computing+program

input ['ɪnpʊt] (pt & pp input, cont inputting)

1 noun (UNCOUNT)

(a) (during meeting, discussion) contribution f;

∎ we'd like some input from marketing before committing ourselves nous aimerions consulter le service marketing avant de nous engager plus avant

(b) Computing (data) données fpl (en entrée); (action) entrée f, introduction f;

∎ the program requires input from the user ce programme exige que l'utilisateur entre des données

(c) Electricity énergie f, puissance f;

∎ to reduce the voltage input to a circuit réduire la tension d'un circuit

(d) Economics input m, intrant m

2 compound-forming noun

Computing (file, program) d'entrée

3 transitive verb

(a) (gen) (faire) entrer, introduire

(b) Computing entrer

►► Computing input device périphérique m d'entrée;

Finance input tax TVA f récupérée;

Electricity input transformer courant m ou transformateur m d'entrée

SUBJECT AREA: Electronics and information technology

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After obtaining his AB degree from De Pere University, Wisconsin (1937), and his AM and PhD from the University of Michigan (1938 and 1941, respectively), Burks carried out research at the Moore School of Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, during the Second World War, and at the same time taught philosophy in another department. There, with Herman Goldstine, he was involved in the construction of ENIAC (the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer).

In 1946 he took a post as Assistant Professor of Engineering at Michigan University, and subsequently became Associate Professor (1948) and Full Professor (1954). Between 1946 and 1948 he was also associated with the computer activities of John von Neumann at the Institute of Advanced Studies, Princeton, and was involved in the development of the Whirlwind I computer (the first stored-program computer) by Jay Forrester at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. From 1948 until 1954 he was a consultant for the Burroughs Corporation and also contributed to the Oak Ridge computer ORACLE. He was Chairman of the Michigan University Department of Communications Science in 1967–71 and at various times was Visiting Professor at Harvard University and the universities of Illinois and Stanford. In 1975 he became Editor of the Journal of Computer and System Sciences.

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control [kən'trəʊl]

direction ⇒ 1 (a) contrôle ⇒ 1 (a), 1 (b), 1 (e), 1 (f) maîtrise ⇒ 1 (a) témoin ⇒ 1 (d) douane ⇒ 1 (e) diriger ⇒ 3 (a) contrôler ⇒ 3 (a), 3 (c), 3 (d) régler ⇒ 3 (b) maîtriser ⇒ 3 (c)

1 noun

(a) (of country, organization) direction f; (of car, machine) contrôle m; (of one's life) maîtrise f; (of oneself) maîtrise f (de soi); Sport (of ball) contrôle m;

∎ to have control of or over sb avoir de l'autorité sur qn;

∎ to have control of or over sth avoir le contrôle de qch;

∎ to gain control of sth prendre le contrôle de qch;

∎ the rebels have gained control of the capital les rebelles ont pris le contrôle de la capitale;

∎ to be in control of sth être maître de qch;

∎ to lose control of (car) perdre le contrôle de; (situation) ne plus être maître de;

∎ to lose control (of oneself) ne plus être maître de soi;

∎ to regain control of oneself se ressaisir;

∎ the situation is under control nous maîtrisons la situation;

∎ everything's under control (organized, in hand) tout est en bonne voie; (there's no need to panic) tout va bien;

∎ to keep sth under control maîtriser qch;

∎ dogs must be kept under control les chiens doivent être tenus en laisse;

∎ the fire was finally brought under control l'incendie fut finalement maîtrisé;

∎ public spending is under the control of our department le budget national relève de notre département;

∎ the country is no longer under British/government control le pays n'est plus sous contrôle britannique/gouvernemental;

∎ beyond or outside one's control indépendant de sa volonté;

∎ due to circumstances beyond our control en raison de circonstances indépendantes de notre volonté;

∎ the fire was out of control on n'arrivait pas à maîtriser l'incendie;

∎ the car went out of control le chauffeur a perdu le contrôle de sa voiture;

∎ things/the situation had got out of control la situation était devenue incontrôlable;

∎ the crowd got out of control la foule s'est déchaînée;

∎ her children are completely out of control ses enfants sont intenables

(b) (check) contrôle m

(c) (device)

∎ volume control réglage m du volume;

∎ controls (on car, aircraft, machine) commandes fpl;

∎ the pilot was at the controls/took over the controls le pilote était aux commandes/a pris les commandes

(d) (in experiment) témoin m

(e) (checkpoint → at border) douane f; (→ in car rally) contrôle m;

∎ passport and custom controls formalités fpl de douane

(f) (restraint) contrôle m;

∎ price/wage controls contrôle m des prix/des salaires;

∎ immigration controls contrôle m de l'immigration;

∎ there are to be new government controls on financial practices il y aura de nouvelles réglementations gouvernementales sur les pratiques financières

2 compound-forming noun

(button, switch) de commande, de réglage

3 transitive verb

(a) (be in charge of, direct → government, organization) diriger; Military (→ area) contrôler

(b) (regulate → machine, system) régler; (→ traffic) régler;

∎ this switch controls the central heating ce commutateur règle ou commande le chauffage central

(c) (curb → inflation, prices, spending, fire) maîtriser; (→ imports) limiter; (→ disease) enrayer, juguler; (master, restrain → activities, emotions) maîtriser; (→ one's passions) dompter; (→ one's reactions) contrôler, maîtriser; (→ animal, pupil) tenir, se faire obéir de; (→ crowd) contenir;

∎ try to control yourself essaie de te contrôler ou maîtriser;

∎ she could barely control her anger elle avait du mal à maîtriser sa colère;

∎ he can't control his pupils il ne tient pas ses élèves, il manque d'autorité sur ses élèves

(d) (verify → accounts) contrôler; (→ experiment) vérifier

►► Finance control account compte m collectif;

Computing control bit bit m de contrôle;

Cars control box régulateur m de charge;

Computing control bus bus m de contrôle;

Computing control character caractère m de contrôle;

Computing control code code m de commande;

control column manche m à balai;

control commands commandes fpl;

Finance control commission commission f de contrôle;

control desk bureau m de contrôle;

control experiment expérience f de contrôle;

control freak personne f qui veut tout contrôler;

control freakery manie f de vouloir tout contrôler;

Technology control gear appareils mpl ou organes mpl de commande;

control group groupe m témoin;

Computing control key touche f contrôle;

Computing control knob molette f de réglage;

Marketing control market marché m témoin;

control panel Aviation tableau m de bord; Computing panneau m de configuration;

Sport & Cars control point contrôle m;

Computing control program programme m de contrôle;

Marketing control question (in market research) question f de contrôle;

Nuclear control rod barre f de commande;

control room salle f des commandes; Nautical poste m de commande; Radio & Television (cabine f de) régie f;

control tower tour f de contrôle

start [stɑ:t]

commencement ⇒ 1 (a) début ⇒ 1 (a) départ ⇒ 1 (a), 1 (b) avance ⇒ 1 (c) sursaut ⇒ 1 (d) commencer ⇒ 2 (a), 3 (a), 3 (c) amorcer ⇒ 2 (a) déclencher ⇒ 2 (b) démarrer ⇒ 2 (d), 3 (d), 3 (f) se mettre en marche ⇒ 3 (d) créer ⇒ 2 (f) installer ⇒ 2 (g) débuter ⇒ 3 (b) partir ⇒ 3 (e) sursauter ⇒ 3 (g)

1 noun

(a) (beginning → gen) commencement m, début m; (→ of inquiry) ouverture f; (of journey, race) départ m;

∎ it's the start of a new era c'est le début ou le commencement d'une ère nouvelle;

∎ the start of the school year la rentrée scolaire;

∎ the start of the footpath is marked by an arrow le début du sentier est signalé par une flèche;

∎ £5 isn't much, but it's a start 5 livres ce n'est pas grand-chose, mais c'est un début;

∎ I've cleaned the kitchen - well, it's a start j'ai nettoyé la cuisine - eh bien, c'est déjà ça;

∎ things are off to a bad/good start ça commence mal/bien, c'est mal/bien parti;

∎ my new boss and I didn't get off to a very good start dès le début, mes rapports avec mon nouveau patron ont été un peu difficiles;

∎ it was a good/bad start to the day la journée commençait bien/mal;

∎ it was an inauspicious start to his presidency c'était un début peu prometteur pour sa présidence;

∎ to get a good start in life prendre un bon départ dans la vie ou l'existence;

∎ we want an education that will give our children a good start nous voulons une éducation qui donne à nos enfants des bases solides;

∎ a second honeymoon will give us a fresh start une deuxième lune de miel nous fera repartir d'un bon pied;

∎ the programme will give ex-prisoners a fresh or new start (in life) le programme va donner aux anciens détenus une seconde chance (dans la vie);

∎ to make a start (gen) commencer; (begin journey) se mettre en route;

∎ to make or to get an early start (gen) commencer de bonne heure; (on journey) partir de bonne heure;

∎ to make a start on sth commencer qch;

∎ I've made a good start on my Christmas shopping j'ai déjà fait une bonne partie de mes achats de Noël;

∎ I was lonely at the start au début je me sentais seule;

∎ at the start of the war au début de la guerre;

∎ at the very start au tout début;

∎ (right) from the start dès le début ou commencement;

∎ the trip was a disaster from start to finish le voyage a été un désastre d'un bout à l'autre;

∎ I laughed from start to finish j'ai ri du début à la fin;

∎ the project was ill-conceived from start to finish le projet était mal conçu de bout en bout

(b) Sport (departure line) (ligne f de) départ m; (signal) signal m de départ;

∎ they are lined up for or at the start ils sont sur la ligne de départ;

∎ where's the start of the rally? où est le départ du rallye?;

∎ wait for the start attendez le signal de départ

(c) (lead, advance) avance f;

∎ she has two hours' start or a two-hour start on us elle a une avance de deux heures sur nous;

∎ he gave him 20 metres' start or a 20-metre start il lui a accordé une avance de 20 mètres;

∎ our research gives us a start over our competitors nos recherches nous donnent de l'avance sur nos concurrents;

∎ to have a start on sb être en avance sur qn

(d) (jump) sursaut m;

∎ she woke up with a start elle s'est réveillée en sursaut;

∎ with a start, I recognized my own handwriting j'ai eu un sursaut quand j'ai reconnu ma propre écriture;

∎ he gave a start il a tressailli, il a sursauté;

∎ to give sb a start faire sursauter ou tressaillir qn;

∎ you gave me such a start! tu m'as fait une de ces peurs!

2 transitive verb

(a) (begin → gen) commencer; (→ climb, descent) amorcer;

∎ I've started the first chapter (write) j'ai commencé (à écrire) le premier chapitre; (read) j'ai commencé (à lire) le premier chapitre;

∎ to start doing or to do sth commencer à ou se mettre à faire qch;

∎ it's starting to rain il commence à pleuvoir;

∎ it had just started raining or to rain when I left il venait juste de commencer à pleuvoir quand je suis parti;

∎ she started driving or to drive again a month after her accident elle a recommencé à conduire ou elle s'est remise à conduire un mois après son accident;

∎ to start school (for the first time) commencer l'école; (after holidays) rentrer à ou reprendre l'école;

∎ she started her speech with a quotation from the Bible elle a commencé son discours par une citation de la Bible;

∎ I started my investigation with a visit to Carl j'ai commencé mon enquête par une visite chez Carl;

∎ they started the year with a deficit ils ont commencé l'année avec un déficit;

∎ he started work at sixteen il a commencé à travailler à seize ans;

∎ when do you start your new job? quand commencez-vous votre nouveau travail?;

∎ he started life as a delivery boy il débuta dans la vie comme garçon livreur;

∎ frogs start life as tadpoles les grenouilles commencent par être des têtards;

∎ go ahead and start lunch without me allez-y, vous pouvez commencer (à déjeuner) sans moi;

∎ I like to finish anything I start j'aime aller au bout de tout ce que j'entreprends;

∎ I think I'm starting a cold je crois que j'ai attrapé un rhume;

∎ to get started (person → on task) commencer, s'y mettre; (→ on journey) partir, se mettre en route; (→ in career) débuter, démarrer;

∎ I got started on the dishes j'ai commencé la vaisselle;

∎ shall we get started on the washing-up? si on attaquait la vaisselle?;

∎ to help sb get started in life aider qn à démarrer dans la vie;

∎ let's get started! allons-y!;

∎ once he gets started there's no stopping him une fois lancé, il n'y a pas moyen de l'arrêter;

∎ I need a coffee to get me started in the morning j'ai besoin d'un café pour commencer la journée

(b) (initiate, instigate → reaction, revolution, process) déclencher; (→ fashion) lancer; (→ violence) déclencher, provoquer; (→ conversation, discussion) engager, amorcer; (→ rumour) faire naître;

∎ her article started the controversy son article a été à l'origine de la controverse;

∎ to start legal proceedings engager une action en justice;

∎ which side started the war? quel camp a déclenché la guerre?;

∎ you started it c'est toi qui as commencé;

∎ it wasn't me who started the quarrel/the fight! ce n'est pas moi qui ai commencé la dispute/la bagarre!;

∎ the breakup of the empire started the process of decline le démantèlement de l'empire a déclenché le processus de déclin;

∎ to start a fire (in fireplace) allumer le feu; (campfire) faire du feu; (by accident, bomb) mettre le feu;

∎ the fire was started by arsonists l'incendie a été allumé par des pyromanes;

∎ familiar are you trying to start something? tu cherches la bagarre, ou quoi?

(c) (cause to do → person) faire;

∎ it started her (off) crying/laughing cela l'a fait pleurer/rire;

∎ the news is going to start tongues wagging la nouvelle va faire jaser;

∎ I'll start a team (working) on it right away je vais mettre une équipe là-dessus tout de suite;

∎ if you start him on this subject he will never stop si vous le lancez sur ce sujet il ne tarira pas

(d) (set in motion → motor, car) (faire) démarrer, mettre en marche; (→ machine, device) mettre en marche; (→ meal) mettre en route;

∎ how do I start the tape (going)? comment est-ce que je dois faire pour mettre le magnétophone en marche?;

∎ I couldn't get the car started je n'ai pas réussi à faire démarrer la voiture;

∎ to start the printer again, press this key pour remettre en marche l'imprimante, appuyez sur cette touche

(e) (begin using → bottle, pack) entamer

(f) (establish, found → business, school, political party) créer, fonder; (→ restaurant, shop) ouvrir; (→ social programme) créer, instaurer;

∎ to start a newspaper créer ou fonder un journal;

∎ to start a family fonder un foyer

(g) (person → in business, work) installer, établir;

∎ he started his son in the family business il a fait entrer son fils dans l'entreprise familiale;

∎ his election success started him on his political career son succès aux élections l'a lancé dans sa carrière d'homme politique;

∎ they start new pilots on domestic flights ils font débuter les nouveaux pilotes sur les vols intérieurs

(h) Sport

∎ to start the race donner le signal du départ;

∎ the referee blew his whistle to start the match l'arbitre siffla pour signaler le début du match

(i) Hunting (flush out → hare, stag) lever

3 intransitive verb

(a) (begin) commencer;

∎ the movie starts at 8 o'clock le film commence à 20 heures;

∎ when did the contractions start? quand les contractions ont-elles commencé?;

∎ school starts on September 5th la rentrée a lieu ou les cours reprennent le 5 septembre;

∎ our problems are just starting nos ennuis ne font que commencer;

∎ before the New Year/the rainy season starts avant le début de l'année prochaine/de la saison des pluies;

∎ before the cold weather starts avant qu'il ne commence à faire froid;

∎ starting (from) next week à partir de la semaine prochaine;

∎ to start again or afresh recommencer;

∎ to start all over again, to start again from scratch recommencer à zéro;

∎ calm down and start at the beginning calmez-vous et commencez par le commencement;

∎ I didn't know where to start je ne savais pas par quel bout commencer;

∎ she started with a joke/by introducing everyone elle a commencé par une plaisanterie/par faire les présentations;

∎ I'd like to start by saying how pleased I am to be here tonight j'aimerais commencer par vous dire à quel point je suis heureux d'être parmi vous ce soir;

∎ the book starts with a quotation le livre commence par une citation;

∎ I'll have the soup to start (with) pour commencer, je prendrai du potage;

∎ to start as one means to go on donner la mesure dès le début;

∎ isn't it time you got a job? - don't YOU start! il serait peut-être temps que tu trouves du travail - tu ne vas pas t'y mettre, toi aussi!

(b) (in career, job) débuter;

∎ she started in personnel/as an assistant elle a débuté au service du personnel/comme assistante;

∎ have you been working here long? - no, I've just started vous travaillez ici depuis longtemps? - non, je viens de commencer;

∎ I start on $500 a week je débute à 500 dollars par semaine;

∎ gymnasts have to start young les gymnastes doivent commencer jeunes

(c) (in space → desert, fields, slope, street) commencer; (→ river) prendre sa source;

∎ the neutral zone starts at the river la zone neutre commence à la rivière;

∎ there's an arrow where the path starts il y a une flèche qui indique le début du sentier;

∎ the bus route starts at the station la ligne de bus commence à la gare;

∎ where does the tunnel start? où est l'entrée du tunnel?

(d) (car, motor) démarrer, se mettre en marche;

∎ the engines started with a roar les moteurs ont démarré en vrombissant;

∎ why won't the car start? pourquoi la voiture ne veut-elle pas démarrer?

(e) (set off → person, convoy) partir, se mettre en route; (→ train) s'ébranler;

∎ the tour starts at or from the town hall la visite part de la mairie;

∎ I'll have to start for the airport soon il va bientôt falloir que je parte pour l'aéroport;

∎ we start tomorrow nous partons demain;

∎ the train was starting across or over the bridge le train commençait à traverser le pont ou s'engageait sur le pont;

∎ she started along the path elle s'engagea sur le sentier;

∎ Sport only four horses started quatre chevaux seulement ont pris le départ

(f) (prices) démarrer;

∎ houses here start at $100,000 ici, le prix des maisons démarre à 100 000 dollars;

∎ return fares start from £299 on trouve des billets aller retour à partir de 299 livres

(g) (jump involuntarily → person) sursauter; (→ horse) tressaillir, faire un soubresaut; (jump up) bondir;

∎ he started in surprise il a tressailli de surprise;

∎ she started from her chair elle bondit de sa chaise;

∎ to start out of one's sleep se réveiller en sursaut

(h) (gush) jaillir, gicler;

∎ tears started to his eyes les larmes lui sont montées aux yeux

4 for a start adverb

pour commencer, d'abord

5 for starts adverb

American familiar pour commencer, d'abord

6 to start with adverb

(a) (firstly) pour commencer, d'abord;

∎ to start with, my name isn't Jo pour commencer ou d'abord, je ne m'appelle pas Jo

(b) (in the beginning) au début;

∎ there were only six members to start with il n'y avait que six membres au début;

∎ she was an architect to start with, then a journalist elle a d'abord été architecte, puis journaliste

►► Computing start bit bit m de départ;

Computing start button (in Windows) bouton m Démarrer;

Computing start code code m de départ

➲ start back intransitive verb

(a) (turn back) rebrousser chemin

(b) (start again) recommencer;

∎ the children start back at school tomorrow c'est la rentrée scolaire demain

➲ start in on inseparable transitive verb

s'attaquer à;

∎ I started in on the pile of mail je me suis attaqué à la pile de courrier;

∎ once he starts in on liberty and democracy, there's no stopping him une fois qu'il est lancé sur le sujet de la liberté et de la démocratie, il n'y a plus moyen de l'arrêter;

∎ familiar to start in on sb s'en prendre à qn^□, tomber à bras raccourcis sur qn

➲ start off

1 separable transitive verb

(a) (begin → book, meeting, show) commencer;

∎ she started the meeting off with introductions elle a commencé la réunion en faisant les présentations

(b) (person → on task, in business)

∎ here's some wool to start you off voici de la laine pour commencer;

∎ he lent us a couple of thousand pounds to start us off il nous a prêté quelques milliers de livres pour nous aider à démarrer;

∎ the pianist played a few bars to start them off le pianiste a joué quelques mesures d'introduction

(c) (set off) déclencher;

∎ what started the alarm off? qu'est-ce qui a déclenché l'alarme?;

∎ if you mention it it'll only start her off again n'en parle pas, sinon elle va recommencer;

∎ to start sb off laughing/crying faire rire/pleurer qn;

∎ the baby's crying again, what started him off this time? le bébé s'est remis à pleurer, qu'est-ce qu'il a cette fois?;

∎ dad's finally calmed down, don't you start him off again papa s'est enfin calmé, ne va pas l'énerver

2 intransitive verb

(a) (leave) partir, se mettre en route;

∎ he started off at a run il est parti en courant;

∎ when do you start off on your trip? quand est-ce que vous partez en voyage?

(b) (begin → speech, film) commencer;

∎ it starts off with a description of the town ça commence par une description de la ville;

∎ start off with a summary of the problem commencez par un résumé du problème;

∎ she started off by talking about… elle commença en parlant de…;

∎ the interview started off badly/well l'entretien a mal/bien commencé;

∎ I started off agreeing with him au début, j'étais d'accord avec lui

(c) (in life, career) débuter;

∎ he started off as a cashier il a débuté comme caissier;

∎ she started off as a Catholic elle était catholique à l'origine;

∎ you're starting off with all the advantages vous partez avec tous les avantages

➲ start on inseparable transitive verb

(a) (begin → essay, meal) commencer; (→ task, dishes) se mettre à; (→ new bottle, pack) entamer;

∎ they had already started on their dessert ils avaient déjà commencé à manger ou entamé leur dessert;

∎ after they'd searched the car they started on the luggage après avoir fouillé la voiture, ils sont passés aux bagages

(b) (attack, berate) s'en prendre à;

∎ don't start on me, I'm not to blame! ne t'en prends pas à moi, ce n'est pas de ma faute!

➲ start out intransitive verb

(a) (begin journey) partir, se mettre en route

(b) (begin career) débuter;

∎ he started out as a cashier il a débuté comme caissier;

∎ she started out as a Catholic elle était catholique à l'origine;

∎ he started out in business with his wife's money il s'est lancé dans les affaires avec l'argent de sa femme;

∎ when she started out there were only a few women lawyers quand elle a commencé sa carrière, il y avait très peu de femmes avocats

(c) (intend)

∎ he started out to write a novel au départ il voulait écrire un roman

➲ start over American

1 intransitive verb

recommencer (depuis le début)

2 separable transitive verb

recommencer (depuis le début)

➲ start up

1 separable transitive verb

(a) (establish, found → business, school, political party) créer, fonder; (→ restaurant, shop) ouvrir

(b) (set in motion → car, motor) faire démarrer; (→ machine) mettre en marche; (→ computer) mettre en route; (→ program) lancer, démarrer

2 intransitive verb

(a) (guns, music, noise, band) commencer; (wind) se lever;

∎ the applause started up again les applaudissements ont repris

(b) (car, motor) démarrer, se mettre en marche; (machine) se mettre en marche; (computer, program) se mettre en route

(c) (set up business) se lancer, s'installer, s'établir;

∎ he decided to start up by himself il a décidé de se mettre à son compte

ⓘ I've started so I'll finish Le jeu télévisé britannique Mastermind fut diffusé de 1972 à 1997. Les concurrents de ce jeu portant sur la culture générale devaient répondre au plus grand nombre de questions possible en l'espace de deux minutes. Si l'animateur était en train de poser une question lorsque retentissait la sonnerie qui annonçait la fin du temps imparti, il prononçait rituellement ces mots ("j'ai commencé, je vais donc finir") avant de finir de lire la question au concurrent. Aujourd'hui, on utilise cette phrase par allusion au jeu télévisé lorsqu'on est interrompu.

1) Техника: high-performance control center

2) Сокращение: High Performance Computing & Communications programme (USA), High-Precision Contour Control

3) Электроника: High Performance Computing and Communicating

4) Вычислительная техника: High Performance Computing and Communication, High Performance Computing and Communications

5) Сетевые технологии: high-performance computing and communications

6) Океанография: High Performance Computing and Communications Program and Information Technology

1) (request) Bewerbung, die ( for um); (for passport, licence, etc.) Antrag, der ( for auf + Akk.)

2) (diligence) Fleiß, der (to bei); (with enthusiasm) Eifer, der (to für)

3) (putting) Auftragen, das (to auf + Akk.); (administering) Anwendung, die; (of heat, liquids) Zufuhr, die; (employment; of rule etc.) Anwendung, die

4) (Computing) Applikation, die

* * *

1) (a formal request; an act of applying: several applications for the new job; The syllabus can be obtained on application to the headmaster.) die Bewerbung

2) (hard work: He has got a good job through sheer application.) der Fleiß

3) (an ointment etc applied to a cut, wound etc.) das Auftragen

* * *

1. (formal request) for a job Bewerbung f ( for um + akk); for a permit Antrag m ( for auf/für + akk); for a patent Anmeldung f ( for von + dat)

\application for bankruptcy Konkursantrag m

\application for membership Mitgliedschaftsantrag m

\application for a permit Bewilligungsgesuch m

to put together/send off/submit an \application eine Bewerbung anfertigen/abschicken/einreichen

2. no pl (process of requesting) Anfordern nt

on \application to sb/sth auf Anfrage bei jdm/etw

free information will be sent out on \application Gratisinformationen können angefordert werden

3. no pl (relevance) Bedeutung f (to für + akk)

4. no pl (implementation) Anwenden nt

the \application of a law/regulation die Anwendung eines Gesetzes/einer Regelung

5. (coating) Anstrich m; of cream, ointment Auftragen nt

6. (use) Anwendung f

7. no pl (sustained effort) Eifer m

8. (computer program) Anwendung f

spreadsheet \application Tabellenkalkulationsprogramm nt

word processing \application Textverarbeitungsprogramm nt

9. BRIT STOCKEX Aktienzeichnung f

\application for admission Zulassungsantrag m

\application for quotation Börsenzulassungsantrag m

\application for shares Aktienzeichnung f

shares payable on \application bei Zeichnung zahlbare Aktien

* * *

1) (for job etc) Bewerbung f (for um, für); (for grant, loan etc) Antrag m (for auf +acc), Gesuch nt (for für); (for patent) Anmeldung f (

2) (= act of applying of paint, ointment, lotion) Auftragen nt; (of dressing, plaster) Anlegen nt; (of force, pressure, theory, rules) Anwenden nt, Anwendung f; (of skills, knowledge) Anwendung f, Verwendung f; (of funds) Verwendung f (to für), Gebrauch m (to für); (COMPUT: = program) Anwendung f, Applikation f; (of embargo, sanctions) Verhängen nt, Verhängung f

3) (= diligence, effort) Fleiß m, Eifer m

4) (form ESP MED) Mittel nt; (= ointment) Salbe f

5)

* * *

application [ˌæplıˈkeıʃn] s

1. (to) Anwendung f (auf akk), Verwendung f, Gebrauch m (für):

many applications viele Verwendungszwecke;

application(s) program COMPUT Anwender-, Benutzerprogramm n;

application(s) software COMPUT Anwendersoftware f

2. (Nutz)Anwendung f:

3. Anwendung f, An-, Verwendbarkeit f:

words of varied application;

area ( oder scope) of application Anwendungs-, Geltungsbereich m (eines Gesetzes etc);

applications satellite Nutzsatellit m

4. (to) Anwendung f (auf akk), Beziehung f (zu), Bedeutung f (für):

have no application (to) keine Anwendung finden (bei), nicht zutreffen (auf akk), in keinem Zusammenhang stehen (mit)

5. MED

a) Applikation f, Anwendung f, Anlegung f:

b) Mittel n, Verband m, Umschlag m

6. (for) Bitte f, Gesuch n, Ersuchen n (um), Antrag m (auf akk):

application for extradition (Völkerrecht) Auslieferungsbegehren n, -antrag m;

on the application of auf Antrag (gen);

on application auf Ersuchen oder Verlangen oder Wunsch;

available on application auf Anfrage erhältlich;

payable on application zahlbar bei Bestellung;

make ( oder file) an application for etwas beantragen, (einen) Antrag stellen auf (akk);

application form Antrags-, Bewerbungs-, Anmeldungsformular n

7. Bewerbung f ( for um):

make an application for a job sich um eine Stelle bewerben; → invite A 6

8. (Patent)Anmeldung f:

file an application for a patent eine Patentanmeldung einreichen, ein Patent anmelden

9. WIRTSCH Br Zeichnung f ( for shares von Aktien)

10. Fleiß m, Hingabe f, Eifer m ( alle:

to bei)

11. ASTRON Annäherung f (eines Planeten an einen Aspekt)

* * *

1) (request) Bewerbung, die ( for um); (for passport, licence, etc.) Antrag, der ( for auf + Akk.)

2) (diligence) Fleiß, der (to bei); (with enthusiasm) Eifer, der (to für)

3) (putting) Auftragen, das (to auf + Akk.); (administering) Anwendung, die; (of heat, liquids) Zufuhr, die; (employment; of rule etc.) Anwendung, die

4) (Computing) Applikation, die

* * *

Auftrag -¨e (von Farbe) m. n.

Anmeldung f.

Antrag -¨e m.

Anwendung f.

Bewerbung f.

Gesuch -e n.

Nutzung -en f.

Verwendung f.

Zusatz -¨e m.

1) время; период времени

2) момент времени || отмечать время

3) хронометрировать; рассчитывать по времени

4) синхронизировать; согласовывать во времени

•

- acceleration time

- run time

- running time

source [sɔ:s]

1 noun

(a) (gen) source f;

∎ a good source of vitamin C une bonne source de vitamine C;

∎ they have traced the source of the power cut ils ont découvert l'origine de la panne de courant;

∎ energy sources sources fpl d'énergie;

∎ at source à la source;

∎ Medicine source of infection foyer m d'infection

(b) (of information) source f;

∎ I have it from a good source je le sais ou tiens de source sûre;

∎ the journalist refused to name his sources le journaliste a refusé de nommer ses sources;

∎ according to reliable sources war is imminent selon des sources sûres ou bien informées, la guerre est imminente

(c) (of river) source f

2 transitive verb

(a) Commerce (products) s'approvisionner en, se fournir en;

∎ to be sourced from provenir de

(b) (give source of)

∎ the quotations are sourced in footnotes la source des citations figure dans les notes en bas de page

►► Accountancy source and application of funds état m de flux de trésorie;

Computing source disk disque m source; (floppy) disquette f source;

Computing source document document m de base, document m source;

Computing source file fichier m source;

(a) Linguistics langue f source

(b) Computing langage m source;

source material or source materials (documents) documentation f;

Computing source program programme m source;

Computing source text texte m de départ

1) система || системный

2) система; установка; устройство; комплекс

3) программа

•

- accounting system

- high-availability system

- homogeneous system

- legacy operating system

- level-signal system

- multiagent system

- multichannel system

- rewrite system

- right-handed coordinate system

active ['æktɪv]

1 adjective

(a) (lively → person) actif, dynamique; (→ imagination) vif, actif;

∎ to be still active (of elderly person) être encore alerte ou actif

(b) (busy, involved → person) actif, énergique; (→ life, stock market) actif;

∎ to be active in sth, to take an active part in sth prendre une part active à qch;

∎ she's very active in the party elle est très active au sein du parti;

∎ he was very active in seeing that the measure was passed il a contribué très activement à l'approbation de cette mesure;

∎ to be politically active être engagé;

∎ to be sexually active avoir une activité sexuelle;

∎ how much of the population is in active employment? quel pourcentage de la population a un emploi?

(c) (keen → encouragement, interest, dislike) vif;

∎ to take an active dislike to sb se prendre d'une vive aversion contre qn;

∎ the proposal is under active discussion la proposition fait l'objet d'une vive discussion;

∎ they took his suggestion into active consideration ils ont soumis sa proposition à une étude attentive;

∎ you have our active support vous avez notre soutien total

(d) Banking (in operation → account) actif; Law & Administration (→ case, file) en cours; (→ law, regulation) en vigueur; Geology (→ volcano) en activité

(e) Chemistry (chemical, ingredient) actif

(f) Grammar actif

(g) Military actif;

∎ to be on active British service or American duty être en service actif;

∎ he saw active British service or American duty in the Far East il a servi en Extrême-Orient;

∎ to be on the active list faire partie de l'armée active

(h) Physics & Nuclear actif, radioactif

(i) Stock Exchange (shares) actif; (market) animé, actif;

∎ there is an active demand for oils les valeurs pétrolières sont très recherchées, il y a une forte demande de valeurs pétrolières

2 noun

Grammar (voice) actif m; (verb) verbe m actif;

∎ a verb in the active un verbe à l'actif

►► Computing active desktop bureau m actif;

Computing active file fichier m actif;

Computing active matrix screen écran m à matrice active;

Politics active minority minorité f agissante;

Banking & Finance active money monnaie f circulante;

Finance & Commerce active partner (in company) associé(e) m,f gérant(e), commandité(e) m,f;

Computing active program programme m en cours d'exécution;

Grammar the active voice la voix active, l'actif m;

∎ in the active voice à l'actif;

Computing active window fenêtre f active ou activée

background ['bækgraʊnd]

1 noun

(a) (scene, view) fond m, arrière-plan m; (sound) fond m sonore; Theatre fond m;

∎ yellow flowers on a green background des fleurs jaunes sur fond vert;

∎ in the background dans le fond, à l'arrière-plan;

∎ music was playing in the background il y avait de la musique en bruit de fond;

∎ there was a lot of noise in the background il y avait beaucoup de bruit de fond;

∎ figurative his wife remains very much in the background sa femme est très effacée ou reste à l'écart;

∎ he's rather faded into the background since then on n'entend plus tellement parler de lui depuis

(b) (of person → history) antécédents mpl; (→ family) milieu m socioculturel; (→ experience) formation f, acquis m; (→ education) formation f, bagage m;

∎ people from a working-class background gens mpl de milieu ouvrier;

∎ she has a good background in history elle a une bonne formation en histoire;

∎ what is the candidate's background? (social) à quel milieu social appartient le candidat?; (professional) quelle est la formation du candidat?

(c) (of event, situation) contexte m, climat m;

∎ the economic background to the crisis les raisons économiques de la crise;

∎ the talks are taking place against a background of political tensions les débats ont lieu dans un climat de tension politique;

∎ the report looks at the background to the unrest le rapport examine l'historique de l'agitation

(d) Computing arrière-plan m;

∎ the program works in the background le programme est exécuté en arrière-plan

2 adjective

(a) (unobtrusive → noise) de fond;

∎ background colour couleur f de fond

(b) (facts, material) de base, de fond;

∎ background information éléments mpl de référence ou de base;

∎ I need a bit more background information j'ai besoin de plus de données

►► Computing background job tâche f de fond;

background light éclairage m d'ambiance;

Computing background (mode) printing impression f en arrière-plan;

background music musique f d'ambiance ou de fond; Cinema & Theatre fond m sonore;

Computing background processing traitement m de données en tâches de fond;

Physics background radiation rayonnement m naturel;

background reading lectures fpl complémentaires;

Computing background task tâche f d'arrière-plan

virus ['vaɪrəs]

noun

(a) Medicine virus m;

∎ the flu virus le virus de la grippe;

∎ familiar the virus (AIDS) le sida^□

(b) Computing virus m;

∎ to disable a virus désactiver un virus

►► Computing virus check détection f de virus;

∎ to run a virus check on a disk faire tourner le programme détecteur de virus sur une disquette;

Computing virus detection détection f de virus;

Computing virus detector détecteur m de virus;

Medicine virus infection infection f virale;

Computing virus program programme m virus

1) ((a booklet or paper giving the details of) the planned events in an entertainment etc: According to the programme, the show begins at 8.00.) programa

2) (a plan or scheme: a programme of reforms.) programa

3) ((British and American usually program) a set of data, instructions etc put into a computer.) programa

•

- program

programme n programa

tr['prəʊgræm]

noun

1 (gen) programa nombre masculino; (plan) plan nombre masculino

transitive verb

1 (gen) programar; (activities) programar, planear

programme (UK)

• cartel s.m.

• programa s.m. (Theater) (UK)

• programa (Teatro) (ESP) s.m. (UK) (Computing)

• programar (Informática) v. (UK)

• programar v.

noun (BrE) program I 1), 2), 3), 4)

transitive verb (BrE) program II 1)

1. N

1) (=plan, schedule) programa m

2) (US) (Univ) (=syllabus) plan m de estudios, programa m; (=course) curso m

3) (TV, Rad) programa m

4) (=performance details) programa m

5) (Comput) = program

6) (on washing machine) programa m

2. VT

1) (=arrange) programar, planear

2) (Comput) = program

3) (Elec) (also fig) programar

* * *

noun (BrE) program I 1), 2), 3), 4)

transitive verb (BrE) program II 1)

   1) Programs and the Complexity of Human Mental Processes

   In my opinion, none of [these programs] does even remote justice to the complexity of human mental processes. Unlike men, "artificially intelligent" programs tend to be single minded, undistractable, and unemotional. (Neisser, 1967, p. 9)

   2) Artificial Intelligence Is an Engineering Discipline

   Future progress in [artificial intelligence] will depend on the development of both practical and theoretical knowledge.... As regards theoretical knowledge, some have sought a unified theory of artificial intelligence. My view is that artificial intelligence is (or soon will be) an engineering discipline since its primary goal is to build things. (Nilsson, 1971, pp. vii-viii)

   3) A Sceptical View of Artificial Intelligence

   Most workers in AI [artificial intelligence] research and in related fields confess to a pronounced feeling of disappointment in what has been achieved in the last 25 years. Workers entered the field around 1950, and even around 1960, with high hopes that are very far from being realized in 1972. In no part of the field have the discoveries made so far produced the major impact that was then promised.... In the meantime, claims and predictions regarding the potential results of AI research had been publicized which went even farther than the expectations of the majority of workers in the field, whose embarrassments have been added to by the lamentable failure of such inflated predictions....

   When able and respected scientists write in letters to the present author that AI, the major goal of computing science, represents "another step in the general process of evolution"; that possibilities in the 1980s include an all-purpose intelligence on a human-scale knowledge base; that awe-inspiring possibilities suggest themselves based on machine intelligence exceeding human intelligence by the year 2000 [one has the right to be skeptical]. (Lighthill, 1972, p. 17)

   4) Just as Astronomy Succeeded Astrology, the Discovery of Intellectual Processes in Machines Should Lead to a Science, Eventually

   Just as astronomy succeeded astrology, following Kepler's discovery of planetary regularities, the discoveries of these many principles in empirical explorations on intellectual processes in machines should lead to a science, eventually. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)

   5) Problems in Machine Intelligence Arise Because Things Obvious to Any Person Are Not Represented in the Program

   Many problems arise in experiments on machine intelligence because things obvious to any person are not represented in any program. One can pull with a string, but one cannot push with one.... Simple facts like these caused serious problems when Charniak attempted to extend Bobrow's "Student" program to more realistic applications, and they have not been faced up to until now. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 77)

   6) The Meaning of a Symbolic Description

   What do we mean by [a symbolic] "description"? We do not mean to suggest that our descriptions must be made of strings of ordinary language words (although they might be). The simplest kind of description is a structure in which some features of a situation are represented by single ("primitive") symbols, and relations between those features are represented by other symbols-or by other features of the way the description is put together. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)

   7) The Principle of Artificial Intelligence

   [AI is] the use of computer programs and programming techniques to cast light on the principles of intelligence in general and human thought in particular. (Boden, 1977, p. 5)

   8) Artificial Intelligence Recognizes the Need for Knowledge in Its Systems

   The word you look for and hardly ever see in the early AI literature is the word knowledge. They didn't believe you have to know anything, you could always rework it all.... In fact 1967 is the turning point in my mind when there was enough feeling that the old ideas of general principles had to go.... I came up with an argument for what I called the primacy of expertise, and at the time I called the other guys the generalists. (Moses, quoted in McCorduck, 1979, pp. 228-229)

   9) Artificial Intelligence Is Psychology in a Particularly Pure and Abstract Form

   The basic idea of cognitive science is that intelligent beings are semantic engines-in other words, automatic formal systems with interpretations under which they consistently make sense. We can now see why this includes psychology and artificial intelligence on a more or less equal footing: people and intelligent computers (if and when there are any) turn out to be merely different manifestations of the same underlying phenomenon. Moreover, with universal hardware, any semantic engine can in principle be formally imitated by a computer if only the right program can be found. And that will guarantee semantic imitation as well, since (given the appropriate formal behavior) the semantics is "taking care of itself" anyway. Thus we also see why, from this perspective, artificial intelligence can be regarded as psychology in a particularly pure and abstract form. The same fundamental structures are under investigation, but in AI, all the relevant parameters are under direct experimental control (in the programming), without any messy physiology or ethics to get in the way. (Haugeland, 1981b, p. 31)

    10) There Are Many Types of Reasoning

   There are many different kinds of reasoning one might imagine:

    Formal reasoning involves the syntactic manipulation of data structures to deduce new ones following prespecified rules of inference. Mathematical logic is the archetypical formal representation. Procedural reasoning uses simulation to answer questions and solve problems. When we use a program to answer What is the sum of 3 and 4? it uses, or "runs," a procedural model of arithmetic. Reasoning by analogy seems to be a very natural mode of thought for humans but, so far, difficult to accomplish in AI programs. The idea is that when you ask the question Can robins fly? the system might reason that "robins are like sparrows, and I know that sparrows can fly, so robins probably can fly."

    Generalization and abstraction are also natural reasoning process for humans that are difficult to pin down well enough to implement in a program. If one knows that Robins have wings, that Sparrows have wings, and that Blue jays have wings, eventually one will believe that All birds have wings. This capability may be at the core of most human learning, but it has not yet become a useful technique in AI.... Meta- level reasoning is demonstrated by the way one answers the question What is Paul Newman's telephone number? You might reason that "if I knew Paul Newman's number, I would know that I knew it, because it is a notable fact." This involves using "knowledge about what you know," in particular, about the extent of your knowledge and about the importance of certain facts. Recent research in psychology and AI indicates that meta-level reasoning may play a central role in human cognitive processing. (Barr & Feigenbaum, 1981, pp. 146-147)

    11) Programs Are Beginning to Do Things That Critics Have Asserted to Be Impossible

   Suffice it to say that programs already exist that can do things-or, at the very least, appear to be beginning to do things-which ill-informed critics have asserted a priori to be impossible. Examples include: perceiving in a holistic as opposed to an atomistic way; using language creatively; translating sensibly from one language to another by way of a language-neutral semantic representation; planning acts in a broad and sketchy fashion, the details being decided only in execution; distinguishing between different species of emotional reaction according to the psychological context of the subject. (Boden, 1981, p. 33)

    12) The Synthesis of Man and Machine

   Can the synthesis of Man and Machine ever be stable, or will the purely organic component become such a hindrance that it has to be discarded? If this eventually happens-and I have... good reasons for thinking that it must-we have nothing to regret and certainly nothing to fear. (Clarke, 1984, p. 243)

    13) The Thesis of Good Old-Fashioned Artificial Intelligence (GOFAI)

   The thesis of GOFAI... is not that the processes underlying intelligence can be described symbolically... but that they are symbolic. (Haugeland, 1985, p. 113)

    14) Artificial Intelligence Provides a Useful Approach to Psychological and Psychiatric Theory Formation

   It is all very well formulating psychological and psychiatric theories verbally but, when using natural language (even technical jargon), it is difficult to recognise when a theory is complete; oversights are all too easily made, gaps too readily left. This is a point which is generally recognised to be true and it is for precisely this reason that the behavioural sciences attempt to follow the natural sciences in using "classical" mathematics as a more rigorous descriptive language. However, it is an unfortunate fact that, with a few notable exceptions, there has been a marked lack of success in this application. It is my belief that a different approach-a different mathematics-is needed, and that AI provides just this approach. (Hand, quoted in Hand, 1985, pp. 6-7)

    15) Four Kinds of Artificial Intelligence

   We might distinguish among four kinds of AI.

   ♦ Nonpsychological AI

   Research of this kind involves building and programming computers to perform tasks which, to paraphrase Marvin Minsky, would require intelligence if they were done by us. Researchers in nonpsychological AI make no claims whatsoever about the psychological realism of their programs or the devices they build, that is, about whether or not computers perform tasks as humans do.

   ♦ Weak Psychological AI

   Research here is guided by the view that the computer is a useful tool in the study of mind. In particular, we can write computer programs or build devices that simulate alleged psychological processes in humans and then test our predictions about how the alleged processes work. We can weave these programs and devices together with other programs and devices that simulate different alleged mental processes and thereby test the degree to which the AI system as a whole simulates human mentality. According to weak psychological AI, working with computer models is a way of refining and testing hypotheses about processes that are allegedly realized in human minds.

   ♦ Strong Psychological AI

... According to this view, our minds are computers and therefore can be duplicated by other computers. Sherry Turkle writes that the "real ambition is of mythic proportions, making a general purpose intelligence, a mind." (Turkle, 1984, p. 240) The authors of a major text announce that "the ultimate goal of AI research is to build a person or, more humbly, an animal." (Charniak & McDermott, 1985, p. 7)

   ♦ Suprapsychological AI

   Research in this field, like strong psychological AI, takes seriously the functionalist view that mentality can be realized in many different types of physical devices. Suprapsychological AI, however, accuses strong psychological AI of being chauvinisticof being only interested in human intelligence! Suprapsychological AI claims to be interested in all the conceivable ways intelligence can be realized. (Flanagan, 1991, pp. 241-242)

    16) Determination of Relevance of Rules in Particular Contexts

   Even if the [rules] were stored in a context-free form the computer still couldn't use them. To do that the computer requires rules enabling it to draw on just those [ rules] which are relevant in each particular context. Determination of relevance will have to be based on further facts and rules, but the question will again arise as to which facts and rules are relevant for making each particular determination. One could always invoke further facts and rules to answer this question, but of course these must be only the relevant ones. And so it goes. It seems that AI workers will never be able to get started here unless they can settle the problem of relevance beforehand by cataloguing types of context and listing just those facts which are relevant in each. (Dreyfus & Dreyfus, 1986, p. 80)

    17) Form and Content Are Not Fundamentally Different

   Perhaps the single most important idea to artificial intelligence is that there is no fundamental difference between form and content, that meaning can be captured in a set of symbols such as a semantic net. (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)

    18) The Assumption That the Mind Is a Formal System

   Artificial intelligence is based on the assumption that the mind can be described as some kind of formal system manipulating symbols that stand for things in the world. Thus it doesn't matter what the brain is made of, or what it uses for tokens in the great game of thinking. Using an equivalent set of tokens and rules, we can do thinking with a digital computer, just as we can play chess using cups, salt and pepper shakers, knives, forks, and spoons. Using the right software, one system (the mind) can be mapped into the other (the computer). (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)

    19) A Statement of the Primary and Secondary Purposes of Artificial Intelligence

   The primary goal of Artificial Intelligence is to make machines smarter.

   The secondary goals of Artificial Intelligence are to understand what intelligence is (the Nobel laureate purpose) and to make machines more useful (the entrepreneurial purpose). (Winston, 1987, p. 1)

    20) Mathematical Logic Provides the Basis for Theory in AI

   The theoretical ideas of older branches of engineering are captured in the language of mathematics. We contend that mathematical logic provides the basis for theory in AI. Although many computer scientists already count logic as fundamental to computer science in general, we put forward an even stronger form of the logic-is-important argument....

   AI deals mainly with the problem of representing and using declarative (as opposed to procedural) knowledge. Declarative knowledge is the kind that is expressed as sentences, and AI needs a language in which to state these sentences. Because the languages in which this knowledge usually is originally captured (natural languages such as English) are not suitable for computer representations, some other language with the appropriate properties must be used. It turns out, we think, that the appropriate properties include at least those that have been uppermost in the minds of logicians in their development of logical languages such as the predicate calculus. Thus, we think that any language for expressing knowledge in AI systems must be at least as expressive as the first-order predicate calculus. (Genesereth & Nilsson, 1987, p. viii)

    21) Perceptual Structures Can Be Represented as Lists of Elementary Propositions

   In artificial intelligence studies, perceptual structures are represented as assemblages of description lists, the elementary components of which are propositions asserting that certain relations hold among elements. (Chase & Simon, 1988, p. 490)

    22) Definitions of Artificial Intelligence

   Artificial intelligence (AI) is sometimes defined as the study of how to build and/or program computers to enable them to do the sorts of things that minds can do. Some of these things are commonly regarded as requiring intelligence: offering a medical diagnosis and/or prescription, giving legal or scientific advice, proving theorems in logic or mathematics. Others are not, because they can be done by all normal adults irrespective of educational background (and sometimes by non-human animals too), and typically involve no conscious control: seeing things in sunlight and shadows, finding a path through cluttered terrain, fitting pegs into holes, speaking one's own native tongue, and using one's common sense. Because it covers AI research dealing with both these classes of mental capacity, this definition is preferable to one describing AI as making computers do "things that would require intelligence if done by people." However, it presupposes that computers could do what minds can do, that they might really diagnose, advise, infer, and understand. One could avoid this problematic assumption (and also side-step questions about whether computers do things in the same way as we do) by defining AI instead as "the development of computers whose observable performance has features which in humans we would attribute to mental processes." This bland characterization would be acceptable to some AI workers, especially amongst those focusing on the production of technological tools for commercial purposes. But many others would favour a more controversial definition, seeing AI as the science of intelligence in general-or, more accurately, as the intellectual core of cognitive science. As such, its goal is to provide a systematic theory that can explain (and perhaps enable us to replicate) both the general categories of intentionality and the diverse psychological capacities grounded in them. (Boden, 1990b, pp. 1-2)

    23) The Computer Can Not Be a Model of the Mind

   Because the ability to store data somewhat corresponds to what we call memory in human beings, and because the ability to follow logical procedures somewhat corresponds to what we call reasoning in human beings, many members of the cult have concluded that what computers do somewhat corresponds to what we call thinking. It is no great difficulty to persuade the general public of that conclusion since computers process data very fast in small spaces well below the level of visibility; they do not look like other machines when they are at work. They seem to be running along as smoothly and silently as the brain does when it remembers and reasons and thinks. On the other hand, those who design and build computers know exactly how the machines are working down in the hidden depths of their semiconductors. Computers can be taken apart, scrutinized, and put back together. Their activities can be tracked, analyzed, measured, and thus clearly understood-which is far from possible with the brain. This gives rise to the tempting assumption on the part of the builders and designers that computers can tell us something about brains, indeed, that the computer can serve as a model of the mind, which then comes to be seen as some manner of information processing machine, and possibly not as good at the job as the machine. (Roszak, 1994, pp. xiv-xv)

    24) Computers Will Not Always Be Inferior to Human Brains

   The inner workings of the human mind are far more intricate than the most complicated systems of modern technology. Researchers in the field of artificial intelligence have been attempting to develop programs that will enable computers to display intelligent behavior. Although this field has been an active one for more than thirty-five years and has had many notable successes, AI researchers still do not know how to create a program that matches human intelligence. No existing program can recall facts, solve problems, reason, learn, and process language with human facility. This lack of success has occurred not because computers are inferior to human brains but rather because we do not yet know in sufficient detail how intelligence is organized in the brain. (Anderson, 1995, p. 2)

1) (raise) befördern [Beschäftigte]; aufwerten [Stellung]

2) (improve) verbessern

3) (Computing) aufrüsten, nachrüsten [Computer]

* * *

* * *

I. vt

1. (improve quality)

▪ to \upgrade sth etw verbessern; COMPUT etw erweitern

to \upgrade hardware Hardware nachrüsten [o aufrüsten]

to \upgrade a program eine verbesserte Version eines Programms erstellen

2. (raise in rank)

▪ to \upgrade sb jdn befördern

▪ to \upgrade sth etw aufwerten

II. n

1. COMPUT Aufrüsten nt

2. (version) verbesserte Version

a software \upgrade eine verbesserte Version einer Software

3. AM (slope) Steigung f

▶ to be on the \upgrade AM (improving in health) auf dem Wege der Besserung sein; (advancing) in einer Aufwärtsentwicklung begriffen sein

our company has been on the \upgrade for the last six months mit unserer Firma ging es in den letzten sechs Monaten stetig aufwärts

* * *

1. n

1) (= improved version) verbesserte Version; (COMPUT) Upgrade nt

2) (US) Steigung f

3) (fig)

2. vt

* * *

upgrade [ˈʌpɡreıd]

A s

1. besonders US Steigung f, Anstieg m

2. on the upgrade fig im (An)Steigen (begriffen)

B adj besonders US an-, aufsteigend

C adv besonders US bergauf

D v/t [ʌpˈɡreıd]

1. höher einstufen:

upgrade sb’s status jemanden aufwerten

2. jemanden (im Rang) befördern

3. WIRTSCH

a)(die Qualität gen) verbessern

b) ein Produkt durch ein höherwertiges Erzeugnis ersetzen

4. einen Computer etc nachrüsten

* * *

1) (raise) befördern [Beschäftigte]; aufwerten [Stellung]

2) (improve) verbessern

3) (Computing) aufrüsten, nachrüsten [Computer]

* * *

aktualisieren v.

ausbauen v.

erweitern v.

verbessern v. n.

Verbesserung f.

hyphenation [haɪfə'neɪʃən]

noun

Linguistics syllabation f; (in printing) césure f, coupure f des mots

►► Computing hyphenation help aide f à la césure;

Computing hyphenation logic logique f de césure;

Computing hyphenation menu menu m de césure;

Computing hyphenation program programme m de césure, logiciel m de syllabation

instruction [ɪn'strʌkʃən]

noun

(a) (order) instruction f;

∎ follow my instructions carefully suis bien mes instructions ou indications;

∎ to give sb instructions to do sth ordonner à qn de faire qch;

∎ to carry out instructions exécuter des ordres;

∎ to act in accordance with/contrary to instructions se conformer/ne pas se conformer aux instructions reçues;

∎ our instructions were to arrest him nous avions reçu l'ordre de l'arrêter;

∎ she gave instructions for the papers to be destroyed elle a donné des instructions pour qu'on détruise les documents;

∎ they were given instructions not to let him out of their sight ils avaient reçu l'ordre de ne pas le perdre de vue;

∎ instructions (for use) mode m d'emploi

(b) (UNCOUNT) (teaching) leçons fpl; Military instruction f

(c) Computing

∎ instructions (in program) instructions fpl

►► instruction book livret m d'instruction(s);

Computing instruction code code m d'instruction;

instruction manual manuel m (d'utilisation et d'entretien); Computing guide m de l'utilisateur;

Computing instruction set jeu m d'instructions

sort [sɔ:t]

sorte ⇒ 1 (a) espèce ⇒ 1 (a) genre ⇒ 1 (a) tri ⇒ 1 (c) classer ⇒ 2 (a) trier ⇒ 2 (a)

1 noun

(a) (kind, type) sorte f, espèce f, genre m; (brand) marque f;

∎ a hat with a sort of veil un chapeau avec une sorte ou une espèce ou un genre de voile;

∎ it's a strange sort of film c'est un drôle de film;

∎ it's a different sort of problem c'est un autre type de problème;

∎ the trees formed a sort of arch les arbres formaient comme une arche;

∎ I've got a sort of feeling about what the result will be j'ai comme un pressentiment sur ce que sera le résultat;

∎ I think that he's some sort of specialist or that he's a specialist of some sort je crois que c'est un genre de spécialiste;

∎ she's not the sort (of woman) to let you down elle n'est pas du genre à vous laisser tomber;

∎ this or familiar these sort of people les gens de cette espèce, ces gens-là;

∎ they're not our sort (of people) nous ne sommes pas du même monde;

∎ I know your sort! les gens de ton espèce, je les connais!;

∎ there's too much of this sort of thing going on il se passe trop de choses de ce genre;

∎ good luck, and all that sort of thing! bonne chance, et tout et tout!;

∎ what sort of fish are we having? qu'est-ce qu'on mange comme poisson?;

∎ what sort of washing machine have you got? qu'est-ce que vous avez comme (marque de) machine à laver?;

∎ what sort of dog is that? qu'est-ce que c'est comme chien ou comme race de chien?;

∎ what sort of woman is she? quel genre de femme est-ce?;

∎ what sort of girl do you take me for? pour qui me prenez-vous?;

∎ what sort of way is that to speak to your grandmother? en voilà une façon de parler à ta grand-mère!;

∎ what sort of day did you have? comment s'est passée ta journée?;

∎ that's my sort of holiday voilà des vacances comme je les aime;

∎ all sorts of people des gens de toutes sortes;

∎ you get all sorts at these parties on rencontre toutes sortes de gens dans ces soirées;

∎ there are all sorts of materials to choose from on peut choisir parmi toutes sortes de matériaux;

∎ I've heard all sorts of good things about you j'ai entendu dire beaucoup de bien de vous;

∎ to be out of sorts (a little unwell) ne pas être dans son assiette; (in a bad mood) être de mauvaise humeur;

∎ something of the sort or of that sort quelque chose de pareil ou de semblable ou dans ce genre-là;

∎ I said nothing of the sort! je n'ai rien dit de pareil ou de tel!;

∎ you were drunk last night - I was nothing of the sort! tu étais ivre hier soir - absolument pas! ou mais pas du tout!;

∎ proverb it takes all sorts (to make a world) il faut de tout pour faire un monde

(b) familiar (person)

∎ she's a good or decent sort (young woman) c'est une brave fille; (older woman) c'est une brave femme;

∎ he's not a bad sort ce n'est pas le mauvais cheval

(c) (gen) & Computing (→ putting in order) tri m;

∎ the program will do an alphabetical sort le programme exécutera un tri alphabétique;

∎ sort routine routine f de tri;

∎ familiar I've had a sort through all the winter clothes j'ai trié tous les vêtements d'hiver^□

2 transitive verb

(a) (classify) classer, trier; (divide up) répartir; (separate) séparer; Computing trier;

∎ to sort mail trier le courrier;

∎ I've sorted the index cards into alphabetical order j'ai classé ou trié les fiches par ordre alphabétique;

∎ they were sorting the shirts according to colour ils triaient les chemises selon leur couleur;

∎ sort the cards into two piles répartissez les cartes en deux piles;

∎ sort the letters into urgent and less urgent répartissez les lettres entre celles qui sont urgentes et celles qui le sont moins;

∎ help me sort the good fruit from the bad aidez-moi à séparer les bons fruits des mauvais;

∎ Computing to sort sth in ascending/descending order trier qch par ordre croissant/décroissant

(b) (organize) = sort out

(c)

3 intransitive verb

Computing (arrange in list) trier; (file, data) se trier

4 of sorts, of a sort adverb

∎ they served us champagne of sorts or of a sort ils nous ont servi une espèce de champagne;

∎ a peace/solution of sorts un semblant de paix/de solution;

∎ they live in a home of sorts ils habitent dans une maison, si on peut appeler ça une maison

5 sort of adverb

∎ familiar I sort of expected it to rain je m'attendais un peu à ce qu'il pleuve^□ ;

∎ I'm sort of glad that I missed them je suis plutôt content de les avoir ratés;

∎ it's sort of big and round c'est du genre grand et rond;

∎ it's sort of heavy c'est un peu lourd, c'est plutôt lourd^□ ;

∎ he sort of apologized d'une certaine façon, il s'est excusé^□ ;

∎ did you hit him? - well, sort of tu l'as frappé? - en quelque sorte, oui^□

➲ sort out separable transitive verb

(a) (separate) séparer;

∎ to sort out the foreign stamps from the British ones séparer les timbres étrangers des timbres britanniques

(b) (select and set aside) trier;

∎ I've been sorting out some books for you to take j'ai trié quelques livres pour que tu les emportes;

∎ we've already sorted out the likely candidates from the rest nous avons déjà trié les candidats intéressants (et les autres)

(c) (tidy up, put in order → papers, clothes, room, cupboard) ranger; (→ finances, ideas) mettre en ordre;

∎ give me a few minutes to get (myself) sorted out or to sort myself out donnez-moi quelques minutes pour m'organiser;

∎ she needs to get her personal life sorted out il faut qu'elle règle ses problèmes personnels

(d) (settle, resolve → problem, dispute) régler, résoudre;

∎ I'm glad that bit of bother has been sorted out je suis content que ce petit problème ait été réglé;

∎ they still haven't sorted out the mistake in my tax demand ils n'ont toujours pas réglé cette erreur dans ma feuille d'impôts;

∎ everything's sorted out now tout est arrangé ou réglé maintenant;

∎ once the initial confusion had sorted itself out une fois que la confusion du début se fut dissipée;

∎ things will sort themselves out in the end les choses finiront par s'arranger;

∎ familiar two aspirins ought to sort out that headache deux aspirines devraient avoir raison de ce mal de tête^□

(e) (establish, clarify)

∎ have you sorted out how to do it? est-ce que tu as trouvé le moyen de le faire?;

∎ she couldn't sort out what they wanted elle n'arrivait pas à savoir au juste ce qu'ils voulaient;

∎ I'm trying to sort out what's been going on j'essaie de savoir ou de comprendre ce qui s'est passé;

∎ you've got to sort out your priorities il faut que tu définisses ce qui prime pour toi

(f) (arrange) arranger, fixer;

∎ we still have to sort out a date for the next meeting il nous faut encore arranger ou choisir une date pour la prochaine réunion;

∎ I'll go and sort the tickets out je vais m'occuper des billets;

∎ to sort out the details faire le nécessaire;

∎ to sort out a room for sb préparer une chambre pour qn

(g) British familiar (solve the problems of → person)

∎ he's very depressed, you should try to sort him out il est très déprimé, tu devrais essayer de l'aider à s'en sortir^□ ;

∎ she needs time to sort herself out il lui faut du temps pour régler ses problèmes^□

(h) British familiar (punish) régler son compte à^□ ;

∎ just wait till he gets home, I'll sort him out! attends un peu qu'il rentre à la maison, je vais lui régler son compte!

►► Banking sort code code m guichet

➲ sort through inseparable transitive verb

trier;

∎ I've been sorting through the old magazines j'ai trié les vieux magazines

1) (a written report of facts, events etc: historical records; I wish to keep a record of everything that is said at this meeting.) constancia (escrita); archivos; registro

2) (a round flat piece of (usually black) plastic on which music etc is recorded: a record of Beethoven's Sixth Symphony.) disco

3) ((in races, games, or almost any activity) the best performance so far; something which has never yet been beaten: He holds the record for the 1,000 metres; The record for the high jump was broken/beaten this afternoon; He claimed to have eaten fifty sausages in a minute and asked if this was a record; (also adjective) a record score.) récord, marca, plusmarca

4) (the collected facts from the past of a person, institution etc: This school has a very poor record of success in exams; He has a criminal record.) historial; (policial) antecedentes

1) (to write a description of (an event, facts etc) so that they can be read in the future: The decisions will be recorded in the minutes of the meeting.) registrar, dejar constancia escrita

2) (to put (the sound of music, speech etc) on a record or tape so that it can be listened to in the future: I've recorded the whole concert; Don't make any noise when I'm recording.) grabar

3) ((of a dial, instrument etc) to show (a figure etc) as a reading: The thermometer recorded 30°C yesterday.) registrar

4) (to give or show, especially in writing: to record one's vote in an election.) consignar

•

- recorder

record¹ n

1. disco

2. documento / registro / constancia

3. expediente / historial

4. récord

record² vb

1. registrar / anotar / apuntar

2. grabar

◊ record adjetivo invariable