋ] n1) calculation: cálculo m2) settlement: ajuste m de cuentasday of reckoning: día del juicio finaln.• cuenta s.f.'rekənɪŋmass nouna) (calculation, estimate) cálculos mplb) (assessment, opinion) opinión fc) ( judgment) juicio m['reknɪŋ]N1) (=calculation) cálculo m2) (=bill) cuenta f3)day of reckoning — (fig) ajuste m de cuentas
* * *['rekənɪŋ]mass nouna) (calculation, estimate) cálculos mplb) (assessment, opinion) opinión fc) ( judgment) juicio m -
45 inclusive
[ɪn'kluːsɪv]* * *[-siv]adjective (counting both the first and last in a series: May 7 to May 9 inclusive is three days.) incluso* * *inclusive /ɪnˈklu:sɪv/a.1 incluso; compreso: from Monday to Saturday inclusive, dal lunedì al sabato compreso; a total of six persons, inclusive of the driver, un totale di sei persone, compreso l'autista2 inclusivo; comprensivo: The price is inclusive of shipping, il prezzo è comprensivo (o inclusivo) di spedizione4 (ling.) inclusivo● inclusive of everything, tutto compreso □ (comm.) inclusive price, (prezzo) tutto compreso □ ( in un albergo) inclusive terms, tutto compreso □ (tur.) inclusive tour, inclusive tourinclusively avv. inclusiveness n. [u].* * *[ɪn'kluːsɪv] -
46 Bump Yarn
Cotton yam below 4's counts, that is, where less than 4 X 840 = 3,360 yards weigh 1-lb. The counts are denoted by the number of yards per ounce. Thus 60 yards per ounce = 60's bump. They are waste yarns and usually spun from cop waste and the waste picked out of sweepings. Another system of counting is the number of yards per quarter ounce, but this method is not as much practised as the yards per ounce. -
47 reckoning
1) (calculation; counting: By my reckoning, we must be about eight kilometres from the town.) ocenitev2) (the settling of debts etc.) poravnava* * *[rékəniŋ]nounračunanje, izračunavanje; štetje; kalkulacija; archaic cenjenje, spoštovanje; (gostilniški) račun, zapitekto my reckoning — po mojem mišljenju, po moji sodbiday of reckoning — dan obračuna, religion sodni dannautical dead reckoning — približna določitev položaja ladjeto be out of (in) one's reckoning figuratively uračunati se, zmotiti se v računu, ušteti sethere is no reckoning on (upon) him — nanj ne moremo računati, se zanašatito call s.o. to reckoning about — poklicati koga na obračun glede (s.th. česa)to make no reckoning of — ne upoštevati, ne ceniti, omalovaževatishort reckonings make long (lasting) friends — čisti računi, dolgo prijateljstvoto work out the ship's reckoning nautical izračunati položaj ladje brez astronomskega opazovanja (na osnovi opravljene poti in smeri) -
48 reckoning
noun1) (calculation) Berechnung, dieday of reckoning — (fig.) Tag der Abrechnung; (moment of truth) Stunde der Wahrheit
be [wildly] out in one's reckoning — sich [gehörig] verrechnet haben
2) (bill) Rechnung, die* * *1) (calculation; counting: By my reckoning, we must be about eight kilometres from the town.) die Berechnung2) (the settling of debts etc.) die Abrechnung* * *reck·on·ing[ˈrekənɪŋ]nby sb's \reckoning nach jds Rechnung2. (opinion)in life, people will take you very much at your own \reckoning im Leben wird man so beurteilt, wie man sich selbst einschätztthe day of \reckoning der Tag der Abrechnung* * *['rekənIŋ]nin your reckoning — Ihrer Meinung or Schätzung nach
2)See:= dead reckoning* * *reckoning [ˈreknıŋ] s1. Rechnen n, Zählen n2. Berechnung f:by my reckoning nach meiner Berechnung;3. SCHIFF Gissung f: → academic.ru/18670/dead_reckoning">dead reckoning4. Abrechnung f:a) Tag m der Abrechnung,5. obs Rechnung f:pay one’s reckoning* * *noun1) (calculation) Berechnung, dieday of reckoning — (fig.) Tag der Abrechnung; (moment of truth) Stunde der Wahrheit
be [wildly] out in one's reckoning — sich [gehörig] verrechnet haben
2) (bill) Rechnung, die* * *n.Berechnung f.Rechnung -en f.Zählung -en f. -
49 era
'iərə1) (a number of years counting from an important point in history: the Victorian era.) tidsalder, epoke, æra2) (a period of time marked by an important event or events: an era of social reform.) tidsalder, epoke, æraepoke--------tidsaldersubst. \/ˈɪərə\/, amer. også: \/ˈerə\/1) æra, epoke, tids(alder)2) tidsregning3) ( geologi) langt tidsavsnitt4) ( gammeldags) (begynnelsen på) en ny epoke, nytt tidsavsnittChristian era kristen tidsregning, vår tidsregning -
50 reckoning
1) (calculation; counting: By my reckoning, we must be about eight kilometres from the town.) beregning, regnskap2) (the settling of debts etc.) oppgjørsubst. \/ˈrek(ə)nɪŋ\/1) oppregning, beregning2) ( sjøfart) bestikk, skipsopptegnelser3) regnskap4) ( gammeldags) regning, nota5) tidsregningbe out in one's reckoning ( sjøfart) ha gjort opp feil bestikk (sjøfart, også overført) ha regnet feil, ha forregnet segdead reckoning ( sjøfart) bestikkregningthe day of reckoning regnskapets dag, oppgjørets timegive reckoning levere regnskap -
51 era
['iərə]1) (a number of years counting from an important point in history: the Victorian era.) era2) (a period of time marked by an important event or events: an era of social reform.) era* * *e.ra['i2r2] n 1 era, época. 2 período notável. before the Christian era / antes da era cristã. of the Christian era / depois do nascimento de Cristo, da nossa era. -
52 reckoning
['rɛknɪŋ]nobliczenia pl, kalkulacje pl* * *1) (calculation; counting: By my reckoning, we must be about eight kilometres from the town.) rachuba2) (the settling of debts etc.) rozrachunek -
53 inclusive
- sivadjective (counting both the first and last in a series: May 7 to May 9 inclusive is three days.) innbefattet, inklusivinklusiveadj. \/ɪnˈkluːsɪv\/1) iberegnet, medregnet, til og med, med2) som inkluderer alt, med alt iberegnet, samlet3) fullstendig• is this an inclusive list?4) (alt)omfattende, vidtfavnende, vidtspennendebe inclusive of inkludereinclusive of inklusive, iberegnet, medregnet, med, omfattende• that will be £100 inclusive of the interestdet blir 100 pund iberegnet\/inklusiv renteinclusive terms fastpris med alt iberegnet \/ inklusive altinclusive tour alt-i-ett-tur, pakketur -
54 reckoning
1) (calculation; counting: By my reckoning, we must be about eight kilometres from the town.) útreikningur2) (the settling of debts etc.) uppgjör -
55 reckoning
számítás, számolás, fizetség, leszámolás* * *1) (calculation; counting: By my reckoning, we must be about eight kilometres from the town.) (ki)számítás2) (the settling of debts etc.) leszámolás -
56 reckoning
1) (calculation; counting: By my reckoning, we must be about eight kilometres from the town.) cálculo2) (the settling of debts etc.) ajuste de contas* * *reck.on.ing[r'ekəniŋ] n 1 conta, ação de contar, cômputo, cálculo, contagem. short reckonings make long friends / boas contas fazem bons amigos. 2 estimação, avaliação. 3 ajuste de contas. 4 parecer, opinião. 5 Naut cálculo da posição de um navio. day of reckoning a) dia do ajuste de contas. b) juízo final. to be out of one’s reckoning enganar-se, estar errado. to my reckoning segundo o meu parecer. -
57 reckoning
n. hesap, hesaplama, sayma, hesaplaşma, hesap pusulası, konum hesabı, yer belirleme* * *1. hesaplama (n.) 2. tahmin et (v.) 3. tahmin ederek (prep.)* * *1) (calculation; counting: By my reckoning, we must be about eight kilometres from the town.) hesap(lama)2) (the settling of debts etc.) hesap görme -
58 reckoning
• arviointi• arvioiminen• arvaus• tehdä tiliä• laskeminenfinance, business, economy• lasku• laskelma• pitää* * *1) (calculation; counting: By my reckoning, we must be about eight kilometres from the town.) lasku2) (the settling of debts etc.) maksu -
59 reckoning
['rekənɪŋ]1) (estimation) calcolo m., stima f.; (accurate calculation) calcoli m.pl.2) mar. stima f.••day of reckoning — giorno della resa dei conti; relig. giorno del Giudizio Universale
* * *1) (calculation; counting: By my reckoning, we must be about eight kilometres from the town.) calcolo2) (the settling of debts etc.) (resa dei conti)* * *reckoning /ˈrɛkənɪŋ/n.3 [uc] (aeron., naut.) determinazione della posizione: dead reckoning, stima della posizione; posizione stimata● to be out in one's reckoning, far male i conti; sbagliare i propri calcoli.* * *['rekənɪŋ]1) (estimation) calcolo m., stima f.; (accurate calculation) calcoli m.pl.2) mar. stima f.••day of reckoning — giorno della resa dei conti; relig. giorno del Giudizio Universale
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60 reckoning
1) (calculation; counting: By my reckoning, we must be about eight kilometres from the town.) []rēķins2) (the settling of debts etc.) norēķins; norēķināšanās* * *aprēķins; rēķins; atmaksa
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