-
21 Charles
Charles [tʃɑ:lz]∎ Charles the Bold Charles le Téméraire;∎ Charles V Charles Quint;∎ Physics Charles's law loi f de Charles -
22 charles's law
charles yasası -
23 Charles
-
24 charles's law
charles yasası -
25 Charles's law
закон Гей-Люссака
(для идеального газа)
[А.С.Гольдберг. Англо-русский энергетический словарь. 2006 г.]Тематики
EN
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > Charles's law
-
26 Charles-Gay-Lussac law
hukum Charles-Gay-Lussac -
27 Charles 's law
nPHYS ley de Charles f -
28 Charles-Gay-Lussac law
English-russian dictionary of physics > Charles-Gay-Lussac law
-
29 charles's law
• čarlsov zakon; čarlsov zakon za širenje gasova -
30 Gay-Lussac's law
закон Гей-Люссака- см. Charles' law.
Англо-русский словарь по кондиционированию и вентиляции > Gay-Lussac's law
-
31 Gay-Lussac's law
закон Гей-Люссака- см. Charles' law.
English-Russian dictionary of terms for heating, ventilation, air conditioning and cooling air > Gay-Lussac's law
-
32 Thévénin, Léon Charles
SUBJECT AREA: Electricity[br]b. 30 March 1857 Paris, Franced. 21 September 1926 Paris, France[br]French telegraph engineer who extended Ohm's Law to the analysis of complex electrical circuits.[br]Following a basic education, Thévénin entered the Ecole Polytechnique in Paris, graduating in 1876. In 1878 he joined the Corps of Telegraph Engineers (which subsequently became the French PTT). There he initially worked on the development of long-distance underground telegraph lines, but he later switched to working on power lines. Appointed a teaching inspector at the Ecole Supérieure in 1882, he became increasingly interested in the problems of measurement in electrical circuits. As a result of studying Kirchoff's Laws, which were essentially derived from Ohm's Law, he developed his now-famous theorem which made it possible to calculate the currents in more complex electrical circuits.As well as becoming Head of the Bureau des Lignes, up until his death he also found time for teaching other subjects outside the Ecole, including a course in mechanics at the Institut National Agronomique. In 1896 he was appointed Director of the Telegraph Engineering School, then, in 1901, Engineer-in-Chief of the telegraph workshops. He retired in 1914.[br]Bibliography1883, "Extension of Ohm's Law to complex electrical circuits", Comptes rendus 97:159 (describes Thévénin's Theorem).Further ReadingF.E.Terman, 1943, Radio Engineers'Handbook, New York: McGraw-Hill, Section 3 (summarizes the relevant circuit theory).KF -
33 Porter, Charles Talbot
SUBJECT AREA: Steam and internal combustion engines[br]b. 18 January 1826 Auburn, New York, USAd. 1910 USA[br]American inventor of a stone dressing machine, an improved centrifugal governor and a high-speed steam engine.[br]Porter graduated from Hamilton College, New York, in 1845, read law in his father's office, and in the autumn of 1847 was admitted to the Bar. He practised for six or seven years in Rochester, New York, and then in New York City. He was drawn into engineering when aged about 30, first through a client who claimed to have invented a revolutionary type of engine and offered Porter the rights to it as payment of a debt. Having lent more money, Porter saw neither the man nor the engine again. Porter followed this with a similar experience over a patent for a stone dressing machine, except this time the machine was built. It proved to be a failure, but Porter set about redesigning it and found that it was vastly improved when it ran faster. His improved machine went into production. It was while trying to get the steam engine that drove the stone dressing machine to run more smoothly that he made a discovery that formed the basis for his subsequent work.Porter took the ordinary Watt centrifugal governor and increased the speed by a factor of about ten; although he had to reduce the size of the weights, he gained a motion that was powerful. To make the device sufficiently responsive at the right speed, he balanced the centrifugal forces by a counterweight. This prevented the weights flying outwards until the optimum speed was reached, so that the steam valves remained fully open until that point and then the weights reacted more quickly to variations in speed. He took out a patent in 1858, and its importance was quickly recognized. At first he manufactured and sold the governors himself in a specially equipped factory, because this was the only way he felt he could get sufficient accuracy to ensure a perfect action. For marine use, the counterweight was replaced by a spring.Higher speed had brought the advantage of smoother running and so he thought that the same principles could be applied to the steam engine itself, but it was to take extensive design modifications over several years before his vision was realized. In the winter of 1860–1, J.F. Allen met Porter and sketched out his idea of a new type of steam inlet valve. Porter saw the potential of this for his high-speed engine and Allen took out patents for it in 1862. The valves were driven by a new valve gear designed by Pius Fink. Porter decided to display his engine at the International Exhibition in London in 1862, but it had to be assembled on site because the parts were finished in America only just in time to be shipped to meet the deadline. Running at 150 rpm, the engine caused a sensation, but as it was non-condensing there were few orders. Porter added condensing apparatus and, after the failure of Ormerod Grierson \& Co., entered into an agreement with Joseph Whitworth to build the engines. Four were exhibited at the 1867 Paris Exposition Universelle, but Whitworth and Porter fell out and in 1868 Porter returned to America.Porter established another factory to build his engine in America, but he ran into all sorts of difficulties, both mechanical and financial. Some engines were built, and serious production was started c. 1874, but again there were further problems and Porter had to leave his firm. High-speed engines based on his designs continued to be made until after 1907 by the Southwark Foundry and Machine Company, Philadelphia, so Porter's ideas were proved viable and led to many other high-speed designs.[br]Bibliography1908, Engineering Reminiscences, New York: J. Wiley \& Sons; reprinted 1985, Bradley, Ill.: Lindsay (autobiography; the main source of information about his life).Further ReadingR.L.Hills, 1989, Power from Steam. A History of the Stationary Steam Engine, Cambridge University Press (examines his governor and steam engine).O.Mayr, 1974, "Yankee practice and engineering theory; Charles T.Porter and the dynamics of the high-speed engine", Technology and Culture 16 (4) (examines his governor and steam engine).RLH -
34 Townes, Charles Hard
SUBJECT AREA: Electronics and information technology[br]b. 28 July 1915 Greenville, South Carolina, USA[br]American physicist who developed the maser and contributed to the development of the laser.[br]Charles H.Townes entered Furman University, Greenville, at the early age of 16 and in 1935 obtained a BA in modern languages and a BS in physics. After a year of postgraduate study at Duke University, he received a master's degree in physics in 1936. He then went on to the California Institute of Technology, where he obtained a PhD in 1939. From 1939 to 1947 he worked at the Bell Telephone Laboratories, mainly on airborne radar, although he also did some work on radio astronomy. In 1948 he joined Columbia University as Associate Professor of Physics and in 1950 was appointed a full professor. He was Director of the University's Radiation Laboratory from 1950 to 1952, and from 1952 to 1955 he was Chairman of the Physics Department.To meet the need for an oscillator generating very short wavelength electromagnetic radiation, Townes in 1951 realized that use could be made of the different natural energy levels of atoms and molecules. The practical application of this idea was achieved in his laboratory in 1953 using ammonia gas to make the device known as a maser (an acronym of microwave amplification by stimulated emission of radiation). The maser was developed in the next few years and in 1958, in a joint paper with his brother-in-law Arthur L. Schawlow, Townes suggested the possibility of a further development into optical frequencies or an optical maser, later known as a laser (an acronym of light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation). Two years later the first such device was made by Theodore H. Maiman.In 1959 Townes was given leave from Columbia University to serve as Vice-President and Director of Research at the Institute for Defense Analyses until 1961. He was then appointed Provost and Professor of Physics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. In 1967 he became University Professor of Physics at the University of California, where he has extended his research interests in the field of microwave and infra-red astronomy. He is a member of the National Academy of Sciences, the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers and the American Astronomical Society.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsNobel Prize for Physics 1964. Foreign Member, Royal Society of London. President, American Physical Society 1967. Townes has received many awards from American and other scientific societies and institutions and honorary degrees from more than twenty universities.BibliographyTownes is the author of many scientific papers and, with Arthur L.Schawlow, ofMicrowave Spectroscopy (1955).1980, entry, McGraw-Hill Modern Scientists and Engineers, Part 3, New York, pp. 227– 8 (autobiography).1991, entry, The Nobel Century, London, p. 106 (autobiography).Further ReadingT.Wasson (ed.), 1987, Nobel Prize Winners, New York, pp. 1,071–3 (contains a short biography).RTS -
35 Montesquieu, Charles-Louis de Secondat
перс.фил., соц. Монтескье, Шарль Луи де Секонда (1689-1755; французский просветитель, правовед, философ и писатель, один из основателей социологии права; исследовал влияние географических и биологических факторов на формирование различных форм государственного устройства и экономической жизни (один из предшественников экономической социологии); утверждал, что законодательство страны зависит от формы правления; средством обеспечения законности считал принцип "разделения властей"; основные сочинения: "Персидские письма" (1721), "О духе законов" (1748))See:Англо-русский экономический словарь > Montesquieu, Charles-Louis de Secondat
-
36 sociology of law
соц. социология права (раздел социологии, занимающийся социологическим анализом функций права, функционирования институтов права, его связи с другими институтами и обществом и т. п.)See: -
37 Lindbergh law
Принят в 1934. Запрещал под угрозой смертной казни перевоз через границы штатов похищенных лиц и требование выкупа за их возвращение. Невозвращение похищенного лица в течение семи дней приравнивалось законом к его перевозу через границу, а похищения стали относить к категории федеральных преступлений [ federal offense]. В 1956 в закон внесены поправки, позволяющие ФБР [ Federal Bureau of Investigation] начать расследование похищения в течение 24 часов после момента его предполагаемого совершения; ныне максимальное наказание за похищение - пожизненное заключение. Получил название по имени летчика Ч. Линдберга [ Lindbergh, Charles Augustus].English-Russian dictionary of regional studies > Lindbergh law
-
38 Sumner, Charles
(1811-1874) Самнер, ЧарлзПолитический деятель. Сенатор, аболиционист [ abolitionists], один из лидеров радикальных республиканцев в годы Гражданской войны [ Civil War] и Реконструкции [ Reconstruction]. Выпускник Гарвардского университета и его Школы права [ Harvard University; Harvard Law School]. Рано начал заниматься политической деятельностью. В 1851 коалицией демократов [ Democratic Party] и фрисойлеров [ Free-Soil Party] в законодательном собрании штата Массачусетс был избран в Сенат США. В Сенате немедленно поставил вопрос о пересмотре Компромисса 1850 [ Compromise of 1850] и предложил отменить Закон о беглых рабах [ Fugitive Slave Act of 1850]. Решительно выступал против закона "Канзас-Небраска" [ Kansas-Nebraska Act] в 1854 и вновь поставил этот вопрос в 1856 [ Sumner-Brooks Affair]. Принимал активное участие в создании Республиканской партии [ Republican Party] и стал лидером ее фракции в Сенате в 1860. Во время Гражданской войны [ Civil War] был председателем сенатской комиссии по иностранным делам, содействовал предотвращению вмешательства европейских стран в конфликт в США, в частности способствовал компромиссному разрешению дела "Трента" [ Trent Affair]. По окончании Гражданской войны выступал за введение режима военной оккупации в южных штатах и предоставление права голоса неграм. На этой почве резко расходился с президентами А. Линкольном [ Lincoln, Abraham] и Э. Джонсоном [ Johnson, Andrew]. В 1867 в союзе с Т. Стивенсом [ Stevens, Thaddeus] разработал законы Радикальной реконструкции [ Radical Reconstruction], в 1868 выступал за импичмент президента ДжонсонаEnglish-Russian dictionary of regional studies > Sumner, Charles
-
39 lynch law
[lɪntʃ lɔ:] закон Линча, линчевание. Наказание предполагаемых преступников, чаще всего путём повешения, с одобрения толпы, без должного судебного разбирательства; широко практиковалось при освоении Запада как средство минимального правопорядка до того, как появились шерифы и суды <назв. по имени расиста Чарлза Линча [Lynch, Charles, ?—1796]>США. Лингвострановедческий англо-русский словарь > lynch law
-
40 закон Гей-Люссака
Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > закон Гей-Люссака
См. также в других словарях:
Charles Law — may refer to: Charles s law (also known as the law of volumes), experimental gas law which describes how gases tend to expand when heated Charles Law (British politician) (1792–1850), British judge and Conservative Party MP Charles B. Law… … Wikipedia
Charles' law — also Charles s law .chärl( zə)z n a statement in physics: the volume of a given mass of gas at a constant pressure varies directly as its absolute temperature Charles shȧrl Jacques Alexandre César (1746 1823) French physicist and inventor.… … Medical dictionary
Charles' law — (also Charles s Law) n. Chem. the law stating that the volume of an ideal gas at constant pressure is directly proportional to the absolute temperature. Etymology: J. A. C. Charles, Fr. scientist d. 1823 * * * Thermodynam. See Gay Lussac s law.… … Useful english dictionary
Charles’ law — Šarlio dėsnis statusas T sritis fizika atitikmenys: angl. Charles’ law vok. Charlessches Gesetz, n rus. закон Шарля, m pranc. loi de Charles, f … Fizikos terminų žodynas
Charles Law (British politician) — The Honourable Charles Ewan Law QC (14 June 1792 – 13 August 1850), was a British judge and Conservative Party politician. Contents 1 Background and education 2 Legal and political career 3 Family … Wikipedia
Charles' law — Thermodynam. See Gay Lussac s law. [named after J. A. C. Charles (1746 1823), French physicist, who stated it] * * * … Universalium
Boyle-Charles law — Boilio, Marioto ir Gei Liusako dėsnis statusas T sritis fizika atitikmenys: angl. Boyle Charles law; Boyle Gay Lussac law vok. Boyle Charlessches Gesetz, n; Boyle Mariotte Gay Lussacsches Gesetz, n rus. закон Бойля Мариотта и Гей Люссака, m pranc … Fizikos terminų žodynas
Law De Lauriston — Pour les articles homonymes, voir Law et Lauriston. La Famille Law de Lauriston est une famille de banquiers d origine écossaise. Écosse Les origines de la famille remontent à William Law qui était établi en tant que banquier à Édimbourg … Wikipédia en Français
Law de lauriston — Pour les articles homonymes, voir Law et Lauriston. La Famille Law de Lauriston est une famille de banquiers d origine écossaise. Écosse Les origines de la famille remontent à William Law qui était établi en tant que banquier à Édimbourg … Wikipédia en Français
Charles R. Dana — Charles Root Dana (November 8, 1802 – August 7, 1868)[1][2] was an American Mormon leader, pioneer, and missionary, and a politician in territorial Utah. Biography Dana was born in Schenectady, New York. Around 1825 he married Margaret Kennedy… … Wikipedia
Charles' Wain — Charles s or Charles law «CHAHRL zihz», Physics. the law that at constant pressure the volume of a given mass of gas is directly proportional to the absolute temperature. ╂[< Jacques A. C. Charles, 1746 1823, a French physicist] Charles s or… … Useful english dictionary
