confuted

ex-pugno, āvi, ātum, 1 (archaic inf. fut. expugnassere, Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 55), v. a., to take by assault, to storm, capture, reduce, subdue (freq. and class.; syn.: obsideo, oppugno, capio).

Lit., of places:

id (oppidum Noviodunum) ex itinere oppugnare conatus, expugnare non potuit,

Caes. B. G. 2, 12, 2:

oppidum,

id. ib. 2, 10, 4;

3, 14, 1 al.: nonnullas urbes per vim,

id. B. C. 3, 55, 3:

urbem,

Liv. 2, 12, 1:

Cirtam armis,

Sall. J. 23, 1:

castellum,

Caes. B. G. 2, 9, 4; 3, 1, 4:

loca multa,

Nep. Ages. 3:

moenia mundi,

Lucr. 2, 1144 et saep.—

Transf., of other objects (things or persons), to subdue, overcome, break down or through, sweep away:

naves,

Caes. B. G. 3, 15, 2 and 5:

aedes,

Ter. Eun. 4, 7, 3; cf.

villas,

Sall. J. 44, 5:

carcerem,

Plaut. Ps. 4, 7, 76:

Philippum et Nabin expugnatos,

conquered, Liv. 37, 25, 6; cf.:

inclusos moenibus expugnat,

Curt. 9, 4:

aliquos,

id. 6, 6; Tac. Agr. 41; Flor. 2, 2, 16; Just. 3, 5:

expugnavi amanti herili filio aurum ab suo patre,

obtained by force, Plaut. Bacch. 4, 9, 5.—Of inanimate subjects:

flumina id oppidum expugnavere,

swept away, Plin. 6, 27, 31, § 138:

Euphrates Taurum expugnat,

i. e. breaks through, id. 5, 24, 20, § 85:

lacte equino venena et toxica expugnantur,

are counteracted, id. 28, 10, 45, § 159.—

Trop., to conquer, subdue, overcome:

sapientis animus magnitudine consilii, tolerantia, virtutibus, etc.... vincetur et expugnabitur,

Cic. Par. 4, 1, 27:

nihil tam munitum, quod non expugnari pecuniā possit,

id. Verr. 1, 2, 4:

fortunas patrias,

id. Clu. 13, 36:

pudicitiam,

to violate, id. Cael. 20; 50:

aut enim expugnatur intentio aut adsumptio aut conclusio, nonnumquam omnia,

i. e. is refuted, confuted, Quint. 5, 14, 20 sq.:

pertinaciam legatorum,

Liv. 37, 56, 9:

paupertatem,

Petr. 126:

expugnatus precibus uxoris,

Suet. Tib. 21;

so simply expugnatus,

id. Caes. 1; id. Vesp. 22:

coepta,

to fight through, to accomplish, Ov. M. 9, 619; cf.: sibi legationem expugnavit, extorted, wrung out, obtained (= extorsit), Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 16, § 44.—With ut:

aliqua ratione expugnasset iste, ut dies tollerentur,

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 52, § 130:

aegre expugnavit, ut, etc.,

Petr. 108.—Hence, * ex-pugnans, antis, P. a., efficient, efficacious:

expugnantior herba,

Ov. M. 14, 21 (so Jahn and Bach., Merkel, expugnacior).

rē̆trō-versus or - sum ( - vorsus, and sync. rē̆trōrsus, - sum, also rē̆trōsus, Tert. Apol. 19), a, um, adj. [verto], turned back or backwards (adj. very rare, but freq. as adv.; v. infra).

Form rē̆trōversus:

Medusae Ipse retroversus squalentia prodidit ora,

Ov. M. 4, 655:

retroversi ortus omen,

Sol. 4. — Trop.:

argumentum,

confuted, Lact. 1, 16 fin. —

Form rē̆trōrsus:

retrorsā manu,

Plin. 26, 9, 60, § 93:

denique saepe retrorsa respiciens (mulier) substitit,

App. M. 2, 6 Hild. p. 101 Oud. (retrorsus, p. 101 Elm.).—

Trop., back, as to time, former, earlier; so only in comp.:

retrosior,

older, Tert. Apol. 19.—Hence, adv., in four forms: retrorsum (the predom. one, class.), retrorsus, retrovorsum, and retroversus, back, backwards, behind.

Lit.

Form rē̆trōrsum:

me vestigia terrent, Omnia te adversum spectantia, nulla retrorsum,

Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 75:

vela dare,

id. C. 1, 34, 3; cf.:

mutata te ferat aura,

id. Ep. 1, 18, 88:

rejectae Hannibalis minae,

id. C. 4, 8, 16; cf.

redire,

Plin. 9, 31, 51, § 99.—

Form rē̆trōrsus: dare terga metu, Val. Fl. 3, 268:

cedentem,

Sil. 11, 513; App. M. 3, p. 143, 39.—

Form rē̆trōvorsum: cedam, imitabor nepam, Plaut. Fragm. ap. Non. 145, 14; Macr. S. 1, 17. —

Form rē̆trōversus:

colonia crescit tamquam coda vituli,

Petr. 44, 12.—

Trop.

In time, back, before, earlier (jurid. Lat.):

retrorsus ad id tempus, etc.,

Dig. 15, 1, 32 fin.:

retrorsum se actio refert,

ib. 13, 5, 18.—

In other relations, back, backwards, in return, in reversed order.

Form rē̆trōrsum: ex terrā aqua, ex aquā oritur aer, ex aëre aether;

deinde retrorsum vicissim ex aethere aër, etc.,

Cic. N. D. 2, 33, 84 (cf. the like use of retro, Lucr. 1, 785):

ut viros ac feminas, diem ac noctem dicas potius, quam retrorsum,

Quint. 9, 4, 23; 7, 1, 25:

quaedam et retrorsum idem valent,

id. 5, 9, 6:

sed omnia retrorsum,

Flor. 4, 12, 25.—

Form rē̆trōrsus:

ac si retrorsus homo mihi venisset,

Dig. 44, 3, 6, § 1.

rē̆trō-versus or - sum ( - vorsus, and sync. rē̆trōrsus, - sum, also rē̆trōsus, Tert. Apol. 19), a, um, adj. [verto], turned back or backwards (adj. very rare, but freq. as adv.; v. infra).

Form rē̆trōversus:

Medusae Ipse retroversus squalentia prodidit ora,

Ov. M. 4, 655:

retroversi ortus omen,

Sol. 4. — Trop.:

argumentum,

confuted, Lact. 1, 16 fin. —

Form rē̆trōrsus:

retrorsā manu,

Plin. 26, 9, 60, § 93:

denique saepe retrorsa respiciens (mulier) substitit,

App. M. 2, 6 Hild. p. 101 Oud. (retrorsus, p. 101 Elm.).—

Trop., back, as to time, former, earlier; so only in comp.:

retrosior,

older, Tert. Apol. 19.—Hence, adv., in four forms: retrorsum (the predom. one, class.), retrorsus, retrovorsum, and retroversus, back, backwards, behind.

Lit.

Form rē̆trōrsum:

me vestigia terrent, Omnia te adversum spectantia, nulla retrorsum,

Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 75:

vela dare,

id. C. 1, 34, 3; cf.:

mutata te ferat aura,

id. Ep. 1, 18, 88:

rejectae Hannibalis minae,

id. C. 4, 8, 16; cf.

redire,

Plin. 9, 31, 51, § 99.—

Form rē̆trōrsus: dare terga metu, Val. Fl. 3, 268:

cedentem,

Sil. 11, 513; App. M. 3, p. 143, 39.—

Form rē̆trōvorsum: cedam, imitabor nepam, Plaut. Fragm. ap. Non. 145, 14; Macr. S. 1, 17. —

Form rē̆trōversus:

colonia crescit tamquam coda vituli,

Petr. 44, 12.—

Trop.

In time, back, before, earlier (jurid. Lat.):

retrorsus ad id tempus, etc.,

Dig. 15, 1, 32 fin.:

retrorsum se actio refert,

ib. 13, 5, 18.—

In other relations, back, backwards, in return, in reversed order.

Form rē̆trōrsum: ex terrā aqua, ex aquā oritur aer, ex aëre aether;

deinde retrorsum vicissim ex aethere aër, etc.,

Cic. N. D. 2, 33, 84 (cf. the like use of retro, Lucr. 1, 785):

ut viros ac feminas, diem ac noctem dicas potius, quam retrorsum,

Quint. 9, 4, 23; 7, 1, 25:

quaedam et retrorsum idem valent,

id. 5, 9, 6:

sed omnia retrorsum,

Flor. 4, 12, 25.—

Form rē̆trōrsus:

ac si retrorsus homo mihi venisset,

Dig. 44, 3, 6, § 1.

rē̆trō-versus or - sum ( - vorsus, and sync. rē̆trōrsus, - sum, also rē̆trōsus, Tert. Apol. 19), a, um, adj. [verto], turned back or backwards (adj. very rare, but freq. as adv.; v. infra).

Form rē̆trōversus:

Medusae Ipse retroversus squalentia prodidit ora,

Ov. M. 4, 655:

retroversi ortus omen,

Sol. 4. — Trop.:

argumentum,

confuted, Lact. 1, 16 fin. —

Form rē̆trōrsus:

retrorsā manu,

Plin. 26, 9, 60, § 93:

denique saepe retrorsa respiciens (mulier) substitit,

App. M. 2, 6 Hild. p. 101 Oud. (retrorsus, p. 101 Elm.).—

Trop., back, as to time, former, earlier; so only in comp.:

retrosior,

older, Tert. Apol. 19.—Hence, adv., in four forms: retrorsum (the predom. one, class.), retrorsus, retrovorsum, and retroversus, back, backwards, behind.

Lit.

Form rē̆trōrsum:

me vestigia terrent, Omnia te adversum spectantia, nulla retrorsum,

Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 75:

vela dare,

id. C. 1, 34, 3; cf.:

mutata te ferat aura,

id. Ep. 1, 18, 88:

rejectae Hannibalis minae,

id. C. 4, 8, 16; cf.

redire,

Plin. 9, 31, 51, § 99.—

Form rē̆trōrsus: dare terga metu, Val. Fl. 3, 268:

cedentem,

Sil. 11, 513; App. M. 3, p. 143, 39.—

Form rē̆trōvorsum: cedam, imitabor nepam, Plaut. Fragm. ap. Non. 145, 14; Macr. S. 1, 17. —

Form rē̆trōversus:

colonia crescit tamquam coda vituli,

Petr. 44, 12.—

Trop.

In time, back, before, earlier (jurid. Lat.):

retrorsus ad id tempus, etc.,

Dig. 15, 1, 32 fin.:

retrorsum se actio refert,

ib. 13, 5, 18.—

In other relations, back, backwards, in return, in reversed order.

Form rē̆trōrsum: ex terrā aqua, ex aquā oritur aer, ex aëre aether;

deinde retrorsum vicissim ex aethere aër, etc.,

Cic. N. D. 2, 33, 84 (cf. the like use of retro, Lucr. 1, 785):

ut viros ac feminas, diem ac noctem dicas potius, quam retrorsum,

Quint. 9, 4, 23; 7, 1, 25:

quaedam et retrorsum idem valent,

id. 5, 9, 6:

sed omnia retrorsum,

Flor. 4, 12, 25.—

Form rē̆trōrsus:

ac si retrorsus homo mihi venisset,

Dig. 44, 3, 6, § 1.

rē̆trō-versus or - sum ( - vorsus, and sync. rē̆trōrsus, - sum, also rē̆trōsus, Tert. Apol. 19), a, um, adj. [verto], turned back or backwards (adj. very rare, but freq. as adv.; v. infra).

Form rē̆trōversus:

Medusae Ipse retroversus squalentia prodidit ora,

Ov. M. 4, 655:

retroversi ortus omen,

Sol. 4. — Trop.:

argumentum,

confuted, Lact. 1, 16 fin. —

Form rē̆trōrsus:

retrorsā manu,

Plin. 26, 9, 60, § 93:

denique saepe retrorsa respiciens (mulier) substitit,

App. M. 2, 6 Hild. p. 101 Oud. (retrorsus, p. 101 Elm.).—

Trop., back, as to time, former, earlier; so only in comp.:

retrosior,

older, Tert. Apol. 19.—Hence, adv., in four forms: retrorsum (the predom. one, class.), retrorsus, retrovorsum, and retroversus, back, backwards, behind.

Lit.

Form rē̆trōrsum:

me vestigia terrent, Omnia te adversum spectantia, nulla retrorsum,

Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 75:

vela dare,

id. C. 1, 34, 3; cf.:

mutata te ferat aura,

id. Ep. 1, 18, 88:

rejectae Hannibalis minae,

id. C. 4, 8, 16; cf.

redire,

Plin. 9, 31, 51, § 99.—

Form rē̆trōrsus: dare terga metu, Val. Fl. 3, 268:

cedentem,

Sil. 11, 513; App. M. 3, p. 143, 39.—

Form rē̆trōvorsum: cedam, imitabor nepam, Plaut. Fragm. ap. Non. 145, 14; Macr. S. 1, 17. —

Form rē̆trōversus:

colonia crescit tamquam coda vituli,

Petr. 44, 12.—

Trop.

In time, back, before, earlier (jurid. Lat.):

retrorsus ad id tempus, etc.,

Dig. 15, 1, 32 fin.:

retrorsum se actio refert,

ib. 13, 5, 18.—

In other relations, back, backwards, in return, in reversed order.

Form rē̆trōrsum: ex terrā aqua, ex aquā oritur aer, ex aëre aether;

deinde retrorsum vicissim ex aethere aër, etc.,

Cic. N. D. 2, 33, 84 (cf. the like use of retro, Lucr. 1, 785):

ut viros ac feminas, diem ac noctem dicas potius, quam retrorsum,

Quint. 9, 4, 23; 7, 1, 25:

quaedam et retrorsum idem valent,

id. 5, 9, 6:

sed omnia retrorsum,

Flor. 4, 12, 25.—

Form rē̆trōrsus:

ac si retrorsus homo mihi venisset,

Dig. 44, 3, 6, § 1.

rē̆trō-versus or - sum ( - vorsus, and sync. rē̆trōrsus, - sum, also rē̆trōsus, Tert. Apol. 19), a, um, adj. [verto], turned back or backwards (adj. very rare, but freq. as adv.; v. infra).

Form rē̆trōversus:

Medusae Ipse retroversus squalentia prodidit ora,

Ov. M. 4, 655:

retroversi ortus omen,

Sol. 4. — Trop.:

argumentum,

confuted, Lact. 1, 16 fin. —

Form rē̆trōrsus:

retrorsā manu,

Plin. 26, 9, 60, § 93:

denique saepe retrorsa respiciens (mulier) substitit,

App. M. 2, 6 Hild. p. 101 Oud. (retrorsus, p. 101 Elm.).—

Trop., back, as to time, former, earlier; so only in comp.:

retrosior,

older, Tert. Apol. 19.—Hence, adv., in four forms: retrorsum (the predom. one, class.), retrorsus, retrovorsum, and retroversus, back, backwards, behind.

Lit.

Form rē̆trōrsum:

me vestigia terrent, Omnia te adversum spectantia, nulla retrorsum,

Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 75:

vela dare,

id. C. 1, 34, 3; cf.:

mutata te ferat aura,

id. Ep. 1, 18, 88:

rejectae Hannibalis minae,

id. C. 4, 8, 16; cf.

redire,

Plin. 9, 31, 51, § 99.—

Form rē̆trōrsus: dare terga metu, Val. Fl. 3, 268:

cedentem,

Sil. 11, 513; App. M. 3, p. 143, 39.—

Form rē̆trōvorsum: cedam, imitabor nepam, Plaut. Fragm. ap. Non. 145, 14; Macr. S. 1, 17. —

Form rē̆trōversus:

colonia crescit tamquam coda vituli,

Petr. 44, 12.—

Trop.

In time, back, before, earlier (jurid. Lat.):

retrorsus ad id tempus, etc.,

Dig. 15, 1, 32 fin.:

retrorsum se actio refert,

ib. 13, 5, 18.—

In other relations, back, backwards, in return, in reversed order.

Form rē̆trōrsum: ex terrā aqua, ex aquā oritur aer, ex aëre aether;

deinde retrorsum vicissim ex aethere aër, etc.,

Cic. N. D. 2, 33, 84 (cf. the like use of retro, Lucr. 1, 785):

ut viros ac feminas, diem ac noctem dicas potius, quam retrorsum,

Quint. 9, 4, 23; 7, 1, 25:

quaedam et retrorsum idem valent,

id. 5, 9, 6:

sed omnia retrorsum,

Flor. 4, 12, 25.—

Form rē̆trōrsus:

ac si retrorsus homo mihi venisset,

Dig. 44, 3, 6, § 1.