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1 complex
[ˈkɔmpleks] (American) [kəmˈpleks]1. adjective1) composed of many parts:مُرَكَّبa complex piece of machinery.
2) complicated or difficult:مُعَقَّدa complex problem.
2. [ˈkɔmpleks] noun1) something made up of many different pieces:مُجَمَّع مبانٍ، مُنْشَأَهThe leisure complex will include a swimming-pool, tennis courts, a library etc.
2) ( often used loosely) an abnormal mental state caused by experiences in one's past which affect one's behaviour:عُقْدَهinferiority complex.
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2 complex
complex1〈 het〉2 [psychologie] complex♦voorbeelden:1 een heel complex van regels • a whole complex/set of rules————————complex2♦voorbeelden:1 een complex probleem • a complex/knotty problemeen complex verschijnsel • a complex phenomenon -
3 een complex probleem
een complex probleema complex/knotty problemVan Dale Handwoordenboek Nederlands-Engels > een complex probleem
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4 сложная проблема
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5 сложная проблема
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6 kompliziert
I P.P. komplizierenII Adj. complicated; complex; (verwickelt) Gerät: auch intricate; Problem, Lage: auch involved; komplizierter Bruch MED. compound fracture* * *involved; complicated; complex; intricate; elaborate; tricky* * *kom|pli|ziert [kɔmpli'tsiːɐt]1. adjcomplicated, involved; (MED ) Bruch compound2. advaufgebaut in a complicated waysich komplizíért ausdrücken — to express oneself in a complicated or an involved way
das ist sehr komplizíért dargestellt — the presentation is quite complicated
die Angelegenheit hat sich komplizíért entwickelt — the matter has become very complicated
* * *1) (complicated or difficult: a complex problem.) complex2) ((negative uncomplicated) difficult to understand: complicated instructions.) complicated* * *kom·pli·ziertI. adj complicated* * *1.Adjektiv complicated; complicated, intricate <device, piece of apparatus>; complicated, involved < problem, procedure>; (Med.) compound < fracture>2.sich kompliziert ausdrücken — express oneself in a complicated or an involved way or manner
* * *komplizierter Bruch MED compound fracture* * *1.Adjektiv complicated; complicated, intricate <device, piece of apparatus>; complicated, involved <problem, procedure>; (Med.) compound < fracture>2.sich kompliziert ausdrücken — express oneself in a complicated or an involved way or manner
* * *adj.complex adj.complicated adj.elaborate adj.intricate adj.sophisticated adj.tricky adj. -
7 Creativity
Put in this bald way, these aims sound utopian. How utopian they areor rather, how imminent their realization-depends on how broadly or narrowly we interpret the term "creative." If we are willing to regard all human complex problem solving as creative, then-as we will point out-successful programs for problem solving mechanisms that simulate human problem solvers already exist, and a number of their general characteristics are known. If we reserve the term "creative" for activities like discovery of the special theory of relativity or the composition of Beethoven's Seventh Symphony, then no example of a creative mechanism exists at the present time. (Simon, 1979, pp. 144-145)Among the questions that can now be given preliminary answers in computational terms are the following: how can ideas from very different sources be spontaneously thought of together? how can two ideas be merged to produce a new structure, which shows the influence of both ancestor ideas without being a mere "cut-and-paste" combination? how can the mind be "primed," so that one will more easily notice serendipitous ideas? why may someone notice-and remember-something fairly uninteresting, if it occurs in an interesting context? how can a brief phrase conjure up an entire melody from memory? and how can we accept two ideas as similar ("love" and "prove" as rhyming, for instance) in respect of a feature not identical in both? The features of connectionist AI models that suggest answers to these questions are their powers of pattern completion, graceful degradation, sensitization, multiple constraint satisfaction, and "best-fit" equilibration.... Here, the important point is that the unconscious, "insightful," associative aspects of creativity can be explained-in outline, at least-by AI methods. (Boden, 1996, p. 273)There thus appears to be an underlying similarity in the process involved in creative innovation and social independence, with common traits and postures required for expression of both behaviors. The difference is one of product-literary, musical, artistic, theoretical products on the one hand, opinions on the other-rather than one of process. In both instances the individual must believe that his perceptions are meaningful and valid and be willing to rely upon his own interpretations. He must trust himself sufficiently that even when persons express opinions counter to his own he can proceed on the basis of his own perceptions and convictions. (Coopersmith, 1967, p. 58)he average level of ego strength and emotional stability is noticeably higher among creative geniuses than among the general population, though it is possibly lower than among men of comparable intelligence and education who go into administrative and similar positions. High anxiety and excitability appear common (e.g. Priestley, Darwin, Kepler) but full-blown neurosis is quite rare. (Cattell & Butcher, 1970, p. 315)he insight that is supposed to be required for such work as discovery turns out to be synonymous with the familiar process of recognition; and other terms commonly used in the discussion of creative work-such terms as "judgment," "creativity," or even "genius"-appear to be wholly dispensable or to be definable, as insight is, in terms of mundane and well-understood concepts. (Simon, 1989, p. 376)From the sketch material still in existence, from the condition of the fragments, and from the autographs themselves we can draw definite conclusions about Mozart's creative process. To invent musical ideas he did not need any stimulation; they came to his mind "ready-made" and in polished form. In contrast to Beethoven, who made numerous attempts at shaping his musical ideas until he found the definitive formulation of a theme, Mozart's first inspiration has the stamp of finality. Any Mozart theme has completeness and unity; as a phenomenon it is a Gestalt. (Herzmann, 1964, p. 28)Great artists enlarge the limits of one's perception. Looking at the world through the eyes of Rembrandt or Tolstoy makes one able to perceive aspects of truth about the world which one could not have achieved without their aid. Freud believed that science was adaptive because it facilitated mastery of the external world; but was it not the case that many scientific theories, like works of art, also originated in phantasy? Certainly, reading accounts of scientific discovery by men of the calibre of Einstein compelled me to conclude that phantasy was not merely escapist, but a way of reaching new insights concerning the nature of reality. Scientific hypotheses require proof; works of art do not. Both are concerned with creating order, with making sense out of the world and our experience of it. (Storr, 1993, p. xii)The importance of self-esteem for creative expression appears to be almost beyond disproof. Without a high regard for himself the individual who is working in the frontiers of his field cannot trust himself to discriminate between the trivial and the significant. Without trust in his own powers the person seeking improved solutions or alternative theories has no basis for distinguishing the significant and profound innovation from the one that is merely different.... An essential component of the creative process, whether it be analysis, synthesis, or the development of a new perspective or more comprehensive theory, is the conviction that one's judgment in interpreting the events is to be trusted. (Coopersmith, 1967, p. 59)In the daily stream of thought these four different stages [preparation; incubation; illumination or inspiration; and verification] constantly overlap each other as we explore different problems. An economist reading a Blue Book, a physiologist watching an experiment, or a business man going through his morning's letters, may at the same time be "incubating" on a problem which he proposed to himself a few days ago, be accumulating knowledge in "preparation" for a second problem, and be "verifying" his conclusions to a third problem. Even in exploring the same problem, the mind may be unconsciously incubating on one aspect of it, while it is consciously employed in preparing for or verifying another aspect. (Wallas, 1926, p. 81)he basic, bisociative pattern of the creative synthesis [is] the sudden interlocking of two previously unrelated skills, or matrices of thought. (Koestler, 1964, p. 121)11) The Earliest Stages in the Creative Process Involve a Commerce with DisorderEven to the creator himself, the earliest effort may seem to involve a commerce with disorder. For the creative order, which is an extension of life, is not an elaboration of the established, but a movement beyond the established, or at least a reorganization of it and often of elements not included in it. The first need is therefore to transcend the old order. Before any new order can be defined, the absolute power of the established, the hold upon us of what we know and are, must be broken. New life comes always from outside our world, as we commonly conceive that world. This is the reason why, in order to invent, one must yield to the indeterminate within him, or, more precisely, to certain illdefined impulses which seem to be of the very texture of the ungoverned fullness which John Livingston Lowes calls "the surging chaos of the unexpressed." (Ghiselin, 1985, p. 4)New life comes always from outside our world, as we commonly conceive our world. This is the reason why, in order to invent, one must yield to the indeterminate within him, or, more precisely, to certain illdefined impulses which seem to be of the very texture of the ungoverned fullness which John Livingston Lowes calls "the surging chaos of the unexpressed." Chaos and disorder are perhaps the wrong terms for that indeterminate fullness and activity of the inner life. For it is organic, dynamic, full of tension and tendency. What is absent from it, except in the decisive act of creation, is determination, fixity, and commitment to one resolution or another of the whole complex of its tensions. (Ghiselin, 1952, p. 13)[P]sychoanalysts have principally been concerned with the content of creative products, and with explaining content in terms of the artist's infantile past. They have paid less attention to examining why the artist chooses his particular activity to express, abreact or sublimate his emotions. In short, they have not made much distinction between art and neurosis; and, since the former is one of the blessings of mankind, whereas the latter is one of the curses, it seems a pity that they should not be better differentiated....Psychoanalysis, being fundamentally concerned with drive and motive, might have been expected to throw more light upon what impels the creative person that in fact it has. (Storr, 1993, pp. xvii, 3)A number of theoretical approaches were considered. Associative theory, as developed by Mednick (1962), gained some empirical support from the apparent validity of the Remote Associates Test, which was constructed on the basis of the theory.... Koestler's (1964) bisociative theory allows more complexity to mental organization than Mednick's associative theory, and postulates "associative contexts" or "frames of reference." He proposed that normal, non-creative, thought proceeds within particular contexts or frames and that the creative act involves linking together previously unconnected frames.... Simonton (1988) has developed associative notions further and explored the mathematical consequences of chance permutation of ideas....Like Koestler, Gruber (1980; Gruber and Davis, 1988) has based his analysis on case studies. He has focused especially on Darwin's development of the theory of evolution. Using piagetian notions, such as assimilation and accommodation, Gruber shows how Darwin's system of ideas changed very slowly over a period of many years. "Moments of insight," in Gruber's analysis, were the culminations of slow long-term processes.... Finally, the information-processing approach, as represented by Simon (1966) and Langley et al. (1987), was considered.... [Simon] points out the importance of good problem representations, both to ensure search is in an appropriate problem space and to aid in developing heuristic evaluations of possible research directions.... The work of Langley et al. (1987) demonstrates how such search processes, realized in computer programs, can indeed discover many basic laws of science from tables of raw data.... Boden (1990a, 1994) has stressed the importance of restructuring the problem space in creative work to develop new genres and paradigms in the arts and sciences. (Gilhooly, 1996, pp. 243-244; emphasis in original)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Creativity
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8 złożony
adj( problem) complex, complicated; ( układ) complex; ( cząsteczka) compoundbyć złożonym z złożony — +gen to be composed of
zdanie złożone współrzędnie/podrzędnie — a sentence with co-ordinate clauses/with a subordinate clause
* * *a.1. ( z kilku części) complex, compound, composite; cukier złożony chem. polysaccharide, polysaccharose; węglowodan złożony chem. complex carbohydrate; orzeczenie złożone gram. complete predicate, predicate (complex), verb and complement; wyraz złożony jęz. compound (word); zdanie złożone gram. compound l. multiple sentence; liczba złożona mat. composite number; być złożonym z be composed of.2. (= zawiły) complex, complicated; złożony problem complex problem.The New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > złożony
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9 сложная задача
1) General subject: challenge, trickish problem ( in mathematics), (математическая) tricky problem (in mathematics), great challenge2) Military: challenge3) Mathematics: intricate problem (трудная)4) Diplomatic term: intricate task, troublesome problem5) Psychology: complex task (задание)6) Jargon: bear (This problem is a real bear.Эта проблема действительно сложная)7) Drilling: problem8) Sakhalin energy glossary: formidable challenge9) Makarov: complex problem -
10 complesso
1. adj complex, complicated2. m complexmusic groupdi circostanze set, combinationin o nel complesso on the whole* * *complesso agg.1 complex, complicated: questo romanzo ha un intreccio complesso, this novel has a complicated plot; la situazione politica era molto complessa, the political situation was very complex2 (mat.) complex; compound: numeri complessi, compound numbers; quantità complessa, complex quantity4 (rar.) ( robusto) stout, sturdy, well built.complesso s.m.1 ( totalità) whole: il complesso dei dipendenti, i dipendenti nel loro complesso, the whole body of employees; bisogna considerare le cose nel loro complesso, we must look at things as a whole; in complesso sono soddisfatto, on the whole I am satisfied; nel complesso la situazione non è così seria, all in all the situation is not so serious2 ( serie) set, collection: complesso di strumenti di prova, testing set; un complesso di circostanze, a set of circumstances3 ( impresa di vaste proporzioni) complex, group, unit; plant: complesso industriale, industrial complex, ( stabilimento) works, plant; complesso produttivo, productive plant; un grande complesso editoriale, a large publishing group; complesso aziendale, company unit; complesso scolastico, ospedaliero, school, hospital complex5 (psic.) complex: complesso d'inferiorità, inferiority complex; complesso edipico, Oedipus complex; complesso di colpa, guilt complex* * *[kom'plɛsso] complesso (-a)1. aggcomplex, complicated2. smnel o in complesso — by and large, generally speaking, on the whole
è stato un complesso di cose a farmi cambiare idea — it was a combination of things that made me change my mind
il complesso delle manifestazioni culturali avverrà in luglio — the vast majority of cultural events will take place in July
* * *[kom'plɛsso] 1.1) (complicato) [problema, questione] complex, elaborate, subtle2) (composito) [personalità, fenomeno] many-sided3) mat. complex2.sostantivo maschile1) (insieme) (di questioni, circostanze) sum, whole, entirety; (di edifici) complexcomplesso ospedaliero, scolastico, residenziale — hospital, school, housing complex
2) psic. complexcomplesso d'inferiorità, di superiorità, di colpa — inferiority, superiority, guilt complex
3) (gruppo musicale) band, groupun complesso strumentale, vocale — an instrumental, vocal ensemble
4) mat. fis. chim. complex5) in, nel complesso by and large, on the whole* * *complesso/kom'plεsso/1 (complicato) [problema, questione] complex, elaborate, subtle2 (composito) [personalità, fenomeno] many-sided3 mat. complex1 (insieme) (di questioni, circostanze) sum, whole, entirety; (di edifici) complex; complesso ospedaliero, scolastico, residenziale hospital, school, housing complex2 psic. complex; complesso d'inferiorità, di superiorità, di colpa inferiority, superiority, guilt complex; ha il complesso di avere il naso grosso she has a hang-up about her big nose3 (gruppo musicale) band, group; un complesso strumentale, vocale an instrumental, vocal ensemble4 mat. fis. chim. complex5 in, nel complesso by and large, on the whole. -
11 сложная проблема
1) General subject: a many-sided problem, challenge, deep problem, intricate problem, scabrous problem, challenging problem2) Military: complex problem3) Psychology: knotty problem4) Jargon: can of worms, toughie5) Makarov: complicated problem -
12 complesso
[kom'plɛsso] complesso (-a)1. aggcomplex, complicated2. smnel o in complesso — by and large, generally speaking, on the whole
è stato un complesso di cose a farmi cambiare idea — it was a combination of things that made me change my mind
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13 complicación
f.1 complication, mess, complexity, complicacy.2 complication.* * *1 complication\buscarse complicaciones to make life difficult for oneself* * *noun f.* * *SF1) (=problema) complication2) (=cualidad) complexity* * *1)a) (contratiempo, dificultad) complicationb) (Med) complicationc) ( cualidad) complexity2) (esp AmL) ( implicación) involvement* * *= complication, hitch, worsening.Ex. Even in this apparently straightforward situation, complications can arise.Ex. Keeping pace with these changes may well mean more work than the seven year hitch experienced by DC users.Ex. We have also considered other possible mechanisms to explain the worsening of hypokalemia in this patient.----* libre de complicaciones = hassle-free.* sin complicaciones = smoothly, boilerplate [boiler plate], uncomplicated, straightforward, uncomplicatedly, hassle-free.* surgir una complicación = arise + complication.* * *1)a) (contratiempo, dificultad) complicationb) (Med) complicationc) ( cualidad) complexity2) (esp AmL) ( implicación) involvement* * *= complication, hitch, worsening.Ex: Even in this apparently straightforward situation, complications can arise.
Ex: Keeping pace with these changes may well mean more work than the seven year hitch experienced by DC users.Ex: We have also considered other possible mechanisms to explain the worsening of hypokalemia in this patient.* libre de complicaciones = hassle-free.* sin complicaciones = smoothly, boilerplate [boiler plate], uncomplicated, straightforward, uncomplicatedly, hassle-free.* surgir una complicación = arise + complication.* * *A1 (contratiempo, dificultad) complicationexiste otra complicación there is a further complicationsurgió una complicación y no pudimos llegar a problem o complication arose and we couldn't get therecon tantas complicaciones prefiero no ir if things are going to be that complicated, I'd rather not go2 ( Med) complication3 (cualidad) complexityla complicación del asunto the complexity of the matterB ( esp AmL) (implicación) involvement* * *
complicación sustantivo femenino
complicación sustantivo femenino complication
' complicación' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
lío
English:
complication
- hitch
* * *complicación nf1. [proceso] complication;así sólo se consigue la complicación de la situación that will only complicate matters2. [complejidad] complexity;un problema de gran complicación a very complex problem3. [contratiempo] problem, complication;es una complicación con la que no contábamos it's a problem o complication we hadn't counted on;han surgido varias complicaciones several problems o complications have arisen4. [en enfermedad] complication;si no hay complicaciones, le dan el alta mañana if there are no problems o complications, he'll be discharged tomorrow* * *f complication* * * -
14 קשר גורדי
Gordian knot, intricate knot tied by King Gordius of Phrygia which was only to be untied by the future king of Asia (Greek Mythology) ; difficult or complex problem, seemingly unsolvable problem -
15 сложная проблема
фраз. a complex problemRussian science is successfully solving many complex problems. — Российская наука решает многие сложные проблемы.
Дополнительный универсальный русско-английский словарь > сложная проблема
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16 zreduk|ować
pf Ⅰ vt 1. (ograniczyć) to reduce [ilość, deficyt, arsenał broni, wydajność]; to cut down (on), to cut back (on) [koszty, przestępczość]; to scale down [plany]; (stopniowo zmniejszyć) to whittle [sth] away a. down [przewagę, zyski]; (nagle, drastycznie) to axe, to ax US; to slash pot. [wydatki, usługi, program]- zredukować długą listę do trzech punktów/wachlarz możliwości do jednej to pare down a long list to three items/to eliminate all the possibilities but one- zredukować coś do minimum to reduce sth to a minimum a. to the bare minimum- zredukować dochody o pięć procent to decrease revenues by five per cent ⇒ redukować2. (zwolnić) to cut down on [personel, pracowników]; to streamline [biurokrację]; (nagle, drastycznie) to axe, to ax US [stanowiska]- zredukować obsługę biura to cut down on the office staff ⇒ redukować3. (sprowadzić) to reduce- zredukować coś do czegoś to reduce sth to sth- zredukować skomplikowany problem do prostej kwestii to reduce a complex problem to a simple issue- życie zredukowane do walki o przetrwanie life reduced to a struggle for existence- system zredukuje człowieka do roli trybika w maszynie the system reduces the individual to a mere cog in the machine ⇒ redukować4. Aut. (obniżać) zredukować bieg to reduce gear, to change down GB, to downshift US ⇒ redukować 5. Chem. to deoxidize Ⅱ zredukować się 1. (pod względem ilości, wielkości) [wpływy, ilość] to drop, to fall- nasze koszty zredukowały się o jedną trzecią our costs have fallen by one third ⇒ redukować się2. (pod względem złożoności) [funkcja, zagadnienie, dzieło] to be reduced- powódź danych zredukowała się do rozmiarów możliwych do przetworzenia the deluge of data has been reduced to manageable proportions ⇒ redukować sięThe New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > zreduk|ować
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17 с другой стороны
•Salt, on the other hand, presented a more complex problem.
•Alternatively (or On the other hand), a more open structure can be produced in which...
Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > с другой стороны
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18 ciertamente
adv.certainly, forsooth, surely.intj.certainly, indeed, yea.* * *► adverbio1 certainly* * *ADV certainly* * *= certainly, surely, to be sure, assuredly.Ex. Local interpretations of the rules, and modifications to suit local circumstances, certainly militate against standard records.Ex. Paperback bibles are included in the category of 'other', which must surely indicate that they are a negligible quantity.Ex. To be sure, there is not much flexibility in the classical bookform catalog.Ex. Without question, information has most assuredly become the competitive edge for business and industry.----* ciertamente me gustaría = I sure wish.* * *= certainly, surely, to be sure, assuredly.Ex: Local interpretations of the rules, and modifications to suit local circumstances, certainly militate against standard records.
Ex: Paperback bibles are included in the category of 'other', which must surely indicate that they are a negligible quantity.Ex: To be sure, there is not much flexibility in the classical bookform catalog.Ex: Without question, information has most assuredly become the competitive edge for business and industry.* ciertamente me gustaría = I sure wish.* * *certainlyun tema ciertamente polémico a subject which is certainly controversial* * *ciertamente adv1. [con certeza] certainly;déjame que lo consulte y te lo diré ciertamente let me check it out and I'll tell you for certain;es un problema ciertamente complejo it certainly is a complex problem;ciertamente, estamos en una situación crítica we are definitely in a critical situation2. [sí enfático] of course;¿vendrás? – ¡ciertamente! are you coming? – of course!;¿estás cansado? – ¡ciertamente que sí! are you tired? – I certainly am!* * *adv certainly* * *ciertamente adv certainly -
19 surprenant
surprenant, e [syʀpʀənɑ̃, ɑ̃t]adjective• chose surprenante, il n'a jamais répondu surprisingly enough, he never replied* * *surprenante syʀpʀənɑ̃, ɑ̃t adjectif [aspect, nombre, qualité, lieu] surprising; [personne] amazingil est surprenant de voir comment/combien — it is surprising how/how much
* * *syʀpʀənɑ̃, ɑ̃t surprenant, -e1. vbSee:2. adj* * *surprenant, surprenante adj [aspect, nombre, qualité, lieu] surprising; [personne] amazing; n'avoir rien de surprenant to be hardly surprising; il serait surprenant qu'il vienne it would be surprising if he came; il est surprenant de voir comment/combien it is surprising how/how much; un problème surprenant de complexité a surprisingly complex problem; un enfant surprenant d'intelligence an amazingly intelligent child.( féminin surprenante) [syrprənɑ̃, ɑ̃t] adjectif -
20 веха в истории развития
Веха в истории развития-- It [S.'s work] remains as a most significant milestone in the development of understanding of a complex problem.Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > веха в истории развития
См. также в других словарях:
Problem solving — forms part of thinking. Considered the most complex of all intellectual functions, problem solving has been defined as higher order cognitive process that requires the modulation and control of more routine or fundamental skills (Goldstein Levin … Wikipedia
complex — 01. The issue is much too [complex] for me to discuss. 02. They have moved into a new housing [complex] near the ocean. 03. Using a computer seemed pretty [complex] to me at first, but now it seems very simple. 04. He has a [complex] about his… … Grammatical examples in English
complex — 1 adjective 1 consisting of many different parts or processes that are closely connected: There is a complex network of roads round the city. | Photosynthesis is a highly complex process. 2 difficult to understand or deal with: Mental illness is… … Longman dictionary of contemporary English
complex — complexly, adv. complexness, n. adj., v. /keuhm pleks , kom pleks/; n. /kom pleks/, adj. 1. composed of many interconnected parts; compound; composite: a complex highway system. 2. characterized by a very complicated or involved arrangement of… … Universalium
complex — com•plex adj., v. [[t]kəmˈplɛks, ˈkɒm plɛks[/t]] n. [[t]ˈkɒm plɛks[/t]] adj. 1) composed of many interconnected parts; compound; composite: a complex system[/ex] 2) characterized by a complicated or involved arrangement of parts, units, etc.:… … From formal English to slang
complex — n. & adj. n. 1 a building, a series of rooms, a network, etc. made up of related parts (the arts complex). 2 Psychol. a related group of usu. repressed feelings or thoughts which cause abnormal behaviour or mental states (see inferiority complex… … Useful english dictionary
problem solving — Process involved in finding a solution to a problem. Many animals routinely solve problems of locomotion, food finding, and shelter through trial and error. Some higher animals, such as apes and cetaceans, have demonstrated more complex problem… … Universalium
Complex and adaptive systems laboratory — Established 2006 Director David Coker Faculty 15 Staff 100 Location Dublin … Wikipedia
Complex post-traumatic stress disorder — (C PTSD) is a psychological injury that results from protracted exposure to prolonged social and/or interpersonal trauma with lack or loss of control, disempowerment, and in the context of either captivity or entrapment, i.e. the lack of a viable … Wikipedia
Complex system biology — Complex systems biology (CSB) is a branch or subfield of mathematical and theoretical biology concerned with complexity of both structure and function in biological organisms, as well as the emergence and evolution of organisms and species, with… … Wikipedia
Problem-based learning — (PBL) is a student centered instructional strategy in which students collaboratively solve problems and reflect on their experiences. It was pioneered and used extensively at McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. Characteristics of PBL… … Wikipedia
