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  • 41 ὑπόστασις

    ὑπόστασις, εως, ἡ (ὑφίστημι; Hippocr.+; Polyb. 4, 50, 10; 6, 55, 2; Diod S 16, 32, 3; 16, 33, 1; M. Ant. 10, 5; ins, pap, LXX; PsSol 15:5; 17:24; TestReub 2:7; TestZeb 2:4; Tat.; Ath. 21, 3; Iren. 5, 36, 1 [Harv. II 426, 1]; Hippol., Ref. 10, 17, 2; Did., Gen. 128, 11 in widely different meanings. See Dörrie 4 below.)
    ① the essential or basic structure/nature of an entity, substantial nature, essence, actual being, reality (underlying structure, oft. in contrast to what merely seems to be: Ps.-Aristot., De Mundo 4 p. 395a, 29f; Plut., Mor. 894b; Diog. L., Pyrrh. 9, 91; Artem. 3, 14; Ps 38:6; Wsd 16:21; TestReub 2:7; SJCh 78, 30; Philo, Aet. M. 88; 92; Jos., C. Ap. 1, 1; Tat. 6, 2; Ath. 21, 3; cp. the answer of a certain Secundus, who, when asked ‘Quid fides?’, answered: ‘ignotae rei mira certitudo’=a marvelous certainty about someth. otherwise unknown [FPhGr I 516]; s. also Lexicon Sabbaiticum: Lexica Graeca Minora ’65, 53)
    ⓐ of the Son of God as χαρακτὴρ τῆς ὑποστάσεως αὐτοῦ a(n) exact representation of (God’s) real being (i.e. as one who is in charge of the universe) Hb 1:3. Sim. of polytheists’ deities, whose basic reality is someth. material like stone, metal etc. Dg 2:1.
    ⓑ of things: among the meanings that can be authenticated for Hb 11:1 a strong claim can be made for realization (Diod S 1, 3, 2 of the realization of a plan; Cornutus 9 p. 9, 3 of the realization of humanity; Jos., C. Ap. 1, 1 that of the Jewish people, both by a divine act; Tat. 5, 1 of God τοῦ παντὸς ἡ ὑπόστασις): ἔστιν πίστις ἐλπιζομένων ὑπ.=in faith things hoped for become realized, or things hoped for take on (but s. 3 and 4 below) reality. Conversely, ‘without faith things hoped for would have no reality’. HKöster (s. bibliog. 4 below) argues for this sense also in 3:14, but s. 2. Cp. the rendering ‘substance’ (e.g. KJV, REB).
    ② a plan that one devises for action, plan, project, undertaking, endeavor (Diod. Sic 15, 70, 2; 16, 32, 3; 16, 82, 6; 17, 69, 7; Ezk 19:5) ἐν τῇ ὑποστάσει ταύτῃ in connection with this undertaking i.e. the collection for Jerusalem 2 Cor 9:4. The fact that meeting a financial obligation is the main theme (vss. 1–2) might well suggest association of ὑπ. with its use e.g. as a t.t. of expectation of rent due PTebt 61b, 194. To emphasize the importance of steadfast commitment to professed obligation (opp. καρδία πονηρὰ ἀπιστίας ἐν τῷ ἀποστῆναι), the author of Hb 3:14 uses ὑπ. in a way that invites an addressee to draw on the semantic component of obligation familiar in commercial usage of the term (s. PTebt above), an association that is invited by use of μέτοχος, a standard term for a business partner (PHib 109, 3; PCairZen 176, 102 [both III B.C.]), μέχρι τέλους (s.v. τέλος 2bβ), and βέβαιος (s. M-M s.v.). S. Köster 1b above for focus of ὑπ. on ‘reality’.—Satirically, ἐν ταύτῃ τῇ ὑποστάσει τῆς καυχήσεως in this boasting project of mine 2 Cor 11:17.
    ③ The interp. situation, condition (Cicero, Ad Attic. 2, 3, 3 ὑπόστασιν nostram=our situation), also specif. frame of mind (Dio Cass. 49, 9; Themist., Or. 13 p. 178b; Jos., Ant. 18, 24 of determination in desperate circumstances; sim. Polyb. 6, 55, 2) has been suggested for some of the passages cited in 1 and 2 above: 2 Cor 9:4 (explained in a v.l. via the epexegetical gen. καυχήσεως); 11:17; Hb 3:14 (s. Dörrie [bibliog. 4 below], p. 39: the frame of mind described in Hb 3:6). The sense ‘confidence’, ‘assurance’ (based on LXX [Ruth 1:12; Ps 38:8; Ezk 19:5], where it renders תִּקְוָה etc.) favored by Melanchthon and Luther (also Tyndale, NRSV, but not KJV) for Hb 11:1 has enjoyed much favor but must be eliminated, since examples of it cannot be found (s. Dörrie and Köster [4 below]). More prob. for Hb 4:11 is
    ④ guarantee of ownership/entitlement, title deed (Sb 9086 III, 1–11 [104 A.D.]; Spicq III 423 n. 14; cp. M-M s.v.) Hb 11:1 (cp. 2 above for commercial use of ὕπ.).—ASchlatter, Der Glaube im NT4 1927, 614ff; MMathis, The Pauline πίστισ-ὑπόστασις acc. to Hb 11:1, diss. Cath. Univ. of Amer., Washington, D.C. 1920, also Biblica 3, 1922, 79–87; RWitt, Hypostasis: ‘Amicitiae Corolla’ (RHarris Festschr.) ’33, 319–43; MSchumpp, D. Glaubensbegriff des Hb: Divus Thomas 11, ’34, 397–410; FErdin, D. Wort Hypostasis, diss. Freiburg ’39; CArpe, Philologus 94, ’41, 65–78; HDörrie, Ὑπόστασις, Wort-u. Bedeutungsgeschichte: NAWG 1955, no. 3, ZNW 46, ’55, 196–202; HKöster, TW VIII 571–88 (Köster prefers plan, project [Vorhaben] for the passages in 2 Cor, and reality [Wirklichkeit] for all 3 occurrences in Hb, contrasting the reality of God with the transitory character of the visible world). S. also the lit. s.v. πίστις 2a.—DELG s.v. ἵστημι. M-M. EDNT. TW. Spicq. Sv.

    Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά παλαιοχριστιανική Λογοτεχνία > ὑπόστασις

  • 42 ἐκχέω

    ἐκχέω (Hom.+; also Mel., P. 74, 542 [Jer 7:6]) fut. ἐκχεῶ; 1 aor. ἐξέχεα; pf. ἐκκέχυκα Ezk 24:7. Beside it the H. Gk. form ἐκχύν(ν)ω (W-S. §15; B-D-F §73; 74, 2; 101; Mlt-H. 195; 215; 265) 1 fut. ἐκχυθήσομαι; 1 aor. ἐξεχύθην; pf. pass. ἐκκέχυμαι.
    ① cause to be emitted in quantity, pour out
    ⓐ of liquids: water D 7:3. αἷμα ἐ. shed blood = commit a murder (αἷμα 2a) Ac 22:20; Ro 3:15 (Is 59:7; Ps 13:3); Rv 16:6; GJs 23:3 (1 Km 25:31); cp. AcPl Ha 11, 8. αἷμα ἐκχυννόμενον (Jos., Ant. 19, 94 αἷμα πολὺ ἐκκεχυμένον) Mt 23:35; cp. Lk 11:50; in the cultic sense pour out (cp. Lev 4:7), esp. of Jesus’ death (Orig., C. Cels. 8, 42, 33) 1 Cl 7:4. αἷμα ἐ. περὶ πολλῶν εἰς ἄφεσιν ἁμαρτιῶν blood shed for (the benefit of) many, for the forgiveness of sins Mt 26:28 (w. purpose indicated by εἰς as Lucian, Tim. 5 εἰς εὐεργεσίαν); αἷ. ἐ. ὑπὲρ πολλῶν Mk 14:24; cp. Lk 22:20. Wine ἐκχεῖται is spilled (out) (cp. Gen 38:9) Mt 9:17; cp. Mk 2:22 v.l.; cp. Lk 5:37; ἐ. φιάλην, as we say, pour out a bowl (i.e. its contents) Rv 16:1ff, 8, 10, 12, 17.
    ⓑ of solid objects (Lev 4:12) ἐξεχύθη πάντα τὰ σπλάγχνα all his bowels gushed out Ac 1:18 (cp. Quint. Smyrn. 8, 302 ἔγκατα πάντʼ ἐχύθησαν; 9, 190; 2 Km 20:10; Jos., Bell. 7, 453; AcThom 33 [Aa II/2, 150, 19]). Of coins scatter on the ground J 2:15.
    ② cause to fully experience, pour out fig. ext. of 1 (cp. Lycophron 110 πόθον; Ps.-Demetr., Eloc. 134 τοῦ λόγου τὴν χάριν; Aelian, NA 7, 23 θυμόν; τὴν ὀργήν PsSol 2:24; ψυχὴν εἰς θάνατον 16:2; Philo, Spec. Leg. 1, 37 of light; Jos., Ant. 6, 271 φόνον) of the Holy Spirit which, acc. to Joel’s prophecy, is to pour down on people like rain (Jo 2:23; cp. 1QS 4:21): pour out (Iren. 5, 12, 2 [Harv II 351, 2]) Ac 2:33. ἐπί τινα (after Jo 3:1) 2:17f; 10:45; Tit 3:6; B 1:3; 1 Cl 46:6. The ref. to the Holy Spirit has perh. brought the idea of outpouring into Ro 5:5 ἡ ἀγάπη τ. θεοῦ ἐκκέχυται ἐν ταῖς καρδίαις ἡμῶν διὰ πνεύματος ἁγίου τοῦ δοθέντος ἡμῖν. But gener., whatever comes from above is connected w. this verb (Ps 44:3 χάρις; Sir 18:11 ἔλεος; Hos 5:10 ἐπʼ αὐτοὺς ἐκχεῶ ὡς ὕδωρ τὸ ὅρμημά μου; Philo, Aet. M. 147 ἄνωθεν ἐ.; TestLevi 18:5; ἐκχεῖσθαι … ὁ λόγος ἐπὶ πᾶσαν τὴν οἰκουμένην Orig., C. Cels. 6, 78, 26).
    ③ to give oneself totally in commitment, give oneself up to, dedicate oneself, pass. (Polyb. 31, 25, 4 εἰς ἑταίρας; Plut., Anton. 21, 1; Philo, Op. M. 80; TestReub 1:6; εἰς πράγματα ἀφροδισίακα Hippol., Ref. 4, 19, 2) w. dat. (Alciphron 3, 34, 1 τῷ γέλωτι) τῇ πλάνῃ τ. Βαλαάμ Jd 11. λίαν ἐ. ἀγαπῶν ὑμᾶς I am totally consumed w. affection for you = my affection for you streams out of me. IPhld 5:1.—M-M. TW.

    Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά παλαιοχριστιανική Λογοτεχνία > ἐκχέω

  • 43 customer retention

    Mktg
    the maintenance of the custom of people who have purchased a company’s goods or services once and the gaining of repeat purchases. Customer retention occurs when a customer is loyal to a company, brand, or to a specific product or service, expressing long-term commitment and refusing to purchase from competitors. A company can adopt a number of strategies to retain its customers. Of critical importance to such strategies are the wider concepts of customer service, customer relations, and relationship marketing. Companies can build loyalty and retention through the use of a number of techniques, including database marketing, the issue of loyalty cards, redeemable against a range of goods or services, preferential discounts, free gifts, special promotions, newsletters or magazines, members’ clubs, or customized products in limited editions. It has been argued that customer retention is linked to employee loyalty, since loyal employees build up long-term relationships with customers.

    The ultimate business dictionary > customer retention

  • 44 pi|smo

    Ⅰ n 1. sgt (pisanie) writing
    - wynalazek pisma the invention of writing
    - wyrazy używane tylko w piśmie words which are used only in writing
    - znać angielski w mowie i w piśmie to have a good command of spoken and written English
    - umowa zawarta na piśmie a written contract
    - zobowiązać się do czegoś na piśmie to make a written commitment to do sth
    - przedstawić coś na piśmie to put sth in writing
    - mam to na piśmie I have it in writing
    - czy mogę mieć to na piśmie? can I have it in writing?
    2. (alfabet) writing (system), script
    - pismo Braille’a Braille
    - pismo runiczne runic writing, runes
    - zapisany pismem runicznym written in runes a. runic characters
    3. (wygląd liter) writing
    - czyjś charakter pisma sb’s (hand)writing
    - krój pisma a typeface
    - napisany drobnym/równym pismem written in a small/neat hand
    - to jej pismo it’s her handwriting
    - pismo maszynowe typescript
    4. (dokument) letter
    - pismo urzędowe an official letter
    - pismo z dnia 10 maja a letter dated a. of 10 May
    - pismo w sprawie czegoś a letter concerning sth
    - wystosować a. skierować pismo do kogoś to send a letter to sb
    - otrzymać pismo z banku/sądu to receive a letter from the bank/court
    5. (czasopismo) magazine
    - pismo ilustrowane an illustrated magazine
    - pismo młodzieżowe/literackie a teenagers’ a. young people’s/literary magazine
    Ⅱ pisma plt (dzieła) writings
    - pisma wszystkie Conrada the complete works of Conrad
    - pisma filozoficzne philosophical writings
    □ pismo alfabetyczne alphabetic writing (system)
    - pismo cerkiewne a. cyrylickie Cyrillic alphabet
    - pismo demotyczne demotic Egyptian script
    - pismo gotyckie Gothic script
    - pismo hieratyczne hieratic writing
    - pismo hieroglificzne hieroglyphics
    - pismo klinowe cuneiform writing
    - pismo nutowe a. muzyczne Muz. musical notation
    - pismo obrazkowe picture-writing
    - pismo sylabowe a. sylabiczne syllabic writing
    - Pismo Święte the Bible, (Holy) Scripture(s)
    ■ wyczuć a. zwąchać pismo nosem pot. to smell a rat

    The New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > pi|smo

  • 45 discussion board

    E-com
    an area on a Web site that allows people to contribute opinions, ideas, and announcements. It is particularly suitable for casual, one-off interactions because little commitment is required from participants. They can generally review a discussion topic without subscribing, although they do have to subscribe if they want to contribute something themselves.
         It is not essential for the Web site owner to moderate discussion boards, although it is important to watch out for the emergence of “off-topic” subjects—contributions that are unnecessarily negative or perhaps libelous—and copyright infringement.
         A prime example of the success of the discussion board approach is how Amazon.com uses it to allow its consumers to publish book reviews.

    The ultimate business dictionary > discussion board

  • 46 solidario

    adj.
    1 solidary, supportive.
    2 solidary, jointly liable, jointly responsible, joint and several.
    * * *
    1 (ligado) united
    2 (responsabilidad, causa) common
    3 DERECHO jointly responsible
    * * *
    ADJ
    1) (=humanitario) caring

    vivimos en un mundo poco solidario — we live in an uncaring world, we live in a world where it's every man for himself

    • solidario con algo/algn, se ha mostrado muy solidario con nuestra causa — he has been very sympathetic to our cause, he has shown a lot of solidarity with our cause

    hacerse solidario con algo/algn — to declare one's solidarity with sth/sb

    • solidario de algo frm —

    2) (Jur) [compromiso] mutually binding, shared in common; [participación] joint, common; [firmante, participante] jointly liable
    * * *
    - ria adjetivo
    a) ( fraterno) supportive
    b) (Der) < obligación> binding on all parties; < deudor> jointly and severally liable
    * * *
    = caring.
    Ex. Public library services to children from birth have an essential role in developing a caring, informed and competent adult society.
    * * *
    - ria adjetivo
    a) ( fraterno) supportive
    b) (Der) < obligación> binding on all parties; < deudor> jointly and severally liable
    * * *

    Ex: Public library services to children from birth have an essential role in developing a caring, informed and competent adult society.

    * * *
    1
    (fraterno): un gesto solidario a gesture of solidarity
    recibió el apoyo solidario de sus compañeros she received warm support from her colleagues
    es un hombre comprensivo y solidario he's an understanding and supportive person
    nos hacemos solidarios con su causa we declare our solidarity with o support for their cause
    para crear una sociedad más solidaria to create a more caring society
    un compromiso solidario con los jóvenes a commitment of support to young people
    2 ( Der) ‹obligación› binding on all parties; ‹deudor/acreedor› jointly and severally liable
    3 ‹pieza› foundation ( before n)
    * * *

     

    solidario
    ◊ - ria adjetivo ( fraterno) supportive;

    un gesto solidario a gesture of solidarity
    solidario,-a adjetivo
    1 (persona) supportive
    2 (actitud, medida) es una reivindicación solidaria con el Tercer Mundo, it's a gesture of solidarity with the Third World

    ' solidario' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    exportar
    - solidaria
    English:
    caring
    - public
    * * *
    solidario, -a adj
    1. [adherido] [actitud] supportive ( con of);
    un gesto solidario a gesture of solidarity;
    contamos con el apoyo solidario de nuestros compañeros en otras fábricas we have the support of our fellow workers in other factories;
    ser solidario con alguien to show solidarity with sb;
    nos hacemos solidarios de su causa we join with you in their cause
    2. Der [obligación, compromiso] mutually binding
    3. Tec [pieza] integral
    * * *
    adj supportive, understanding
    * * *
    solidario, - ria adj
    : supportive, united in support
    se declararon solidarios con la nueva ley: they declared their support for the new law
    espíritu solidario: spirit of solidarity

    Spanish-English dictionary > solidario

  • 47 экологическая этика

    1. environmental ethics

     

    экологическая этика
    —
    [ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]

    EN

    environmental ethics
    An ecological conscience or moral that reflects a commitment and responsibility toward the environment, including plants and animals as well as present and future generations of people. Oriented toward human societies living in harmony with the natural world on which they depend for survival and well being. (Source: UNUN)
    [http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]

    Тематики

    EN

    DE

    FR

    Русско-английский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > экологическая этика

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