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41 БИБЛИОГРАФИЯ
Мы приняли следующие сокращения для наиболее часто упоминаемых книг и журналов:IJP - International Journal of Psycho-analysisJAPA - Journal of the American Psychoanalytic AssociationSE - Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, ed. James Strachey (London: Hogarth Press and the Institute of Psycho-Analysis, 1953—74.)PSOC - Psychoanalytic Study of the Child (New Haven: Yale University Press)PQ - Psychoanalytic QuarterlyWAF - The Writings of Anna Freud, ed. Anna Freud (New York: International Universities Press, 1966—74)PMC - Psychoanalysis The Major Concepts ed. Burness E. Moore and Bernard D. Fine (New Haven: Yale University Press)\О словаре: _about - Psychoanalytic Terms and Concepts\1. Abend, S. M. Identity. PMC. Forthcoming.2. Abend, S. M. (1974) Problems of identity. PQ, 43.3. Abend, S. M., Porder, M. S. & Willick, M. S. (1983) Borderline Patients. New York: Int. Univ. Press.4. Abraham, K. (1916) The first pregenital stage of libido. Selected Papers. London, Hogarth Press, 1948.5. Abraham, K. (1917) Ejaculatio praecox. In: selected Papers. New York Basic Books.6. Abraham, K. (1921) Contributions to the theory of the anal character. Selected Papers. New York: Basic Books, 1953.7. Abraham, K. (1924) A Short study of the development of the libido, viewed in the light of mental disorders. In: Selected Papers. London: Hogarth Press, 1927.8. Abraham, K. (1924) Manic-depressive states and the pre-genital levels of the libido. In: Selected Papers. London: Hogarth Press, 1949.9. Abraham, K. (1924) Selected Papers. London: Hogarth Press, 1948.10. Abraham, K. (1924) The influence of oral erotism on character formation. Ibid.11. Abraham, K. (1925) The history of an impostor in the light of psychoanalytic knowledge. In: Clinical Papers and Essays on Psychoanalysis. New York: Basic Books, 1955, vol. 2.12. Abrams, S. (1971) The psychoanalytic unconsciousness. In: The Unconscious Today, ed. M. Kanzer. New York: Int. Univ. Press.13. Abrams, S. (1981) Insight. PSOC, 36.14. Abse, D W. (1985) The depressive character In Depressive States and their Treatment, ed. V. Volkan New York: Jason Aronson.15. Abse, D. W. (1985) Hysteria and Related Mental Disorders. Bristol: John Wright.16. Ackner, B. (1954) Depersonalization. J. Ment. Sci., 100.17. Adler, A. (1924) Individual Psychology. New York: Harcourt, Brace.18. Akhtar, S. (1984) The syndrome of identity diffusion. Amer. J. Psychiat., 141.19. Alexander, F. (1950) Psychosomatic Medicine. New York: Norton.20. Allen, D. W. (1974) The Feat- of Looking. Charlottesvill, Va: Univ. Press of Virginia.21. Allen, D. W. (1980) Psychoanalytic treatment of the exhibitionist. In: Exhibitionist, Description, Assessment, and Treatment, ed. D. Cox. New York: Garland STPM Press.22. Allport, G. (1937) Personality. New York: Henry Holt.23. Almansi, R. J. (1960) The face-breast equation. JAPA, 6.24. Almansi, R. J. (1979) Scopophilia and object loss. PQ, 47.25. Altman, L. Z. (1969) The Dream in Psychoanalysis. New York: Int. Univ. Press.26. Altman, L. Z. (1977) Some vicissitudes of love. JAPA, 25.27. American Psychiatric Association. (1987) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 3d ed. revised. Washington, D. C.28. Ansbacher, Z. & Ansbacher, R. (1956) The Individual Psychology of Alfred Adler. New York: Basic Books.29. Anthony, E. J. (1981) Shame, guilt, and the feminine self in psychoanalysis. In: Object and Self, ed. S. Tuttman, C. Kaye & M. Zimmerman. New York: Int. Univ. Press.30. Arlow. J. A. (1953) Masturbation and symptom formation. JAPA, 1.31. Arlow. J. A. (1959) The structure of the deja vu experience. JAPA, 7.32. Arlow. J. A. (1961) Ego psychology and the study of mythology. JAPA, 9.33. Arlow. J. A. (1963) Conflict, regression and symptom formation. IJP, 44.34. Arlow. J. A. (1966) Depersonalization and derealization. In: Psychoanalysis: A General Psychology, ed. R. M. Loewenstein, L. M. Newman, M. Schur & A. J. Solnit. New York: Int. Univ. Press.35. Arlow. J. A. (1969) Fantasy, memory and reality testing. PQ, 38.36. Arlow. J. A. (1969) Unconscious fantasy and disturbances of mental experience. PQ, 38.37. Arlow. J. A. (1970) The psychopathology of the psychoses. IJP, 51.38. Arlow. J. A. (1975) The structural hypothesis. PQ, 44.39. Arlow. J. A. (1977) Affects and the psychoanalytic situation. IJP, 58.40. Arlow. J. A. (1979) Metaphor and the psychoanalytic situation. PQ, 48.41. Arlow. J. A. (1979) The genesis of interpretation. JAPA, 27 (suppl.).42. Arlow. J. A. (1982) Problems of the superego concept. PSOC, 37.43. Arlow. J. A. (1984) Disturbances of the sense of time. PQ, 53.44. Arlow. J. A. (1985) Some technical problems of countertransference. PQ, 54.45. Arlow, J. A. & Brenner, C. (1963) Psychoanalytic Concepts and the Structural Theory, New York: Int. Univ. Press.46. Arlow, J. A. & Brenner, C. (1969) The psychopathology of the psychoses. IJP, 50.47. Asch, S. S. (1966) Depression. PSOC, 21.48. Asch, S. S. (1976) Varieties of negative therapeutic reactions and problems of technique. JAPA, 24.49. Atkins, N. (1970) The Oedipus myth. Adolescence, and the succession of generations. JAPA, 18.50. Atkinson, J. W. & Birch, D. (1970) The Dynamics of Action. New York: Wiley.51. Bachrach, H. M. & Leaff, L. A. (1978) Analyzability. JAPA, 26.52. Bacon, C. (1956) A developmental theory of female homosexuality. In: Perversions,ed, S. Lorand & M. Balint. New York: Gramercy.53. Bak, R. C. (1953) Fetishism. JAPA. 1.54. Bak, R. C. (1968) The phallic woman. PSOC, 23.55. Bak, R. C. & Stewart, W. A. (1974) Fetishism, transvestism, and voyeurism. An American Handbook of Psychiatry, ed. S. Arieti. New York: Basic Books, vol. 3.56. Balint, A. (1949) Love for mother and mother-love. IJP, 30.57. Balter, L., Lothane, Z. & Spencer, J. H. (1980) On the analyzing instrument, PQ, 49.58. Basch, M. F. (1973) Psychoanalysis and theory formation. Ann. Psychoanal., 1.59. Basch, M. F. (1976) The concept of affect. JAPA, 24.60. Basch, M. F. (1981) Selfobject disorders and psychoanalytic theory. JAPA, 29.61. Basch, M. F. (1983) Emphatic understanding. JAPA. 31.62. Balldry, F. Character. PMC. Forthcoming.63. Balldry, F. (1983) The evolution of the concept of character in Freud's writings. JAPA. 31.64. Begelman, D. A. (1971) Misnaming, metaphors, the medical model and some muddles. Psychiatry, 34.65. Behrends, R. S. & Blatt, E. J. (1985) Internalization and psychological development throughout the life cycle. PSOC, 40.66. Bell, A. (1961) Some observations on the role of the scrotal sac and testicles JAPA, 9.67. Benedeck, T. (1949) The psychosomatic implications of the primary unit. Amer. J. Orthopsychiat., 19.68. Beres, C. (1958) Vicissitudes of superego functions and superego precursors in childhood. FSOC, 13.69. Beres, D. Conflict. PMC. Forthcoming.70. Beres, D. (1956) Ego deviation and the concept of schizophrenia. PSOC, 11.71. Beres, D. (1960) Perception, imagination and reality. IJP, 41.72. Beres, D. (1960) The psychoanalytic psychology of imagination. JAPA, 8.73. Beres, D. & Joseph, E. D. (1965) Structure and function in psychoanalysis. IJP, 46.74. Beres, D. (1970) The concept of mental representation in psychoanalysis. IJP, 51.75. Berg, M D. (1977) The externalizing transference. IJP, 58.76. Bergeret, J. (1985) Reflection on the scientific responsi bilities of the International Psychoanalytical Association. Memorandum distributed at 34th IPA Congress, Humburg.77. Bergman, A. (1978) From mother to the world outside. In: Grolnick et. al. (1978).78. Bergmann, M. S. (1980) On the intrapsychic function of falling in love. PQ, 49.79. Berliner, B. (1966) Psychodynamics of the depressive character. Psychoanal. Forum, 1.80. Bernfeld, S. (1931) Zur Sublimierungslehre. Imago, 17.81. Bibring, E. (1937) On the theory of the therapeutic results of psychoanalysis. IJP, 18.82. Bibring, E. (1941) The conception of the repetition compulsion. PQ, 12.83. Bibring, E. (1953) The mechanism of depression. In: Affective Disorders, ed. P. Greenacre. New York: Int. Univ. Press.84. Bibring, E. (1954) Psychoanalysis and the dynamic psychotherapies. JAPA, 2.85. Binswanger, H. (1963) Positive aspects of the animus. Zьrich: Spring.86. Bion Francesca Abingdon: Fleetwood Press.87. Bion, W. R. (1952) Croup dynamics. IJP, 33.88. Bion, W. R. (1961) Experiences in Groups. London: Tavistock.89. Bion, W. R. (1962) A theory of thinking. IJP, 40.90. Bion, W. R. (1962) Learning from Experience. London: William Heinemann.91. Bion, W. R. (1963) Elements of Psychoanalysis. London: William Heinemann.92. Bion, W. R. (1965) Transformations. London: William Heinemann.93. Bion, W. R. (1970) Attention and Interpretation. London: Tavistock.94. Bion, W. R. (1985) All My Sins Remembered, ed. Francesca Bion. Adingdon: Fleetwood Press.95. Bird, B. (1972) Notes on transference. JAPA, 20.96. Blanck, G. & Blanck, R. (1974) Ego Psychology. New York: Columbia Univ. Press.97. Blatt, S. J. (1974) Levels of object representation in anaclitic and introjective depression. PSOC, 29.98. Blau, A. (1955) A unitary hypothesis of emotion. PQ, 24.99. Bleuler, E. (1911) Dementia Praecox or the Group of Schizophrenias. New York: Int. Univ. Press, 1951.100. Blos, P. (1954) Prolonged adolescence. Amer. J. Orthopsychiat., 24.101. Blos, P. (1962) On Adolescence. New York: Free Press.102. Blos, P. (1972) The epigenesia of the adult neurosis. 27.103. Blos, P. (1979) Modification in the traditional psychoanalytic theory of adolescent development. Adolescent Psychiat., 8.104. Blos, P. (1984) Son and father. JAPA_. 32.105. Blum, G. S. (1963) Prepuberty and adolescence, In Studies ed. R. E. Grinder. New York: McMillan.106. Blum, H. P. Symbolism. FMC. Forthcoming.107. Blum, H. P. (1976) Female Psychology. JAPA, 24 (suppl.).108. Blum, H. P. (1976) Masochism, the ego ideal and the psychology of women. JAPA, 24 (suppl.).109. Blum, H. P. (1980) The value of reconstruction in adult psychoanalysis. IJP, 61.110. Blum, H. P. (1981) Forbidden quest and the analytic ideal. PQ, 50.111. Blum, H. P. (1983) Defense and resistance. Foreword. JAFA, 31.112. Blum, H. P., Kramer, Y., Richards, A. K. & Richards, A. D., eds. (1988) Fantasy, Myth and Reality: Essays in Honor of Jacob A. Arlow. Madison, Conn.: Int. Univ. Press.113. Boehm, F. (1930) The femininity-complex In men. IJP,11.114. Boesky, D. Structural theory. PMC. Forthcoming.115. Boesky, D. (1973) Deja raconte as a screen defense. PQ, 42.116. Boesky, D. (1982) Acting out. IJP, 63.117. Boesky, D. (1986) Questions about Sublimation In Psychoanalysis the Science of Mental Conflict, ed. A. D. Richards & M. S. Willick. Hillsdale, N. J.: Analytic Press.118. Bornstein, B. (1935) Phobia in a 2 1/2-year-old child. PQ, 4.119. Bornstein, B. (1951) On latency. PSOC, 6.120. Bornstein, M., ed. (1983) Values and neutrality in psychoanalysis. Psychoanal. Inquiry, 3.121. Bowlby, J. (1960) Grief and morning in infancy and early childhood. PSOC. 15.122. Bowlby, J. (1961) Process of mourning. IJP. 42.123. Bowlby, J. (1980) Attachment and Loss, vol. 3. New York: Basic Books.124. Bradlow, P. A. (1973) Depersonalization, ego splitting, non-human fantasy and shame. IJP, 54.125. Brazelton, T. B., Kozlowsky, B. & Main, M. (1974) The early motherinfant interaction. In: The Effect of the Infant on Its Caregiver, ed. M. Lewis & L. Rosenblum New York Wiley.126. Brenner, C. (1957) The nature and development of the concept of repression in Freud's writings. PSOC, 12.127. Brenner, C. (1959) The masochistic character. JAPA, 7.128. Brenner, C. (1973) An Elementary Textbook of Psycho-analysis. New York Int. Univ. Press.129. Brenner, C. (1974) On the nature and development of affects PQ, 43.130. Brenner, C. (1976) Psychoanalytic Technique and Psychic Conflict. New York: Int. Univ. Press.131. Brenner, C. (1979) The Mind in Conflict. New York: Int. Univ. Press.132. Brenner, C. (1979) Working alliance, therapeutic alliance and transference. JAPA, 27.133. Brenner, C. (1981) Defense and defense mechanisms. PQ, 50.134. Brenner, C. (1983) Defense. In: the Mind in Conflict. New York Int. Univ. Press.135. Bressler, B. (1965) The concept of the self. Psychoanalytic Review, 52.136. Breuer, J. & Freud, S. (1983—95) Studies on Hysteria. SE, 3.137. Breznitz, S., ed. (1983) The Denial of Stress. New York: Int. Univ. Press.138. Brody, S. (1964) Passivity. New York: Int. Univ. Press.139. Brown, H. (1970) Psycholinquistics. New York: Free Press.140. Bruner, J. S. (1964) The course of cognitive growth. Amer. Psychologist. 19.141. Bruner, J., Jolly, A. & Sylva, K. (1976) Play. New York Basic Books.142. Bruner, J. E., Olver, R. R. &Greenfield, P. M. (1966) Studies in Cognitive Growth. New York: Wiley.143. Buie, D H. (1981) Empathy. JAPA, 29.144. Burgner, M. & Edgeumble, R. (1972) Some problems in the conceptualization of early object relationships. PSOC, 27.145. Call, J. ed. (1979) Basic Handbook of Child Psychiatry. New York: Basic Books.146. Carroll, G. (1956) Language, Thought and Reality. Cambridge & London: M. I. T. Press & John Wiley.147. Cavenar, J. O. & Nash, J. L. (1976) The effects of Combat on the normal personality. Comprehensive Psychiat., 17.148. Chassequet-Smirgel, J. (1978) Reflections on the connection between perversion and sadism. IJP, 59.149. Chomsky, N. (1978) Language and unconscious knowledge. In: Psychoanalysis and Language, ed. J. H. Smith. New Haven: Yale Univ. Press, vol. 3.150. Clower, V. (1975) Significance of masturbation in female sexual development and function. In: Masturbation from Infancy to Senescence, ed. I. Marcus & J. Francis. New York: Int. Uni" Press.151. Coen, S. J. & Bradlow, P. A. (1982) Twin transference as a compromise formation. JAPA, 30.152. Compton, A. Object and relationships. PMC. Forthcoming.153. Cullen, W. (1777) First Lines of the Practice of Psysic. Edinburgh: Bell, Brandfute.154. Curtis, B. C. (1969) Psychoanalytic understanding and treatment of impotence. In: Sexual Function and Dysfunction, ed. P. J. Fink & V. B. O. Hummett. Philadelphia: F. A. Davis.155. Darwin, C. (1874) The Descent of Man. New York: Hurst.156. Davidoff-Hirsch, H. (1985) Oedipal and preoedipal phenomena. JAPA, 33.157. Davis, M. & Wallbridge, D. (1981) Boundary and Space. New York: Brunner-Mazel.158. Deutsch, H. (1932) Homosexuality in women. PQ, 1.159. Deutsch, H. (1934) Some forms of emotional disturbance and their relationship to schizophrenia. PQ, 11.160. Deutsch, H. (1937) Absence of grief. PQ, 6.161. Deutsch, H. (1942) Some forms of emotional disturbance and their relationship to schizophrenia. PQ, 11.162. Deutsch, H. (1955) The impostor. In: Neuroses and Character Types. New York: Int. Univ. Press, 1965.163. Devereux, G. (1953) Why Oedipus killed Lains. IJP, 34.164. Dewald, P. (1982) Psychoanalytic perspectives On resistance. In: resistance, Psychodynamics. and Behavioral Approaches, ed. P. Wachtel. New York: Plenum Press.165. Dickes, R. (1963) Fetishistic behavior. JAPA. 11.166. Dickes, R. (1965) The defensive function of an altered state of consciousness. JAPA, 13.167. Dickes, R. (1967) Severe regressive disruption of the therapeutic alliance. JAPA, 15.168. Dickes, R. (1981) Sexual myths and misinformation. In: Understanding Human Behaviour in Health and Illness, ed. R. C. Simon & H. Pardes. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins.169. Dorpat, T. L. (1985) Denial and Defense in the Therapeutic Situation. New York: Jason Aronson.170. Downey, T. W. (1978) Transitional phenomena in the analysis of early adolescent males. PSOC, 33.171. Dunbar, F. (1954) Emotions and Bodily Functions. New York: Columbia Univ. Press.172. Easson, W. M. (1973) The earliest ego development, primitive memory traces, and the Isakower phenomenon. PQ, 42.173. Edelheit, H. (1971) Mythopoiesis and the primal scene. Psychoanal. Study Society, 5.174. Edgcumbe, R. & Burgner, M. (1972) Some problems in the conceptualization of early object relation ships, part I. PSOC, 27.175. Edgcumbe, R. & Burgner, M. (1975) The phallicnarcissistic phase. PSOC, 30.176. Eidelberg, L. (1960) A third contribution to the study of slips of the tongue. IJP, 41.177. Eidelberg, L. (1968) Encyclopedia of Psychoanalysis. New York: The Free Press; London: Collier-MacMillan.178. Eissler, K. R. (1953) The effect of the structure of the ego on psychoanalytic technique. JAPA, 1.179. Ellenberg, H. F. (1970) The Discovery of the Unconscious. New York: Basic Books.180. Emde, R. N. (1980) Toward a psychoanalytic theory of affect: I. & G. H. Pollock. Washington NYMH.181. Emde R., Gaensbaner, T. & Harmon R. (1976) Emotional Expression in Infancy. New York: Int. Univ. Press.182. Erode R. & Harmon, R. J. (1972) Endogenous and exogenous smiling systems in early infancy. J. Amer. Acad. Child Psychiat., 11.183. Engel, G. L. (1962) Psychological Development in Health and Disease. New York Saunders.184. Engel, G. L. (1967) Psychoanalytic theory of somatic disorder. JAPA, 15.185. Engel, G. L. (1968) A reconsideration of the role of conversion in somatic disease. Compr. Psychiat., 94.186. English, H. B. & English, A. C. (1958) A comprehensive Dictionary of Psychological and Psychoanalytical Terms. New York: David McKay.187. Erard, R. (1983) New wine in old skins. Int. Rev. Psychoanal., 10.188. Erdelyi, M. H. (1985) Psychoanalysis. New York: W. H. Freeman.189. Erikson, E. H. (1950) Childhood and Society. New York: Norton.190. Erikson, E. H. (1956) The concept of ego identity. JAPA, 4.191. Erikson, E. H. (1956) The problem of ego identity. JAPA, 4.192. Esman, A. H. (1973) The primal scene. PSOC, 28.193. Esman, A. H. (1975) The Psychology of Adolescence. New York: Int. Univ. Press.194. Esman, A. H. (1979) Some reflections on boredom. JAPA, 27.195. Esman, A. H. (1983) The "stimulus barrier": a review and reconsideration. PSOC, 38.196. Fairbairn, W. R. D. (1952) Psychoanalytic Studies of the Personality. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.197. Fairbairn, W. R. D. (1954) An Object-Relations Theory of the Personality. New York: Basic Books.198. Fairbairn, W. R. D. (1963) Synopsis of an Object-Relations theory of the personality. IJP, 44.199. Fawcett, J., Clark, D. C., Scheftner, W. H. & Hedecker, D. (1983) Differences between anhedonia and normal hedonic depressive states. Arch. Gen. Psychiat., 40.200. Fenichel, O. (1934) On the psychology of boredom. Collected Papers. New York: Norton, 1953, vol. 1.201. Fenichel, O. (1941) Problems of Psychoanalytic Technique. Albany, N. Y.: Psychoanalytic Quaterly.202. Fenichel, O. (1945) Character disorders. In: The Psychoanalytic Theory of the Neurosis. New York: Norton.203. Fenichel, O. (1945) The Psychoanalytic Theory of Neurosis New York: Norton.204. Fenichel, O. (1954) Ego strength and ego weakness. Collected Papers. New York: Norton, vol. 2.205. Ferenczi, S. (1909) Introjection and transference. In: Sex in Psychoanalysis. New York: Basic Books.206. Ferenczi, S. (191617) Disease or patho-neurosis. The Theory and Technique of Psychoanalysis. London: Hogarth Press, 1950.207. Ferenczi, S. (1925) Psychoanalysis of sexual habits. In: The Theory and Technique of Psychoanalysis. New York: Basic Books.208. Fine, B. D., Joseph, E. D. & Waldhorn, H. F., eds. (1971) Recollection and Reconstruction in Psychoanalysis. Monograph 4, Kris Study Group. New York: Int. Univ. Press.209. Fink, G. (1967) Analysis of the Isakower phenomenon. JAPA, 15.210. Fink, P. J. (1970) Correlation between "actual" neurosis and the work of Masters and Johson. P. Q, 39.211. Finkenstein, L. (1975) Awe premature ejaculation. P. Q, 44.212. Firestein, S. K. (1978) A review of the literature. In: Termination in Psychoanalysis. New York: Int. Univ. Press.213. Fisher, C. et. al. (1957) A study of the preliminary stages of the construction of dreams and images. JAPA, 5.214. Fisher, C. et. al. (1968) Cycle of penile erection synchronous with dreaming (REM) sleep. Arch. Gen. Psychiat., 12.215. Fliess, R. (1942) The metapsychology of the analyst. PQ, 12.216. Fliess, R. (1953) The Revival of Interest in the Dream. New York: Int. Univ. Press.217. Fodor, N. & Gaynor, F. (1950) Freud: Dictionary of Psycho-analysis. New York: Philosophical Library.218. Fordham, M. (1969) Children as Individuals. London: Hodder & Stoughton.219. Fordham, M. (1976) The Self and Autism. London: Academic Press.220. Fraiberg, S. (1969) Object constancy and mental representation. PSOC, 24.221. Frank, A. Metapsychology. PMS. Forthcoming.222. Frank, A. & Muslin, H. (1967) The development of Freud's concept of primal repression. PSOC, 22.223. Frank, H. (1977) Dynamic patterns for failure in college students. Can. Psychiat. Ass. J., 22.224. French, T. & Fromm, E. (1964) Dream Interpretation. New York: Basic Books.225. Freud, A. (1936) The Ego and the Mechanisms of Defense. New York Int. Univ. Press.226. Freud, A. (1951) Observations on child development. PSOC, 6.227. Freud, A. (1952) The mutual influences in the development of ego and id. WAF, 4.228. Freud, A. (1958) Adolescence. WAF, 5.229. Freud, A. (1962) Assessment of childhood disturbances. PSOC, 17.230. Freud, A. (1962) Comments on psychic trauma. In: Furst (1967).231. Freud, A. (1963) The concept of developmental lines. PSOC, 18.232. Freud, A. (1965) Assessment of pathology, part 2. WAF, 6.233. Freud, A. (1965) Normality and Pathology in Childhood. New York: Int. Univ. Press.234. Freud, A. (1970) The infantile neurosis. WAF, 7.235. Freud, A. (1971) Comments on aggression. IJP, 53.236. Freud, A. (1971) The infantile neurosis. PSOC, 26.237. Freud, A. (1981) Insight. PSOC, 36.238. Freud, S. (1887—1902) Letters to Wilhelm Fliess. New York: Basic Books, 1954.239. Freud, S. (1891) On the interpretation of the aphasias. SE, 3.240. Freud, S. (1893—95) Studies on hysteria. SE, 2.241. Freud, S. (1894) The neuropsychoses of defence. SE, 3.242. Freud, S. (1895) On the ground for detaching a particular syndrome from neurasthenia under the description "anxiety neurosis". SE, 3.243. Freud, S. (1895) Project for a scientific psychology. SE, 1.244. Freud, S. (1896) Draft K, Jameary 1, 1896, Neuroses of defense (A Christmas fairytale). In: Extracts from the Fliess papers (1892—99).245. Freud, S. (1896) Further remarks on the neuropsychosis of defense. SE, 3.246. Freud, S. (1896) Heredity and aetiology of neurosis. SE, 3.247. Freud, S. (1898) Sexuality in the aetiology of the neurosis. SE, 3.248. Freud, S. (1899) Screen memories. SE, 3.249. Freud, S. (1900) The interpretation of dreams. SE, 4—5.250. Freud, S. (1901) Childhood memories and screen memories SE, 6.251. Freud, S. (1901) On dreams. SE, 5.252. Freud, S. (1901) The psychopathology of everyday life. SE, 6.253. Freud, S. 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New York: Brunner/Mazel.781. Sifneos, P. E. (1975) Problems of psychotherapy of patients with alexithymic characteristics and physical disease Psychother & Psychosom., 26.782. Slap, J. & Saykin, J. (1984) On the nature and organization of the repressed. Psychoanal. Inquiry, 4.783. Slovenko, R. (1973) Psychiatry and Law. Boston: Little, Brown.784. Smith, J. H. (1976) Language and the genealogy of the absent object. In: Psychiatry and the Humanities, vol. 1, ed. J. H. Smith. New Haven-Yale Univ. Press.785. Smith, J. H. ed. (1978) Psychoanalysis and Language. New Haven: Yale Univ. Press.786. Smith, W. R. (1894) The Religion of the Semites. New York: Meridian Library, 1956.787. Socarides, C. W. (1963) The historical development of theoretical and clinical aspects of female homosexuality. JAPA, 11.788. Socarides, C. W. (1970) A psychoanalytic study of the desire for sexual transformation ("transsexualism"). IJP, 51.789. Socarides, C. W. (1978) Homosexuality. New York: Jason Aronson.790. 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42 Berke, William A.
1903-1958Despues de graduarse en la Escuela Politecnica de Los Angeles, Berke intenta abrirse camino en el cine, en el departamento fotografico. Una lesion ocular orienta su actividad hacia la produccion y la direccion, particularmente de westerns de bajo presupuesto, a partir de mediados de los anos treinta. Es tamos, pues, de nuevo ante un realizador de series y modestas pe liculas de genero. Trabajo, sobre todo, para la estrella de la epoca, Charles Starrett, con Co lumbia. Utiliza, en los comienzos de su carrera como director, los seudonimos de Lester Williams y William Hall.The Pecos Kid. 1935. 60 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Commodore. Fred Kohler, Jr., Ruth Findley, Roger Williams.Toll of the Desert (Lester Wiliams). 1935. 60 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Commodore. Fred Kohler, Jr., Betty Mack.Desert Justice (Lester Williams). 1936. 58 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Atlantic. Jack Perrin, David Sharpe, Maryan Downing.Gun Grit (Lester Williams). 1936. 51 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Atlantic. Jack Perrin, Ethel Beck, David Sharpe.Lawless Plainsmen. 1942. 59 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Charles Starrett, Russell Hayden, Luana Walters, Cliff Edwards.Down Rio Grande Way. 1942. 57 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Charles Starrett, Russell Hayden, Rose Anne Stevens, Britt Wood.Riders of the Northland. 1942. 58 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Charles Starrett, Russell Hayden, Shirley Patterson, Cliff Edwards.Bad Men of the Hills. 1942. 58 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Charles Starrett, Russell Hayden, Luana Walters, Cliff Edwards.Overland to Deadwood. 1942. 59 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Charles Starrett, Russell Hayden, Leslie Brooks, Cliff Edwards.Riding Through Nevada. 1942. 58 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Charles Starrett, Shirley Patterson, Arthur Hunnicutt.The Lone Prairie. 1942. 58 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Russell Hayden, Dub Taylor, Lucille Lambert.Pardon My Gun. 1942. 56 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Charles Starrett, Alma Carroll, Arthur Hunnicutt.A Tornado in the Saddle. 1942. 59 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Russell Hayden, Dub Taylor, Alma Carroll.The Fighting Buckaroo. 1943. 58 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Charles Starrett, Kay Harris, Arthur Hunnicutt.Riders of the Northwest Mounted. 1943. 57 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Russell Hayden, Dub Taylor, Adele Mara.Saddles and Sagebrush. 1943. 54 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Russell Hayden, Dub Taylor, Ann Savage.Law of the Northwest. 1943. 57 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Charles Starrett, Shirley Patterson, Arthur Hunnicutt.Frontier Fury. 1943. 55 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Charles Starrett, Roma Aldrich, Arthur Hunnicutt.Robin Hood of the Range. 1943. 57 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Charles Starrett, Kay Harris, Arthur Hunnicutt.Hail to the Rangers. 1943. 57 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Charles Starrett, Leota Atcher, Arthur Hunnicutt.Silver City Raiders. 1943. 55 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Russell Hayden, Dub Taylor, Alma Carroll.The Vigilantes Ride. 1944. 56 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Russell Hayden, Dub Taylor, Shirley Patterson.Wyoming Hurricane. 1944. 58 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Russell Hayden, Dub Taylor, Alma Carroll.Riding West. 1944. 58 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Charles Starrett, Shirley Patterson, Arthur Hunnicutt.The Last Horseman. 1944. 60 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Russell Hayden, Dub Taylor, Ann Savage.Sunset Pass. 1946. 59 minutos. Blanco y Negro. RKO. James Warren, Nan Leslie, Jane Greer.Renegade Girl. 1946. 65 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Screen Guild. Alan Curtis, Ann Savage.Code of the West. 1947. 57 minutos. Blanco y Negro. RKO. James Warren, Steve Brodie, Rita Lynn.Deputy Marshal. 1949. 60 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Lippert. Jon Hall, Dick Foran, Frances Langdorf, Julie Bishop.I Shot Billy the Kid. 1950. 57 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Donald M. Barry Productions (Lippert). Don Barry, Robert Lowery, Wendy Lee.Gunfire. 1950. 62 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Donald M. Barry Productions (Lippert). Don Barry, Robert Lowery, Pamela Blake.Train to Tombstone. 1950. 56 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Donald M. Barry Productions (Lippert). Don Barry, Robert Lowery, Judith Allen.Border Rangers. 1950. 62 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Donald M. Barry Productions (Lippert). Don Barry, Robert Lowery, Pamela Blake.The Bandit Queen. 1950. 70 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Lippert. Barbara Britton, Willard Parker, Jack Perrin.The Marshal’s Daughter. 1953. 71 minutos. Blanco y Negro. UA. Hoot Gibson, Laurie Anders, Johnny Mack Brown, Jimmy Wakely.English-Spanish dictionary of western films > Berke, William A.
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43 Borzage, Frank
1893-1962Borzage es uno de los indiscutibles reyes del melodrama con una amplia y estimulante obra que, entre 1913 y 1960, cubre igualmente otros generos, incluido el musical. Nacido en Salt Lake City, fue actor de teatro desde 1907; despues, en 1912, se incorpora, tambien como actor, a un naciente Hollywood de la mano de Thomas H. Ince. En 1916, sin abandonar su tarea de actor, empieza a dirigir. En esos comienzos, y hasta 1922, mostrara cierto interes por el western, que perdera de inmediato para consagrarse, preferentemente, al melodrama. El y John M. Stahl son, sin lugar a dudas, los reyes de este genero en los anos 30. Secretos es una pelicula cuya adscripcion al westen no suscita, precisamente, unanimidades. Billy el Nino, por su parte, una de las varias peliculas consagradas a plasmar, de manera mas o menos fiel, la figura del forajido de la frontera, aparece oficialmente dirigida por David Miller.Secrets (Secretos). 1933. 90 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Mary Pickford Productions (UA). Mary Pickford, Leslie Howard, C. Aubrey Smith.Billy the Kid (Billy el nino) (co-d.: David Miller). 1941. 95 minutos. Technicolor. MGM. Robert Taylor, Brian Donlevy, Ian Hunter.English-Spanish dictionary of western films > Borzage, Frank
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44 Nazarro, Ray
1902-1986Nacido en Boston, a Ray Nazarro se le asocia con dos criterios: Columbia Films, para la que hizo la mayor parte de sus peliculas, y rapidez, la que demostro entre 1945 y 1958, tiempo en que dirigio ochenta filmes, a un ritmo que en algunas temporadas supero el de uno al mes. A pesar de todo, sus westerns, que lo fueron la mayoria de sus peliculas, no resultaron nada desdenables por termino medio, mostrando una notable habilidad para desarrollar los argumentos que se le encomendaban, virtud que se agudiza en algunas de sus producciones de los anos 50. Aunque su primer largometraje es Outlaws of the Rockies, ya habia dirigido en 1932, en este caso peliculas de corta duracion. Termina su carrera en Europa.Outlaws of the Rockies. 1945. 55 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Charles Starrett, Carole Mathews, Tex Harding, Dub Taylor.Song of the Prairie. 1945. 62 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Ken Curtis, Guinn Williams, June Storey.Texas Panhandle. 1945. 57 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Charles Starrett, Nanette Parks, Tex Harding, Dub Taylor.Roaring Rangers. 1946. 55 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Charles Starrett, Adelle Roberts, Smiley Burnette.Throw a Saddle on a Star. 1946. 60 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Ken Curtis, Guinn Williams, Adelle Roberts.Gunning for Vengeance. 1946. 56 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Charles Starrett, Phyllis Adair, Smiley Burnette.Galloping Thunder. 1946. 54 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Charles Starrett, Adelle Roberts, Smiley Burnette.That Texas Jamboree. 1946. 59 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Ken Curtis, Guinn Williams, Carolina Cotton.Two-Fisted Stranger. 1946. 50 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Charles Starrett, Doris Houck, Smiley Burnette.The Desert Horseman. 1946. 57 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Charles Starrett, Adelle Roberts, Smiley Burnette.Cowboy Blues. 1946. 62 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Ken Curtis, Guy Kibbee, Guinn Williams, Carolina Cotton.Heading West. 1946. 54 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Charles Starrett, Doris Houck, Smiley Burnette.Singing on the Trail. 1946. 60 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Ken Curtis, Guy Kibbee, Guinn Williams, Rita Hayworth.Terror Trail. 1946. 55 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Charles Starrett, Barbara Pepper, Smiley Burnette.Lone Star Moonlight. 1946. 67 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Ken Curtis, Joan Barton, Guy Kibbee, Claudia Drake.Over the Santa Fe Trail. 1947. 63 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Ken Curtis, Jennifer Holt, Guinn Williams, Guy Kibbee.The Lone Hand Texan. 1947. 54 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Charles Starrett, Smiley Burnette, Mary Newton.West of Dodge City. 1947. 57 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Charles Starrett, Nancy Saunders, Smiley Burnette.Law of the Canyon. 1947. 55 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Charles Starrett, Nancy Saunders, Smiley Burnette.Buckaroo from Powder River. 1947. 55 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Charles Starrett, Eve Miller, Smiley Burnette.Last Days of Boot Hill. 1947. 56 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Charles Starrett, Virginia Hunter, Smiley Burnette.Six-Gun Law. 1948. 54 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Charles Starrett, Nancy Saunders, Smiley Burnette.Phantom Valley. 1948. 53 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Charles Starrett, Virginia Hunter, Smiley Burnette.West of Sonora. 1948. 52 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Charles Starrett, Anita Castle, Smiley Burnette.Song of Idaho. 1948. 69 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Kirby Grant, June Vincent.Blazing Across the Pecos. 1948. 56 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Charles Starrett, Patricia White, Smiley Burnette.Trail to Laredo. 1948. 54 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Charles Starrett, Virginia Maxey, Smiley Burnette.Singin’ Spurs. 1948. 62 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Kirby Grant, Jay Silverheels, Patricia Knox.El Dorado Pass. 1948. 56 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Charles Starrett, Elena Verdugo, Smiley Burnette.Quick of the Trigger. 1948. 55 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Charles Starrett, Helen Parrish, Smiley Burnette.Smoky Mountain Melody. 1948. 61 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Roy Acuff, Guinn Williams, Sybil Merritt.Challenge of the Range. 1949. 54 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Charles Starrett, Paula Raymond, Smiley Burnette.Home in San Antone. 1949. 62 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Roy Acuff, Jacqueline Thomas.Arkansas Swing. 1949. 62 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Gloria Henry, Ken Triesch, Paul Triesch.Laramie. 1949. 55 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Charles Starrett, Smiley Burnette, Marjorie Stapp.The Blazing Trail. 1949. 56 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Charles Starrett, Marjorie Stapp, Smiley Burnette.South of Death Valley. 1949. 54 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Charles Starrett, Gail Davis, Smiley Burnette.Bandits of El Dorado. 1949. 56 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Charles Starrett, Smiley Burnette.Renegades of the Sage. 1949. 56 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Charles Starrett, Leslie Banning, Smiley Burnette.Trail of the Rustlers. 1950. 55 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Charles Starrett, Gail Davis, Smiley Burnette.The Palomino. 19450. 73 minutos. Technicolor. Columbia. Jerome Courtland, Beverly Tyler.Outcasts of Black Mesa. 1950. 54 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Charles Starrett, Martha Hyer, Smiley Burnette.Texas Dynamo. 1950. 54 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Charles Starrett, Lois Hall, Smiley Burnette.Hoedown. 1950. 64 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Eddy Arnold, Jock Mahoney, Carolina Cotton.Streets of Ghost Town. 1950. 54 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Charles Starrett, Mary Ellen Kay, Smiley Burnette.Frontier Outpost. 1950. 55 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Charles Starrett, Lois Hall, Smiley Burnette.Al Jennings of Oklahoma. 1951. 79 minutos. Technicolor. Columbia. Dan Duryea, Gale Storm, Dick Foran.Fort Savage Raiders. 1951. 54 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Charles Starrett, Smiley Burnette.Cyclone Fury. 1951. 54 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Charles Starrett, Smiley Burnette.The Kid from Amarillo. 1951. 56 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Charles Starrett, Smiley Burnette.Indian Uprising. 1952. 75 minutos. Supercinecolor. Columbia. George Montgomery, Audrey Long.Laramie Mountains. 1952. 54 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Charles Starrett, Smiley Burnette.Montana Territory. 1952. 64 minutos. Technicolor. Columbia. Lon McCallister, Preston Foster, Wanda Hendrix.The Rough Tough West. 1952. 54 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Charles Starrett, Carolina Cotton, Smiley Burnette.Cripple Creek. 1952. 78 minutos. Technicolor. Columbia. George Montgomery, Karin Booth, Richard Egan.Junction City. 1952. 54 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Charles Starrett, Kathleen Case, Smiley Burnette.Kansas Pacific. 1953. 73 minutos. Cinecolor. Allied. Sterling Hayden, Eve Miller, Barton MacLane.Gun Belt. 1953. 77 minutos. Technicolor. Global (UA). George Montgo mery, Tab Hunter, Helen Westcott.The Lone Gun. 1954. 73 minutos. Color Corp. of America. Superior Talking (UA). George Montgomery, Dorothy Malone.Southwest Passage (Travesia del desierto). 1954. 82 minutos. Pathe color. 3-D. Small (UA). John Ireland, Joanne Dru, Rod Cameron.The Black Dakotas. 1954. 65 minutos. Technicolor. Columbia. Gary Merrill, Wanda Hendrix, John Bromfield.Top Gun. 1955. 73 minutos. Blanco y Negro. UA. Sterling Hayden, William Bishop, Karen Booth.The White Squaw. 1956. 73 minutos, Blanco y Negro. Screem Gems (Columbia). David Brian, May Wynn.The Phantom Stagecoach. 1957. 79 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Screem Gems (Columbia). William Bishop, Kathleen Crowley.The Hired Gun. 1957. 63 minutos. Blanco y Negro. CinemaScope. Rorvic (MGM). Rory Calhoun, Anne Francis.Domino Kid. 1957. 74 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Rorvic (Columbia). Rory Calhoun, Kristine Miller.Return to Warbow. 1958. 67 minutos. Technicolor. Screem Gems (Colum bia). Philip Carey, Catherine McLeod.Apache Territory. 1958. 75 minutos. Technicolor. Rorvic (Columbia). Rory Calhoun, John Dehner, Barbara Bates. -
45 λόγος
λόγος, ου, ὁ (verbal noun of λέγω in the sense ‘pick’; Hom.+).① a communication whereby the mind finds expression, wordⓐ of utterance, chiefly oral.α. as expression, word (oratorical ability plus exceptional performance were distinguishing marks in Hellenic society, hence the frequent association of λ. and ἔργον ‘deed’; a sim. formulation as early as Il. 9, 443 μύθων τε ῥητῆρʼ ἔμεναι πρηκτῆρά τε ἔργων; Polystrat. p. 33 μὴ λόγῳ μόνον ἀλλʼ ἔργω; Just., A II, 4, 2 ἢ λόγῳ ἢ ἔργῳ and D. 35, 7 λόγον ἢ πρᾶξιν) δυνατὸς ἐν ἔργῳ κ. λόγῳ, i.e. an exceptional personage Lk 24:19; pl. of Moses Ac 7:22 (the contrast expressed w. a verb Choix 20, 6–8 ποιεῖ ἀγαθὸν ὄτι δύναται καὶ λόγῳ καὶ ἔργῳ of Apollordorus, a benefactor in Cyzicus, a flourishing city in Phrygia; sim. New Docs 7, 233, no. 10, 8f πολιτευόμενος … λόγῳ καὶ ἔργῳ; cp. IKourion 32, 8; without contrast Diod S 13, 101, 3 ἄνδρας λόγῳ δυνατούς; for sim. constructions using λέγω and πράσσω s. Danker, Benefactor 339–43). Cp. Ro 15:18; 2 Cor 10:11; Col 3:17; 2 Th 2:17; Hb 13:21 v.l.; 1J 3:18 (cp. Theognis 1, 87f Diehl3 μή μʼ ἔπεσιν μὲν στέργε κτλ.—For the contrast λόγῳ … ἀληθείᾳ cp. Diod S 13, 4, 1). In contrast to a sinful deed we also have the λόγος ἁμαρτίας sinful word Judaicon 172, 9. W. γνῶσις: ἐν παντὶ λόγῳ κ. πάσῃ γνώσει 1 Cor 1:5. ἰδιώτης τῷ λόγῳ, ἀλλʼ οὐ τῇ γνώσει 2 Cor 11:6. (Opp. δύναμις ‘revelation of power’) 1 Cor 4:19, 20. τὸ εὐαγγέλιον οὐκ ἐγενήθη ἐν λόγῳ μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἐν δυνάμει 1 Th 1:5 (cp. Ar. 13, 7 of mythical accounts οὐδέν εἰσιν εἰ μὴ μόνον λόγοι ‘they’re nothing but words’). W. ἐπιστολή: 2 Th 2:2, 15. W. ἀναστροφή: 1 Ti 4:12; 1 Pt 3:1b. Opp. ‘be silent’: IRo 2:1.—μόνον εἰπὲ λόγῳ just say the word Mt 8:8; cp. Lk 7:7 (Ath. 17, 1 ὡς λόγῳ εἰπεῖν; 29, 2; Phalaris, Ep. 121, 1 λόγῳ λέγειν; cp. schol. on Pla. 341a ἐν λόγῳ μόνον εἰπεῖν). οὐδεὶς ἐδύνατο ἀποκριθῆναι αὐτῷ λόγον no one was able to answer him a (single) word Mt 22:46; cp. 15:23 (cp. TestAbr A 16 p. 98, 11 [Stone p. 44] οὐκ ἀπεκρίθη αὐτῷ λόγον).— The (mighty) word (of one who performs miracles) ἐξέβαλεν τὰ πνεύματα λόγῳ Mt 8:16 (a rare use of λ. as ‘single utterance’, s. L-S-J-M s.v. VII).—διὰ λόγου by word of mouth (opp. ‘by letter’) Ac 15:27.—In the textually uncertain pass. Ac 20:24 the text as it stands in N., οὐδενὸς λόγου (v.l. λόγον) ποιοῦμαι τὴν ψυχὴν τιμίαν, may well mean: I do not consider my life worth a single word (cp. λόγου ἄξιον [ἄξιος 1a] and our ‘worth mention’; s. Conzelmann ad loc.).β. The expression may take on a variety of formulations or topical nuances: what you say Mt 5:37; statement (PGM 4, 334) Lk 20:20; question (Sext. Emp., Math. 8, 295; 9, 133; Diog. L. 2, 116) ἐρωτήσω ὑμᾶς λόγον I will ask you a question (cp. TestJob 36:5; GrBar 5:1; ApcSed 13:6; Jos., Ant. 12, 99) Mt 21:24; cp. Mk 11:29; Lk 20:3; prayer (PGM 1, 25; 4, 90; 179; 230 al.; 5, 180; 196 al.) Mt 26:44; Mk 14:39. ἡγούμενος τοῦ λ. principal speaker Ac 14:12. W. epexeget. gen. λ. παρακλήσεως 13:15. W. κήρυγμα our manner of presentation and our proclamation 1 Cor 2:4a (but s. comm.). (W. διδασκαλία) preaching 1 Ti 5:17; prophecy (Biogr. p. 364 [Pythia]) J 2:22; 18:32. Command (Aeschyl., Pers. 363) Lk 4:36; 2 Pt 3:5, 7; via a letter 2 Th 3:14. Report, story (X., An. 1, 4, 7; Diod S 3, 40, 9; 19, 110, 1 λ. διαδιδόναι=spread a report; Appian, Iber. 80 §346, Maced. 4 §1 [both=rumor]; Diod S 32, 15, 3 ἦλθεν ὁ λ. ἐπί τινα=the report came to someone; Arrian, Anab. 7, 22, 1 λόγος λέγεται τοιόσδε=a story is told like this, Ind. 9, 2; Diod S 3, 18, 3 λ.=story, account; Jos., Ant. 19, 132; Tat. 27, 2 τοῦ καθʼ Ἡρακλέα λόγου) Mt 28:15; Mk 1:45; Lk 5:15 (λ. περί τινος as X., An. 6, 6, 13; Jos., Ant. 19, 127) 7:17; J 21:23. ἠκούσθη ὁ λόγος εἰς τὰ ὦτα τ. ἐκκλησίας the report came to the ears of the assembly in Jerusalem Ac 11:22. λόγον ἔχειν σοφίας have the appearance of wisdom, pass for wisdom Col 2:23 (cp. Pla., Epinomis 987b ἔχει λόγον; Demosth., C. Lept. 462 [20, 18] λόγον τινʼ ἔχον; but mng. 2f is possible). Proverb (Pla., Phdr. 17, 240c, Symp. 18, 195b, Gorg. 54, 499c, Leg. 6, 5, 757a; Socrat., Ep. 22, 1) J 4:37 (Ps.-Callisth. 1, 13, 7 ἀληθῶς ἐν τούτῳ ὁ λ. foll. by a proverb). Proclamation, instruction, teaching, message Lk 4:32; 10:39; J 4:41; 17:20; Ac 2:41; 4:4; 10:44; 20:7; 1 Cor 1:17; 2:1. In Ac18:15 ζητήματα περὶ λόγου καὶ ὀνομάτων καὶ νόμου the sense appears to be someth. like this: controversial issues involving disputes about words and your way of life with λ. prob. referring to the presentation of controversial subjects, which in turn arouses heated ζητήματα debates. λόγος σοφίας proclamation of wisdom, speaking wisely 1 Cor 12:8a (Ps.-Phoc. 129 τῆς θεοπνεύστου σοφίης λ.); corresp. λ. γνώσεως vs. 8b. Cp. 14:9; 15:2; 2 Cor 1:18; 6:7; 10:10. λ. μαρτυρίας word of witness Rv 12:11. ὁ κατὰ τ. διδαχὴν πιστὸς λ. the message of faith, corresponding to the teaching Tit 1:9; the opp. 2 Ti 2:17. A speech (Aristot. p. 14b, 2; Diod S 40, 5a) διὰ λόγου πολλοῦ in a long speech Ac 15:32; cp. 20:2. λ. κολακείας flattering speech 1 Th 2:5. Speaking gener. 2 Cor 8:7; Eph 6:19; Col 4:6; D 2:5. ἐν λόγῳ πταίειν make a mistake in what one says Js 3:2.—Of God’s word, command, commission (LXX; ParJer 5:19 κατηχῆσαι αὐτοὺς τὸν λόγον; SyrBar 13:2; ApcSed 14:10; Just., D. 84, 2; Ael. Aristid. hears a ἱερὸς λ. at night fr. a god: 28, 116 K.=49, p. 529 D.; Sextus 24) ἠκυρώσατε τ. λόγον τοῦ θεοῦ Mt 15:6 (v.l. νόμον, ἐντολήν); cp. Mk 7:13.—J 5:38; 8:55; 10:35; Ro 3:4 (Ps 50:6). Of God’s promise Ro 9:6, 9 (but these two vss., and Gal 5:14 below, prob. fit better under 2a), 28 (Is 10:22f). Cp. Hb 2:2; 4:2 (s. ἀκοή 4b); 7:28; 12:19. For B 15:1 see 1aδ. The whole law (as the expr. εἴ τι ἑτέρα ἐντολή indicates not limited to a narrow list of commandments), acc. to Ro 13:9. In what is prob. a play on words (s. 2a and b), Gal 5:14 (s. 2a below) is summed up in the λόγος as expressed in Lev 19:18.—That which God has created ἁγιάζεται διὰ λόγου θεοῦ 1 Ti 4:5; in line w. the context, this hardly refers to God’s creative word (so SibOr 3, 20; PtK 2; πάντα γὰρ λόγῳ ποιήσας ὁ θεός Theoph. Ant. 2, 18 [144, 8]), but to table prayers which use biblical expressions. The divine word as judge of thoughts Hb 4:12. τελεσθήσονται οἱ λ. τοῦ θεοῦ Ac 17:17; cp. 19:9.—Of the divine revelation through Christ and his messengers (Just., A I, 61, 9 λόγον … παρὰ τῶν ἀποστόλων ἐμάθομεν τοῦτον) θεὸς ἐφανέρωσεν τὸν λ. αὐτοῦ ἐν κηρύγματι Tit 1:3. δέδωκα αὐτοῖς τὸν λ. σου J 17:14; cp. vss. 6, 17; 1J 1:10; 2:14. ἵνα μὴ ὁ λ. τοῦ θεοῦ βλασφημῆται Tit 2:5. The apostles and other preachers, w. ref. to the λόγος of God, are said to: λαλεῖν Ac 4:29, 31; 13:46; Phil 1:14; Hb 13:7; καταγγέλλειν Ac 13:5; 17:13; διδάσκειν 18:11; μαρτυρεῖν Rv 1:2. Of their hearers it is said: τὸν λ. τοῦ θεοῦ ἀκούειν Ac 13:7; δέχεσθαι 8:14; 11:1. Of the λ. τοῦ θεοῦ itself we read: ηὔξανεν Ac 6:7; 12:24; 19:20; οὐ δέδεται 2 Ti 2:9. In these places and many others ὁ λόγος τοῦ θεοῦ is simply the Christian message, the gospel: Lk 5:1; 8:11, 21; 11:28 (Simplicius in Epict. p. 1, 20 μὴ μόνον ἀκουόντων ἀλλὰ πασχόντων καὶ ὑπὸ τῶν λόγων=let the message have its effect on oneself); Ac 6:2 (s. καταλείπω 7c; for prob. commercial metaph. s. 2a below); 13:44 v.l. (for κυρίου); 16:32 v.l.; 1 Cor 14:36; 2 Cor 2:17; 4:2; Col 1:25; 1 Pt 1:23; Rv 1:9; 6:9; 20:4; IPhld 11:1. Cp. 1 Th 2:13ab; 1J 2:5.—Since this ‘divine word’ is brought to humanity through Christ, his word can be used in the same sense: ὁ λόγος μου J 5:24; cp. 8:31, 37, 43, 51f; 12:48; 14:23f; 15:3, 20b; Rv 3:8. ὁ λόγος τοῦ Χριστοῦ Col 3:16; cp. Hb 6:1. ὁ λ. τοῦ κυρίου Ac 8:25; 12:24 v.l.; 13:44, 48f; 14:25 v.l.; 15:35, 36; 16:32 (cp. λ. θεοῦ); 19:10; 1 Th 1:8; 2 Th 3:1. Pl. Mk 8:38 (Lk 9:26); 1 Ti 6:3; cp. Lk 24:44; s. also 1aδ.—Or it is called simply ὁ λόγος=the ‘Word’, for no misunderstanding would be possible among Christians: Mt 13:20–23; Mk 2:2; 4:14–20, 33; 8:32 (s. 1aε below); 16:20; Lk 1:2; 8:12f, 15; Ac 6:4; 8:4; 10:36 (on the syntax s. FNeirynck, ETL 60, ’84, 118–23); 11:19; 14:25 (cp. λ. κυρίου above); 16:6; 17:11; 18:5; Gal 6:6; Phil 1:14; Col 4:3; 1 Th 1:6; 2 Ti 4:2; Js 1:21ff; 1 Pt 2:8; 3:1; 1J 2:7; AcPl Ha 7, 6 (so also Mel., HE 4, 26, 13; Ath. 2, 3).—Somet. the ‘Word’ is more closely defined by a gen.: ὁ λ. τῆς βασιλείας the word of the reign/rule (of God) Mt 13:19. τῆς σωτηρίας Ac 13:26. τῆς καταλλαγῆς 2 Cor 5:19. τοῦ σταυροῦ 1 Cor 1:18. δικαιοσύνης (q.v. 3a) Hb 5:13. ζωῆς Phil 2:16. (τῆς) ἀληθείας (Theoph. Ant. 3, 4 [p. 212, 2]; cp. περὶ ἀληθείας Hippol., Ref. 10, 6, 1) Eph 1:13; Col 1:5; 2 Ti 2:15; Js 1:18; AcPl Ha 8, 8 (Just., D. 121, 2). τῆς χάριτος αὐτοῦ (=τοῦ κυρίου) Ac 14:3; 20:32. (Differently the pl. οἱ λόγοι τ. χάριτος gracious words Lk 4:22; cp. Marcellinus, Vi. Thu. 57 Hude λόγοι εἰρωνείας.) ὁ λ. τοῦ εὐαγγελίου Ac 15:7; ὁ τοῦ Χριστιανισμοῦ λ. MPol 10:1. In Rv 3:10 the gospel is described by the ‘One who has the key of David’ as ὁ λ. τῆς ὑπομονῆς μου my word of endurance (W-S. §30, 12c). λ. τῶν ὑ[πο]μονῶν AcPl Ha 6, 11. παρελάβετε τὸν λ. ὅτι AcPl Ha 8, 25.—The pastoral letters favor the expr. πιστὸς ὁ λόγος (sc. ἐστίν, and s. πιστός 1b) 1 Ti 1:15; 3:1; 4:9; 2 Ti 2:11; Tit 3:8; cp. Rv 21:5; 22:6. λ. ὑγιής sound preaching Tit 2:8; cp. the pl. ὑγιαίνοντες λόγοι 2 Ti 1:13 (on medicinal use of words for the mind or soul s. VLeinieks, The City of Dionysos ’96, 115–22, on Eur.).—The pl. is also used gener. of Christian teachings, the words of the gospel Lk 1:4 (s. κατηχέω 2a); 1 Th 4:18. οἱ λ. τῆς πίστεως 1 Ti 4:6. On λόγοι κυριακοί for λόγια κυριακά in the title of the Papias document s. ἐξήγησις 2.—JSchniewind, Die Begriffe Wort und Evangelium bei Pls, diss. Bonn 1910; RAsting (εὐαγγέλιον, end).γ. of an individual declaration or remark: assertion, declaration, speech ἀκούσαντες τὸν λ. when they heard the statement Mt 15:12; cp. 19:11, 22; 22:15; Mk 5:36. διὰ τοῦτον τὸν λ. because of this statement of yours 7:29 (TestAbr A 15 p. 95, 29 [Stone p. 38] τὸν λ. τοῦτον; ApcMos 25 εἰς τὸν λόγον σου κρινῶ σε). Cp. 10:22; 12:13; Lk 1:29; 22:61 v.l. (for ῥήματος); J 4:39, 50; 6:60; 7:36, 40 v.l.; 15:20a; 18:9; 19:8; Ac 6:5; 7:29; 20:38; 22:22; 1 Th 4:15. ὸ̔ς ἐὰν εἴπῃ λόγον κατὰ τοῦ υἱοῦ τοῦ ἀνθρώπου whoever utters a (defamatory) word against the Son of Humanity Mt 12:32 (λ. εἰπεῖν κατά τινος as Jos., Ant. 15, 81); cp. Lk 12:10. λόγος σαπρός unwholesome talk Eph 4:29. λόγον ποιεῖσθαι make a speech Ac 11:2 D (cp. Hyperid. 3, 20; Jos., Ant. 11, 86).δ. the pl. (οἱ) λόγοι is used, on the one hand, of words uttered on various occasions, of speeches or instruction given here and there by humans or transcendent beings (TestAbr A 14 p. 94, 19 [Stone p. 36]; Jos., Ant. 4, 264; Just., D. 100, 3) ἐκ τῶν λόγων σου δικαιωθήσῃ (καταδικασθήσῃ) Mt 12:37ab; 24:35; Mk 13:31; Lk 21:33; Ac 2:40; 7:22 (ἐν λόγοις καὶ ἔργοις αὐτοῦ. On the word-deed pair cp. Dio Chrys. 4, 6 the λόγοι and ἔργα of Diogenes; s. α above). οἱ δέκα λόγοι the ten commandments (Ex 34:28; Dt 10:4; Philo, Rer. Div. Her. 168, Decal. 32; Jos., Ant. 3, 138; cp. 91f; Did., Gen. 36, 10) B 15:1. Ac 15:24; 20:35; 1 Cor 2:4b, 13; 14:19ab; κενοὶ λ. Eph 5:6; AcPl Ox 6, 13 (cp. Aa 1, 241, 14); Dg 8:2; πλαστοὶ λ. 2 Pt 2:3. λ. πονηροί 3J 10.—Also of words and exprs. that form a unity, whether it be connected discourse (Jos., Ant. 15, 126; Just., A II, 12, 6, D. 11, 5; 81, 3 al.), a conversation, or parts of one and the same teaching, or expositions on the same subject (Diod S 16, 2, 3 μετέσχε τῶν Πυθαγορίων λόγων; Dio Chrys. 37 [54], 1; Ael. Aristid. 50, 55 K.=26 p. 519 D.: οἱ Πλάτωνος λόγοι; PsSol 17:43 [words of the Messiah]; AscIs 3:12 οἱ λόγοι τοῦ Βελχειρά) πᾶς ὅστις ἀκούει μου τοὺς λόγους τούτους Mt 7:24; cp. vss. 26, 28; 10:14; 19:1; 26:1; Mk 10:24; Lk 1:20; 6:47; 9:28, 44. ἐπηρώτα αὐτὸν ἐν λόγοις ἱκανοῖς he questioned him at some length 23:9. τίνες οἱ λ. οὗτοι οὓς ἀντιβάλλετε; what is this conversation that you are holding? 24:17; J 7:40 (s. γ); 10:19; J 14:24a; 19:13; Ac 2:22; 5:5, 24; 16:36; 2 Ti 4:15; 1 Cl 13:1; 46:7. λόγοις φθοριμαίοις AcPlCor 1:2.ε. the subject under discussion, matter, thing gener. (Theognis 1055 Diehl; Hdt. 8, 65 μηδενὶ ἄλλῳ τὸν λόγον τοῦτον εἴπῃς. Cp. Hebr. דָּבָר) τὸν λ. ἐκράτησαν they took up the subject Mk 9:10; cp. Mt. 21:24 (s. 1aβ beg.). οὐκ ἔστιν σοι μερὶς ἐν τῷ λόγῳ τούτῳ you have no share in this matter Ac 8:21. ἰδεῖν περὶ τ. λόγου τούτου look into this matter 15:6. ἔχειν πρός τινα λόγον have a complaint against someone (cp. Demosth. 35, 55 ἐμοὶ πρὸς τούτους ὁ λόγος; PIand 16, 3 δίκαιον λόγον ἔχει πρὸς σέ) 19:38. παρεκτὸς λόγου πορνείας Mt 5:32; 19:9 v.l. (2d is also prob.).—Perh. also Mk 8:32 he discussed the subject quite freely (but s. 1aβ above).ⓑ of literary or oratorical productions: of the separate books of a work (Hdt. 5, 36 ἐν τῷ πρώτῳ τ. λόγων; Pla., Parmen. 2, 127d ὁ πρῶτος λόγος; Philo, Omn. Prob. Lib. 1 ὁ μὲν πρότερος λόγος ἦν ἡμῖν, ὦ Θεόδοτε, περὶ τοῦ …) treatise Ac 1:1 (s. on the prologue to Ac: AHilgenfeld, ZWT 41, 1898, 619ff; AGercke, Her 29, 1894, 373ff; RLaqueur, Her 46, 1911, 161ff; Norden, Agn. Th. 311ff; JCreed, JTS 35, ’34, 176–82; Goodsp., Probs. 119–21). Παπίας … πέντε λόγους κυριακῶν λογίων ἔγραψεν Papias (11:1; cp. 3:1 e; 11:2; 12:2).—περὶ οὗ πολὺς ἡμῖν ὁ λόγος about this we have much to say Hb 5:11. Hb is described as ὁ λ. τῆς παρακλήσεως a word of exhortation (in literary form) 13:22. Of writings that are part of Holy Scripture ὁ λ. Ἠσαί̈ου J 12:38. ὁ λ. ὁ ἐν τῷ νόμῳ γεγραμμένος 15:25; ὁ προφητικὸς λ. 2 Pt 1:19; 2 Cl 11:2 (quot. of unknown orig.); AcPl Ha 8, 27/BMM recto 35 (Just., D. 77, 2 al.). ὁ ἅγιος λ. the holy word 1 Cl 56:3. ὁ λ. ὁ γεγραμμένος 1 Cor 15:54 (Is 25:8 and Hos 13:14 follow). Pl. οἱ λόγοι τ. προφητῶν Ac 15:15. ὡς γέγραπται ἐν βίβλῳ λόγων Ἠσαί̈ου Lk 3:4 (Pla., 7th Epistle 335a πείθεσθαι ἀεὶ χρὴ τοῖς παλαιοῖς καὶ ἱεροῖς λόγοις; TestJob 1:1 βίβλος λόγων Ἰώβ; ParJer 9:32 v.l. τὰ λοιπὰ τῶν λόγων Ἱερεμίου; ApcEsdr 1:1 καὶ ἀποκάλυψις τοῦ … Ἐσδράμ; ApcSed prol.; Just., D. 72, 3f).—Of the content of Rv: ὁ ἀναγινώσκων τ. λόγους τῆς προφητείας 1:3. οἱ λόγοι (τ. προφητείας) τ. βιβλίου τούτου 22:7, 9f, 18f.② computation, reckoningⓐ a formal accounting, esp. of one’s actions, and freq. with fig. extension of commercial terminology account, accounts, reckoning λόγον δοῦναι (Hdt. 8, 100; X., Cyr. 1, 4, 3; Diod S 3, 46, 4; SIG 1099, 16; BGU 164, 21; Jos., Ant. 16, 120; Just., D. 115, 6) give account, make an accounting ἕκαστος περὶ ἑαυτοῦ λόγον δώσει τ. θεῷ Ro 14:12. Also λ. ἀποδοῦναι abs. (Just., D. 116, 1 al.; Diod S 16, 56, 4; 19, 9, 4) Hb 13:17. τινί to someone (Diod S 16, 27, 4; Plut., Alcib. 7, 3; Chariton 7, 6, 2; SIG 631, 13 τᾷ πόλει; 2 Ch 34:28; Da 6:3 Theod.; Jos., Bell. 1, 209) τῷ ἑτοίμως ἔχοντι κρῖναι 1 Pt 4:5. τινὸς of someth. (SIG 1044, 46; 1105, 10 τοῦ ἀναλώματος; Jos., Ant. 19, 307) Lk 16:2 (here λ. w. the art.; on the subject of undergoing an audit cp. Aeschin. 3, 22). Likew. περί τινος (Diod S 18, 60, 2 δοὺς αὑτῷ περὶ τούτων λόγον=taking account [considering] with himself; BGU 98, 25 περὶ τούτου) Mt 12:36; Ac 19:40. ὑπέρ τινος concerning someone Hv 3, 9, 10.—αἰτεῖν τινα λόγον περί τινος call someone to account for someth. 1 Pt 3:15 (cp. Pla., Pol. 285e; Dio Chrys. 20 [37], 30; Apc4Esdr Fgm. b ἕκαστος ὑπὸ τοῦ οἰκείου ἔργου τὸν λόγον ἀπαιτηθήσεται; Just., A I, 17, 4. For another perspective s. d below.).—Of banking responsibility ὁ λόγος τοῦ θεοῦ (PStras 72, 10 [III A.D.] ὁ τῶν θεῶν λ.; PHerm 108 [III A.D.] λ. τοῦ Σαραπείου) in wordplay Ac 6:2 (w. τράπεζα q.v. 1c); s. also 1aβ.—Of a ledger heading (POxy 1333 [II/III A.D.] δὸς αὐτῳ λόγῳ θεωρικῶν=credit him under ‘festivals’; for others s. Preisig., Wörterbuch s.v. λ. 14; s. also Fachwörter 119) Ro 9:6 (the point is that God’s ‘list’ of Israelites is accurate; on ἐκπίπτω in the sense ‘is not deficient’ s. s.v. 4); vs. 9 (the ‘count’ is subsumed by metonymy in divine promise); Gal 5:14 (all moral obligations come under one ‘entry’: ‘you shall love your neighbor as yourself’; for commercial association of ἀναλίσκω vs. 15, which rounds out the wordplay, s. s.v.). The contexts of these three passages suggest strong probability for commercial associations; for another view s. 1aβ.ⓑ settlement (of an account) (εἰς λόγον commercial t.t. ‘in settlement of an account’ POxy 275, 19; 21) εἰς λόγον δόσεως κ. λήμψεως in settlement of a mutual account (lit., ‘of giving and receiving’, ‘of debit and credit’) Phil 4:15 (cp. Plut., Mor. 11b λόγον δοῦναι καὶ λαβεῖν; a parallel formulation POxy 1134,10 [421 A.D.] λ. λήμματος καὶ ἐξοδιασμοῦ=ledger of income and expenditures); for the linked accounting terms δόσις and λήμψις s. PCairMasp 151, 208 [VI A.D.]. The same ideas are in the background of εἰς λόγον ὑμῶν credited to your account vs 17.—συναίρειν λόγον settle accounts (BGU 775, 18f. The mid. in the same mng. PFay109, 6 [I A.D.]; POxy 113, 27f.—Dssm., LO 94 [LAE 118f]) μετά τινος Mt 18:23; 25:19.ⓒ reflection, respect, regard εἰς λόγον τινός with regard to, for the sake of (Thu. 3, 46, 4; Demosth. 19, 142 εἰς ἀρετῆς λόγον; Polyb. 11, 28, 8; Ath. 31, 1; Ael. Aristid. 39 p. 743 D.: εἰς δεινότητος λ.) εἰς λ. τιμῆς IPhld 11:2. εἰς λ. θεοῦ ISm 10:1.ⓓ reason for or cause of someth., reason, ground, motive (Just., D. 94, 3 δότε μοι λόγον, ὅτου χάριν … ; Ath. 30, 3 τὶς γὰρ … λόγος; Dio Chrys. 64 [14], 18 ἐκ τούτου τ. λόγου; Appian, Hann. 29 §126 τῷ αὐτῷ λόγῳ; Iambl., Vi. Pyth. 28, 155) τίνι λόγω; for what reason? Ac 10:29 (cp. Pla., Gorg. 512c τίνι δικαίῳ λ.; Appian, Mithrid. 57 §232 τίνι λόγῳ;). λόγον περὶ τῆς ἐν ὑμῖν ἐλπίδος 1 Pt 3:15 (but s. a above); κατὰ λόγον Ac 18:14 (s. κατά B 5bβ). παρεκτὸς λόγου πορνείας Mt 5:32; 19:9 v.l. (though 1aε is also poss.).ⓔ πρὸς ὸ̔ν ἡμῖν ὁ λόγος (ἐστίν) with whom we have to do (i.e. to reckon) (Dio Chrys. 31, 123; other exx. in FBleek, Hb II/1, 1836, 590ff), in his capacity as judge (Libanius, Legat. Ulixis [=Declamatio IV] 2 F. τοῖς δὲ ἀδίκως ἀποκτενοῦσι καὶ πρὸς θεοὺς καὶ πρὸς ἀνθρώπους ὁ λόγος γίγνεται) Hb 4:13. οὐ πρὸς σάρκα ὁ λόγος, ἀλλὰ πρὸς θεόν he has to do not with flesh, but with God IMg 3:2.ⓕ In Col 2:23 (s. 1aβ) λόγον μὲν ἔχοντα σοφίας may= make a case for wisdom (cp. λόγος ἡμῖν οὐδείς Plut., Mor. 870b).③ the independent personified expression of God, the Logos. Our lit. shows traces of a way of thinking that was widespread in contemporary syncretism, as well as in Jewish wisdom lit. and Philo, the most prominent feature of which is the concept of the Logos, the independent, personified ‘Word’ (of God): GJs 11:2 (word of the angel to Mary) συνλήμψῃ ἐκ Λόγου αὐτοῦ (sc. τοῦ πάντων Δεσπότου). J 1:1abc, 14 (cp. Just., A I, 23, 2; Mel., P. 9, 61 and oft. by all apolog., exc.. Ar.). It is the distinctive teaching of the Fourth Gospel that this divine ‘Word’ took on human form in a historical person, that is, in Jesus (s. RSeeberg, Festgabe für AvHarnack ’21, 263–81.—Λόγος w. ζωή in gnostic speculation: Iren.1, 1, 1 [Harv. 1, 10, 4]; Aelian, VH 4, 20 ἐκάλουν τὸν Πρωταγόραν Λόγον. Similarly Favorinus [II A.D.]: Vorsokr. 80 A 1 ln. 22 [in Diog. L. 9, 50] of Democritus: ἐκαλεῖτο Σοφία. Equating a divinity with an abstraction that she personifies: Artem. 5, 18 φρόνησις εἶναι νομίζεται ἡ θεός [Athena]). Cp. 1J 1:1; Rv 19:13. εἷς θεός ἐστιν, ὁ φανερώσας ἑαυτὸν διὰ Ἰ. Χριστοῦ τοῦ υἱοῦ αὐτοῦ, ὅς ἐστιν αὐτοῦ λόγος, ἀπὸ σιγῆς προελθών there is one God, who has revealed himself through Jesus Christ his Son, who is his ‘Word’ proceeding from silence (i.e., without an oral pronouncement: in a transcendent manner) IMg 8:2 (s. σιγή). The Lord as νόμος κ. λόγος PtK 1. Cp. Dg 11:2, 3, 7, 8; 12:9.—HClavier, TManson memorial vol., ’59, 81–93: the Alexandrian eternal λόγος is also implied in Hb 4:12; 13:7.—S. also the ‘Comma Johanneum’ (to the bibliography in RGG3 I, ’54 [HGreeven] add AJülicher, GGA 1905, 930–35; AvHarnack, SBBerlAk 1915, 572f [=Studien I ’31, 151f]; MMeinertz, Einl. in d. NT4 ’33, 309–11; AGreiff, TQ 114, ’33, 465–80; CDodd, The Joh. Epistles ’46; WThiele, ZNW 50, ’59, 61–73) ὁ πατήρ, ὁ λόγος καὶ τὸ ἅγιον πνεῦμα 1J 5:7 v.l. (s. N. app.; Borger, TRu 52, ’87, 57f). (Such interpolations were not unheard of. According to Diog. L. 1, 48 some people maintain that Solon inserted the verse mentioning the Athenians after Il. 2, 557.—τῆς τριάδος, τοῦ θεοῦ καὶ τοῦ λόγου αὐτοῦ καὶ τῆς σοφίας αὐτοῦ Theoph. Ant. 2, 15 [p. 138, 19].)—On the Logos: EZeller, D. Philosophie der Griechen III 24 1903, 417–34; MHeinze, D. Lehre v. Logos in d. griech. Philosophie 1872; PWendland, Philo u. d. kynisch-stoische Diatribe (Beiträge z. Gesch. der griech. Philosophie u. Religion by Wendl. and OKern 1895, 1–75); AAall, Gesch. d. Logosidee 1896, 1899; MPohlenz, D. Stoa ’48f, I 482; 490 (index); LDürr, D. Wertung des göttl. Wortes im AT u. im ant. Orient ’38 (§9 of the Joh. Logos); EBréhier, Les idées philosophiques et religieuses de Philon d’Alexandrie 1907, 83–111; (2 ’25); JLebreton, Les théories du Logos au début de l’ère chrétienne 1907; ESchwartz, NGG 1908, 537–56; GVos, The Range of the Logos-Title in the Prologue of the Fourth Gospel: PTR 11, 1913, 365–419; 557–602; RHarris, The Origin of the Prologue to St. John’s Gospel 1917, Athena, Sophia and the Logos: BJRL 7, 1, 1922 p. 56–72; M-JLagrange, Vers le Logos de S. Jean: RB 32, 1923, 161–84, Le Logos de Philon: ibid. 321–71; HLeisegang, Logos: Pauly-W. XIII 1926, 1035–81; TGlasson, Heraclitus’ Alleged Logos Doctr., JTS 3, ’52, 231–38.—NWeinstein, Z. Genesis d. Agada 1901, 29–90; Billerb. II 302–33.—Rtzst., Zwei religionsgeschichtl. Fragen 1901, 47–132, Mysterienrel.3 1927, 428 index; WBousset, Kyrios Christos2 1921, 304ff; 316f; JKroll, D. Lehren d. Hermes Trismegistos1914, 418 index.—RBultmann, D. religionsgesch. Hintergrund des Prol. z. Joh.: HGunkel Festschr., 1923, II 1–26, Comm. ’41, 5ff; AAlexander, The Johannine Doctrine of the Logos: ET 36, 1925, 394–99; 467–72; (Rtzst. and) HSchaeder, Studien z. antiken Synkretismus 1926, 306–37; 350; GAvdBerghvanEysinga, In den beginne was de Logos: NThT 23, ’34, 105–23; JDillersberger, Das Wort von Logos ’35; RBury, The 4th Gosp. and the Logos-Doctrine ’40; EMay, CBQ 8, ’46, 438–47; GKnight, From Moses to Paul ’49, 120–29. TW IV 76–89; 126–40 (on this s. SLyonnet, Biblica 26, ’45, 126–31); CStange, ZST 21, ’50, 120–41; MBoismard, Le Prologue de St. Jean ’53; HLangkammer, BZ 9, ’65, 91–94; HRinggren, Word and Wisdom [hypostatization in Near East] ’47; WEltester, Haenchen Festschr., ’64, 109–34; HWeiss, Untersuchungen zur Kosmologie etc., TU 97, ’66, 216–82; MRissi, Die Logoslieder im Prolog des vierten Evangeliums, TZ 31, ’75, 321–36; HLausberg, NAWG, Ph. ’87, 1 pp. 1–7.—B. 1262. DELG s.v. λέγω B 1. M-M. EDNT. TW. -
46 Atchison
Город на северо-востоке штата Канзас, на р. Миссури [ Missouri River]. 10,2 тыс. жителей (2000). Административный центр [ county seat] округа Атчисон [Atchison County]. Экспедиция Льюиса и Кларка [ Lewis and Clark Expedition] посетила эти места в 1804. Основан переселенцами сторонниками рабства во главе с сенатором от штата Миссури Д. Р. Атчисоном [Atchison, David Rice]. В 1859 стал первым городом в Канзасе, через который прошла железная дорога ("Атчисон, Топика и Санта-Фе" [ Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway Co.]), играл роль важного транспортного узла при освоении Запада. Статус поселка [ town] с 1854, города [ city] с 1881. Производство транспортного оборудования, спорттоваров, корма для животных, спирта, инструмента. Бенедиктинский колледж [Benedictine College] (1858). Родина А. Эрхарт [ Earhart, Amelia Mary]. -
47 Chaplin, Charles Spencer (Charlie)
(1889-1977) Чаплин, Чарлз Спенсер (Чарли)Актер, режиссер, сценарист, продюсер. С 1895 пел и танцевал на сцене. До 1920 снялся в более 60 короткометражных фильмах немого кино. В 1914 окончательно сложился образ его героя - маленького бродяги Чарли [Little Tramp, Charlie the Tramp], переходившего из фильма в фильм вплоть до картины "Новые времена" ["Modern Times"] (1936). В 1919 вместе с Д. Гриффитом [ Griffith, David Lewelyn Wark (D. W.)], М. Пикфорд [ Pickford, Mary] и Д. Фэрбенксом [ Fairbanks, Douglas] создал независимую кинокомпанию "Юнайтед артистс" [ United Artists]. Первый полнометражный фильм Чаплина - "Малыш" ["The Kid"] (1920) - трогательная мелодрама о бродяге Чарли и его маленьком приемыше. В 1923 снял психологическую драму "Парижанка" ["Woman of Paris"]. Вершиной его творчества стали фильмы "Золотая лихорадка" ["The Gold Rush"] (1925) - шедевр эксцентрической комедии; "Цирк" ["The Circus"] (1928) - лирическая трагикомедия; и "Огни большого города" ["City Lights"] (1931) - одно из наиболее глубоких и поэтических воплощений темы "маленького человека". Опасаясь, что звуковое кино разрушит созданный им образ, Чаплин на протяжении 13 лет воздерживался от введения диалога в свои фильмы. Его бродяга в первый раз обрел голос в фильме "Новые времена". Первый звуковой фильм Чаплина - "Великий диктатор" ["The Great Dictator"] (1940) - смелая антифашистская сатира. В 1947 Чаплин шокировал публику фильмом "Мсье Верду" ["Monsieur Verdoux"] о маньяке-женоубийце, а в 1952 снял "Огни рампы" ["Limelight"]. С 1953 жил в Швейцарии. Его последний фильм - "Графиня из Гонконга" ["The Countess from Hong Kong"] (1967). Дважды получал специальную премию "Оскар" - в 1928 и 1972; в 1972 получил также Золотой приз на фестивале в Венеции. Похоронен в швейцарском городке ВевеEnglish-Russian dictionary of regional studies > Chaplin, Charles Spencer (Charlie)
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48 Tennessee
[ˏtenǝˊsi:] Теннесси, штат на Юге США <инд. назв. реки>. Сокращение: TN. Прозвища: «штат добровольцев» [*Volunteer State], «штат Большой излучины» [*Big Bend State], «штат мамалыги со свининой» [*Hog and Hominy State], «родина президентов, выходцев с Юго-Запада США» [*Mother of Southwestern Statesmen]. Житель штата: теннессиец [Tennessean]. Столица: Нашвилл [*Nashville I]. Девиз: «Сельское хозяйство и торговля» [‘Agriculture and commerce’]. Песня: «Теннессийский вальс» [‘Tennessee Waltz’]. Цветок: ирис [iris]. Птица: пересмешник [mockingbird]. Дерево: тюльпанный тополь [tulip poplar]. Животное: енот [racoon]. Площадь: 107040 кв. км (42,144 sq. mi.) (34- е место). Население (1992): 5,02 млн. (17- е место). Крупнейшие города: Мемфис [*Memphis I], Нашвилл-Давидсон [*Nashville-Davidson], Ноксвилл [Knoxville], Чаттануга [Chattanooga]. Экономика. Основные отрасли: торговля, сервис, строительство, транспорт, связь, коммунальное хозяйство, финансы, страховой бизнес, операции с недвижимостью. Основная продукция: продукция химической промышленности и связанных с ней производств, продовольствие и другая продукция пищевой промышленности, транспортное и промышленное оборудование, металлоизделия, изделия из резины и пластмасс, бумага и др. продукция бумажной промышленности. Сельское хозяйство. Основные культуры: табак, хлопок, соя, кукуруза, парниковые овощи и рассада. Животноводство (1992): скота — 2,3 млн., свиней — 67 тыс., птицы — 1,72 млн. Лесное хозяйство: красный дуб, белый дуб, жёлтый тополь, пекан ( гикори). Минералы: цинк ( первое место в США по добыче). История. Первыми в этом районе побывали испанские исследователи в 1541. Английские торговцы пересекли Большие Дымные горы [*Great Smoky Mountains] с востока, в то время как французы Маркет [*Marquette] и Жолли [*Jolliet], спустившись вниз по р. Миссисипи, достигли его западной части в 1673. Первое постоянное поселение было основано виргинцами на р. Уотауга [Watauga River] в 1769. Во время Войны за независимость теннессийцы помогли одержать победу в сражении при Кингс-Маунтин [Battle of Kings Mountains] в Северной Каролине в 1780 и принимали участие в других кампаниях на востоке США. Во время Гражданской войны Теннесси присоединился к Конфедерации южных штатов в 1861, был ареной многих боёв. Около 30 тыс. теннессийцев сражались на стороне северян. Достопримечательности: оз. Рилфут [Reelfoot Lake], огромный резервуар на р. Миссисипи, образовавшийся после землетрясения 1811; гора Лукаут [Lookout Mountain]; Чаттануга [Chattanooga]; водопад Фол-Крик [Fall Creek Falls], высотой 256 футов; Национальный парк Больших Дымных гор [Great Smoky Mountains National Park]; дом Эндрю Джексона «Эрмитаж» [Hermitage], вблизи Нашвилла; дома президентов Полка [*Polk] и Эндрю Джонсона [*Johnson, Andrew]; копия афинского Парфенона [Parthenon] в Нашвилле; всемирно известный центр музыки в стиле «кантри» «Гранд Олд Опри» [*Grand Ole Opry] в Нашвилле; Музей атомной энергии [American Museum of Atomic Energy] в Ок-Ридже [*Oak Ridge]; три национальных военных парка и парк Рок-Сити [Rock City Gardens] вблизи Чаттануги и др. Знаменитые теннессийцы: Эйкаф, Рой [Acuff, Roy], исполнитель песен в стиле «кантри»; Крокетт, Дэви [*Crockett, Davy], охотник, легендарный герой; Фаррагат, Дэвид [Farragut, David Glasgow], адмирал, герой Гражданской войны в США; Хэнди, Уильям [*Handy, William], композитор; Хьюстон, Сэм [*Houston, Sam], командир ополчения техасцев, одержавших победу над мексиканскими войсками, основатель независимой Республики Техас; Мур, Грейс [Moore, Grace], певица; Йорк, Элвин [York, Alvin], солдат, прославившийся в I мировую войну. Ассоциации: Нашвилл, столица штата, является тж. широко известным в США центром фольклорной музыки в стиле «кантри», здесь находится знаменитый концертный зал «Гранд Олд Опри» с телестудиями и радиостанциями; широкую известность получила песня штата «Теннессийский вальс» [*‘Tennessee Waltz’]США. Лингвострановедческий англо-русский словарь > Tennessee
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49 Washington, D. C.
[ˊwoʃɪŋtǝn di: si:] г. Вашингтон ( округ Колумбия), столица США <назв. в честь Джорджа Вашингтона [*Washington, George]>. Красивый город на Атлантическом побережье, у нижнего течения р. Потомак; много зелени на фоне белых мраморных фасадов правительственных зданий. Крупный политический, культурный и научный центр страны (ок. 2,5 млн. жителей, 3/5 населения — негры). Достаточно пройтись по Моллу, чтобы убедиться, что это — столица мировой державы, призванная внушать уважение. Молл соединяет Капитолий с мемориалом Линкольна, это две мили зелени, отражающейся в прудах, а по сторонам — прекрасные музеи Смитсоновского института и сверкающие мрамором правительственные здания. Много новых построек современной архитектуры, но нет небоскрёбов. По принятому в Вашингтоне положению, здания не должны иметь более 13 этажей (с тем расчётом, чтобы Капитолий оставался самым высоким зданием в городе). Почти половина живущих в Вашингтоне и его пригородах работают в каком-нибудь правительственном учреждении. Вопреки бытующему в США мнению, что с приходом к власти новой администрации меняется значительная часть правительственного аппарата, только ок. 3 тыс. высокопоставленных чиновников лишаются своих постов, остальные продолжают оставаться на своих местах, и население Вашингтона довольно стабильно. Прозвище: «город впечатляющих просторов» [*City of Magnificent Distances]. Житель: вашингтонец [Washingtonian]. Река: Потомак [Potomac]. Районы, улицы, площади: Капитолийский холм [Hill II], основной район достопримечательностей [Major Monument Area], Посольский Ряд [*Embassy Row], Джорджтаун [*Georgetown], Пенсильвания-авеню [*Pennsylvania Avenue], площадь Лафайета [Lafayette Square], Массачусетс-авеню [*Massachusetts Avenue], Эллипс [Ellipse]. Комплексы, здания, памятные места: Белый дом [*White House I], Зелёная комната [*Green Room], Голубая комната [*Blue Room], Овальный кабинет [*Oval Office], Национальный архив [National Archives], Конститьюшн-Холл [*Constitution Hall], Госдепартамент [State Department], Верховный Суд [Supreme Court], Пентагон [*Pentagon], Пан-Американ Юнион [*Pan-American Union]. Музеи, памятники: памятник Вашингтону [*Washington Monument], мемориалы Линкольна [*Lincoln Memorial] и Джефферсона [*Jefferson Memorial], Мемориал ветеранов войны во Вьетнаме [*Vietnam Veterans Memorial], здание Эдгара Гувера [J. Edgar Hoover Building], Смитсоновский институт [*Smithsonian Institution], Национальный музей авиации и космонавтики [National Air and Space Museum], дом Петерсона [Peterson House], Национальный музей американской истории [National Museum of American History], Национальный музей естественной истории [National Museum of Natural History], Национальное географическое общество [National Geographic Society], Музей организации «Дочери американской революции» [Daughters of the American Revolution Museum], «Восьмигранник» [Octagon House]. Художественные музеи, выставки: Национальная художественная галерея [*National Gallery of Art], Галерея Коркоран [Corcoran Gallery of Art], Галерея Фрира [Freer Gallery of Art], Музей и сад скульптур Хиршхорна [Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden], Национальный музей африканского искусства [National Museum of African Art], Галерея Ренвика [Renwick Gallery], Национальный музей американского искусства [National Museum of American Art]. Культурные центры, театры: Центр исполнительских искусств им. Джона Кеннеди [*Kennedy Center], Национальный театр [National Theater], Театр «Арена-Стейдж» [*Arena Stage], Театр Эйзенхауэра [Eisenhower Theater], Театр «Терраса» [Terrace Theater], Шекспировская библиотека Фолджера [*Folger Shakespeare Library], Библиотека Конгресса [*Library of Congress], Театр Форда [Ford’s Theater], «Театральная труппа Фолджера» [Folger Theater Group], Театр Олни [Olney Theater], Центр исполнительских искусств в парке Вулф-Трэп [Wolf Trap Farm Park for the Performing Arts], Национальный симфонический оркестр [National Symphony Orchestra], Вашингтонская опера [Opera Society of Washington]. Учебные заведения, научные центры: Университет Джорджа Вашингтона [George Washington University], Американский университет [American University], Джорджтаунский университет [*Georgetown University], Хауардский университет [Howard University], колледж Галодет [Gallaudet College]. Периодические издания: «Вашингтон пост» [*‘Washington Post’], «Вашингтон таймс» [*‘Washington Times’], «Вашингтонец» [‘Washingtonian’]. Парки, зоопарки: Молл [*mall I], Ботанический сад [Botanic Garden], парк Рок-Крик [*Rock Creek Park], Национальный зоопарк [National Zoo]. Спорт: Мемориальный стадион им. Роберта Кеннеди [*Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Stadium]; спортивные команды: футбольные «Краснокожие» [*‘Redskins’] и «Федералы» [‘Federals’], баскетбольная «Пули» [*‘Bullets’], хоккейная «Столичные» [*‘Capitals’]. Магазины, рынки. Универмаги: «Гарфинкель» [*Garfinkel], «Хехтс» [*Hecht’s], «Вудвард энд Лотропс» [*Woodward and Lothrop’s], торговый центр «Монтгомери молл» [*Montgomery Mall]. Отели: «Медисон» [‘Madison’], «Хэй Адамс» [‘Hay Adams’], «Ритц-Карлтон» [‘Ritz Carlton’], «Уотергейт» [Watergate]. Рестораны: «Сан-Суси» [‘Sans Souci’], «Монокль» [‘Monocle’]. Транспорт: вашингтонское метро [Metrorail], ж.-д. вокзал Юнион-Стейшн [*Union Station II], Международный аэропорт им. Даллеса [*Dulles International Airport], Национальный аэропорт [*National Airport], автомобильный маршрут вдоль живописных Дымных гор [*Skyline Drive]. Достопримечательности: Маунт-Вернон [*Mount Vernon], Арлингтон [Arlington], Арлингтонское национальное кладбище [*Arlington National Cemetery], загородная резиденция президента США Кэмп-Дэвид [*Camp David]; пригороды Вашингтона: Бетесда [*Bethesda], Чеви-Чейс [*Chevy Chase], Александрия [*Alexandria]. Фестивали, праздники: Праздник цветения вишни [*Cherry Blossom], катание пасхальных яиц [Easter Monday Egg Rolling], Американский фольклорный фестиваль [American Folklore Festival]США. Лингвострановедческий англо-русский словарь > Washington, D. C.
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50 Abrahams, Derwin
1903-1974Neoyorquino, lo encontramos por primera vez en los titulos de credito de una pelicula en 1936, como ayudante de direccion de Nate Watt en La rueda del destino (Hoppalong Cassidy Returns). Continuara en este cometido, siempre para Paramount, a las ordenes del citado Watt, David Selman, Edward Ven turini, Howard Bretherton y, sobre todo, Lesley Selan der. Salvo en una ocasion, las peliculas son entregas su cesivas de la serie protagonizada por William Boyd. Cuando, en 1941, pasa a la direccion, no es de ex tranar que su obra, westerns en su inmensa mayoria, se centre en series y seriales con actores como el citado Boyd, Charles Starrett (Durango Kid) o Johnny Mack Brown. Trabaja para Columbia y, en menor me dida, para Monogram. Entre 1941, ano de su debut detras de las camaras, y 1945, cuando empieza su conjunto de peliculas con Charles Starrett, existe un vacio que no he podido llenar, en el que, segun algunas fuentes, realiza tres westerns, Texas Rifles, Phantom Outlaws y Cattle Call, todos ellos de 1944.◘ Border Vigilantes. 1941. 62 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Paramount. William Boyd, Russell Hayden, Andy Clyde, Frances Gifford.◘ Secrets of the Wasterland. 1941. 66 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Para mount. William Boyd, Andy Clyde, Brad King, Barbara Britton.Rough Ridin’Justice. 1945. 58 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Charles Starrett, Dub Taylor, Betty Jane Graham, Jimmy Wakely.The Return of the Durango Kid. 1945. 58 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Charles Starrett, Tex Harding, Jean Stevens, Britt Wood.Both Barrels Blazing. 1945. 57 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Charles Starrett, Dub Taylor, Pat Parrish, Tex Harding.Rustlers of the Badlands. 1945. 55 minutos. Blanco y negro. Columbia. Charles Starrett, Dub Taylor, Sally Bliss, Tex Harding.Northwest Trail. 1945. 66 minutos. Cinecolor. Screen Guild. Bob Steele, John Litel, Joan Woodbury.Drifting Along. 1946. 60 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Monogram. Johnny Mack Brown, Lynne Carver, Raymond Hatton.Frontier Gunlaw. 1946. 60 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Charles Starrett, Tex Harding, Jean Stevens, Dub Taylor.The Haunted Mine. 1946. 51 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Monogram. Johnny Mack Brown, Raymond Hatton, Linda Johnson.The Fighting Frontiersman. 1946. 61 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Charles Starrett, Smiley Burnette, Helen Mowery.South of the Chisholm Trail. 1947. 58 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Charles Starrett, Smiley Burnette, Nancy Saunders.Prairie Raiders. 1947. 54 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Charles Starrett, Smiley Burnette, Nancy Saunders.Swing the Western Way. 1947. 66 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Paul Triesch, Ken Triesch, Mary Dugan.The Stranger from Ponca City. 1947. 56 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Charles Starrett, Smiley Burnette, Virginia Hunter.Riders of the Lone Star. 1947. 55 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Charles Starrett, Smiley Burnette, Virginia Hunter.Smoky River Serenade. 1947. 67 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Paul Campbell, Ruth Terry.Tex Granger, Midnight Rider of the Plains. 1948. 270 minutos. 15 capitu los. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Robert Kellard, Peggy StewartThe Rangers Ride. 1948. 56 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Monogram. Jimmy Wakely, Dub Taylor, Virginia Belmont.Cowboy Cavalier. 1948. 57 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Monogram. Jimmy Wakely, Dub Taylor, Jan Bryant.The Girl from San Lorenzo. 1950. 59 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Inter-American Productions (UA). Duncan Renaldo, Leo Carrillo, Jane Adams.Whistling Hills (Emboscada en las colinas). 1951. 58 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Monogram. Johnny Mack Brown, Jimmy Ellison, Noel Neill.English-Spanish dictionary of western films > Abrahams, Derwin
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51 De Toth, Andre
1912-2002Andre De Toth hizo siempre poco ruido pero, paso a paso, fue construyendo una obra tan modesta como estimable. Hungaro de nacimiento, despues de licenciarse en leyes entra en el mundo del teatro, en su pais, y de alli al cine, donde trabaja como guionista, ayudante de direccion, montador y, esporadicamente, actor, hasta dirigir cinco peliculas, inmediatamente antes del estallido de la Segunda Guerra Mundial. De Hungria salta a Inglaterra, contratado por el emigrado hungaro Alexander Korda. Es en Inglaterra donde cambia su nombre verdadero, Toth Endre, por el de Andre De Toth. En los Estados Unidos, adonde se traslada poco despues, rodo mas de treinta filmes a partir de 1943, de los que nada menos que once son westerns. Tratandose de un hombre que viene de Centroeuropa, no se le puede pedir mayor sensibilidad a la hora de abordar la tematica clasica de este genero, que contribuyo a ennoblecer. Peliculas como La mujer de fuego y Pacto de honor abren la puerta a la mayoria de edad del genero, que De Toth ayudo a renovar, aunque no hay que olvidar su contribucion a otros generos como el de terror (Los crimenes del museo de cera, House of Wax, 1953) o el negro (Aguas turbias, Dark Waters, 1944).Ramrod (La mujer de fuego). 1947. 94 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Harry Sherman Productions (UA). Joel McCrea, Veronica Lake, Preston Foster, Arleen Whelan.Man in the Saddle (Lucha a muerte). 1951. 87 minutos. Technicolor. Scott- Brown (Columbia). Randolph Scott. Joan Leslie, John Russell.Carson City. 1952. 87 minutos. Warnercolor. WB. Randolph Scott, Lucille Norman, Raymond Massey.Springfield Rifle (El honor del capitan Lex). 1952. 93 minutos. Warnercolor. WB. Gary Cooper, Phyllis Thaxter, David Brian.Last of the Comanches. 1953. 85 minutos. Technicolor. Columbia. Broderick Crawford, Barbara Hale, Johnny Stewart.The Stranger Wore a Gun. 1953. 83 minutos. Technicolor. 3-D. Columbia. Randolph Scott, Claire Trevor, George MacReady, Joan Weldon.Thunder Over the Plains. 1953. 82 minutos. Warnercolor. WB. Randolph Scott, Lex Barker, Phyllis Kirk.Riding Shotgun. 1954. 75 minutos. Warnercolor. WB. Randolph Scott, Wayne Morris, Joan Weldon.The Bounty Hunter. 1954. 79 minutos. Warnercolor. Transcona (WB). Randolph Scott, Marie Windsor.The Indian Fighter (Pacto de honor). 1955. 88 minutos. Eastmancolor. CinemaScope. Bryna (UA). Kirk Douglas, Elsa Martinelli, Walter Matthau.Day of the Outlaw. 1959. 96 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Security Pictures. Robert Ryan, Burl Ives, Tina Louise.English-Spanish dictionary of western films > De Toth, Andre
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52 Marin, Edwin L.
1899-1951Nacido en Jersey City, New Jersey, inicialmente trabaja como ayudante de fotografia y de direccion, pero en 1932 lo encontramos ya dirigiendo su primera pelicula, The Death Kiss, un producto tipico de cine de misterio, realizado para Tiffany, precursor de al menos otra decena de filmes de caracteristicas similares, todos ellos igualmente honestos, dirigidos por Marin. Este genero (o subgenero, si se quiere) y el western seran los que mejor se adapten a la personalidad del realizador, habil en la creacion de ambientes, solido en el desarrollo dramatico de sus filmes y, en resumen, honrado profesional, particularmente interesante en el mundo del western, en el que consigue peliculas llenas de vigor narrativo, muy por encima de la media de la epoca. Especialmente atractivos son sus filmes con el actor Randolph Scott, rodados entre 1949 y 1951, primero para 20th Century-Fox y luego para Warner Bros. El mas destacado de todos ellos es, sin duda, Colt 45.Henry Goes Arizona. 1939. 66 minutos. Blanco y Negro. MGM. Frank Morgan, Virginia Weidler.Tall in the Saddle (El y su enemiga). 1944. 87 minutos. Blanco y Negro. RKO. John Wayne, Ella Raines, Ward Bond.Abilene Town (La calle de los conflictos). 1946. 89 minutos. Blanco y Negro. UA. Randolph Scott, Ann Dvorak, Rhonda Fleming.The Younger Brothers. 1949. 77 minutos. Blanco y Negro. WB. Wayne Morris, Bruce Bennett, Geraldine Brooks.Canadian Pacific. 1949. 95 minutos. Cinecolor. Fox. Randolph Scott, Jane Wyatt, Nancy Olsen.Fighting Man of the Plains. 1949. 94 minutos. Cinecolor. Fox. Randolph Scott, Bill Williams, Jane Nigh.Colt 45 (Colt 45). 1950. 74 minutos. Technicolor. WB. Randolph Scott, Zachary Scott, Ruth Roman.The Cariboo Trail. 1950. 81 minutos. Cinecolor. Fox. Randolph Scott, George Hayes, Karin Booth.Sugarfoot. 1951. 80 minutos. Technicolor. WB. Randolph Scott, Adele Jergens, Raymond Massey.Raton Pass. 1951. 84 minutos. Blanco y Negro. WB. Dennis Morgan, Patricia Neal, Steve Cochran.Fort Worth. 1951. 80 minutos. Technicolor. WB. Randolph Scott, David Brian, Phyllis Thaxter.English-Spanish dictionary of western films > Marin, Edwin L.
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53 radix
rādix, īcis ( gen. plur. radicium, Cassiod. H. E. 1, 1; Jul. Val. Itin. Alex. 32 (75)), f. [Gr. rhiza, a root; rhadix, a shoot or twig; cf. ramus], a root of a plant (cf. stirps).I.Lit.1.In gen. (mostly in plur.):2.radices agere,
to strike root, Varr. R. R. 1, 37 fin.; Ov. R. Am. 106; id. M. 4, 254; Col. 5, 6, 8; Plin. 16, 31, 56, § 127; cf.infra, II.: capere radices,
to take root, Cato, R. R. 133, 3; Plin. 17, 17, 27, § 123:penitus immittere radices,
Quint. 1, 3, 5:emittere radices e capite, ex se,
Col. 3, 18, 6; 5, 10, 13:descendunt radices,
Plin. 16, 31, 56, § 129:arbores ab radicibus subruere,
Caes. B. G. 6, 27, 4:herbas radice revellit,
Ov. M. 7, 226:radicibus eruta pinus,
Verg. A. 5, 449:segetem ab radicibus imis eruere,
id. G. 1, 319.— Sing.:(arbos) quae, quantum vertice ad auras, tantum radice in Tartara tendit,
Verg. G. 2, 292; Plin. 16, 31, 56, § 128; Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 150; Ov. H. 5, 147. —In partic., an edible root, Caes. B. C. 3, 48; esp. a radish:B.Syriaca,
Col. 11, 3, 16; 59:also simply radix,
Pall. 1, 35, 5; Hor. S. 2, 8, 8; Ov. M. 8, 666 al.:dulcis,
licorice, Scrib. Comp. 170. —Transf.1.The root, i. e. the lower part of an object, the foot of a hill, mountain, etc.— In plur.:2.in radicibus Caucasi natus,
Cic. Tusc. 2, 22, 52:in radicibus Amani,
id. Fam. 15, 4, 9:sub ipsis radicibus montis,
Caes. B. G. 7, 36; 7, 51 fin.; 69; id. B. C. 1, 41; 3, 85, 1 et saep. — In sing.:a Palatii radice,
Cic. Div. 1, 45, 101; Plin. 37, 10, 66, § 180.—That upon which any thing is fixed or rests (e. g. the tongue, a feather, a rock); a root, foundation ( poet.; used alike in sing. and plur.):3.linguae,
Ov. M. 6, 557:plumae,
id. ib. 2, 583:saxi,
Lucr. 2, 102; Ov. M. 14, 713.—Radix virilis = membrum virile, Cael. Aur. Tard. 2, 1, 13.—II.Trop., a root, ground, basis, foundation, origin, source (almost entirely in the plur.):vera gloria radices agit atque etiam propagatur,
Cic. Off. 2, 12, 43:virtus altissimis defixa radicibus,
id. Phil. 4, 5, 13:audeamus non solum ramos amputare miseriarum, sed omnes radicum fibras evellere,
id. Tusc. 3, 6, 13:facilitatis et patientiae,
id. Cael. 6, 14:Pompeius eo robore vir, iis radicibus,
i. e. so deeply rooted, firmly established in the State, id. Att. 6, 6, 4:illic radices, illic fundamenta sunt,
Quint. 10, 3, 3:a radicibus evertere domum,
from its foundation, utterly, Phaedr. 3, 10, 49:ex iisdem, quibus nos, radicibus natum (C. Marium),
i. e. a native of the same city, Cic. Sest. 22, 50; Varr. R. R. 2, 8, 1; cf. in sing.:Apollinis se radice ortum,
Plin. 35, 10, 36, § 72:ego sum radix David,
Vulg. Apoc. 22, 16 et saep.—Of words,
origin, derivation, Varr. L. L. 6, 5, 61; 7, 3, 88 al. -
54 camp
1. n лагерь; база отдыхаdeath camp — лагерь смерти, концлагерь
2. n воен. лагерь, бивак3. n стоянка, место привала; ночёвка на открытом воздухеcamp out — ночевать на открытом воздухе, под открытым небом
4. n стан, становище; стойбище5. n табор6. n с. -х. полевой стан7. n амер. дача; вилла; загородный дом; летняя резиденция8. n лагерь, стан; сторона9. n солдатская жизнь, солдатский быт10. n военная служба, солдатчина11. v разбивать лагерь; располагаться лагерем, на привал; устраивать стоянкуtourist camp — туристический лагерь, туристическая база
extermination camp — лагерь смерти, лагерь уничтожения
staging camp — этапный лагерь; лагерь сосредоточения
12. v жить временно, без удобств13. n разг. кэмп, аффектация, манерность; женоподобностьlow camp — низкий кэмп, непреднамеренная аффектация
14. n разг. снобистское пристрастие к фальши и банальности в искусстве15. n разг. пошлое, халтурное произведение16. n разг. гомосексуалист17. a разг. аффектированный, манерный; женоподобный18. a разг. снобистский19. a разг. пошлый, халтурный20. a разг. относящийся к гомосексуалистамsince we failed to set up camp in the rain, we finally called it quits and hiked home — так как под дождём поставить лагерь нам никак не удавалось, мы решили отказаться от этой затеи и пешком вернуться домой
21. v разг. придавать пошлый, вульгарный характер; привносить манерность, аффектацию22. v разг. переигрывать23. v разг. вести себя вызывающе24. v разг. ломаться, выпендриватьсяto camp around — кривляться, паясничать
25. v разг. выставлять напоказ свои гомосексуальные склонностиСинонимический ряд:1. clique (noun) cabal; camarilla; circle; clan; clique; coterie; in-group; mob; ring2. encampment (noun) campfire; campground; camping ground; campsite; encampment; tent city; tents; tepees; wigwams3. hut (noun) cabin; cot; cottage; hut; lodge; shack; shanty4. military compound (noun) barracks; bivouac; compound; fort; grounds; installation; military compound; military quarters; outpost; post5. dwell (verb) dwell; locate; nest; settle6. lodge (verb) lodge; quarter; station7. lodge temporarily (verb) bivouac; camp out; encamp; lodge temporarily; make camp; pitch a tent; put up for the night; rough it; sleep out; tent -
55 Champion, Nehemiah
SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy[br]b. 1678 probably Bristol, Englandd. 9 September 1747 probably Bristol, England[br]English merchant and brass manufacturer of Bristol.[br]Several members of Champion's Quaker family were actively engaged as merchants in Bristol during the late seventeenth and the eighteenth centuries. Port records show Nehemiah in receipt of Cornish copper ore at Bristol's Crews Hole smelting works by 1706, in association with the newly formed brassworks of the city. He later became a leading partner, managing the company some time after Abraham Darby left the Bristol works to pursue his interest at Coalbrookdale. Champion, probably in company with his father, became the largest customer for Darby's Coalbrookdale products and also acted as Agent, at least briefly, for Thomas Newcomen.A patent in 1723 related to two separate innovations introduced by the brass company.The first improved the output of brass by granulating the copper constituent and increasing its surface area. A greater proportion of zinc vapour could permeate the granules compared with the previous practice, resulting in the technique being adopted generally in the cementation process used at the time. The latter part of the same patent introduced a new type of coal-fired furnace which facilitated annealing in bulk so replacing the individual processing of pieces. The principle of batch annealing was generally adopted, although the type of furnace was later improved. A further patent, in 1739, in the name of Nehemiah, concerned overshot water-wheels possibly intended for use in conjunction with the Newcomen atmospheric pumping engine employed for recycling water by his son William.Champion's two sons, John and William, and their two sons, both named John, were all concerned with production of non-ferrous metals and responsible for patented innovations. Nehemiah, shortly before his death, is believed to have partnered William at the Warmley works to exploit his son's new patent for producing metallic zinc.[br]Bibliography1723, British patent no. 454 (granulated copper technique and coal-fired furnace). 1739, British patent no. 567 (overshot water-wheels).Further ReadingA.Raistrick, 1950, Quakers in Science and Industry, London: Bannisdale Press (for the Champion family generally).J.Day, 1973, Bristol Brass, a History of the Industry, Newton Abbot: David \& Charles (for the industrial activities of Nehemiah).JD -
56 Fairbairn, William
SUBJECT AREA: Ports and shipping[br]b. 19 February 1789 Kelso, Roxburghshire, Scotlandd. 18 August 1874 Farnham, Surrey, England[br]Scottish engineer and shipbuilder, pioneer in the use of iron in structures.[br]Born in modest circumstances, Fairbairn nevertheless enjoyed a broad and liberal education until around the age of 14. Thereafter he served an apprenticeship as a millwright in a Northumberland colliery. This seven-year period marked him out as a man of determination and intellectual ability; he planned his life around the practical work of pit-machinery maintenance and devoted his limited free time to the study of mathematics, science and history as well as "Church, Milton and Recreation". Like many before and countless thousands after, he worked in London for some difficult and profitless years, and then moved to Manchester, the city he was to regard as home for the rest of his life. In 1816 he was married. Along with a workmate, James Lillie, he set up a general engineering business, which steadily enlarged and ultimately involved both shipbuilding and boiler-making. The partnership was dissolved in 1832 and Fairbairn continued on his own. Consultancy work commissioned by the Forth and Clyde Canal led to the construction of iron steamships by Fairbairn for the canal; one of these, the PS Manchester was lost in the Irish Sea (through the little-understood phenomenon of compass deviation) on her delivery voyage from Manchester to the Clyde. This brought Fairbairn to the forefront of research in this field and confirmed him as a shipbuilder in the novel construction of iron vessels. In 1835 he operated the Millwall Shipyard on the Isle of Dogs on the Thames; this is regarded as one of the first two shipyards dedicated to iron production from the outset (the other being Tod and MacGregor of Glasgow). Losses at the London yard forced Fairbairn to sell off, and the yard passed into the hands of John Scott Russell, who built the I.K. Brunel -designed Great Eastern on the site. However, his business in Manchester went from strength to strength: he produced an improved Cornish boiler with two firetubes, known as the Lancashire boiler; he invented a riveting machine; and designed the beautiful swan-necked box-structured crane that is known as the Fairbairn crane to this day.Throughout his life he advocated the widest use of iron; he served on the Admiralty Committee of 1861 investigating the use of this material in the Royal Navy. In his later years he travelled widely in Europe as an engineering consultant and published many papers on engineering. His contribution to worldwide engineering was recognized during his lifetime by the conferment of a baronetcy by Queen Victoria.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsCreated Baronet 1869. FRS 1850. Elected to the Academy of Science of France 1852. President, Institution of Mechnical Engineers 1854. Royal Society Gold Medal 1860. President, British Association 1861.BibliographyFairbairn wrote many papers on a wide range of engineering subjects from water-wheels to iron metallurgy and from railway brakes to the strength of iron ships. In 1856 he contributed the article on iron to the 8th edition of Encyclopaedia Britannica.Further ReadingW.Pole (ed.), 1877, The Life of Sir William Fairbairn Bart, London: Longmans Green; reprinted 1970, David and Charles Reprints (written in part by Fairbairn, but completed and edited by Pole).FMW -
57 Jessop, William
[br]b. 23 January 1745 Plymouth, Englandd. 18 November 1814[br]English engineer engaged in river, canal and dock construction.[br]William Jessop inherited from his father a natural ability in engineering, and because of his father's association with John Smeaton in the construction of Eddystone Lighthouse he was accepted by Smeaton as a pupil in 1759 at the age of 14. Smeaton was so impressed with his ability that Jessop was retained as an assistant after completion of his pupilage in 1767. As such he carried out field-work, making surveys on his own, but in 1772 he was recommended to the Aire and Calder Committee as an independent engineer and his first personally prepared report was made on the Haddlesey Cut, Selby Canal. It was in this report that he gave his first evidence before a Parliamentary Committee. He later became Resident Engineer on the Selby Canal, and soon after he was elected to the Smeatonian Society of Engineers, of which he later became Secretary for twenty years. Meanwhile he accompanied Smeaton to Ireland to advise on the Grand Canal, ultimately becoming Consulting Engineer until 1802, and was responsible for Ringsend Docks, which connected the canal to the Liffey and were opened in 1796. From 1783 to 1787 he advised on improvements to the River Trent, and his ability was so recognized that it made his reputation. From then on he was consulted on the Cromford Canal (1789–93), the Leicester Navigation (1791–4) and the Grantham Canal (1793–7); at the same time he was Chief Engineer of the Grand Junction Canal from 1793 to 1797 and then Consulting Engineer until 1805. He also engineered the Barnsley and Rochdale Canals. In fact, there were few canals during this period on which he was not consulted. It has now been established that Jessop carried the responsibility for the Pont-Cysyllte Aqueduct in Wales and also prepared the estimates for the Caledonian Canal in 1804. In 1792 he became a partner in the Butterley ironworks and thus became interested in railways. He proposed the Surrey Iron Railway in 1799 and prepared for the estimates; the line was built and opened in 1805. He was also the Engineer for the 10 mile (16 km) long Kilmarnock \& Troon Railway, the Act for which was obtained in 1808 and was the first Act for a public railway in Scotland. Jessop's advice was sought on drainage works between 1785 and 1802 in the lowlands of the Isle of Axholme, Holderness, the Norfolk Marshlands, and the Axe and Brue area of the Somerset Levels. He was also consulted on harbour and dock improvements. These included Hull (1793), Portsmouth (1796), Folkestone (1806) and Sunderland (1807), but his greatest dock works were the West India Docks in London and the Floating Harbour at Bristol. He was Consulting Engineer to the City of London Corporation from 1796to 1799, drawing up plans for docks on the Isle of Dogs in 1796; in February 1800 he was appointed Engineer, and three years later, in September 1803, he was appointed Engineer to the Bristol Floating Harbour. Jessop was regarded as the leading civil engineer in the country from 1785 until 1806. He died following a stroke in 1814.[br]Further ReadingC.Hadfield and A.W.Skempton, 1979, William Jessop. Engineer, Newton Abbot: David \& Charles.JHB -
58 Kilby, Jack St Clair
SUBJECT AREA: Electronics and information technology[br]b. 8 November 1923 Jefferson City, Missouri, USA[br]American engineer who filed the first patents for micro-electronic (integrated) circuits.[br]Kilby spent most of his childhood in Great Bend, Kansas, where he often accompanied his father, an electrical power engineer, on his maintenance rounds. Working in the blizzard of 1937, his father borrowed a "ham" radio, and this fired Jack to study for his amateur licence (W9GTY) and to construct his own equipment while still a student at Great Bend High School. In 1941 he entered the University of Illinois, but four months later, after the attack on Pearl Harbor, he was enlisted in the US Army and found himself working in a radio repair workshop in India. When the war ended he returned to his studies, obtaining his BSEE from Illinois in 1947 and his MSEE from the University of Wisconsin. He then joined Centralab, a small electronics firm in Milwaukee owned by Globe-Union. There he filed twelve patents, including some for reduced titanate capacitors and for Steatite-packing of transistors, and developed a transistorized hearing-aid. During this period he also attended a course on transistors at Bell Laboratories. In May 1958, concerned to gain experience in the field of number processing, he joined Texas Instruments in Dallas. Shortly afterwards, while working alone during the factory vacation, he conceived the idea of making monolithic, or integrated, circuits by diffusing impurities into a silicon substrate to create P-N junctions. Within less than a month he had produced a complete oscillator on a chip to prove that the technology was feasible, and the following year at the 1ERE Show he demonstrated a germanium integrated-circuit flip-flop. Initially he was granted a patent for the idea, but eventually, after protracted litigation, priority was awarded to Robert Noyce of Fairchild. In 1965 he was commissioned by Patrick Haggerty, the Chief Executive of Texas Instruments, to make a pocket calculator based on integrated circuits, and on 14 April 1971 the world's first such device, the Pocketronic, was launched onto the market. Costing $150 (and weighing some 2½ lb or 1.1 kg), it was an instant success and in 1972 some 5 million calculators were sold worldwide. He left Texas Instruments in November 1970 to become an independent consultant and inventor, working on, amongst other things, methods of deriving electricity from sunlight.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsFranklin Institute Stuart Ballantine Medal 1966. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers David Sarnoff Award 1966; Cledo Brunetti Award (jointly with Noyce) 1978; Medal of Honour 1986. National Academy of Engineering 1967. National Science Medal 1969. National Inventors Hall of Fame 1982. Honorary DEng Miami 1982, Rochester 1986. Honorary DSc Wisconsin 1988. Distinguished Professor, Texas A \& M University.Bibliography6 February 1959, US patent no. 3,138,743 (the first integrated circuit (IC); initially granted June 1964).US patent no. 3,819,921 (the Pocketronic calculator).Further ReadingT.R.Reid, 1984, Microchip. The Story of a Revolution and the Men Who Made It, London: Pan Books (for the background to the development of the integrated circuit). H.Queisser, 1988, Conquest of the Microchip, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.KF -
59 Kompfner, Rudolph
[br]b. 16 May 1909 Vienna, Austriad. 3 December 1977 Stanford, California, USA[br]Austrian (naturalized English in 1949, American in 1957) electrical engineer primarily known for his invention of the travelling-wave tube.[br]Kompfner obtained a degree in engineering from the Vienna Technische Hochschule in 1931 and qualified as a Diplom-Ingenieur in Architecture two years later. The following year, with a worsening political situation in Austria, he moved to England and became an architectural apprentice. In 1936 he became Managing Director of a building firm owned by a relative, but at the same time he was avidly studying physics and electronics. His first patent, for a television pick-up device, was filed in 1935 and granted in 1937, but was not in fact taken up. In June 1940 he was interned on the Isle of Man, but as a result of a paper previously sent by him to the Editor of Wireless Engineer he was released the following December and sent to join the group at Birmingham University working on centimetric radar. There he worked on klystrons, with little success, but as a result of the experience gained he eventually invented the travelling-wave tube (TWT), which was based on a helical transmission line. After disbandment of the Birmingham team, in 1946 Kompfner moved to the Clarendon Laboratory at Oxford and in 1947 he became a British subject. At the Clarendon Laboratory he met J.R. Pierce of Bell Laboratories, who worked out the theory of operation of the TWT. After gaining his DPhil at Oxford in 1951, Kompfner accepted a post as Principal Scientific Officer at Signals Electronic Research Laboratories, Baldock, but very soon after that he was invited by Pierce to work at Bell on microwave tubes. There, in 1952, he invented the backward-wave oscillator (BWO). He was appointed Director of Electronics Research in 1955 and Director of Communications Research in 1962, having become a US citizen in 1957. In 1958, with Pierce, he designed Echo 1, the first (passive) satellite, which was launched in August 1960. He was also involved with the development of Telstar, the first active communications satellite, which was launched in 1962. Following his retirement from Bell in 1973, he continued to pursue research, alternately at Stanford, California, and Oxford, England.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsPhysical Society Duddell Medal 1955. Franklin Institute Stuart Ballantine Medal 1960. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers David Sarnoff Award 1960. Member of the National Academy of Engineering 1966. Member of the National Academy of Science 1968. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Medal of Honour 1973. City of Philadelphia John Scott Award 1974. Roentgen Society Silvanus Thompson Medal 1974. President's National medal of Science 1974. Honorary doctorates Vienna 1965, Oxford 1969.Bibliography1944, "Velocity modulated beams", Wireless Engineer 17:262.1942, "Transit time phenomena in electronic tubes", Wireless Engineer 19:3. 1942, "Velocity modulating grids", Wireless Engineer 19:158.1946, "The travelling-wave tube", Wireless Engineer 42:369.1964, The Invention of the TWT, San Francisco: San Francisco Press.Further ReadingJ.R.Pierce, 1992, "History of the microwave tube art", Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers: 980.KF -
60 Owen, Robert
SUBJECT AREA: Textiles[br]b. 14 May 1771 Newtown, Montgomeryshire, Walesd. 17 November 1858 Newtown, Montgomeryshire, Wales[br]Welsh cotton spinner and social reformer.[br]Robert Owen's father was also called Robert and was a saddler, ironmonger and postmaster of Newtown in Montgomeryshire. Robert, the younger, injured his digestion as a child by drinking some scalding hot "flummery", which affected him for the rest of his life. He developed a passion for reading and through this visited London when he was 10 years old. He started work as a pedlar for someone in Stamford and then went to a haberdasher's shop on old London Bridge in London. Although he found the work there too hard, he stayed in the same type of employment when he moved to Manchester.In Manchester Owen soon set up a partnership for making bonnet frames, employing forty workers, but he sold the business and bought a spinning machine. This led him in 1790 into another partnership, with James M'Connel and John Kennedy in a spinning mill, but he moved once again to become Manager of Peter Drink-water's mill. These were all involved in fine spinning, and Drinkwater employed 500 people in one of the best mills in the city. In spite of his youth, Owen claims in his autobiography (1857) that he mastered the job within six weeks and soon improved the spinning. This mill was one of the first to use Sea Island cotton from the West Indies. To have managed such an enterprise so well Owen must have had both managerial and technical ability. Through his spinning connections Owen visited Glasgow, where he met both David Dale and his daughter Anne Caroline, whom he married in 1799. It was this connection which brought him to Dale's New Lanark mills, which he persuaded Dale to sell to a Manchester consortium for £60,000. Owen took over the management of the mills on 1 January 1800. Although he had tried to carry out social reforms in the manner of working at Manchester, it was at New Lanark that Owen acquired fame for the way in which he improved both working and living conditions for the 1,500-strong workforce. He started by seeing that adequate food and groceries were available in that remote site and then built both the school and the New Institution for the Formation of Character, which opened in January 1816. To the pauper children from the Glasgow and Edinburgh slums he gave a good education, while he tried to help the rest of the workforce through activities at the Institution. The "silent monitors" hanging on the textile machines, showing the performance of their operatives, are famous, and many came to see his social experiments. Owen was soon to buy out his original partners for £84,000.Among his social reforms were his efforts to limit child labour in mills, resulting in the Factory Act of 1819. He attempted to establish an ideal community in the USA, to which he sailed in 1824. He was to return to his village of "Harmony" twice more, but broke his connection in 1828. The following year he finally withdrew from New Lanark, where some of his social reforms had been abandoned.[br]Bibliography1857, The Life of Robert Owen, Written by Himself, London.Further ReadingG.D.H.Cole, 1965, Life of Robert Owen (biography).J.Butt (ed.), 1971, Robert Owen, Prince of Cotton Spinners, Newton Abbot; S.Pollard and J.Salt (eds), 1971, Robert Owen, Prophet of the Poor. Essays in Honour of theTwo-Hundredth Anniversary of His Birth, London (both describe Owen's work at New Lanark).RLH
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