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1 complex motion
Морской термин: сложное движение -
2 complex motion
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3 complex harmonic motion
Авиационная медицина: сложное гармоническое движениеУниверсальный англо-русский словарь > complex harmonic motion
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4 complex harmonic motion
Англо-русский словарь по авиационной медицине > complex harmonic motion
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5 CHM
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6 process
nounпроцесс madaptive controlled discrete-time random process адаптивный управляемый случайный процесс с дискретным временемadapted random process адаптированный/согласованный случайный процессamplitude-modulated random process амплитудно-модулированный случайный процессAR1MA process АРПСС-процесс, процесс авторегрессии - проинтегрированного скользящего среднего, процесс Бокса-ДженкинсаARMA process АРСС-процесс, процесс смешанной авторегрессии - скользящего среднегоautoregressive - integrated moving average process процесс авторегрессии - проинтегрированного скользящего среднего, АРПСС-процесс, процесс Бокса-Дженкинсаautoregressive - moving average process процесс смешанной авторегрессии - скользящего среднегоbinary random process бинарный/дихотомический случайный процессBox-Jenkins process процесс Бокса-Дженкинса, процесс авторегрессии - проинтегрированного скользящего среднегоcompensator of a point process компенсатор m точечного процессаcompound Poisson process обобщенный/сложный пуассоновский процессcontrolled discrete (continuous) time process управляемый случайный процесс с дискретным (непрерывным) временемcontrolled Markov jump process управляв- мый марковский скачкообразный процессconvergence of random processs сходимость f случайных процессовCrump-Mode-Jagers process процесс Крампа-Моде-Ягерса, общий ветвящийся процессenergy of a Mariov process энергия f марковского процессаenvelope of a random process огибающая f случайного процессаexponential autoregressive process экспоненциальный авторегрессионный процессextension of a Markov process продолжение n марковского процессаextrapolation of a random process экстраполяция f / прогнозирование n случайного процессаfiltering of a random process фильтрация f случайного процессаindependent thinning of a point process независимое прореживание точечного процессаintensity of a point process интенсивность f точечного процессаkilling of a Markov process убивание n марковского процессаLevy system of а Mariov process система f Леви марковского процессаMariov process with а countable/denumerable state space марковский процесс со счетным числом состоянийMariov process with a finite state space марковский процесс с конечным множеством состоянийmultiparameter Wiener process многопараметрический винеровский процесс, вине-ровское полеmultiparameter Brownian motion process многопараметрический процесс броуновского движения, поле n Левиmultivariate Brownian motion process многомерный процесс броуновского движенияnonlinear filtering of a random process нелинейная фильтрация случайного процессаnonlinear prediction of a random process нелинейное прогнозирование случай- ного процессаoptimal stopping of a random process оптимальная остановка случайного процессаoptional process вполне измеримый процесс, опциональный процессoptional projection of а process опциональная проекция процесса, вполне измеримая проекция процессаorthogonal expansion of a random process ортогональное разложение случайного процессаpoint process with adjoint random variables точечный процесс с присоединенными случайными величинамиrandom process with independent increments случайный процесс с независимыми приращениямиspectrum of а process спектр m процессаstochastic process стохастический/случайный процессstochastically equivalent random processs стохастически эквивалентные случайные процессыtelegraph process телеграфный сигнал/процессtemporally homogeneous random process однородный по времени случайный процессthinning of а point process прореживание n точечного процессаtopological recurrent Markov process топологически возвратный марковский процессwell measurable process вполне измеримый процесс, опциональный процессwell measurable projection of a process вполне измеримая проекция процессаАнглийский-русский словарь по теории вероятностей, статистике и комбинаторике > process
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7 amplitude
1/rev amplitude1/rev motion amplitudeacceleration amplitudeangular amplitudeblowing amplitudebump amplitudecomplex amplitudecontrol amplitudecyclic stress amplitudedeflection amplitudedisplacement amplitudedisturbance amplitudeenvelope amplitudefar-field scattering amplitudeflutter amplitudeforcing amplitudeinput amplitudelateral amplitudelead-lag amplitudelimit cycle amplitudeload amplitudemodal amplitudemotion amplitudeoscillation amplitudeoscillatory amplitudepanel amplitudepeak-to-peak amplitudepeak-to-peak motion amplitudepilot-in-the-loop response amplitudepitching amplitudepressure amplitudequantization amplituderesonant amplituderesponse amplituderoll amplitudescattering amplitudesteady state amplitudestick amplitudestrain amplitudestress amplitudetip amplitudeturbulence amplitudewing rock amplitude -
8 Villard de Honnecourt
[br]b. c. 1200 Honnecourt-sur-Escaut, near Cambrai, Franced. mid-13th century (?) France[br]French architect-engineer.[br]Villard was one of the thirteenth-century architect-engineers who were responsible for the design and construction of the great Gothic cathedrals and other churches of the time. Their responsibilities covered all aspects of the work, including (in the spirit of the Roman architect Vitruvius) the invention and construction of mechanical devices. In their time, these men were highly esteemed and richly rewarded, although few of the inscriptions paying tribute to their achievements have survived. Villard stands out among them because a substantial part of his sketchbook has survived, in the form of thirty-three parchment sheets of drawings and notes, now kept in the Bibliothèque Nationale in Paris. Villard's professional career lasted roughly from 1225 to 1250. As a boy, he went to work on the building of the Cistercian monastery at Vaucelles, not far from Honnecourt, and afterwards he was apprenticed to the masons' lodge at Cambrai Cathedral, where he began copying the drawings and layouts on the tracing-house floor. All his drawings are, therefore, of the plans, elevations and sections of cathedrals. These buildings have long since been destroyed, but his drawings, perhaps among his earliest, bear witness to their architecture. He travelled widely in France and recorded features of the great works at Reims, Laon and Chartres. These include the complex system of passageways built into the fabric of a great cathedral; Villard comments that one of their purposes was "to allow circulation in case of fire".Villard was invited to Hungary and reached there c. 1235. He may have been responsible for the edifice dedicated to St Elizabeth of Hungary, canonized in 1235, at Kassa (now Košice, Slovakia). Villard probably returned to France c. 1240, at least before the Tartar invasion of Hungary in 1241.His sketchbook, which dates to c. 1235, stands as a memorial to Villard's skill as a draughtsman, a student of perspective and a mechanical engineer. He took his sketchbook with him on his travels, and used ideas from it in his work abroad. It contains architectural designs, geometrical constructions for use in building, surveying exercises and drawings for various kinds of mechanical devices, for civil or military use. He was transmitting details from the highly developed French Gothic masons to the relatively underdeveloped eastern countries. The notebooks were annotated for the use of pupils and other master masons, and the notes on geometry were obviously intended for pupils. The prize examples are the pages in the book, clearly Villard's own work, related to mechanical devices. Whilst he, like many others of the period and after, played with designs for perpetual-motion machines, he concentrated on useful devices. These included the first Western representation of a perpetualmotion machine, which at least displays a concern to derive a source of energy: this was a water-powered sawmill, with automatic feed of the timber into the mill. This has been described as the first industrial automatic power-machine to involve two motions, for it not only converts the rotary motion of the water-wheel to the reciprocating motion of the saw, but incorporates a means of keeping the log pressed against the saw. His other designs included water-wheels, watermills, the Archimedean screw and other curious devices.[br]BibliographyOf several facsimile reprints with notes there are Album de Villard de Honnecourt, 1858, ed. J.B.Lassus, Paris (repr. 1968, Paris: Laget), and The Sketchbook of Villard de Honnecourt, 1959, ed. T.Bowie, Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Further ReadingJ.Gimpel, 1977, "Villard de Honnecourt: architect and engineer", The Medieval Machine, London: Victor Gollancz, ch. 6, pp. 114–46.——1988, The Medieval Machine, the Industrial Revolution of the Middle Ages, London.R.Pernord, J.Gimpel and R.Delatouche, 1986, Le Moyen age pour quoi fayre, Paris.KM / LRD -
9 Automata
Nature (the Art whereby God hath made and governes the World) is by the Art of man, as in many other things, so in this also imitated, that it can make an Artificial Animal. For seeing life is but a motion of Limbs, the begining whereof is in some principall part within; why may we not say, that all Automata (Engines that move themselves by springs and wheeles as doth a watch) have an artificial life? For what is the Heart, but a Spring; and the Nerves, but so many Strings; and the Joynts, but so many Wheeles giving motion to the whole Body, such as was intended by the Artificer? Art goes yet further, imitating that Rationall and most excellent worke of Nature, Man. For by Art is created that great LEVIATHAN called a COMMON-WEALTH or STATE (in Latine CIVITAS) which is but an Artificiall Man; though of greater stature and strength than the Naturall, for whose protection and defence it was intended; and in which, the Soveraignty is an Artificiall Soul, as giving life and motion to the whole body. (Hobbes, 1651, p. 1)It is a basic premise of automata that every procedure, no matter how complex, can be decomposed into a series of these elementary operations [that the automaton can perform]. (Wall, 1972, p. 254)The theory of automata and the theory of formal grammars are isomorphic in most important respects. (Wall, 1972, p. 254)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Automata
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10 предложение
I ср.
1) offer;
proposal, proposition, suggestion вносить предложение на рассмотрение ≈ to submit a proposal (to), to place a proposal (before) вносить предложение ≈ to make a suggestion, to put forward a proposal;
to introduce/table a motion( в парламенте и т.п.) дельное предложение ≈ sensible suggestion уцепиться за предложение ≈ to catch/jump at a proposal, to catch/jump at an offer ценное предложение ≈ a valuable suggestion отклонить предложение ≈ to reject a suggestion
2) (на собрании и т.д.) motion, proposal внести предложение отклонять предложение
3) экон. supply спрос и предложение ∙ делать предложение ≈ (кому-л.) to propose (marriage) (to) принять предложение ≈ to accept an offer;
to accept a proposal( of marriage) II ср.;
грам. sentence, clause безличное предложение ≈ impersonal sentence вложенное предложение ≈ embedded sentence восклицательное предложение ≈ exclamatory sentence отрицательное предложение ≈ negative sentence повествовательное предложение ≈ statement простое предложение ≈ simple sentence слитное предложение ≈ contracted sentence сложноподчиненное предложение ≈ compound sentence сложносочиненное предложение ≈ complex sentence условное предложение ≈ conditional clause утвердительное предложение ≈ affirmative sentence эллиптическое предложение ≈ elliptical sentence - вводное предложение - главное предложение - придаточное предложение - член предложенияпредложение:
1. offer suggestion proposal
2. gram. sentenceБольшой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > предложение
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11 generator
1) генератор3) датчик, (первичный) измерительный преобразователь5) генератриса, производящая функция6) вчт. генерирующая программа, генератор•to wind the generator — наматывать обмотку генератора-
hockey stick steam generator
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ac generator
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acetylene generator
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acoustic generator
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acoustic pulse generator
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acyclic generator
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address generator
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airborne ice nuclei generator
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air-cooled generator
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air-gap-conductor generator
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amplidyne generator
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analytical-function generator
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answer generator
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arbitrary-function generator
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arc generator
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arc-welding generator
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artwork generator
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asynchronous generator
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atmospheric steam generator
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audio-frequency generator
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auxiliary generator
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axle generator
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bar generator
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bar-and-dot generator
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bar-dot generator
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base generator
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basic frequency generator
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battery-charging generator
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bell-type generator
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bell generator
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bias generator
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binary generator
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bipolar generator
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bit-rate generator
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blocking generator
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booster generator
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borehole neutron generator
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brushless generator
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brushless salient-pole ac generator
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bulbwater-wheel generator
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bulb generator
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burst generator
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burst-controlled generator
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call generator
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caption generator
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carrier generator
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cascade generator
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character generator
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character-controlled generator
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charging generator
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chip generator
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chirp generator
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chromakey generator
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clock-pulse generator
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clock generator
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closed-cycle MHD generator
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coal fluidized-bed generator
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coaxial noise generator
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code generator
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collector-type generator
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color reference generator
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color-background generator
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color-bar generator
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color-pattern generator
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command generator
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compiler generator
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complex-wave generator
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compound generator
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compound signal generator
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computer-art generator
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constant-potential generator
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contact-type generator
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contact generator
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crossed-field generator
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cross-hatch generator
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current generator
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curve generator
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cylindrical-rotor generator
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data generator
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dc generator
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degaussing generator
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delay generator
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digital effects generator
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digitally tunable generator
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digit-symbol display generator
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digit-symbol generator
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dipping-type generator
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dipping generator
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direct-expansion ice generator
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display generator
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display vector generator
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document generator
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dot generator
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dot-matrix character generator
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double-current generator
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double-effect generator
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drive-pulse generator
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driving generator
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drooping characteristic generator
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drop generator
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dry residue-type generator
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dry residue generator
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electric generator
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electric steam generator
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electrochemical generator
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electrodynamic vibration generator
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electrolytic generator
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electromagnetic vibration generator
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electron-beam pattern generator
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electronically controlled generator
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electronic controlled generator
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electrostatic generator
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emergency generator
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encapsulated hydraulic turbine generator
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explicit-pole generator
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field generator
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fine triangular waveform generator
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fixed range mark generator
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fixed-format dot character generator
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fixed-format dot generator
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fluid pulse generator
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flying-spot color-signal generator
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flying-spot video generator
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foam generator
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foot-operated generator
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fork generator
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fourpolar generator
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frame generator
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free-running blocking generator
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frequency-modulated generator
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fuel-cell generator
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fully water-cooled turbine generator
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function generator
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gas generator
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gas target neutron generator
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gas-turbine driven generator
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gate-pulse generator
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gate generator
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Gaussian noise generator
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gear generator
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general-purpose function generator
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gold-device pattern generator
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graphic generator
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grating generator
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Hall generator
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harbor generator
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harmonic generator
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heteropolar generator
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high-frequency generator
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high-voltage generator
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homopolar generator
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horizontal deflection generator
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horizontal generator
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horizontal sweep generator
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horizontal-bar generator
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horizontal-shaft generator
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hot-air generator
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hot-water generator
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house generator
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hydraulic turbine generator
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hydraulic vibration generator
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hydroelectric generator
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hydrogen filled water-cooled turbine generator
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hydrogen-cooled generator
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ice generator
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ice-forming aerosol generator
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impact-excited generator
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implicit-pole generator
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impulse generator
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impulse-noise generator
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inclined-plate wave generator
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induction generator
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inductor-type generator
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inductor generator
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insertion signal generator
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integrated drive generator
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interpole generator
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isotopic power generator
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key-pulse generator
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klystron generator
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laser artwork generator
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laser character generator
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lightning generator
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line generator
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linear sweep generator
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liquid nitrogen generator
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list generator
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look-ahead carry generator
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low-frequency generator
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low-voltage generator
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macro generator
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magnetoelectric generator
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magneto generator
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magnetonydrodynamic generator
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magnetostriction generator
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magnetostrictive vibration generator
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major-state generator
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manual number generator
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marker generator
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mask pattern generator
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mask generator
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master clock generator
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master time code generator
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mechanical ice generator
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mismatched generator
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mobile call generator
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mobile generator
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modulation generator
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molecular generator
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monodisperse aerosol generator
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motion command generator
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motion generator
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motor generator
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multifrequency generator
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multifrequency-burst generator
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multilevel interconnection generator
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multioperator welding generator
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multiple channel generator
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narrow strobe-pulse generator
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natural function law generator
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natural function generator
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neutron generator
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noise generator
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noise-current generator
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noise-spectrum generator
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noise-voltage generator
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nonsalient-pole generator
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notch generator
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number generator
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off-on wave generator
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once-through steam generator
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one shot generator
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optical generator
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parallel generator
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pattern generator
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peak generator
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permanent-magnet generator
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phase-locked generator
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photoelectric generator
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picture generator
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piezoelectric vibration generator
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pink noise generator
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plasma generator
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polyphase generator
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portable generator
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pressure generator
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profile generator
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program generator
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programmable clock generator
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propulsion generator
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pseudorandom noise generator
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pseudorandom number generator
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pseudorandom sequence generator
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pulse generator
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pulsed generator
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pulse-series generator
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quench generator
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radio-frequency generator
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ramp generator
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random-noise generator
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random-number generator
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range-marker generator
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raster signal generator
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reaction-type vibration generator
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redundancy check generator
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reference frequency generator
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reference generator
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reference smoke generator
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regenerative generator
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reheat steam generator
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relaxation generator
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reluctance generator
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report program generator
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resonant vibration generator
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reversed polarity generator
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ringing generator
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rotary pulse generator
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routine generator
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salient-pole generator
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sampling-pulse generator
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sawtooth generator
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scanning generator
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scan generator
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scintillation noise generator
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screen generator
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seismic-wave generator
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self-contained ice generator
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self-excited generator
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self-excited induction generator
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selsyn generator
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separately excited generator
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series generator
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service generator
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shading generator
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shaft-driven generator
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shaft generator
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shunts-wound generator
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shunts generator
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signal generator
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simulation generator
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single sideband generator
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single-line turbine generator
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single-phase generator
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single-shaft turbine generator
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slave generator
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software simulator pattern generator
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solar generator
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solid rotor generator
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spark generator
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special-effects generator
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special-effect generator
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speech generator
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speed governor axle generator
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spot wobbler generator
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spot wobble generator
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sprocket pulse generator
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square-law generator
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square-wave generator
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staircase generator
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standard-signal generator
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standby generator
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stationary generator
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steam generator
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steam-gas generator
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step generator
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step-wave generator
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straight bevel gear generator
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straight-tube steam generator
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stress-wave generator
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stroke-character generator
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subaudio-frequency generator
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subcritical steam generator
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submerged generator
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superconducting generator
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supersonic generator
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surge generator
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sweep generator
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swept-frequency generator
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symbol generator
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sync generator
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synchro generator
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synchronization pulse generator
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synchronized trigger generator
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synchronizing generator
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synchronizing-waveform generator
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synchronous generator
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tachometer generator
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tandem-pulse generator
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target generator
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TC generator
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television test-pattern generator
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television-picture generator
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television generator
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terrestrial solar generator
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test-line generator
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test-pattern generator
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test-tone generator
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text generator
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thermoelectric generator
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Thevenin's generator
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three-phase generator
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tidal generator
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time-base generator
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time-code generator
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time-mark generator
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time-pulse generator
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timing-pulse generator
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timing generator
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tone generator
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tone-burst generator
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torque command generator
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track generator
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train heating generator
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tray-type acetylene generator
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triangle generator
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trigger generator
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triggered blocking generator
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tube generator
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turbine-driven generator
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turbine generator
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twice-horizontal frequency generator
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ultrasonic generator
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umbrella-type water-wheel generator
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umbrella water-wheel generator
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unbalanced mass vibration generator
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undercar generator
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unipolar generator
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Van de Graaff generator
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Van der Pol generator
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variable-frequency generator
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variable-pulse generator
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vector generator
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vertical deflection generator
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vertical generator
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vertical sweep generator
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vertical-bar generator
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vertical-shaft hydro generator
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vibration generator
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video effects generator
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vinegar generator
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visual alignment generator
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voltage generator
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voltage-controlled generator
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vortex generator
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water-cooled turbine generator
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water-displacement contact-type generator
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water-displacement contact generator
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water-gas generator
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water-recession generator
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water-to-carbide-type generator
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water-to-carbide generator
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water-turbine driven generator
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water-turbine generator
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water-wheel type generator
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wave generator
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waveform generator
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wave-powered generator
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welding generator
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white noise generator
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wide strobe-pulse generator
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wind-driven generator
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window generator
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wind-powered generator
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yeast generator -
12 variable
1) переменный
2) изменяемый
3) переменная
4) <engin.> варьируемый
5) регулируемый
6) изменчивый
7) величина
– binary variable
– boolean variable
– bound variable
– cause variable
– change of variable
– character variable
– chnage variable
– combined variable
– complex variable
– concomitant variable
– controlled variable
– demand variable
– dependent variable
– diagnostic variable
– dual variable
– dummy variable
– eclipsing variable
– effect variable
– environment variable
– fault-identifying variable
– flare variable
– independent variable
– input variable
– integration variable
– machine variable
– manipulated variable
– marker variable
– measured variable
– missing variable
– object variable
– objective variable
– operate on variable
– output variable
– pointer variable
– problem variable
– process variable
– random variable
– real variable
– regression on one variable
– separable variable
– standardized variable
– state variable
– stochastic variable
– string variable
– unrestricted variable
– variable ballast
– variable capacitor
– variable eccentric
– variable factor
– variable focus
– variable folder
– variable geometry
– variable inductance
– variable lubricator
– variable modulation
– variable motion
– variable quantity
– variable radix
– variable resistance
– variable resistor
– variable scale
– variable star
– variable sweep
– variable transformer
discrete variable capacitor — <tech.> конденсатор переменной емкости дискретный
method of separation of variable — метод разделения переменных
uniformly variable rotation — равномерно переменное вращение
variable current transformer — трансформатор переменного тока
variable frequency oscillator — генератор плавного диапазона
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13 Robinson, George J.
SUBJECT AREA: Textiles[br]b. 1712 Scotlandd. 1798 England[br]Scottish manufacturer who installed the first Boulton \& Watt rotative steam-engine in a textile mill.[br]George Robinson is said to have been a Scots migrant who settled at Burwell, near Nottingham, in 1737, but there is no record of his occupation until 1771, when he was noticed as a bleacher. By 1783 he and his son were describing themselves as "merchants and thread manufacturers" as well as bleachers. For their thread, they were using the system of spinning on the waterframe, but it is not known whether they held a licence from Arkwright. Between 1776 and 1791, the firm G.J. \& J.Robinson built a series of six cotton mills with a complex of dams and aqueducts to supply them in the relatively flat land of the Leen valley, near Papplewick, to the north of Nottingham. By careful conservation they were able to obtain considerable power from a very small stream. Castle mill was not only the highest one owned by the Robinsons, but it was also the highest mill on the stream and was fed from a reservoir. The Robinsons might therefore have expected to have enjoyed uninterrupted use of the water, but above them lived Lord Byron in his estate of Newstead Priory. The fifth Lord Byron loved making ornamental ponds on his property so that he could have mock naval battles with his servants, and this tampered with the water supplies so much that the Robinsons found they were unable to work their mills.In 1785 they decided to order a rotative steam engine from the firm of Boulton \& Watt. It was erected by John Rennie; however, misfortune seemed to dog this engine, for parts went astray to Manchester and when the engine was finally running at the end of February 1786 it was found to be out of alignment so may not have been very successful. At about the same time, the lawsuit against Lord Byron was found in favour of the Robinsons, but the engine continued in use for at least twelve years and was the first of the type which was to power virtually all steamdriven mills until the 1850s to be installed in a textile mill. It was a low-pressure double-acting condensing beam engine, with a vertical cylinder, parallel motion connecting the piston toone end of a rocking beam, and a connecting rod at the other end of the beam turning the flywheel. In this case Watt's sun and planet motion was used in place of a crank.[br]Further ReadingR.L.Hills, 1970, Power in the Industrial Revolution, Manchester (for an account of the installation of this engine).D.M.Smith, 1965, Industrial Archaeology of the East Midlands, Newton Abbot (describes the problems which the Robinsons had with the water supplies to power their mills).S.D.Chapman, 1967, The Early Factory Masters, Newton Abbot (provides details of the business activities of the Robinsons).J.D.Marshall, 1959, "Early application of steam power: the cotton mills of the Upper Leen", Transactions of the Thoroton Society of Nottinghamshire 60 (mentions the introduction of this steam-engine).RLH -
14 of
acknowledgement of receiptподтверждение приемаactual time of arrivalфактическое время прибытияaerodrome of callаэродром выхода на радиосвязьaerodrome of departureаэродром вылетаaerodrome of intended landingаэродром предполагаемой посадкиaerodrome of originаэродром припискиaircraft center - of - gravityцентровка воздушного суднаairport of departureаэропорт вылетаairport of destinationаэропорт назначенияairport of entryаэропорт прилетаallocation of dutiesраспределение обязанностейallocation of frequenciesраспределение частотallotment of frequenciesвыделение частотalternative means of communicationрезервные средства связиamount of controlsстепень использованияamount of feedbackстепень обратной связиamount of precipitationколичество осадковangle of allowanceугол упрежденияangle of approachугол захода на посадкуangle of approach lightугол набора высотыangle of ascentугол набора высотыangle of attackугол атакиangle of climbугол набора высотыangle of coverageугол действияangle of crabугол сносаangle of descentугол сниженияangle of deviationугол отклоненияangle of dipугол магнитного склоненияangle of diveугол пикированияangle of downwashугол скоса потока внизangle of elevationугол местаangle of exitугол сходаangle of glideугол планированияangle of incidenceугол атакиangle of indraftугол входа воздушной массыangle of lagугол отставанияangle of landingпосадочный уголangle of pitchугол тангажаangle of rollугол кренаangle - of - sideslip transmitterдатчик угла скольженияangle of sightугол прицеливанияangle of slopeугол наклона глиссадыangle of stallугол сваливанияangle of turnугол разворотаangle of upwashугол скоса потока вверхangle of visibilityугол обзораangle of yawугол рысканияantimeridian of Greenwichмеридиан, противоположный Гринвичскомуapparent drift of the gyroкажущийся уход гироскопаapplication of tariffsприменение тарифовapproach rate of descentскорость снижения при заходе на посадкуarc of a pathдуга траекторииarc of equal bearingsдуга равных азимутовarea of coverageзона действияarea of coverage of the forecastsрайон обеспечения прогнозамиarea of occurenceрайон происшествияarea of responsibilityзона ответственностиarrest the development of the stallпрепятствовать сваливаниюassessment of costsустановление размеров расходовassignment of dutiesраспределение обязанностейAssociation of European AirlinesАссоциация европейских авиакомпанийAssociation of South Pacific AirlinesАссоциация авиакомпаний южной части Тихого океанаassumption of control messageприем экипажем диспетчерского указанияat a speed ofна скоростиat the end ofв конце циклаat the end of segmentв конце участка(полета) at the end of strokeв конце хода(поршня) at the start of cycleв начале циклаat the start of segmentв начале участка(полета) aviation-to-aviation type of interferenceпомехи от авиационных объектовavoidance of collisionsпредотвращение столкновенийavoidance of hazardous conditionsпредупреждение опасных условий полетаaxial of bankпродольная осьaxis of precessionось прецессии гироскопаaxis of rollпродольная осьaxis of rotationось вращенияaxis of yawвертикальная осьbackward movement of the stickвзятие ручки на себяbe out of trimбыть разбалансированнымbest rate of climbнаибольшая скороподъемностьbias out of viewвыходить из поля зренияbill of entryтаможенная декларацияbill of ladingгрузовая накладнаяblanketing of controlsзатенение рулейbody of compass cardдиск картушки компасаboundary of the areaграница зоныBureau of Administration and ServicesАдминистративно-хозяйственное управлениеcamber of a profileкривизна профиляcare of passengersобслуживание пассажировcarriage of passengersперевозка пассажировcarry out a circuit of the aerodromeвыполнять круг полета над аэродромомcause of aircraft troubleпричина неисправности воздушного суднаcenter of air pressureцентр аэродинамического давленияcenter of depressionцентр низкого давленияcenter of forceцентр приложения силыcenter of gravityцентр тяжестиcenter of massцентр массcenter of pressureцентр давленияCentral Agency of Air ServiceГлавное агентство воздушных сообщенийcertificate of revaccinationсертификат ревакцинацииcertificate of safety for flightсвидетельство о допуске к полетамcertificate of vaccinationсертификат вакцинацииchoice of fieldвыбор посадочной площадкиclass of liftкласс посадкиclearance of goodsтаможенное разрешение на провозclearance of obstaclesбезопасная высота пролета препятствийclearance of the aircraftразрешение воздушному суднуcoefficient of heat transferкоэффициент теплопередачиcome clear of the groundотрываться от землиcomplex type of aircraftкомбинированный тип воздушного суднаcomposition of a crewсостав экипажаconcept of separationэшелонированиеconditions of carriageусловия перевозокcone of raysпучок лучейcongestion of informationнасыщенность информацииcontinuity of guidanceнепрерывность наведенияcontour of perceived noiseконтур воспринимаемого шумаcontrol of an investigationконтроль за ходом расследованияcorrelation of levelsприведение эшелонов в соответствиеcountry of arrivalстрана прилетаcountry of originстрана вылетаcourse of trainingкурс подготовкиcoverage of the chartкартографируемый районcurve of equal bearingsлиния равных азимутовdanger of collisionsопасность столкновенияdegree of accuracyстепень точностиdegree of freedomстепень свободыdegree of skillуровень квалификацииdegree of stabilityстепень устойчивостиdenial of carriageотказ в перевозкеDepartment of TransportationМинистерство транспортаderivation of operating dataрасчет эксплуатационных параметровdetermination of causeустановление причиныdetermine amount of the errorопределять величину девиацииdetermine the extent of damageопределять степень поврежденияdetermine the sign of deviationопределять знак девиацииdevelopment of the stallпроцесс сваливанияdirection of approachнаправление захода на посадкуdirection of rotationнаправление вращенияdirection of turnнаправление разворотаduration of noise effectпродолжительность воздействия шумаelevation of the stripпревышение летной полосыelevation setting of light unitsустановка углов возвышения глиссадных огнейeliminate the cause ofустранять причинуeliminate the source of dangerустранять источник опасности(для воздушного движения) end of runwayначало ВППenforce rules of the airобеспечивать соблюдение правил полетовen-route change of levelизменение эшелона на маршрутеerection of the gyroвосстановление гироскопаestimated position of aircraftрасчетное положение воздушного суднаestimated time of arrivalрасчетное время прибытияestimated time of departureрасчетное время вылетаestimated time of flightрасчетное время полетаeven use of fuelравномерная выработка топливаextension of ticket validityпродление срока годности билетаextent of damageстепень поврежденияfacilitate rapid clearance ofобеспечивать быстрое освобождениеfactor of safetyуровень безопасностиfiling of statistical dataпредставление статистических данныхfirst freedom of the airпервая степень свободы воздухаfirst type of occurenceпервый тип событияflow of air trafficпоток воздушного движенияfly under the supervision ofлетать под контролемfor reasons of safetyв целях безопасностиfreedom of actionсвобода действийfreedom of the airстепень свободы воздухаfrequency of operationsчастота полетовgathering of informationсбор информацииgeneral conditions of carriageосновные условия перевозкиGeneral Conference of Weights and MeasureГенеральная конференция по мерам и весамGeneral Department of International Air Services of AeroflotЦентральное управление международных воздушных сообщений гражданской авиацииget out of controlтерять управлениеgiven conditions of flightзаданные условия полетаgo out of controlстановиться неуправляемымgo out of the spinвыходить из штопораgrade of serviceкатегория обслуживанияgrade of the pilot licenceкласс пилотского свидетельстваgrading of runwayнивелирование ВППheight at start of retractionвысота начала уборкиhover at the height ofзависать на высотеidentification of signalsопознавание сигналовinconventional type of aircraftнестандартный тип воздушного суднаincrease a camber of the profileувеличивать кривизну профиляindication of a requestобозначение запросаin interests of safetyв интересах безопасностиinitial rate of climbначальная скороподъемностьinitial stage of go-aroundначальный участок ухода на второй кругinlet angle of attackугол атаки заборного устройстваintake angle of attackугол атаки воздухозаборникаintegrated system of airspace controlкомплексная система контроля воздушного пространстваinterception of civil aircraftперехват гражданского воздушного суднаInternational Co-ordinating Council of Aerospace Industries AssociationМеждународный координационный совет ассоциаций авиакосмической промышленностиInternational Council of Aircraft Owner and Pilot AssociationsМеждународный совет ассоциаций владельцев воздушных судов и пилотовInternational Federation of Air Line Pilots' AssociationsМеждународная федерация ассоциаций линейных пилотовInternational Federation of Air Traffic Controllers' AssociationsМеждународная федерация ассоциаций авиадиспетчеровInternational Relations Department of the Ministry of Civil AviationУправление внешних сношений Министерства гражданской авиацииinterpretation of the signalрасшифровка сигналаinterpretation of weather chartчтение метеорологической картыintersection of air routesпересечение воздушных трассin the case of delayв случае задержкиin the event of a mishapв случае происшествияin the event of malfunctionв случая отказаintroduction of the correctionsввод поправокkeep clear of rotor bladesостерегаться лопастей несущего винтаkeep clear of the aircraftдержаться на безопасном расстоянии от воздушного суднаkeep out of the wayне занимать трассуlayout of aerodrome markingsмаркировка аэродромаlayout of controlsрасположение органов управленияlessee of an aircraftарендатор воздушного суднаlevel of airworthinessуровень летной годностиlevel of safetyуровень безопасностиlevel of speech interferenceуровень помех речевой связиlimiting range of massпредел ограничения массыline of flightлиния полетаline of positionлиния положенияline of sightлиния визированияlocation of distressрайон бедствияloss of controlпотеря управленияloss of pressurizationразгерметизацияloss of strengthпотеря прочностиmagnetic orientation of runwayориентировка ВПП по магнитному меридиануmargin of errorдопуск на погрешностьmargin of liftзапас подъемной силыmargin of safetyдопустимый уровень безопасностиmargin of stabilityзапас устойчивостиmarking of pavementsмаркировка покрытияmean scale of the chartсредний масштаб картыmeans of communicationсредства связиmeans of identificationсредства опознаванияmeridian of Greenwichгринвичский меридианmethod of steepest descentспособ резкого сниженияmode of flightрежим полетаmoment of inertiaмомент инерцииmoment of momentumмомент количества движенияname-code of the routeкодирование названия маршрутаonset of windрезкий порыв ветраoperation of aircraftэксплуатация воздушного суднаout of ground effectвне зоны влияния землиout of serviceизъятый из эксплуатацииovershoot capture of the glide slopeпоздний захват глиссадного лучаperiod of rating currencyпериод действия квалифицированной отметкиpersonal property of passengersличные вещи пассажировpilot's field of viewполе зрения пилотаplane of rotationплоскость вращенияplane of symmetry of the aeroplaneплоскость симметрии самолетаpoint of arrivalпункт прилетаpoint of callпункт выхода на связьpoint of departureпункт вылетаpoint of destinationпункт назначенияpoint of discontinuityточка разрываpoint of intersectionточка пересеченияpoint of loadingпункт погрузкиpoint of no returnрубеж возвратаpoint of originпункт вылетаpoint of turn-aroundрубеж разворотаpoint of unloadingпункт выгрузкиportion of a flightотрезок полетаportion of a runwayучасток ВППprevention of collisionsпредотвращение столкновенийprimary element of structureосновной элемент конструкцииprohibition of landingзапрещение посадкиprolongation of the ratingпродление срока действия квалификационной отметкиpromotion of safetyобеспечение безопасности полетовproof of complianceдоказательство соответствияpropagation of soundраспространение шумаprotection of evidenceсохранение вещественных доказательствpull out of the spinвыводить из штопораpull the aircraft out ofбрать штурвал на себяradar transfer of controlпередача радиолокационного диспетчерского управленияradius of curvatureрадиус кривизныrange of coverageрадиус действияrange of motionдиапазон отклоненияrange of revolutionsдиапазон оборотовrange of visibilityдальность видимостиrange of visionдальность обзораrate of climbскороподъемностьrate of closureскорость сближенияrate of descentскорость сниженияrate of disagreementскорость рассогласованияrate of dutyскорость таможенной пошлиныrate of exchangeкурс обмена валютыrate of flaps motionскорость отклонения закрылковrate of growthтемп ростаrate of pitchскорость по тангажуrate of rollскорость кренаrate of sideslipскорость бокового скольженияrate of trimскорость балансировкиrate of turnскорость разворотаrate of yawскорость рысканияreception of telephonyприем телефонных сообщенийrecord of amendmentsлист учета поправокrecord of revisionsвнесение поправокregularity of operationsрегулярность полетовrelay of messagesпередача сообщенийrelease of controlпередача управленияremoval of aircraftудаление воздушного суднаremoval of limitationsотмена ограниченийreplacement of partsзамена деталейrepresentative of a carrierпредставитель перевозчикаreservation of a seatбронирование местаretirement of aircraftсписание воздушного суднаright - of - entryпреимущественное право входаroll out of the turnвыходить из разворотаrules of the airправила полетовsafe handling of an aircraftбезопасное управление воздушным судномsecond freedom of the airвторая степень свободы воздухаsecond type of occurenceвторой тип событияselection of engine modeвыбор режима работы двигателяsequence of fuel usageочередность выработки топлива(по группам баков) sequence of operationпоследовательность выполнения операцийshowers of rain and snowливневый дождь со снегомsimultaneous use of runwaysодновременная эксплуатация нескольких ВППsite of occurrenceместо происшествияslope of levelнаклон кривой уровня(шумов) source of dangerисточник опасностиStanding Committee of PerformanceПостоянный комитет по летно-техническим характеристикамstart of leveloffначало выравниванияstart of takeoffначало разбега при взлетеstate of aircraft manufactureгосударство - изготовитель воздушного суднаstate of dischargeстепень разряженности(аккумулятора) state of emergencyаварийное состояниеstate of occurenceгосударство места событияstate of transitгосударство транзитаsteadiness of approachустойчивость при заходе на посадкуsteady rate of climbустановившаяся скорость набора высотыstructure of frontsструктура атмосферных фронтовsubmission of a flight planпредставление плана полетаsystem of monitoring visual aidsсистема контроля за работой визуальных средств(на аэродроме) system of unitsсистема единиц(измерения) table of cruising levelsтаблица крейсерских эшелоновtable of intensity settingsтаблица регулировки интенсивностиtable of limitsтаблица ограниченийtable of toleranceтаблица допусковtake out of serviceснимать с эксплуатацииtarget level of safetyзаданный уровень безопасности полетовtemporary loss of controlвременная потеря управляемостиtermination of controlпрекращение диспетчерского обслуживанияtheory of flightтеория полетаtime of lagвремя запаздыванияtime of originвремя отправленияtitl of the gyroзавал гироскопаtop of climbконечный участок набора высотыtransfer of controlпередача диспетчерского управленияtransmission of telephonyпередача радиотелефонных сообщенийtransmit on frequency ofвести передачу на частотеtriangle of velocitiesтреугольник скоростейunder any kind of engine failureпри любом отказе двигателяuneven use of fuelнеравномерная выработка топливаunit of measurementединица измеренияvelocity of soundскорость звукаwall of overpressureфронт избыточного давленияwarn of dangerпредупреждать об опасностиwithin the frame ofв пределахworking language of ICAOрабочий язык ИКАОzone of intersectionзона пересеченияzone of silenceзона молчания -
15 constant
1) константа, постоянная (величина)2) коэффициент3) модуль4) постоянный; неизменный•to calibrate a constant — точно определять значение постояннойconstant of motion — интеграл движенияconstant of proportionality — коэффициент пропорциональности-
absolute dielectric constant
-
absolute gas constant
-
acidity constant
-
additive constant
-
address constant
-
amplification constant
-
anisotropic elastic constants
-
anodization constant
-
arbitrary constant
-
atomic constant
-
attenuation constant
-
Avogadro constant
-
basicity constant
-
biological-decay constant
-
boiling-point gravity constant
-
boiling-point-viscosity constant
-
Boltzmann constant
-
calibration constant
-
character constant
-
chemical constant
-
circuit constant
-
coagulation constant
-
coil constant
-
compile-time constant
-
complex constant
-
complex dielectric constant
-
condenser constant
-
contiguous constant
-
corrosion constant
-
couple-stress constant
-
coupling constant
-
CR time constant
-
CR constant
-
damping constant
-
decay constant
-
deferred constant
-
dielectric attenuation constant
-
dielectric constant
-
dielectric phase constant
-
diffusion constant
-
dimensional constant
-
dimensionless constant
-
direct-axis subtransient open-circuit time constant
-
direct-axis subtransient short-circuit time constant
-
direct-axis transient open-circuit time constant
-
direct-axis transient short-circuit time constant
-
dissociation constant
-
distributed constants
-
effective decay constant
-
elastic constant
-
electric charge time constant
-
electric constant
-
electric discharge time constant
-
electrochemical constant
-
electromagnetic time constant
-
electromechanical time constant
-
electrooptic constant
-
electrostrictive constant
-
emission constant
-
empirical constant
-
exposure constant
-
fall time constant
-
Faraday constant
-
Fermi constant
-
gain constant
-
gas constant
-
generalized constants
-
gravitational constant
-
Hall constant
-
harmonic constant
-
Hollerith constant
-
hysteresis material constant
-
hysteresis constant
-
ideal gas constant
-
image transfer constant
-
instructional constant
-
instrument constant
-
instrumental stadia constant
-
integer constant
-
integration constant
-
intermolecular energy constant
-
ionization constant
-
Joule's constant
-
Kerr constant
-
lattice constant
-
literal constant
-
logical constant
-
loop-time constant
-
lumped circuit constants
-
magnetic constant
-
manifest constant
-
mechanical time constant
-
migration constant
-
multiplication constant
-
multiplying constant
-
network constant
-
noncontiguous constant
-
nondimensional constant
-
nuclear constant
-
numerical constant
-
numeric constant
-
open-circuit time constant of armature winding
-
open-circuit time constant
-
Pascal constant
-
permittivity constant
-
phase-change constant
-
phase constant
-
photoelastic constant
-
photometric constant
-
Planck constant
-
principal elastic constants
-
propagation constant
-
proportionality constant
-
quadrature-axis subtransient open-circuit time constant
-
quadrature-axis subtransient short-circuit time constant
-
quadrature-axis transient open-circuit time constant
-
quadrature-axis transient short-circuit time constant
-
radiation constant
-
radioactive decay constant
-
radiological decay constant
-
reaction constant
-
reactor time constant
-
real constant
-
relative dielectric constant
-
reproduction constant
-
resistivity constant
-
resonance constant
-
Seebeck constant
-
sensitization constant
-
short-circuit time constant of armature winding
-
short-circuit time constant
-
slot-reactance constant
-
solar constant
-
spring constant
-
stadia constant
-
Stefan-Boltzmann constant
-
stored energy constant
-
strain-hardening constant
-
strain-optic constant
-
structured constant
-
thermal time constant
-
thermodynamic constant
-
time constant
-
torsion constant
-
transfer constant
-
transformation constant
-
transient time constant
-
transmission constant
-
universal constant
-
Van der Waals constant
-
viscosity-gravity constant
-
wavelength constant
-
wedge constant -
16 plane
1) плоскость
2) баранок
3) выстрагивать
4) плановый
5) рубанок
6) строгало
7) чинара
8) чинаровый
9) шляхтхебель
10) плоский
11) торцовый
12) струговый
– ag plane
– atomic plane
– baby plane
– bank the plane
– basal plane
– base plane
– bedding plane
– bit plane
– bonding plane
– cardinal plane
– cleavage plane
– collimation plane
– complex plane
– composition plane
– contact plane
– coordinate plane
– core plane
– crystal plane
– cutting plane
– datum plane
– daturence plane
– dislocation plane
– end plane
– epipolar plane
– equipotential plane
– extended plane
– face plane
– flexure plane
– focal plane
– fracture plane
– gravity plane
– hodograph plane
– horizon plane
– horizontal plane
– image plane
– inclination of a plane
– inclined plane
– joint plane
– jointing plane
– level the plane
– locus plane
– memory plane
– meridional plane
– nodal plane
– normal plane
– object plane
– on plane
– pass plane
– perspective plane
– phase plane
– picture plane
– pitching plane
– plane aerotriangulation
– plane albedo
– plane angle
– plane card
– plane coordinates
– plane fracture
– plane geodesy
– plane geometry
– plane iron
– plane isomerism
– plane knife
– plane of fracture
– plane of incidence
– plane of motion
– plane of polarization
– plane of projection
– plane of refraction
– plane of rotation
– plane of support
– plane of vibration
– plane of vision
– plane polariscope
– plane polarization
– plane projection
– plane rough
– plane source
– plane stock
– plane surface
– plane table
– plane triangle
– plane triangulation
– plane trigonometry
– plane wave
– principal plane
– profile plane
– projective plane
– rectifying plane
– reflecting plane
– regression plane
– rolling plane
– set up plane table
– shear plane
– stability plane
– supporting plane
– symmetry plane
– tangential plane
– twinning plane
– yawing plane
complex plane analyzer — <tech.> анализатор векторный
focal plane shutter — <phot.> затвор бокового действия
lattice plane resolution — разрешающая способность электронного микроскопа по кристаллической решетке
plane earth factor — < radio> коэффициент плоской земли
rotation of the plane of polariz — вращение плоскости поляризации
state of plane deformation — плоское деформированное состояние
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17 MMC
1) Общая лексика: hum. сокр. Macro Molecular Complex2) Компьютерная техника: Multi Media Card, Multi Memory Controller, Multimedia Memory Cards3) Медицина: (medical male circumcision) мужское обрезание по медицинским показаниям, minimal microbicide concentration, МБК (минимальная бактерицидная концентрация), Митомицин С, Митомицин-С4) Американизм: Mobile Management Command5) Военный термин: maintenance management center, maintenance management course, major military command, materiel maintenance center, materiel management center, materiel management code, military microcomputer, missile and munitions center, missile maintenance crew, missile measurements center, missile motion computer, mission management center, mortar motor carrier6) Техника: MultiMediaCard, main memory capacity, main memory controller, mitomycin, multi media center, myelomeningocele7) Шутливое выражение: Maiden Mother Crone8) Архитектура: Modular Methods of Construction9) Оптика: multimedia controller10) Телекоммуникации: Minimum Monthly Charge11) Сокращение: Machinist Mate Chief (USN), Materiel Management Center (US Army), Metal Matrix Composite, Mission Management Computer, Modular Mission Computer, MultiMedia Catalog12) Физика: Moving Micro Cross13) Физиология: migrating motor complex14) Электроника: Monolithic Multilayer Ceramic, Multi Mini Capacitor, Multi Miniature Capacitor15) Вычислительная техника: Microsoft Management Console, Microsoft Management Console (MS, Windows, NT), MultiMedia Commands (SAM)16) Иммунология: mucosal mast cell17) Онкология: Maximum Mass Concentration18) Связь: Man-Machine Command/Communication19) Банковское дело: сертификат денежного рынка (money market certificate)20) Фирменный знак: Massachusetts Marketing Center, Mitsubishi Motors Corporation, Music Message Center22) Образование: Massachusetts Mechanic Center23) Инвестиции: money market certificate24) Сетевые технологии: Media Master Control, Midi Machine Control, Micro-scheduled Management Command25) Программирование: Man Machine Code26) Автоматика: maximum material condition27) Океанография: Marine Mammal Commission28) Расширение файла: Matched Memory Cycle, Microcomputer Marketing Council, Microsoft Management Console (Microsoft)29) Энергосистемы: Monopoly and Mergers Commission30) Строительные материалы: водозатворяемость (%), формовочная влажность (%), mixing moisture content (%), mixing water content, molding water content31) Общественная организация: Marine Mammal Center32) Правительство: Maine Medical Center33) NYSE. Marsh & McLennan Companies, Inc.34) Музеи: Machina Museum Committee -
18 mmc
1) Общая лексика: hum. сокр. Macro Molecular Complex2) Компьютерная техника: Multi Media Card, Multi Memory Controller, Multimedia Memory Cards3) Медицина: (medical male circumcision) мужское обрезание по медицинским показаниям, minimal microbicide concentration, МБК (минимальная бактерицидная концентрация), Митомицин С, Митомицин-С4) Американизм: Mobile Management Command5) Военный термин: maintenance management center, maintenance management course, major military command, materiel maintenance center, materiel management center, materiel management code, military microcomputer, missile and munitions center, missile maintenance crew, missile measurements center, missile motion computer, mission management center, mortar motor carrier6) Техника: MultiMediaCard, main memory capacity, main memory controller, mitomycin, multi media center, myelomeningocele7) Шутливое выражение: Maiden Mother Crone8) Архитектура: Modular Methods of Construction9) Оптика: multimedia controller10) Телекоммуникации: Minimum Monthly Charge11) Сокращение: Machinist Mate Chief (USN), Materiel Management Center (US Army), Metal Matrix Composite, Mission Management Computer, Modular Mission Computer, MultiMedia Catalog12) Физика: Moving Micro Cross13) Физиология: migrating motor complex14) Электроника: Monolithic Multilayer Ceramic, Multi Mini Capacitor, Multi Miniature Capacitor15) Вычислительная техника: Microsoft Management Console, Microsoft Management Console (MS, Windows, NT), MultiMedia Commands (SAM)16) Иммунология: mucosal mast cell17) Онкология: Maximum Mass Concentration18) Связь: Man-Machine Command/Communication19) Банковское дело: сертификат денежного рынка (money market certificate)20) Фирменный знак: Massachusetts Marketing Center, Mitsubishi Motors Corporation, Music Message Center22) Образование: Massachusetts Mechanic Center23) Инвестиции: money market certificate24) Сетевые технологии: Media Master Control, Midi Machine Control, Micro-scheduled Management Command25) Программирование: Man Machine Code26) Автоматика: maximum material condition27) Океанография: Marine Mammal Commission28) Расширение файла: Matched Memory Cycle, Microcomputer Marketing Council, Microsoft Management Console (Microsoft)29) Энергосистемы: Monopoly and Mergers Commission30) Строительные материалы: водозатворяемость (%), формовочная влажность (%), mixing moisture content (%), mixing water content, molding water content31) Общественная организация: Marine Mammal Center32) Правительство: Maine Medical Center33) NYSE. Marsh & McLennan Companies, Inc.34) Музеи: Machina Museum Committee -
19 plane
1) плоскость || плоский3) уровень; горизонт4) горн. главная откаточная выработка; главный штрек5) рубанок || строгать рубанком6) шляхтхебель7) грань•to level a plane — авиац. выводить самолёт из крена
- ag plane -
20 Thinking
But what then am I? A thing which thinks. What is a thing which thinks? It is a thing which doubts, understands, [conceives], affirms, denies, wills, refuses, which also imagines and feels. (Descartes, 1951, p. 153)I have been trying in all this to remove the temptation to think that there "must be" a mental process of thinking, hoping, wishing, believing, etc., independent of the process of expressing a thought, a hope, a wish, etc.... If we scrutinize the usages which we make of "thinking," "meaning," "wishing," etc., going through this process rids us of the temptation to look for a peculiar act of thinking, independent of the act of expressing our thoughts, and stowed away in some particular medium. (Wittgenstein, 1958, pp. 41-43)Analyse the proofs employed by the subject. If they do not go beyond observation of empirical correspondences, they can be fully explained in terms of concrete operations, and nothing would warrant our assuming that more complex thought mechanisms are operating. If, on the other hand, the subject interprets a given correspondence as the result of any one of several possible combinations, and this leads him to verify his hypotheses by observing their consequences, we know that propositional operations are involved. (Inhelder & Piaget, 1958, p. 279)In every age, philosophical thinking exploits some dominant concepts and makes its greatest headway in solving problems conceived in terms of them. The seventeenth- and eighteenth-century philosophers construed knowledge, knower, and known in terms of sense data and their association. Descartes' self-examination gave classical psychology the mind and its contents as a starting point. Locke set up sensory immediacy as the new criterion of the real... Hobbes provided the genetic method of building up complex ideas from simple ones... and, in another quarter, still true to the Hobbesian method, Pavlov built intellect out of conditioned reflexes and Loeb built life out of tropisms. (S. Langer, 1962, p. 54)Experiments on deductive reasoning show that subjects are influenced sufficiently by their experience for their reasoning to differ from that described by a purely deductive system, whilst experiments on inductive reasoning lead to the view that an understanding of the strategies used by adult subjects in attaining concepts involves reference to higher-order concepts of a logical and deductive nature. (Bolton, 1972, p. 154)There are now machines in the world that think, that learn and create. Moreover, their ability to do these things is going to increase rapidly until-in the visible future-the range of problems they can handle will be coextensive with the range to which the human mind has been applied. (Newell & Simon, quoted in Weizenbaum, 1976, p. 138)But how does it happen that thinking is sometimes accompanied by action and sometimes not, sometimes by motion, and sometimes not? It looks as if almost the same thing happens as in the case of reasoning and making inferences about unchanging objects. But in that case the end is a speculative proposition... whereas here the conclusion which results from the two premises is an action.... I need covering; a cloak is a covering. I need a cloak. What I need, I have to make; I need a cloak. I have to make a cloak. And the conclusion, the "I have to make a cloak," is an action. (Nussbaum, 1978, p. 40)It is well to remember that when philosophy emerged in Greece in the sixth century, B.C., it did not burst suddenly out of the Mediterranean blue. The development of societies of reasoning creatures-what we call civilization-had been a process to be measured not in thousands but in millions of years. Human beings became civilized as they became reasonable, and for an animal to begin to reason and to learn how to improve its reasoning is a long, slow process. So thinking had been going on for ages before Greece-slowly improving itself, uncovering the pitfalls to be avoided by forethought, endeavoring to weigh alternative sets of consequences intellectually. What happened in the sixth century, B.C., is that thinking turned round on itself; people began to think about thinking, and the momentous event, the culmination of the long process to that point, was in fact the birth of philosophy. (Lipman, Sharp & Oscanyan, 1980, p. xi)The way to look at thought is not to assume that there is a parallel thread of correlated affects or internal experiences that go with it in some regular way. It's not of course that people don't have internal experiences, of course they do; but that when you ask what is the state of mind of someone, say while he or she is performing a ritual, it's hard to believe that such experiences are the same for all people involved.... The thinking, and indeed the feeling in an odd sort of way, is really going on in public. They are really saying what they're saying, doing what they're doing, meaning what they're meaning. Thought is, in great part anyway, a public activity. (Geertz, quoted in J. Miller, 1983, pp. 202-203)Everything should be made as simple as possible, but not simpler. (Einstein, quoted in Minsky, 1986, p. 17)What, in effect, are the conditions for the construction of formal thought? The child must not only apply operations to objects-in other words, mentally execute possible actions on them-he must also "reflect" those operations in the absence of the objects which are replaced by pure propositions. Thus, "reflection" is thought raised to the second power. Concrete thinking is the representation of a possible action, and formal thinking is the representation of a representation of possible action.... It is not surprising, therefore, that the system of concrete operations must be completed during the last years of childhood before it can be "reflected" by formal operations. In terms of their function, formal operations do not differ from concrete operations except that they are applied to hypotheses or propositions [whose logic is] an abstract translation of the system of "inference" that governs concrete operations. (Piaget, quoted in Minsky, 1986, p. 237)[E]ven a human being today (hence, a fortiori, a remote ancestor of contemporary human beings) cannot easily or ordinarily maintain uninterrupted attention on a single problem for more than a few tens of seconds. Yet we work on problems that require vastly more time. The way we do that (as we can observe by watching ourselves) requires periods of mulling to be followed by periods of recapitulation, describing to ourselves what seems to have gone on during the mulling, leading to whatever intermediate results we have reached. This has an obvious function: namely, by rehearsing these interim results... we commit them to memory, for the immediate contents of the stream of consciousness are very quickly lost unless rehearsed.... Given language, we can describe to ourselves what seemed to occur during the mulling that led to a judgment, produce a rehearsable version of the reaching-a-judgment process, and commit that to long-term memory by in fact rehearsing it. (Margolis, 1987, p. 60)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Thinking
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