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conclusion+of+investigation

  • 1 закінчення розслідування

    Українсько-англійський юридичний словник > закінчення розслідування

  • 2 закінчення

    Українсько-англійський словник > закінчення

  • 3 окончание расследования

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > окончание расследования

  • 4 mener

    mener [m(ə)ne]
    ➭ TABLE 5 transitive verb
       a. ( = conduire) to lead ; ( = accompagner) to take
    où tout cela va-t-il nous mener ? where does all this lead us?
       b. ( = commander) [+ cortège] to lead ; [+ pays, entreprise] to run
       c. ( = être en tête) to lead
       d. [+ vie] to lead ; [+ négociations, lutte, conversation] to carry on ; [+ enquête] to carry out ; [+ affaires] to run ; [+ carrière] to manage
    * * *
    məne
    1.
    1) ( accompagner) gén

    mener quelqu'un quelque part — to take somebody somewhere; ( en voiture) to drive somebody somewhere

    2) ( guider) to lead
    3) ( commander) to lead [hommes, pays]; to run [entreprise]
    4) ( avoir l'avantage) to lead
    5) (aller, faire aller) [route]

    mener au villageto go ou lead to the village

    cette histoire peut te mener loin — ( avoir des conséquences graves) it could be a very nasty business

    10 euros, cela ne nous mènera pas loin — 10 euros, that won't get us very far

    mener à bien or à (son) terme — to complete [something] successfully [projet]; to bring [something] to a successful conclusion [négociation, enquête]; to handle [something] successfully [opération délicate]

    7) ( poursuivre) to carry out [étude, réforme]; to pursue [politique]; to run [campagne]

    mener une enquêtegén to hold an investigation


    2.
    verbe intransitif Sport to be in the lead
    ••

    mener la danse or le jeu — to call the tune

    * * *
    m(ə)ne
    1. vt
    1) [personne] (= conduire, emmener) to take
    2) [route, chemin]

    Cette rue mène directement à la gare. — This street leads straight to the station.

    3) [circonstances]
    4) (= diriger) [enquête] to conduct, [affaires] to manage

    mener qch à bien — to see sth through, to complete sth successfully

    mener qch à terme — to see sth through, to complete sth successfully

    2. vi
    SPORT to lead
    * * *
    mener verb table: lever
    A vtr
    1 ( accompagner) gén mener qn quelque part to take sb somewhere; ( en voiture) to drive sb somewhere;
    2 ( guider) to lead [bête, enfant, convoi]; mener un animal par une corde to lead an animal on a rope; mener qn à l'échafaud to take sb to the scaffold; mener paître le troupeau to lead the flock to pasture; mener son embarcation parmi les récifs to guide one's boat through the reef;
    3 ( commander) to lead [hommes, équipe, pays, délégation]; to run [entreprise, pays]; il ne se laisse pas mener par sa grande sœur he won't be bossed about ou around US by his older sister; l'égoïsme mène le monde the world is ruled by self-interest; se laisser mener par son seul intérêt to be motivated by pure self-interest; ⇒ dur, nez;
    4 gén, Sport ( avoir l'avantage) to lead; la France mène le championnat devant l'Allemagne par trois points France is leading the championship three points ahead of Germany;
    5 (aller, faire aller) mener à Lille/au village [route] to go ou lead to Lille/to the village; mener qn quelque part [route] to take sb somewhere; notre promenade nous mena jusqu'au fleuve our walk took us as far as the river; la voie qui mène à la démocratie the road to democracy; ⇒ Rome;
    6 ( faire aboutir) mener à [baisse, échec, catastrophe, découverte] to lead to; mener qn à conclure que to lead sb to conclude that; je ne vois pas où cela nous mène I can't see where this is getting ou leading us; mener droit à gén to lead [sb/sth] straight to; cela le mènera droit en prison that will land him in jail; cela mène à tout it leads to all kinds of things; cela ne mène à rien it doesn't lead anywhere; parler ne mène à rien talking won't get you anywhere; cette histoire peut te mener loin ( avoir des conséquences graves) it could be a very nasty business; 50 euros, cela ne nous mènera pas loin 50 euros, that won't get us very far; des indices qui ne mènent nulle part clues which don't lead anywhere; mener qch à bien or à bonne fin or à (son) terme to complete [sth] successfully [projet]; to bring [sth] to a successful conclusion [négociation, enquête]; to handle [sth] successfully [opération délicate];
    7 ( poursuivre) to carry out [étude, réforme]; to pursue [politique]; to run [campagne]; mener une enquête gén to hold an investigation ou enquiry GB; ( en tant que chef) to head an investigation ou enquiry GB; mener des discussions oiseuses to engage in pointless discussion; mener deux choses de front to pursue two aims simultaneously; mener une vie exemplaire/misérable to lead a blameless/wretched existence; mener une vie de moine to live like a hermit; mener sa vie comme on l'entend to live as one pleases; mener des combats violents to fight furiously; mener une offensive contre un pays to conduct an offensive against a country; mener une guerre sans pitié to wage a bitter war; mener une grève de la faim to be on hunger strike; ⇒ bâton;
    8 ( tracer) mener une ligne d'un point à un autre to draw a line between two points.
    B vi Sport to be in the lead; mener par trois buts à un to lead by three goals to one.
    [məne] verbe transitif
    1. [conduire - personne] to take, to lead
    2. [suj: escalier, passage, route] to take, to lead
    la ligne n°1 mène à Neuilly line No. 1 takes you ou goes to Neuilly
    la deuxième année mène au dessin industriel after the second year, you go on to technical drawing
    mener loin: un feu rouge grillé, ça va vous mener loin! (familier) you went through the lights, that'll cost you!
    3. [diriger - groupe, équipe] to lead ; [ - combat, négociation] to carry on (inseparable) ; [ - affaire, projet] to run, to manage ; [ - enquête] to conduct, to lead ; [ - débat] to lead, to chair
    b. (figuré) to have the upper hand, to call the tune
    mener quelque chose à bien ou à terme ou à bonne fin
    ————————
    [məne] verbe intransitif

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > mener

  • 5 следствие

    1) General subject: consequence, consequent, corollary, effect, end, examination, inference, inquest (on), inquirendo, inquiry, inquisition, investigation, result, sequel, sequence, supervention
    2) Computers: implication
    3) Biology: remote effect
    4) Rare: consectary
    7) Information technology: inference (логический)
    8) Business: deduction, rider
    9) leg.N.P. consequence (general), effect (general), examination (law of criminal procedure), investigation (law of criminal procedure)
    10) Procedural law: law enforcement investigation
    11) Makarov: corollary (закона), derived equation (выраженное ур-нием), illative, in consequence of, inquest on, offshoot, outgrowth, spawn (какого-л. явления, обстоятельства)

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > следствие

  • 6 показать

    (= показывать) show, register, read, exhibit, reveal, depict, display, illustrate, indicate
    Анализ этих уравнений показывает, что... - Inspection of these equations shows that...
    Более совершенным рассуждением можно показать, что... - By a more refined argument it can be shown that...
    Более того, данное обсуждение показывает, что... - The discussion shows, moreover, that...
    Более точное вычисление показывает, что... - A more exact calculation shows that...
    Быстро покажем, что... - It will be shown in a moment that...
    В главе 2 мы вернемся к этому вопросу и попытаемся показать, что... - In Chapter 2 we shall return to this question and try to show that...
    В предыдущем параграфе мы уже показали, как исследовать... - In the preceding section we have shown how to investigate...
    Важно, что исследование также показывает, что... - Importantly, the study also shows that...
    Нам остается лишь показать, что... - All that remains is to show that...
    Вычисления показали, что... - Computations have shown that...
    Далее будет показано, что... - It will be shown in the sequel that...
    Далее можно показать, что... - It can further be shown that...
    Далее, легко показать, что... - It is easy to show, furthermore, that...
    Далее, мы показываем, что существуют функции, нарушающие это неравенство при к > 2... - Next, we show that there are functions which violate this inequality for к > 2.
    Дальнейшее исследование, однако, показало, что... - Further investigation, however, has shown that...
    Дальнейшее применение соотношения (1) показывает, что... - Further application of (1) shows that...
    Данная формулировка показывает сразу несколько аспектов. - The formulation reveals several things.
    Данные примеры должны показать, что... - These examples should make it clear that...
    Данный подход показывает, что... - The present approach shows that...
    Данный результат следует немедленно, если мы можем показать, что... - The result will follow immediately if we can show that...
    Действительно, в этом случае мы могли бы показать, что... - Indeed, in this case, we may show that...
    Довольно громоздкое вычисление показывает, что... - A somewhat lengthy computation shows that...
    Еще более удивительным является пример, найденный Смитом [11], который показывает, что... - Even more startling is an example due to Smith [11], which shows that...
    Еще раз, это показывает зависимость... - Again, this demonstrates the dependence of...
    Здесь мы можем только показать, что... - We can show here only that...
    Изучение... показывает, что... - Studies of... indicate that...
    Используя определения F и G, легко показать, что... - It is a simple matter, using the definitions of F and G, to show that...
    Используя эти соотношения, мы легко можем показать по индукции, что... - From these relations we can easily show by induction that...
    Исследование уравнения (4) показывает, что... - An examination of (4) shows that...
    Исследования показали важность... - The studies demonstrated the importance of...
    Видимо, все это показывает, что... - All this seems to show that...
    Как легко показать, используя..., этим можно полностью пренебречь. - It is utterly negligible, as we can easily show by...
    Как показывает следующий пример, это не обязательно выполняется. - This is not necessarily the case, as the following example illustrates.
    Как приложение данного результата, мы покажем, что... - As an application of this result, we show that...
    Количественный анализ этих результатов показывает, что... - A quantitative analysis of these results shows that...
    Легко показать, что... - It is easily shown that...
    Легкое изменение приведенного выше рассуждения показывает, что... - A slight modification of the above reasoning shows that...
    Метод анализа, намеченный в предыдущем абзаце, показывает... - The method of analysis outlined in the last paragraph shows...
    Многие годы экспериментов показали, что... - Many years of experimentation have shown that...
    Можно показать, что в целом это заключение является справедливым. - It can be shown that this conclusion is generally valid.
    Можно показать, что они являются как достаточными, так и необходимыми. - It may be shown that they are sufficient as well as necessary.
    Можно показать, что это эквивалентно условию... - This can be shown to be equivalent to the condition that...
    Мы должны показать, что... - We have to show that...
    Мы можем показать это на простом примере. - We can demonstrate this with a simple example.
    Мы оставляем для самостоятельного решения задачу показать, что... - We leave it as a problem to show that...
    Мы покажем теперь, что это не справедливо. - We shall now show that this is not the case.
    Мы хотим явно показать, что... - We wish to show explicitly that...
    На самом деле мы лишь показали, что... - We have in fact only shown that...
    На самом деле мы можем показать, что... - We can show, in fact, that...
    На самом деле, его исследование, похоже, показывает, что... - Actually his investigation seemed to show that...
    Нам остается показать, что... - We need only to show that...; It remains for us to show that...
    Намеченные выше вычисления показывают, что... - The calculations outlined above show that...
    Например, мы покажем, что... - We shall show, for example, that...
    Например, не слишком трудно показать, что... - For example, it is not too difficult to show that...
    Например, экспериментально было показано, что... - For example, it has been shown experimentally that...
    Наш простой пример показывает, что... - Our simple example demonstrates that...
    Наши цифры показывают, что... - Our figures show that...
    Небольшое изменение этого доказательства показывает, что... - A minor modification of the proof shows that...
    Небольшое размышление показывает, что... - A moment's reflection will indicate that...
    Недавние эксперименты показали, что... - Recent experiments have shown that...
    Недавняя работа показала, что... - Recent work has shown that...
    Недолгое размышление покажет, что... - A moment's thought will show that...
    Несколько иное рассуждение показывает, что... - A slightly different argument shows that...
    Общие наблюдения показывают... - It is a matter of common observation that...
    Один тип... показан на рис. 2. - One type of... is shown in Figure 2.
    Однако, мы хотим показать, что... - We wish to show, however, that...
    Однако мы уже показали, что... - But we have already shown that...
    Однако следующая теорема показывает, что... - The next theorem shows, however, that...
    Он показал существование глобального по времени решения. - Не showed existence of a global-in-time weak solution.
    Описанные здесь исследования показывают, что... - The studies described here show that...
    Исторический опыт показывает, что... - Historical experience shows that...
    Остается показать, что... - It remains to be shown that...
    Оценка показывает, что... - It is estimated that...
    Подобное же рассуждение показывает нам... - A similar argument will show that...
    Подобные вычисления показывают, что... - Similar computations reveal that...
    Подобным образом можно показать, что... - In like manner it can be shown that...
    Подробный вывод показал бы, что... - A detailed derivation would show that...
    Подстановка этой величины в уравнение (1) показывает, что... - Insertion of this value into equation (1) shows that...
    Полная теория показывает, что... - Detailed theory shows that...
    Помимо всего, нам необходимо показать, что... - Above all, we need to show that...
    Помимо прочих следствий, данный результат показывает, что... - Among other things, this result shows that...
    Последнее разложение показывает, что... - The latter expansion shows that...
    Это может быть трудно показать на практике. - In practice this may be difficult to demonstrate.
    Предварительные результаты показывают, что... - The preliminary results suggest that...
    Пренебрегая этими эффектами, легко показать, что... - Neglecting these effects it is easy to show that...
    Приведенный выше пример 2 показывает, что... - Example 2 above shows that...
    Придерживаясь тех же обозначений, что и в первом параграфе, мы покажем, что... - With the same notation as in Section 1, we shall show that...
    Применение данного метода показывает... - An application of this process shows...
    Продолжая действовать так же, как в параграфе 1, мы можем показать, что... - Proceeding as in Section 1, we may show that...
    Ранее мы показывали, что... - Earlier we showed that...
    Рассуждение, приведенное в конце последней главы, показывает, что... - The argument at the end of the last chapter shows that...
    Рассуждения Гильберта относительно этого уравнения показывают, что... - Hilbert's discussion of this equation shows that...
    Реальные вычисления, однако, показывают, что... - Actual computations show, however, that...
    Результат показан ниже. - The result is recorded below.
    С другой стороны, эксперименты показывают, что... - On the other hand, experiments show that...
    Следующая серия примеров (= иллюстраций) показывает... - The following series of illustrations shows...
    Следующая теорема позволяет нам показать, что... - The following theorem enables us to show that...
    Следующие задачи помогут показать, что важность... - The following problems will help show that importance of...
    Следующие примеры покажут важность данного определения. - Examples will bring out the significance of this definition.
    Следующий пример показывает, что... - The following example shows that...
    Следующим шагом мы покажем, что... - Next it will be shown that...
    Совершенно аналогичным образом можно показать, что... - It can be shown by an exactly similar process that...
    Сравнение А и В показывает, что... - A comparison of A and В shows that...
    Сравнение с точным результатом (2) показывает, что... - A comparison with the exact result (2) shows that...
    Ссылка на уравнение (6) показывает, что... - Reference to equation (6) shows that...
    Стандартные вычисления показывают, что... - A routine calculation shows that...
    Таблицы данных показывают, что... - The tables show that...
    Теоретические соображения показывают, что... - Theoretical considerations show that...
    Теперь мы покажем, что допустимо (предполагать и т. п.)... - We shall now show that it is permissible to...
    Термометр показывает 20 градусов ниже нуля. - The thermometer shows/reads 20 degrees below zero.
    Типичный... показан на рис. 2. - A typical... is shown in Figure 2.
    То же самое рассуждение показывает, что... - The same reasoning shows that...
    То же самое рассуждение четко показывает, что... - The same reasoning evidently shows that...
    То же самое рассуждение, что и выше, показывает, что... - The same argument as above shows that...
    То, что мы показали, это... - What we have shown is that...
    Только что проделанные вычисления показывают нам, что... - The result just calculated shows us that...
    Рис. 2 показывает результаты, полученные... - Fig. 2 shows results obtained for Equation (2.8).
    Цель заключается в том, чтобы показать, что... - The aim is to show that...
    Чтобы доказать теорему, достаточно показать, что... - То prove the theorem it is sufficient to show that...
    Чтобы завершить доказательство, нам остается показать, что... - То complete the proof, we need to demonstrate that...
    Чтобы показать, что обратное несправедливо, мы должны... - То show that the converse is false, we must...
    Чтобы показать, что это невозможно, давайте... - То show that this is not possible, let...
    Чтобы это доказать, нам остается лишь показать, что... - То prove this we need only show that...
    Эксперимент подтверждает это, однако также
    (= одновременно) показывает, что... - Experiment confirms this but also shows that...
    Эксперимент показывает, что... - Experiment shows that...; Experiment tells us that...
    Эксперименты с полупроводниками показывают, что... - Experiments with semiconductors show that...
    Эти и многие другие примеры показывают, что... - These and many other examples show that...
    Эти равенства позволяют нам показать, что... - These identities enable us to show that...
    Эти рассуждения показывают нам, что... - These considerations show us that...
    Эти результаты ясно показывают, что... - These results clearly show that...
    Это доказательство легко переделывается для того, чтобы показать, что... - The proof is easily adapted to show that...
    Это могло бы быть легко показано при использовании условия... - This may be shown readily by employing the condition that...
    Это можно показать двумя методами. - This can be seen in two ways.
    Это показывает (одно) важное ограничение (чего-л). - This demonstrates an important limitation of...
    Это показывает еще раз, что... - This shows once more that...
    Это показывает, что невозможно... - This shows that it is impossible to...
    Это простое соотношение немедленно показывает, что... - This simple relation shows immediately that...
    Это соотношение также показывает, что... - This relation also shows that...
    Это ясно показано на рис. 1, которая представляет результаты (чего-л). - This is clearly demonstrated in Figure 1 which shows the results of...
    Этот пример показывает, что может быть необходимым... - This example shows that it may be necessary to...
    Этот рисунок четко показывает принципиальные различия между... - This figure clearly illustrates the basic differences between...
    Этот эффект будет обсуждаться в главе 2, где будет показано, что... - This effect will be discussed in Chapter 2, where it will be shown that...

    Русско-английский словарь научного общения > показать

  • 7 wynik

    m (G wyniku) 1. (rezultat) result; Sport score; (końcowy) result; (testu) score, result; (działań) upshot, outcome; (badań) findings pl
    - uzyskać bardzo słaby wynik na egzaminie to achieve very poor results in an exam
    - w wyniku śledztwa aresztowano dwoje podejrzanych two suspects were arrested as a result of the investigation
    - miała bardzo dobre wyniki analizy krwi the results of her blood test were very good
    2. Mat. (po wykonaniu działań matematycznych) result
    - wynik dodawania/odejmowania the result of the addition/subtraction
    3. Log. (wniosek w logice) conclusion wyniki plt 1. (dobre rezultaty, osiągnięcia) results
    - stara się i ma wyniki s/he works hard and gets good results
    2. Sport results 3. Med. test results
    * * *
    - ku; -ki; instr sg - kiem; m
    result; (konferencji, śledztwa) result, outcome; ( meczu) score

    w wyniku tego — as a result (of that), consequently

    * * *
    mi
    1. (= efekt) result; osiągać (dobre) wyniki get (good) results; dawać wyniki bring results; być wynikiem czegoś be a consequence l. result of sth; w wyniku czegoś as a result of sth.
    2. sport score.
    3. (= wniosek) conclusion.

    The New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > wynik

  • 8 К-249

    доводить/довести до конца что VP subj: human to bring sth. to its conclusion, reach a final result
    X довёл Y до конца = X saw (carried) Y through (to the end)
    X carried Y to the end X pursued Y to the end X wound Y up (in limited contexts) X rounded off Y
    X got to the bottom of it (Y). Ленин... писал: Сталин капризен. Но вместе с тем он терпелив, настойчив и задуманное всегда доводит до конца (Рыбаков 2). Lenin had written that Stalin was capricious. But he was also patient and persistent, and he always carried his intentions through to the end (2a).
    Что я мог сказать Марату? Что рок никогда не останавливается на полпути, а всегда до конца доводит свой безжалостный замысел? (Искандер 2). What could I say to Marat? That Fate never stops halfway, but always carries its pitiless design to the end! (2a).
    Мы теперь... избираем последние жертвы и доводим дело до конца (Зиновьев 1). "...We are now choosing our last victims and rounding off the affair" (1a).
    ...Юра провёл это расследование в тихости, никому ни слова. Он решил довести до конца - кто ж из двух расхититель... (Солженицын 10). Yuri had conducted his investigation quietly, without breathing a word to anyone. He had made up his mind to get to the bottom of it, to find out which of the two girls was the embezzler (10a).

    Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > К-249

  • 9 вытекать

    (= вытечь, следовать) imply, follow, run out, flow out, arise from, result from, ensue
    В частности отсюда вытекает, что... - This implies in particular that...
    Данная теорема немедленно вытекает из... - The theorem follows at once from...
    За исключение последнего, все эти результаты немедленно вытекают из того факта, что... - All these results except the last follow immediately from the fact that...
    Заключение, которое вытекает из следующих двух примеров, состоит в том, что... - The conclusion to be drawn from these two examples is that...
    Заметьте, что из F = G вытекает, что такое т существует. - Note that F = G implies that m exists.
    Из вышеуказанного утверждения следует дополнительный результат. - The above argument gives us the following additional result.
    Из нашего обсуждения соотношения (4), а также из того факта, что..., вытекает... - This follows from our discussion of (4) and the fact that...
    Из последнего условия вытекает, что... - From the latter condition it follows that...
    Из предыдущих результатов вытекает, что... - It follows from the foregoing results that...
    Из процитированных выше результатов вытекает, что... - From the results quoted above it follows that...
    Из этих результатов вытекает, что... - These results imply that...
    Из этого вытекает еще одно выражение для... - This yields yet another expression for...
    Из этого вытекает, что... - This suggests that...
    Из этого исследования вытекает, что... - From this investigation it appears that...
    Из этого факта, совместно с (1), вытекает, что... - This fact, taken together with (1), implies that...
    Как вытекает из самого названия... - As its name implies,...
    Одна интересная вариация последнего примера вытекает из... - An interesting variation on the last example is provided by...
    Отсюда немедленно вытекает, что... - It follows immediately that...
    Первая часть немедленно вытекает из... - The first part follows at once from...
    Подтверждение этой точки зрения (= такого понимания) вытекает из того факта, что... - Confirmation of this view is found in the fact that...
    Решения этой проблемы легко вытекают из... - Solutions of this problem follow readily from...
    Следующая часть (теоремы) вытекает из... - The next part follows from...
    Справедливость данного утверждения вытекает из соотношения (3.1). - The validity of the statement follows from (3.1).
    Условие, которое называется..., вытекает из потери... - A condition called... results from a loss of...
    Это вытекает немедленно из определения оператора D/Dt. - This follows at once from the meaning of the operator D/Dt.
    Это немедленно вытекает из физических соображений. - This follows at once from physical considerations.
    Это очевидным образом вытекает из того факта... - This is clearly borne out by the fact that...
    Этот результат вытекает из изучения... - This result follows from a study of...

    Русско-английский словарь научного общения > вытекать

  • 10 довести до конца

    ДОВОДИТЬ/ДОВЕСТИ ДО КОНЦА что
    [VP; subj: human]
    =====
    to bring sth. to its conclusion, reach a final result:
    - [in limited contexts] X rounded off Y;
    - X got to the bottom of it (Y).
         ♦ Ленин... писал: Сталин капризен. Но вместе с тем он терпелив, настойчив и задуманное всегда доводит до конца (Рыбаков 2). Lenin had written that Stalin was capricious. But he was also patient and persistent, and he always carried his intentions through to the end (2a).
         ♦ Что я мог сказать Марату? Что рок никогда не останавливается на полпути, а всегда до конца доводит свой безжалостный замысел? (Искандер 2). What could I say to Marat? That Fate never stops halfway, but always carries its pitiless design to the end! (2a).
         ♦...Мы теперь... избираем последние жертвы и доводим дело до конца (Зиновьев 1). "...We are now choosing our last victims and rounding off the affair" (1a).
         ♦...Юра провёл это расследование в тихости, никому ни слова. Он решил довести до конца - кто ж из двух расхититель... (Солженицын 10). Yuri had conducted his investigation quietly, without breathing a word to anyone. He had made up his mind to get to the bottom of it, to find out which of the two girls was the embezzler (10a).

    Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > довести до конца

  • 11 доводить до конца

    ДОВОДИТЬ/ДОВЕСТИ ДО КОНЦА что
    [VP; subj: human]
    =====
    to bring sth. to its conclusion, reach a final result:
    - [in limited contexts] X rounded off Y;
    - X got to the bottom of it (Y).
         ♦ Ленин... писал: Сталин капризен. Но вместе с тем он терпелив, настойчив и задуманное всегда доводит до конца (Рыбаков 2). Lenin had written that Stalin was capricious. But he was also patient and persistent, and he always carried his intentions through to the end (2a).
         ♦ Что я мог сказать Марату? Что рок никогда не останавливается на полпути, а всегда до конца доводит свой безжалостный замысел? (Искандер 2). What could I say to Marat? That Fate never stops halfway, but always carries its pitiless design to the end! (2a).
         ♦...Мы теперь... избираем последние жертвы и доводим дело до конца (Зиновьев 1). "...We are now choosing our last victims and rounding off the affair" (1a).
         ♦...Юра провёл это расследование в тихости, никому ни слова. Он решил довести до конца - кто ж из двух расхититель... (Солженицын 10). Yuri had conducted his investigation quietly, without breathing a word to anyone. He had made up his mind to get to the bottom of it, to find out which of the two girls was the embezzler (10a).

    Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > доводить до конца

  • 12 Abschluss der Ermittlungen

    Abschluss m der Ermittlungen conclusion of the investigation(s)

    German-english law dictionary > Abschluss der Ermittlungen

  • 13 slutte

    break up, close, conclude, contract, deduce, end, finish, infer
    * * *
    I. vb
    ( afslutte) end ( fx a conference, a journey; he ended his letter with best wishes),
    F close ( fx one's career, a meeting), conclude ( fx one's speech, a meeting, a concert with an encore),
    T wind up ( fx a debate, one's speech, a story, the evening with a song);
    ( fuldføre, gøre helt færdig) finish ( fx the investigation, one's preparations; I have to end my letter here though it is not finished; the war was over but not finished);
    ( indgå) enter into,
    F conclude ( fx an alliance),
    (se også forlig, fred, kontrakt, overenskomst, venskab etc);
    ( uden objekt) end,
    F close, come to an end ( fx the meeting came to an end);
    ( blive færdig) finish ( fx when does the film finish?);
    [ med sb & adj:]
    ( om børs) close firm;
    [ slutte geledderne] close the ranks;
    [ slutte optoget] bring up the rear;
    [ slutte regnskabet] close the accounts;
    (elekt) close the circuit, switch on the current;
    ( om tøj) fit tightly (el. closely);
    ( om vindue) shut tight;
    [ med præp & adv:]
    [ slutte bøgerne `af] close the books;
    [ slutte af med] end (up) with ( fx we ended (the dinner) (up) with fruit and coffee), finish with,
    F conclude with;
    [ slutte en i sine arme] clasp somebody in one's arms;
    [ slutte op] close up;
    [ vi må slutte op om ham] we must rally round him;
    [ slutte sig sammen] unite, join hands, combine (forces), join forces;
    ( om firmaer) become merged, merge;
    ( person) join,
    ( knytte sig til) become attached to,
    ( holde med) side with,
    ( være enig med) agree with,
    T go along with,
    ( parti, skare etc) join (up with),
    ( erklæring, optræden) associate oneself with, join in,
    T go along with;
    ( en tro, lære) adopt,
    F embrace, espouse ( fx Christianity),
    ( en mening) subscribe to, endorse,
    T go along with.
    II. vb
    ( drage slutning) conclude,
    F infer (af from, at that),
    ( i logik) deduce (af from, at that);
    ( uden objekt) draw a conclusion (, conclusions);
    [ slutte fra virkning til årsag] infer the cause from the effect;
    [ slutte fra sig selv til andre] judge others by oneself;
    [ slutte sig til] conclude, infer, deduce.

    Danish-English dictionary > slutte

  • 14 निर्णयः _nirṇayḥ

    निर्णयः 1 Removing, removal.
    -2 Complete ascertain- ment, decision, affirmation, determination, settlement; संदेहनिर्णयो जातः Ś.1.27; Ms.8.31,49;9.25; Y.2.1; हृदयं निर्णयमेव धावति Ki.2.29.
    -3 Deduction, inference, conclusion, demonstration (in logic).
    -4 Discussion, investigation, consideration
    -5 Sentence, verdict, judgment; बाहुवीर्याश्रिते मार्गे वर्तसे दीप्तनिर्णये Mb. 3.292.2; सर्वज्ञस्याप्येकाकिनो निर्णयाभ्युपगमो दोषाय M.1.
    -6 Application of a conclusive argument.
    -7 (In Rhet.) Narration of events.
    -Comp. -उपमा a. comparison based upon an inference; Kāv.2.27.
    -पादः a sentence, decree, verdict (in law).

    Sanskrit-English dictionary > निर्णयः _nirṇayḥ

  • 15 निश्चयः _niścayḥ

    निश्चयः 1 Ascertainment, investigation, inquiry.
    -2 A fixed opinion, settled or firm conviction, firm belief.
    -3 A determination, resolution, resolve; एष मे स्थिरो निश्चयः Mu.1.
    -4 Certainty, positiveness, positive conclusion.
    -5 Fixed intention, design, purpose, aim; कैकेयी क्रूरनिश्चया R.12.4; Ku.5.5.
    -6 N. of a figure in Rhetoric.

    Sanskrit-English dictionary > निश्चयः _niścayḥ

  • 16 нуждаться в дополнительном исследовании

    Нуждаться в дополнительном исследовании-- The validity of extending this conclusion to the two-dimensional geometry must await further investigation.

    Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > нуждаться в дополнительном исследовании

  • 17 предварительный

    прил.
    preliminary;
    provisional;
    tentative;
    (предшествующий, предыдущий) previous;
    prior;
    ( ожидаемый) anticipatory
    - предварительный арест
    - предварительный запрет
    - предварительный итог
    - предварительный осмотр
    - предварительный сговор

    \предварительныйая беседа — ( с подозреваемым) previous interview

    \предварительныйая договорённость — preliminary (tentative) agreement (arrangement) \предварительныйая консультация — preliminary consultation

    \предварительныйая повестка дня — preliminary agenda

    \предварительныйая подготовка дела — ( в суде) pretrial examination

    \предварительныйая презумпция — provisional assumption (presumption) \предварительныйое задержание — custody (detention) pending a trial; preliminary arrest

    \предварительныйое заключение — preliminary conclusion (opinion) \предварительныйое опознание — preliminary identification

    \предварительныйое разрешение — prior permission

    \предварительныйое следствие — pretrial (preliminary) inquest (inquiry, investigation) \предварительныйые данные — preliminary information

    \предварительныйые переговоры — preliminary negotiations (talks) \предварительныйые условия — prior conditions; prerequisites

    по \предварительныйому соглашению — by a prior arrangement

    Юридический русско-английский словарь > предварительный

  • 18 hand

    [lichaamsdeel] hand
    [handschrift, stijl] hand (hand)writing
    [figuurlijk] [kant] hand side
    voorbeelden:
    1   op handen en voeten kruipen crawl on all fours
         zich met handen en voeten verweren figuurlijk defend oneself tooth and nail
         aan/met handen en voeten gebonden zijn ook figuurlijk be tied hand and foot
         in andere handen komen change hands
         blote handen bare hands
         die zaak is in goede/slechte handen that matter is in good/bad hands
         in goede/verkeerde handen vallen figuurlijk fall into the right/wrong hands
         figuurlijkgouden handen hebben be good with one's hands
         figuurlijkmet harde hand opvoeden bring up the hard way
         iemand de helpende hand bieden lend someone a (helping) hand
         figuurlijkbevelen van hoger hand orders from above
         figuurlijkde laatste hand aan iets leggen put the finishing touches to something
         niet met lege handen komen not come empty-handed
         figuurlijkuit de losse hand roughly, in an improvised way
         figuurlijkiets uit de losse hand doen do something off the cuff
         iets met vaste hand doen do something with a sure touch
         figuurlijkmet vaste/krachtige hand regeren rule with a firm/iron hand
         hij is in veilige handen he is in safe hands
         iemand (de) handen vol werk geven give someone no end of work/trouble
         de handen vol hebben aan iemand/iets have one's hands full with someone/something
         hij heeft de handen meer dan vol he has enough/too much on his plate
         dat kost handen vol geld that costs lots of money
         iets aan vreemde handen toevertrouwen entrust something to strangers
         hij heeft de handen niet vrij he does not have a free hand
         figuurlijkiemand de vrije hand laten give someone a free hand
         figuurlijkde vrije hand hebben/krijgen have/acquire a free hand
         ergens zijn handen niet aan vuil willen maken refuse to soil one's hands with something
         figuurlijkmet zachte hand with a light touch
         de handen van iemand aftrekken figuurlijk wash one's hands of someone
         hij mag zijn handen dichtknijpen figuurlijk he may call himself lucky
         figuurlijkik draai er mijn hand niet voor om ik heb er geen moeite mee I think nothing of it; het kan me niet schelen I don't care a rap (for it)
         iemand de hand drukken/geven/schudden give someone one's hand, shake hands with someone
         dan kunnen we elkaar de hand geven we're in the same boat
         elkaar de hand geven om kring te vormen link hands
         de hand in iets hebben figuurlijk have a hand in something
         figuurlijkiemand de hand boven het hoofd houden aan zijn kant staan stand by someone; iemand beschermen die iets misdaan heeft protect someone
         ergens streng de hand aan houden regel, voorschrift adhere strictly to something
         de handen ineenslaan van verbazing clasp/throw up one's hands; figuurlijk join hands/forces
         mijn handen jeuken figuurlijk I'm itching to give (someone) a good hiding
         figuurlijkde handen op elkaar krijgen earn/get applause
         figuurlijkde hand op iets/iemand leggen lay hands on someone/something
         iemands hand lezen read someone's palm
         de hand lichten met het reglement disregard the regulations
         de hand ophouden figuurlijk hold out one's hand for a tip; beg
         elkaar de hand reiken hold out a hand to each other ook figuurlijk; figuurlijk reach out to each other
         handen schudden shake hands
         figuurlijkde hand aan zichzelf slaan take one's own life
         hij steekt geen/nooit een hand uit he never does a stroke of work
         zijn handen uit de mouwen steken figuurlijk put one's shoulder to the wheel
         figuurlijkde hand in eigen boezem steken acknowledge blame
         de hand over het hart strijken figuurlijk be lenient/soft-hearted
         hij kan zijn handen niet thuishouden he can't keep his hands to himself
         zijn hand uitsteken in het verkeer indicate
         figuurlijkzijn handen in onschuld wassen have clean hands
         daar wordt vaak de hand mee gelicht that is often skimped/not taken seriously
         (mijn) hand erop! you have/here's my hand on it!
         handen omhoog! (of ik schiet) hands up!/ informeelstick 'em up! (or I'll shoot)
         handen thuis! hands off!
         figuurlijkiets aan de hand hebben met iets bezig zijn have something going/on; bij iets betrokken zijn be involved in something
         handelgoederen die aan de hand blijven goods that are left on one's hands
         figuurlijkiemand iets aan de hand doen get someone something
         aan de hand van deze berekeningen on the basis of these calculations
         iemand een middel aan de hand doen tegen huiduitslag put someone on to a good remedy for a rash
         niks aan de hand! there's nothing the matter
         aan de hand van deze ervaringen concludeer ik … in view of these experiences I conclude …
         iets achter de hand hebben figuurlijk have something to fall back on; heimelijk have something up one's sleeve
         iets achter de hand houden figuurlijk keep something in reserve
         wat geld achter de hand houden keep some money for a rainy day
         ik heb mijn gummetje altijd vlak bij de hand I always have my rubber near at hand
         zo iets heb ik wel meer bij de hand gehad figuurlijk I am an old hand at this
         in de handen klappen clap one's hands
         goed/gemakkelijk in de hand liggen stuk gereedschap have a handy grip; boek be nice to hold
         iemand in handen vallen figuurlijk fall into the hands of someone
         iemand iets in handen spelen put something someone's way
         iemand iets in de hand duwen/stoppen slip/thrust something into someone's hands; figuurlijk palm/fob someone off with something
         figuurlijkeen auto goed in de hand hebben have a good control of a car
         figuurlijkiets in de hand hebben have something under control
         figuurlijkiets zelf in de hand hebben have something in one's own hands
         een bewijs in handen hebben have evidence
         het onderzoek is in handen van N. the investigation is being conducted by N.
         de markt in handen hebben control/have control of the market
         de politie heeft de zaak nu in handen the police have the case in hand
         iets in handen krijgen get hold of something; toevallig chance on something
         de macht in handen hebben have power
         de toestand in de hand hebben have the situation in hand
         in handen vallen van de politie/de vijand fall into the hands of the police/enemy
         hand in hand gaan met ook figuurlijk go hand in hand with ook figuurlijk
         figuurlijkmet de handen in het haar zitten be at one's wits' end
         figuurlijkiets met beide handen aangrijpen jump at something; aanbod, gelegenheid ook seize (upon) something
         zich met hand en tand verzetten figuurlijk fight tooth and nail
         met de hand wassen tegenover in de machine wash by hand
         met de hand gemaakt/geschreven hand-made/handwritten
         figuurlijkmet de hand op het hart iets verklaren swear to something faithfully
         figuurlijkiemand naar zijn hand zetten force/mould/bend someone to one's will, manage someone, twist someone round one's (little) finger
         figuurlijkhij zet alles naar zijn hand he has it all his own way
         iets om handen hebben have something to do
         figuurlijkiets onder handen hebben be at work on something
         figuurlijkiemand onder handen nemen take someone in hand/to task
         iemand op de handen kijken figuurlijk breathe down someone's neck
         iemand op (de) handen dragen figuurlijk worship/idolize someone
         hand over hand toenemen increase hand over fist, gain ground rapidly
         iemand iets ter hand stellen hand something (over) to someone
         iets ter hand nemen take something up, take something in hand, undertake something
         figuurlijkiets uit handen geven part with something
         er komt niets uit zijn handen he doesn't get anything done
         uit de hand lopen get out of hand
         figuurlijkik heb die informatie uit de eerste hand I have this information at first hand
         iemand het werk uit (de) handen nemen take work off someone's hands
         iets van de hand doen sell/part with/dispose of something
         van hand tot hand gaan be passed from hand to hand
         goed/duur van de hand gaan sell well/at high prices van koopwaren
         dat ligt voor de hand figuurlijk that speaks for itself
         dat is de meest voor de hand liggende conclusie that is the most obvious conclusion
         geen hand voor iemand/iets uitsteken not lift a finger for someone/something
         hij heeft er geen hand naar uitgestoken niets aan gedaan he hasn't done a stroke of work on it; niets van gegeten he hasn't touched it
         geen hand voor ogen kunnen zien figuurlijk not be able to see one's hand in front of one('s face)
         informeelhet zijn twee handen op één buik figuurlijk they are hand in glove
         ik heb maar twee handen! I have only (got) one pair of hands!
         figuurlijkhanden te kort komen not have enough hands
         spreekwoord vele handen maken licht werk many hands make light work
    2   een brief van dezelfde hand a letter from the same hand
         een verhaal van de hand van a story (written) by
    3   de zieke is aan de beterende hand the patient is on the mend/getting better
         aan mijn rechter/linker hand on my right/left (hand/side)
         aan de winnende hand zijn be winning
         figuurlijkiemand op zijn hand hebben/krijgen have/get someone on one's side
    ¶   wat is er daar aan de hand? what's going on there?
         figuurlijkalsof er niets aan de hand was as if nothing had happened/was wrong
         er is iets aan de hand there's something the matter/up
         iets/iemand in de hand werken encourage something/someone; iets ook make for something; iemand ook play into someone's hands
         elkaar in de hand werken 〈van dingen/situaties〉 reinforce one another
         van personenzwaar op de hand zijn be heavy/ponderous
         op handen zijn be (near) at hand/imminent/forthcoming
         van de hand in de tand leven live from hand to mouth
         een verzoek/voorstel van de hand wijzen refuse a request verzoek; turn down a proposal voorstel

    Van Dale Handwoordenboek Nederlands-Engels > hand

  • 19 Artificial Intelligence

       In my opinion, none of [these programs] does even remote justice to the complexity of human mental processes. Unlike men, "artificially intelligent" programs tend to be single minded, undistractable, and unemotional. (Neisser, 1967, p. 9)
       Future progress in [artificial intelligence] will depend on the development of both practical and theoretical knowledge.... As regards theoretical knowledge, some have sought a unified theory of artificial intelligence. My view is that artificial intelligence is (or soon will be) an engineering discipline since its primary goal is to build things. (Nilsson, 1971, pp. vii-viii)
       Most workers in AI [artificial intelligence] research and in related fields confess to a pronounced feeling of disappointment in what has been achieved in the last 25 years. Workers entered the field around 1950, and even around 1960, with high hopes that are very far from being realized in 1972. In no part of the field have the discoveries made so far produced the major impact that was then promised.... In the meantime, claims and predictions regarding the potential results of AI research had been publicized which went even farther than the expectations of the majority of workers in the field, whose embarrassments have been added to by the lamentable failure of such inflated predictions....
       When able and respected scientists write in letters to the present author that AI, the major goal of computing science, represents "another step in the general process of evolution"; that possibilities in the 1980s include an all-purpose intelligence on a human-scale knowledge base; that awe-inspiring possibilities suggest themselves based on machine intelligence exceeding human intelligence by the year 2000 [one has the right to be skeptical]. (Lighthill, 1972, p. 17)
       4) Just as Astronomy Succeeded Astrology, the Discovery of Intellectual Processes in Machines Should Lead to a Science, Eventually
       Just as astronomy succeeded astrology, following Kepler's discovery of planetary regularities, the discoveries of these many principles in empirical explorations on intellectual processes in machines should lead to a science, eventually. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)
       Many problems arise in experiments on machine intelligence because things obvious to any person are not represented in any program. One can pull with a string, but one cannot push with one.... Simple facts like these caused serious problems when Charniak attempted to extend Bobrow's "Student" program to more realistic applications, and they have not been faced up to until now. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 77)
       What do we mean by [a symbolic] "description"? We do not mean to suggest that our descriptions must be made of strings of ordinary language words (although they might be). The simplest kind of description is a structure in which some features of a situation are represented by single ("primitive") symbols, and relations between those features are represented by other symbols-or by other features of the way the description is put together. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)
       [AI is] the use of computer programs and programming techniques to cast light on the principles of intelligence in general and human thought in particular. (Boden, 1977, p. 5)
       The word you look for and hardly ever see in the early AI literature is the word knowledge. They didn't believe you have to know anything, you could always rework it all.... In fact 1967 is the turning point in my mind when there was enough feeling that the old ideas of general principles had to go.... I came up with an argument for what I called the primacy of expertise, and at the time I called the other guys the generalists. (Moses, quoted in McCorduck, 1979, pp. 228-229)
       9) Artificial Intelligence Is Psychology in a Particularly Pure and Abstract Form
       The basic idea of cognitive science is that intelligent beings are semantic engines-in other words, automatic formal systems with interpretations under which they consistently make sense. We can now see why this includes psychology and artificial intelligence on a more or less equal footing: people and intelligent computers (if and when there are any) turn out to be merely different manifestations of the same underlying phenomenon. Moreover, with universal hardware, any semantic engine can in principle be formally imitated by a computer if only the right program can be found. And that will guarantee semantic imitation as well, since (given the appropriate formal behavior) the semantics is "taking care of itself" anyway. Thus we also see why, from this perspective, artificial intelligence can be regarded as psychology in a particularly pure and abstract form. The same fundamental structures are under investigation, but in AI, all the relevant parameters are under direct experimental control (in the programming), without any messy physiology or ethics to get in the way. (Haugeland, 1981b, p. 31)
       There are many different kinds of reasoning one might imagine:
        Formal reasoning involves the syntactic manipulation of data structures to deduce new ones following prespecified rules of inference. Mathematical logic is the archetypical formal representation. Procedural reasoning uses simulation to answer questions and solve problems. When we use a program to answer What is the sum of 3 and 4? it uses, or "runs," a procedural model of arithmetic. Reasoning by analogy seems to be a very natural mode of thought for humans but, so far, difficult to accomplish in AI programs. The idea is that when you ask the question Can robins fly? the system might reason that "robins are like sparrows, and I know that sparrows can fly, so robins probably can fly."
        Generalization and abstraction are also natural reasoning process for humans that are difficult to pin down well enough to implement in a program. If one knows that Robins have wings, that Sparrows have wings, and that Blue jays have wings, eventually one will believe that All birds have wings. This capability may be at the core of most human learning, but it has not yet become a useful technique in AI.... Meta- level reasoning is demonstrated by the way one answers the question What is Paul Newman's telephone number? You might reason that "if I knew Paul Newman's number, I would know that I knew it, because it is a notable fact." This involves using "knowledge about what you know," in particular, about the extent of your knowledge and about the importance of certain facts. Recent research in psychology and AI indicates that meta-level reasoning may play a central role in human cognitive processing. (Barr & Feigenbaum, 1981, pp. 146-147)
       Suffice it to say that programs already exist that can do things-or, at the very least, appear to be beginning to do things-which ill-informed critics have asserted a priori to be impossible. Examples include: perceiving in a holistic as opposed to an atomistic way; using language creatively; translating sensibly from one language to another by way of a language-neutral semantic representation; planning acts in a broad and sketchy fashion, the details being decided only in execution; distinguishing between different species of emotional reaction according to the psychological context of the subject. (Boden, 1981, p. 33)
       Can the synthesis of Man and Machine ever be stable, or will the purely organic component become such a hindrance that it has to be discarded? If this eventually happens-and I have... good reasons for thinking that it must-we have nothing to regret and certainly nothing to fear. (Clarke, 1984, p. 243)
       The thesis of GOFAI... is not that the processes underlying intelligence can be described symbolically... but that they are symbolic. (Haugeland, 1985, p. 113)
        14) Artificial Intelligence Provides a Useful Approach to Psychological and Psychiatric Theory Formation
       It is all very well formulating psychological and psychiatric theories verbally but, when using natural language (even technical jargon), it is difficult to recognise when a theory is complete; oversights are all too easily made, gaps too readily left. This is a point which is generally recognised to be true and it is for precisely this reason that the behavioural sciences attempt to follow the natural sciences in using "classical" mathematics as a more rigorous descriptive language. However, it is an unfortunate fact that, with a few notable exceptions, there has been a marked lack of success in this application. It is my belief that a different approach-a different mathematics-is needed, and that AI provides just this approach. (Hand, quoted in Hand, 1985, pp. 6-7)
       We might distinguish among four kinds of AI.
       Research of this kind involves building and programming computers to perform tasks which, to paraphrase Marvin Minsky, would require intelligence if they were done by us. Researchers in nonpsychological AI make no claims whatsoever about the psychological realism of their programs or the devices they build, that is, about whether or not computers perform tasks as humans do.
       Research here is guided by the view that the computer is a useful tool in the study of mind. In particular, we can write computer programs or build devices that simulate alleged psychological processes in humans and then test our predictions about how the alleged processes work. We can weave these programs and devices together with other programs and devices that simulate different alleged mental processes and thereby test the degree to which the AI system as a whole simulates human mentality. According to weak psychological AI, working with computer models is a way of refining and testing hypotheses about processes that are allegedly realized in human minds.
    ... According to this view, our minds are computers and therefore can be duplicated by other computers. Sherry Turkle writes that the "real ambition is of mythic proportions, making a general purpose intelligence, a mind." (Turkle, 1984, p. 240) The authors of a major text announce that "the ultimate goal of AI research is to build a person or, more humbly, an animal." (Charniak & McDermott, 1985, p. 7)
       Research in this field, like strong psychological AI, takes seriously the functionalist view that mentality can be realized in many different types of physical devices. Suprapsychological AI, however, accuses strong psychological AI of being chauvinisticof being only interested in human intelligence! Suprapsychological AI claims to be interested in all the conceivable ways intelligence can be realized. (Flanagan, 1991, pp. 241-242)
        16) Determination of Relevance of Rules in Particular Contexts
       Even if the [rules] were stored in a context-free form the computer still couldn't use them. To do that the computer requires rules enabling it to draw on just those [ rules] which are relevant in each particular context. Determination of relevance will have to be based on further facts and rules, but the question will again arise as to which facts and rules are relevant for making each particular determination. One could always invoke further facts and rules to answer this question, but of course these must be only the relevant ones. And so it goes. It seems that AI workers will never be able to get started here unless they can settle the problem of relevance beforehand by cataloguing types of context and listing just those facts which are relevant in each. (Dreyfus & Dreyfus, 1986, p. 80)
       Perhaps the single most important idea to artificial intelligence is that there is no fundamental difference between form and content, that meaning can be captured in a set of symbols such as a semantic net. (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)
        18) The Assumption That the Mind Is a Formal System
       Artificial intelligence is based on the assumption that the mind can be described as some kind of formal system manipulating symbols that stand for things in the world. Thus it doesn't matter what the brain is made of, or what it uses for tokens in the great game of thinking. Using an equivalent set of tokens and rules, we can do thinking with a digital computer, just as we can play chess using cups, salt and pepper shakers, knives, forks, and spoons. Using the right software, one system (the mind) can be mapped into the other (the computer). (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)
        19) A Statement of the Primary and Secondary Purposes of Artificial Intelligence
       The primary goal of Artificial Intelligence is to make machines smarter.
       The secondary goals of Artificial Intelligence are to understand what intelligence is (the Nobel laureate purpose) and to make machines more useful (the entrepreneurial purpose). (Winston, 1987, p. 1)
       The theoretical ideas of older branches of engineering are captured in the language of mathematics. We contend that mathematical logic provides the basis for theory in AI. Although many computer scientists already count logic as fundamental to computer science in general, we put forward an even stronger form of the logic-is-important argument....
       AI deals mainly with the problem of representing and using declarative (as opposed to procedural) knowledge. Declarative knowledge is the kind that is expressed as sentences, and AI needs a language in which to state these sentences. Because the languages in which this knowledge usually is originally captured (natural languages such as English) are not suitable for computer representations, some other language with the appropriate properties must be used. It turns out, we think, that the appropriate properties include at least those that have been uppermost in the minds of logicians in their development of logical languages such as the predicate calculus. Thus, we think that any language for expressing knowledge in AI systems must be at least as expressive as the first-order predicate calculus. (Genesereth & Nilsson, 1987, p. viii)
        21) Perceptual Structures Can Be Represented as Lists of Elementary Propositions
       In artificial intelligence studies, perceptual structures are represented as assemblages of description lists, the elementary components of which are propositions asserting that certain relations hold among elements. (Chase & Simon, 1988, p. 490)
       Artificial intelligence (AI) is sometimes defined as the study of how to build and/or program computers to enable them to do the sorts of things that minds can do. Some of these things are commonly regarded as requiring intelligence: offering a medical diagnosis and/or prescription, giving legal or scientific advice, proving theorems in logic or mathematics. Others are not, because they can be done by all normal adults irrespective of educational background (and sometimes by non-human animals too), and typically involve no conscious control: seeing things in sunlight and shadows, finding a path through cluttered terrain, fitting pegs into holes, speaking one's own native tongue, and using one's common sense. Because it covers AI research dealing with both these classes of mental capacity, this definition is preferable to one describing AI as making computers do "things that would require intelligence if done by people." However, it presupposes that computers could do what minds can do, that they might really diagnose, advise, infer, and understand. One could avoid this problematic assumption (and also side-step questions about whether computers do things in the same way as we do) by defining AI instead as "the development of computers whose observable performance has features which in humans we would attribute to mental processes." This bland characterization would be acceptable to some AI workers, especially amongst those focusing on the production of technological tools for commercial purposes. But many others would favour a more controversial definition, seeing AI as the science of intelligence in general-or, more accurately, as the intellectual core of cognitive science. As such, its goal is to provide a systematic theory that can explain (and perhaps enable us to replicate) both the general categories of intentionality and the diverse psychological capacities grounded in them. (Boden, 1990b, pp. 1-2)
       Because the ability to store data somewhat corresponds to what we call memory in human beings, and because the ability to follow logical procedures somewhat corresponds to what we call reasoning in human beings, many members of the cult have concluded that what computers do somewhat corresponds to what we call thinking. It is no great difficulty to persuade the general public of that conclusion since computers process data very fast in small spaces well below the level of visibility; they do not look like other machines when they are at work. They seem to be running along as smoothly and silently as the brain does when it remembers and reasons and thinks. On the other hand, those who design and build computers know exactly how the machines are working down in the hidden depths of their semiconductors. Computers can be taken apart, scrutinized, and put back together. Their activities can be tracked, analyzed, measured, and thus clearly understood-which is far from possible with the brain. This gives rise to the tempting assumption on the part of the builders and designers that computers can tell us something about brains, indeed, that the computer can serve as a model of the mind, which then comes to be seen as some manner of information processing machine, and possibly not as good at the job as the machine. (Roszak, 1994, pp. xiv-xv)
       The inner workings of the human mind are far more intricate than the most complicated systems of modern technology. Researchers in the field of artificial intelligence have been attempting to develop programs that will enable computers to display intelligent behavior. Although this field has been an active one for more than thirty-five years and has had many notable successes, AI researchers still do not know how to create a program that matches human intelligence. No existing program can recall facts, solve problems, reason, learn, and process language with human facility. This lack of success has occurred not because computers are inferior to human brains but rather because we do not yet know in sufficient detail how intelligence is organized in the brain. (Anderson, 1995, p. 2)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Artificial Intelligence

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