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41 модель
ж.model, construct, pattern- биологическая модель
- биопсихосоциальная модель
- биофизическая модель
- вероятностная модель
- грамматическая модель
- графическая модель
- двунаправленные активационные модели
- демонстрационная модель
- деструктивная модель
- детерминистическая модель
- диадическая модель
- динамическая модель
- дискретная модель обучения
- дискретная модель
- иерархическая модель
- имитационная модель
- информационная модель
- квазирациональная модель
- когнитивная модель
- коммуникационная модель
- компьютерная модель
- концептуальная модель
- культурная модель
- линейная модель
- масштабная модель
- математическая модель
- медицинская модель
- многоуровневая модель
- модель потребность - влечение - побуждение
- модель преподаватель - учащийся
- модель аттенуатора
- модель болезни
- модель в натуральную величину
- модель группового поведения
- модель данных
- модель доминирования
- модель замка и ключа
- модель измерения
- модель интеллектуального развития
- модель иррадиации
- модель исследования
- модель когнитивной надежности человека
- модель коммуникативного взаимодействия
- модель научения
- модель очередности
- модель поведения
- модель последовательной обработки информации
- модель предложения
- модель представлений о здоровье
- модель прогнозирования
- модель развития
- модель реагирования
- модель реальной жизненной ситуации
- модель рефлекторной реакции
- модель роли
- модель роста
- модель с линейным оператором
- модель семьи
- модель серийной обработки информации
- модель смешанных эффектов
- модель социальной интеграции - дезинтеграции
- модель социальной системы
- модель сравнения с эталоном
- модель структуры интеллекта
- модель угрозы самооценке
- модель фиксированных эффектов
- модель формирования впечатлений
- модель шкалирования
- модель языка
- недирективная модель обучения
- нелинейная модель
- необлегченная модель естественной разговорной речи
- нормативная модель
- облегченная модель
- образовательная модель
- общая аддитивная модель
- одноканальная модель
- онтоаналитическая модель
- описательная модель
- опытная модель
- организационно-деятельностная модель
- основные типовые модели
- поведенческая модель
- повторяющаяся модель
- психолого-педагогическая модель
- психосоциальная модель развития
- психосоциальная модель
- рациональная модель
- речевая модель
- ролевая модель
- семантическая модель
- сетевая модель
- социотехническая модель
- статистическая модель
- стереотипная модель поведения
- стимульная модель
- стохастическая модель
- структурная модель ответа
- структурная модель человека
- структурная модель
- теоретическая модель
- топографическая модель
- трансформационная модель
- трехкомпонентная модель
- трехчастная модель креативности
- учебная языковая модель
- учебные модели с возрастающей степенью трудности
- факторная модель
- феноменальная модель
- фиксированная модель действий
- фильтрационная модель внимания
- экспериментальная модель -
42 zusammensetzen
(trennb., hat -ge-)I v/tII v/refl:2. sich zusammensetzen aus be made up of, consist of; zusammengesetzt* * *das Zusammensetzenassembly* * *zu|sạm|men|set|zen sep1. vt1) Schüler, Gäste etc to put or seat together2) Gerät, Gewehr etc to put together, to assemble (zu to make)2. vr1) (= sich zueinandersetzen) to sit together; (um etwas zu besprechen, zu trinken etc) to get together2)sich zusammensetzen aus — to consist of, to be composed of, to be made up of
See:→ auch zusammengesetzt* * *1) (to put together (a machine etc): He assembled the model aeroplane.) assemble2) (to form by putting parts together: A word is composed of several letters.) compose3) (to put (the pieces of something) together: They tried to piece together the fragments of the broken vase.) piece together4) (to construct: The vase broke, but I managed to put it together again.) put together* * *zu·sam·men|set·zenI. vtdie Archäologen setzten die einzelnen Stücke der Vasen wieder zusammen the archaeologists pieced together the vasesSchüler/Tischgäste \zusammensetzen to put pupils/guests beside each otherII. vr1. (bestehen)▪ sich akk aus etw dat \zusammensetzen to be composed [or made up] [or to consist] of sth, to comprise sthdie Regierung setzt sich aus Roten und Grünen zusammen the government is composed of socialists and environmentalists▪ sich akk mit jdm [am Tisch] \zusammensetzen to join sb [at his/her table]; (um etw zu besprechen) to get together* * *1.transitives Verb1) put together2) (herstellen) makeein zusammengesetztes Wort/Verb — a compound word/verb
3) (zusammenbauen, -montieren) assemble; put together4) (beieinander sitzen lassen) seat or put together2.jemanden mit jemandem zusammensetzen — seat or put somebody next to somebody
reflexives Verb1) sit together; (zu einem Gespräch) get together2)sich aus etwas zusammensetzen — be made up or composed of something
* * *zusammensetzen (trennb, hat -ge-)A. v/t2.Schüler etcB. v/r:2.* * *1.transitives Verb1) put together2) (herstellen) makeein zusammengesetztes Wort/Verb — a compound word/verb
3) (zusammenbauen, -montieren) assemble; put together4) (beieinander sitzen lassen) seat or put together2.jemanden mit jemandem zusammensetzen — seat or put somebody next to somebody
reflexives Verb1) sit together; (zu einem Gespräch) get together2)sich aus etwas zusammensetzen — be made up or composed of something
* * *(alt.Rechtschreibung) v.to assemble v.to compose v.to compound v.to consist v.to frame v. -
43 agregar
v.1 to add.María agregó que era soltera Mary added=went on saying that she was single.Ella agregó un comentario más She added one more comment.2 to enroll, to add, to add on to the list.Lucas agregó a Ricardo Lucas enrolled Richard.3 to put in, to chuck in, to add in, to bung in.Elsa agregó mucha mantequilla Elsa put in a lot of butter.4 to build on, to add, to construct as an annex.* * *1 (añadir) to add2 (unir) to gather3 (destinar) to appoint1 (unirse) to join* * *verb* * *1. VT1) (=añadir) to add-y no me satisface, agregó — "and I'm not satisfied," she added
2) [+ trabajador, empleado] to appoint2.See:* * *1.verbo transitivo1) ( añadir) to add2) < empleado>2.agregar a alguien a algo — to attach o appoint somebody to something
agregarse v pron (refl)* * *= aggregate, append, throw in.Ex. You have attempted to aggregate the UDC class number incorrectly.Ex. A list of book review sources in psychology and related fields is appended.Ex. There is a real difference of interest between the needs and purposes of research libraries and the public libraries, and I would also throw in the school and almost certainly junior college libraries.* * *1.verbo transitivo1) ( añadir) to add2) < empleado>2.agregar a alguien a algo — to attach o appoint somebody to something
agregarse v pron (refl)* * *= aggregate, append, throw in.Ex: You have attempted to aggregate the UDC class number incorrectly.
Ex: A list of book review sources in psychology and related fields is appended.Ex: There is a real difference of interest between the needs and purposes of research libraries and the public libraries, and I would also throw in the school and almost certainly junior college libraries.* * *agregar [A3 ]vtA1 (incorporar) to add agregar algo A algo to add sth TO sth2 (al hablar) to add—el fallo es inapelable —agregó the verdict is final, he addedB ‹empleado› agregar a algn A algo to attach o appoint sb TO sth( refl) agregarse A algo to join sthse agregó al grupo he joined the group* * *
agregar ( conjugate agregar) verbo transitivo ( añadir) to add;
agregar algo a algo to add sth to sth
agregar verbo transitivo
1 (añadir, incorporar) to add
2 (destinar) to appoint [a, to]
' agregar' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
incluir
- incorporar
- poner
English:
add
- append
- build on
- tack on
- tag on
- do
- tack
- tag
* * *♦ vt2. [a lo dicho] to add;“y estamos preparados para ello”, agregó “and we're ready for it,” she added* * *v/t add* * *agregar {52} vt1) añadir: to add, to attach2) : to appoint* * *agregar vb to add -
44 entwerfen
entwerfen v 1. design, plan, project, construct, work out (konstruktiv entwerfen); 2. sketch, outline (in großen Zügen); 3. plan, work out, map out, prepare (Programm, Bauablauf); 4. design, style, model (gestalterisch); 5. lay out, plan (Garten, Landschaftsbau); 6. draft, make a draft of, draft up (Vertrag, Rede usw.); 7. draw, trace out (zeichnen)Deutsch-Englisch Fachwörterbuch Architektur und Bauwesen > entwerfen
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45 ideoida
• fashion• sketch• build• model• think up• invent• frame• design• create• compose• arrange• construct• devise -
46 sommitella
yks.nom. sommitella; yks.gen. sommittelen; yks.part. sommitteli; yks.ill. sommittelisi; mon.gen. sommitelkoon; mon.part. sommitellut; mon.ill. sommiteltiincompile (verb)compose (verb)design (verb)draw up (verb)plan (verb)* * *• fit together• put together• sketch• model• design• construct• compose• compile• plan• draw up -
47 skonstru|ować
pf vt 1. (zbudować) to construct, to build [maszynę, model]- poprawnie skonstruowane zdanie a correctly constructed sentence ⇒ konstruować2. przen. to formulate [argument, teorię]; to put [sth] together, to form [koalicję, system]; to draw [sth] up, to draw up [budżet]- zręcznie skonstruowana fabuła powieści a skilfully structured a. constructed plot of the novel ⇒ konstruowaćThe New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > skonstru|ować
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48 modelo estructurado
m.well constructed model, construct, prototype. -
49 построение
с.1) ( создание) construction; buildingпострое́ние моде́ли (рд.) — modelling (of), making a model (of)
2) (черчение - кривых, графиков, траекторий) plotting3) (строение, структура) structureпострое́ние ре́чи — speech structure
4) воен. formation5) обыкн. мн. ( система рассуждений)теорети́ческие построе́ния — theoretical scheme / construct sg
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50 jacal
(Sp. model spelled same [xakál] < Nahuatl xacalli 'hut; cabin; house made of straw'; either from xacámitl 'adobe' and calli 'house' or from xalli 'sand')Texas: 1838. A primitive hut or shelter, especially one owned by a Mexican or Indian. The OED describes it as a hut built of poles or stakes plastered over with mud. It also indicates that such huts are common in Mexico and the Southwest. The DARE notes that the term may also refer to the method or material used to construct such a hut. It is referenced in the DRAE as a term used in Mexico for a hut or hovel. Santamaría adds that it commonly refers to a hut made of adobe, with roof made of straw or thin strips of wood.Alternate forms: hackel, jacel, jackall, jeccal. -
51 конструировать модель
build (construct, develop) a modelBanks. Exchanges. Accounting. (Russian-English) > конструировать модель
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52 Caetano, Marcello José das Neves Alves
(19061980)Marcello Caetano, as the last prime minister of the Estado Novo, was both the heir and successor of Antônio de Oliveira Salazar. In a sense, Caetano was one of the founders and sustainers of this unusual regime and, at various crucial stages of its long life, Caetano's contribution was as important as Salazar's.Born in Lisbon in 1906 to a middle-class family, Caetano was a member of the student generation that rebelled against the unstable parliamentary First Republic and sought answers to Portugal's legion of troubles in conservative ideologies such as integralism, Catholic reformism, and the Italian Fascist model. One of the most brilliant students at the University of Lisbon's Law School, Caetano soon became directly involved in government service in various ministries, including Salazar's Ministry of Finance. When Caetano was not teaching full-time at the law school in Lisbon and influencing new generations of students who became critical of the regime he helped construct, Caetano was in important government posts and working on challenging assignments. In the 1930s, he participated in reforms in the Ministry of Finance, in the writing of the 1933 Constitution, in the formation of the new civil code, of which he was in part the author, and in the construction of corporativism, which sought to control labor-management relations and other aspects of social engineering. In a regime largely directed by academics from the law faculties of Coimbra University and the University of Lisbon, Caetano was the leading expert on constitutional law, administrative law, political science, and colonial law. A prolific writer as both a political scientist and historian, Caetano was the author of the standard political science, administrative law, and history of law textbooks, works that remained in print and in use among students long after his exile and death.After his apprenticeship service in a number of ministries, Caetano rose steadily in the system. At age 38, he was named minister for the colonies (1944 47), and unlike many predecessors, he "went to see for himself" and made important research visits to Portugal's African territories. In 1955-58, Caetano served in the number-three position in the regime in the Ministry of the Presidency of the Council (premier's office); he left office for full-time academic work in part because of his disagreements with Salazar and others on regime policy and failures to reform at the desired pace. In 1956 and 1957, Caetano briefly served as interim minister of communications and of foreign affairs.Caetano's opportunity to take Salazar's place and to challenge even more conservative forces in the system came in the 1960s. Portugal's most prominent law professor had a public falling out with the regime in March 1962, when he resigned as rector of Lisbon University following a clash between rebellious students and the PIDE, the political police. When students opposing the regime organized strikes on the University of Lisbon campus, Caetano resigned his rectorship after the police invaded the campus and beat and arrested some students, without asking permission to enter university premises from university authorities.When Salazar became incapacitated in September 1968, President Américo Tomás named Caetano prime minister. His tasks were formidable: in the midst of remarkable economic growth in Portugal, continued heavy immigration of Portuguese to France and other countries, and the costly colonial wars in three African colonies, namely Angola, Guinea- Bissau, and Mozambique, the regime struggled to engineer essential social and political reforms, win the wars in Africa, and move toward meaningful political reforms. Caetano supported moderately important reforms in his first two years in office (1968-70), as well as the drafting of constitutional revisions in 1971 that allowed a slight liberalization of the Dictatorship, gave the opposition more room for activity, and decentrali zed authority in the overseas provinces (colonies). Always aware of the complexity of Portugal's colonial problems and of the ongoing wars, Caetano made several visits to Africa as premier, and he sought to implement reforms in social and economic affairs while maintaining the expensive, divisive military effort, Portugal's largest armed forces mobilization in her history.Opposed by intransigent right-wing forces in various sectors in both Portugal and Africa, Caetano's modest "opening" of 1968-70 soon narrowed. Conservative forces in the military, police, civil service, and private sectors opposed key political reforms, including greater democratization, while pursuing the military solution to the African crisis and personal wealth. A significant perspective on Caetano's failed program of reforms, which could not prevent the advent of a creeping revolution in society, is a key development in the 1961-74 era of colonial wars: despite Lisbon's efforts, the greater part of Portuguese emigration and capital investment during this period were directed not to the African colonies but to Europe, North America, and Brazil.Prime Minister Caetano, discouraged by events and by opposition to his reforms from the so-called "Rheumatic Brigade" of superannuated regime loyalists, attempted to resign his office, but President Américo Tomás convinced him to remain. The publication and public reception of African hero General Antônio Spinola's best-selling book Portugal e Futuro (Portugal and the Future) in February 1974 convinced the surprised Caetano that a coup and revolution were imminent. When the virtually bloodless, smoothly operating military coup was successful in what became known as the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Caetano surrendered to the Armed Forces Movement in Lisbon and was flown to Madeira Island and later to exile in Brazil, where he remained for the rest of his life. In his Brazilian exile, Caetano was active writing important memoirs and histories of the Estado Novo from his vantage point, teaching law at a private university in Rio de Janeiro, and carrying on a lively correspondence with persons in Portugal. He died at age 74, in 1980, in Brazil.Historical dictionary of Portugal > Caetano, Marcello José das Neves Alves
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53 linear programming
Finthe use of a series of linear equations to construct a mathematical model. The objective is to obtain an optimal solution to a complex operational problem, which may involve the production of a number of products in an environment in which there are many constraints. -
54 Bailey, Sir Donald Coleman
SUBJECT AREA: Civil engineering[br]b. 15 September 1901 Rotherham, Yorkshire, Englandd. 5 May 1985 Bournemouth, Dorset, England[br]English engineer, designer of the Bailey bridge.[br]Bailey was educated at the Leys School, Cambridge, before going to Sheffield University where he studied for a degree in engineering. He joined the Civil Service in 1928 and was posted to the staff of the Experimental Bridging Establishment of the Ministry of Supply at Christchurch, Hampshire. There he continued his boyhood hobby of making model bridges of wood and string. He evolved a design for a prefabricated metal bridge assembled from welded panels linked by pinned joints; this became known as the Bailey bridge. Its design was accepted by the War Office in 1941 and from then on it was used throughout the subsequent conflict of the Second World War. It was a great improvement on its predecessor, the Inglis bridge, designed by a Cambridge University professor of engineering, Charles Inglis, with tubular members that were 10 or 12 ft (3.66 m) long; this bridge was notoriously difficult to construct, particularly in adverse weather conditions, whereas the Bailey bridge's panels and joints were far more manageable and easy to assemble. The simple and standardized component parts of the Bailey bridge made it highly adaptable: it could be strengthened by increasing the number of truss girders, and wide rivers could be crossed by a series of Bailey bridges connected by pontoons. Field Marshal Montgomery is recorded as saying that without the Bailey bridge we should not have won the war'.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsKnighted 1946.Further ReadingObituary, 1985, The Guardian 6 May.IMcNBiographical history of technology > Bailey, Sir Donald Coleman
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55 Henson, William Samuel
SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace[br]b. 3 May 1812 Nottingham, Englandd. 22 March 1888 New Jersey, USA[br]English (naturalized American) inventor who patented a design for an "aerial steam carriage" and combined with John Stringfellow to build model aeroplanes.[br]William Henson worked in the lacemaking industry and in his spare time invented many mechanical devices, from a breech-loading cannon to an ice-machine. It could be claimed that he invented the airliner, for in 1842 he prepared a patent (granted in 1843) for an "aerial steam carriage". The patent application was not just a vague outline, but contained detailed drawings of a large monoplane with an enclosed fuselage to accommodate the passengers and crew. It was to be powered by a steam engine driving two pusher propellers aft of the wing. Henson had followed the lead give by Sir George Cayley in his basic layout, but produced a very much more advanced structural design with cambered wings strengthened by streamlined bracing wires: the intended wing-span was 150 ft (46 m). Henson probably discussed the design of the steam engine and boiler with his friend John Stringfellow (who was also in the lacemaking industry). Stringfellow joined Henson and others to found the Aerial Transit Company, which was set up to raise the finance needed to build Henson's machine. A great publicity campaign was mounted with artists' impressions of the "aerial steam carriage" flying over London, India and even the pyramids. Passenger-carrying services to India and China were proposed, but the whole project was far too optimistic to attract support from financiers and the scheme foundered. Henson and Stringfellow drew up an agreement in December 1843 to construct models which would prove the feasibility of an "aerial machine". For the next five years they pursued this aim, with no real success. In 1848 Henson and his wife emigrated to the United States to further his career in textiles. He became an American citizen and died there at the age of 75.[br]BibliographyHenson's diary is preserved by the Institute of Aeronautical Sciences in the USA. Henson's patent of 1842–3 is reproduced in Balantyne and Pritchard (1956) and Davy (1931) (see below).Further ReadingH.Penrose, 1988, An Ancient Air: A Biography of John Stringfellow, Shrewsbury.A.M.Balantyne and J.L.Pritchard, 1956, "The lives and work of William Samuel Henson and John Stringfellow", Journal of the Royal Aeronautical Society (June) (an attempt to analyse conflicting evidence; includes a reproduction of Henson's patent).M.J.B.Davy, 1931, Henson and Stringfellow, London (an earlier work with excellent drawings from Henson's patent).JDS -
56 Paul, Lewis
SUBJECT AREA: Textiles[br]d. April 1759 Brook Green, London, England[br]English inventor of hand carding machines and partner with Wyatt in early spinning machines.[br]Lewis Paul, apparently of French Huguenot extraction, was quite young when his father died. His father was Physician to Lord Shaftsbury, who acted as Lewis Paul's guardian. In 1728 Paul made a runaway match with a widow and apparently came into her property when she died a year later. He must have subsequently remarried. In 1732 he invented a pinking machine for making the edges of shrouds out of which he derived some profit.Why Paul went to Birmingham is unknown, but he helped finance some of Wyatt's earlier inventions. Judging by the later patents taken out by Paul, it is probable that he was the one interested in spinning, turning to Wyatt for help in the construction of his spinning machine because he had no mechanical skills. The two men may have been involved in this as early as 1733, although it is more likely that they began this work in 1735. Wyatt went to London to construct a model and in 1736 helped to apply for a patent, which was granted in 1738 in the name of Paul. The patent shows that Paul and Wyatt had a number of different ways of spinning in mind, but contains no drawings of the machines. In one part there is a description of sets of rollers to draw the cotton out more finely that could have been similar to those later used by Richard Arkwright. However, it would seem that Paul and Wyatt followed the other main method described, which might be called spindle drafting, where the fibres are drawn out between the nip of a pair of rollers and the tip of the spindle; this method is unsatisfactory for continuous spinning and results in an uneven yarn.The spinning venture was supported by Thomas Warren, a well-known Birmingham printer, Edward Cave of Gentleman's Magazine, Dr Robert James of fever-powder celebrity, Mrs Desmoulins, and others. Dr Samuel Johnson also took much interest. In 1741 a mill powered by two asses was equipped at the Upper Priory, Birmingham, with, machinery for spinning cotton being constructed by Wyatt. Licences for using the invention were sold to other people including Edward Cave, who established a mill at Northampton, so the enterprise seemed to have great promise. A spinning machine must be supplied with fibres suitably prepared, so carding machines had to be developed. Work was in hand on one in 1740 and in 1748 Paul took out another patent for two types of carding device, possibly prompted by the patent taken out by Daniel Bourn. Both of Paul's devices were worked by hand and the carded fibres were laid onto a strip of paper. The paper and fibres were then rolled up and placed in the spinning machine. In 1757 John Dyer wrote a poem entitled The Fleece, which describes a circular spinning machine of the type depicted in a patent taken out by Paul in 1758. Drawings in this patent show that this method of spinning was different from Arkwright's. Paul endeavoured to have the machine introduced into the Foundling Hospital, but his death in early 1759 stopped all further development. He was buried at Paddington on 30 April that year.[br]Bibliography1738, British patent no. 562 (spinning machine). 1748, British patent no. 636 (carding machine).1758, British patent no. 724 (circular spinning machine).Further ReadingG.J.French, 1859, The Life and Times of Samuel Crompton, London, App. This should be read in conjunction with R.L.Hills, 1970, Power in the Industrial Revolution, Manchester, which shows that the roller drafting system on Paul's later spinning machine worked on the wrong principles.A.P.Wadsworth and J.de L.Mann, 1931, The Cotton Trade and Industrial Lancashire, 1600–1780, Manchester (provides good coverage of the partnership of Paul and Wyatt and the early mills).E.Baines, 1835, History of the Cotton Manufacture in Great Britain, London (this publication must be mentioned, but is now out of date).A.Seymour-Jones, 1921, "The invention of roller drawing in cotton spinning", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 1 (a more modern account).RLH -
57 Watt, James
SUBJECT AREA: Steam and internal combustion engines[br]b. 19 January 1735 Greenock, Renfrewshire, Scotlandd. 19 August 1819 Handsworth Heath, Birmingham, England[br]Scottish engineer and inventor of the separate condenser for the steam engine.[br]The sixth child of James Watt, merchant and general contractor, and Agnes Muirhead, Watt was a weak and sickly child; he was one of only two to survive childhood out of a total of eight, yet, like his father, he was to live to an age of over 80. He was educated at local schools, including Greenock Grammar School where he was an uninspired pupil. At the age of 17 he was sent to live with relatives in Glasgow and then in 1755 to London to become an apprentice to a mathematical instrument maker, John Morgan of Finch Lane, Cornhill. Less than a year later he returned to Greenock and then to Glasgow, where he was appointed mathematical instrument maker to the University and was permitted in 1757 to set up a workshop within the University grounds. In this position he came to know many of the University professors and staff, and it was thus that he became involved in work on the steam engine when in 1764 he was asked to put in working order a defective Newcomen engine model. It did not take Watt long to perceive that the great inefficiency of the Newcomen engine was due to the repeated heating and cooling of the cylinder. His idea was to drive the steam out of the cylinder and to condense it in a separate vessel. The story is told of Watt's flash of inspiration as he was walking across Glasgow Green one Sunday afternoon; the idea formed perfectly in his mind and he became anxious to get back to his workshop to construct the necessary apparatus, but this was the Sabbath and work had to wait until the morrow, so Watt forced himself to wait until the Monday morning.Watt designed a condensing engine and was lent money for its development by Joseph Black, the Glasgow University professor who had established the concept of latent heat. In 1768 Watt went into partnership with John Roebuck, who required the steam engine for the drainage of a coal-mine that he was opening up at Bo'ness, West Lothian. In 1769, Watt took out his patent for "A New Invented Method of Lessening the Consumption of Steam and Fuel in Fire Engines". When Roebuck went bankrupt in 1772, Matthew Boulton, proprietor of the Soho Engineering Works near Birmingham, bought Roebuck's share in Watt's patent. Watt had met Boulton four years earlier at the Soho works, where power was obtained at that time by means of a water-wheel and a steam engine to pump the water back up again above the wheel. Watt moved to Birmingham in 1774, and after the patent had been extended by Parliament in 1775 he and Boulton embarked on a highly profitable partnership. While Boulton endeavoured to keep the business supplied with capital, Watt continued to refine his engine, making several improvements over the years; he was also involved frequently in legal proceedings over infringements of his patent.In 1794 Watt and Boulton founded the new company of Boulton \& Watt, with a view to their retirement; Watt's son James and Boulton's son Matthew assumed management of the company. Watt retired in 1800, but continued to spend much of his time in the workshop he had set up in the garret of his Heathfield home; principal amongst his work after retirement was the invention of a pantograph sculpturing machine.James Watt was hard-working, ingenious and essentially practical, but it is doubtful that he would have succeeded as he did without the business sense of his partner, Matthew Boulton. Watt coined the term "horsepower" for quantifying the output of engines, and the SI unit of power, the watt, is named in his honour.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsFRS 1785. Honorary LLD, University of Glasgow 1806. Foreign Associate, Académie des Sciences, Paris 1814.Further ReadingH.W.Dickinson and R Jenkins, 1927, James Watt and the Steam Engine, Oxford: Clarendon Press.L.T.C.Rolt, 1962, James Watt, London: B.T. Batsford.R.Wailes, 1963, James Watt, Instrument Maker (The Great Masters: Engineering Heritage, Vol. 1), London: Institution of Mechanical Engineers.IMcN -
58 схема
схема сущchartаэродинамическая схемаaerodynamic designвертолет поперечной схемыside-by-side rotor helicopterвертолет продольной схемыtandem-rotor helicopterвертолет соосной схемыcoaxial-rotor helicopterвизуальный заход на посадку по упрощенной схемеabbreviated visual approachвоздушное судно, загруженное не по установленной схемеimproperly loaded aircraftвоздушное судно обычной схемы взлета и посадкиconventional takeoff and landing aircraftвоздушное судно с фюзеляжем типовой схемыregular-body aircraftвоздушное судно схемы летающее крыло1. all-wing aircraft2. tailless aircraft воздушное судно схемы уткаcanard aircraftвоздушный винт двусторонней схемыdoubleacting propellerзаход на посадку по обычной схемеnormal approachзаход на посадку по полной схемеlong approachзаход на посадку по сегментно-криволинейной схемеsegmented approachзаход на посадку по укороченной схемеshort approachзаход на посадку по упрощенной схемеsimple approachисходная схема полетаreference flight procedureконтрольный ориентир схемы ожиданияholding fixлиния пути по схеме с двумя спаренными разворотамиrace trackлиния пути установленной схемыprocedure trackмонтажная схемаwiring diagramнабор высоты по установившейся схемеproper climbне выполнять установленную схемуfail to follow the procedureобратная схемаreversal procedureосновная схема маркировкиbasic marking patternпечатная схемаprinted circuitразворот по стандартной схемеstandard rate turnразворот по установленной схемеprocedure turnразрабатывать схемуconstruct the procedureстандартная схема вылета по приборамstandard instrument departureстандартная схема посадки по приборамstandard instrument arrivalсхема аварийной эвакуацииemergency evacuation diagramсхема аэродрома1. aerodrome chart2. aerodrome layout схема взлета1. takeoff procedure2. takeoff pattern схема взлета без остановкиrolling takeoff procedureсхема в зоне ожиданияholding patternсхема визуального захода на посадкуvisual approach streamlineсхема визуального полета по кругуvisual circling procedureсхема воздушного движенияair traffic patternсхема воздушного поискаaerial search patternсхема воздушной обстановкиair plotсхема возможного столкновенияcollision risk modelсхема входаinbound procedureсхема входа в диспетчерскую зонуentry procedureсхема входа в зону ожиданияholding entry procedureсхема вылетаdeparture procedureсхема выходаoutbound procedureсхема движенияtraffic patternсхема движения в зоне аэродромаaerodrome traffic patternсхема загрузкиloading chartсхема загрузки воздушного судна1. aircraft loading diagram2. aircraft loading chart схема захода на посадку1. approach pattern2. approach procedure 3. approach chart схема захода на посадку без применения радиолокационных средствnonprecision approach procedureсхема захода на посадку по командам с землиground-controlled approach procedureсхема захода на посадку по коробочкеrectangular approach traffic patternсхема захода на посадку по приборам1. instrument approach procedure2. instrument approach chart схема зоны аэродромаterminal area streamlineсхема курсаcourse structure(полета) схема курсовheading bugсхема летного поляrunway strip patternсхема набора высоты после взлетаafter takeoff procedureсхема обнаружения и устранения неисправностейtroubleshooting streamlineсхема обслуживания воздушного движенияair traffic service chartсхема ожидания типа ипподром1. race-track holding pattern2. race-track holding procedure схема осмотраinspection procedureсхема поискаsearch circuitсхема полетаflight procedureсхема полета в зоне ожиданияholding procedureсхема полета по кругу1. circuit pattern2. circling procedure схема полета по маршрутуen-route procedureсхема полета по приборамinstrument flight procedureсхема полета по приборам в зоне ожиданияinstrument holding procedureсхема полета с минимальным расходом топливаfuel savings procedureсхема полетовbugсхема полетов по кругуtraffic circuitсхема посадки1. landing procedure2. landing pattern 3. landing chart 4. to-land procedure схема последовательности работыsequence-of-operation diagramсхема разворота на посадочный кругbase turn procedureсхема размещения наземных средств и оборудованияfacility chartсхема размещения радиосредствradio facility chartсхема размещения снаряженияrigging chartсхема расположенияarrangement diagramсхема расположения ВППrunway patternсхема распространения шумовnoise mapсхема руления1. taxi pattern2. taxi streamline схема руления по аэродромуaerodrome taxi circuitсхема с минимальным расходом топливаeconomic patternсхема сниженияlet-down procedureсхема стоянкиparking chartсхема технологических разъемовproduction breakdown diagramсхема точного захода на посадкуprecision approach procedureсхема ускоренного набора высотыaccelerating climb procedureсхема установкиinstallation diagramсхема ухода на второй круг1. overshoot procedure2. missed approach procedure типовая схема взлетаnormal takeoff procedureустановленная схема вылета по приборамstandard instrument departure chartустановленная схема полета по кругуfixed circuitустановленная схема ухода на второй круг по приборамinstrument missed procedureуходить на второй круг по заданной схемеtake a missed-approach procedureшаблон схемы зоны ожиданияholding templateшаблон схемы разворота на посадочный курсbase turn templateшаблон схемы стандартного разворотаprocedure turn templateшаблон схемы типа ипподромracetrack template -
59 Reasoning
For some considerable time we cherished the illusion that [using formal logic to construct psychological models of reasoning] was the way to proceed and that only the structural characteristics of the problem mattered. Only gradually did we realise first that there was no existing formal calculus which correctly modelled our subject's inferences, and second that no purely formal calculus would succeed. (Wason & Johnson-Laird, 1972, p. 244)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Reasoning
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