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certa+dies

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1 dies

1) день, а) 12 часов дня, от восхода солнца до его заката (1. 2 § 1 1). 50, 16): hora sexta diei, полдень противоп. hora sexta noctis, полночь (1. 7 D. 41, 3), или mane, albescente caelo (1. 25 § 1 D. 28, 2. 1. 2 D. 33, 1);
b) сутки, 24 часа, а) от полуночи до полуночи (1. 8 D. 2, 12);

b) когда часы и начало времени не брались во внимание, annus qui ex continuis diebus CCCLXV constat (1. 4 § 5 D. 40, 7. cf. 1. 51 § 2 D. 9, 2);

dies utiles (1. 2 pr. § 1 D. 38. 15. cf. utilis);

prior. posterior dies (bissexti);

extremus dies mensis (1. 98 D. 50, 16);

tertio quoque die (1. 1 pr. D. 43, 28);

alternis diebus (см. alternus); (1, 8 § 3 D. 2, 15);

et diem et horam denunciatione complecti (1. 5 § 1 D. 43, 24);

adiecto die et consule (см consul); (Gai IV. 15. 29. III. 790.
2) момент а) cpoк, как ограничение действия юридического акта. Такое ограничение может касаться или начала (ех die), или конца действия акта (ad diem) (l. 44 § 1 D. 44, 7);
dies certus s. certa, dies incertus s. incerta (1. 16 § 1 D. 12, 6. 1. 30 § 4 D. 30. 1. 1 D. 35, 1. 1. 21 pr. D. 36, 2. 1. 13 § 3 D. 38, 4. 1. 70 D. 46, 3); (1. 77 D. 50, 17); (1. 41 § 1 D. 45, 1); (1. 10 D. 12, 6);

ex die, in diem accipere, dare (1. 9 § 17 seq. D. 28, 5); (1. 14 eod.);

posse usumfr. ex die legari, et in diem constat (1. 1 § 3 D. 7, 3);

dies cedit, venit, pendet (см.);

b) срок для совершения известного действия: dies (sc. bon. poss. agnoscendae) alicui non procedit (1. 9 D. 37, 1);

diem (compromissi) proferre;

si dies exitura est (1. 16 § 1. 1. 27 pr. 1. 33 D. 4, 8);

dies actionis exit (1. 4 pr. D. 2, 7. 1. 3 D. 2, 12. 1. 1 § 1. 1. 21 pr. D. 4, 6. 1. 49 pr. D. 36. 1): dies iudicii, судебный срок (1. 2§ 3 D. 2, 11);

in s. ad diem addicere (см addicere s. 2);

c) cpoк уплаты, dies solvendae pecuniae, usurarum, operarum (см. cedere s. 7. b); (1. 8 § 3 D. 13,7);

nisi sua quaque die usarae exsolverentur (1. 12 D. 22, 1); (1. 1 § 2 D. 2, 13);

d) день смерти, diem suum s. ultimum obire;

diem fungi, умереть (см. obire s. 2 и fungi s. 5).

Латинско-русский словарь к источникам римского права > dies
2 dies

dĭes (dīes, Liv. Andron. Fragm. Odys. 7), ēi ([etilde]ī, Verg. A. 4, 156; Hor. S. 1, 8, 35 et saep.;
dissyl.: di-ei,
Ter. Eun. 4, 7, 31; also gen. dies, die, and dii—dies, as in acies, facies, pernicies, etc., Enn. ap. Gell. 9, 14; Ann. v. 401 Vahl.; Cic. Sest. 12, 28 ap. Gell. l. l.:
die,
Prisc. p. 780 P.; even in Verg. G. 1, 208, where Gellius reads dies, v. Wagner ad loc., nearly all MSS. have die; cf. Rib. and Forbig. ad loc.; so,
die,
Plaut. Ps. 4, 7, 59; id. Capt. 4, 2, 20; Caes. B. G. 7, 11, 5; id. B. C. 1, 14, 3; 3, 76, 2; Just. 2, 11, 17; cf. Oud. ad B. G. 2, 23, 1. Die appears to be certain in Sall. J. 52, 3; 97, 3. Also in Cic. Sest. 12, 28, Gellius reads dies, where our MSS., except the Cod. Lamb., have diei;
perh. those words do not belong to Cicero himself. Form dii,
Verg. A. 1, 636, Rib. and Forbig. after Serv. and Gell. l. l.— Dat., diēī, saep. die, Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 120, acc. to Serv. Verg. G. 1, 208; Plaut. Am. 1, 3, 48; id. Capt. 3, 1, 4; id. Trin. 4, 2, 1;
once dii,
id. Merc. 1, Prol. 13; cf. Roby, Gram. 1, 121 sq.); m. (in sing. sometimes f., esp. in the signif. no. I. B. 1.) [root Sanscr. dī, gleam: dinas, day; Gr. dios, heavenly; cf. Lat. Jovis (Diovis), Diana, deus, dīvus, etc. Old form, dius (for divus); cf.: nudius, diu, etc. The word also appears in composition in many particles, as pridem, hodie, diu, etc., v. Corss. Auspr. 2, 855 sq.], a day (cf.: tempus, tempestas, aetas, aevum, spatium, intervallum).
I.
Lit.
A.
In gen., the civil day of twenty-four hours.
(α).
Masc.:
dies primus est veris in Aquario... dies tertius... dies civiles nostros, etc.,
Varr. R. R. 1, 28, 1; cf. Plin. 2, 77, 79, § 188; Macr. S. 1, 3; Gell. 3, 2: REBVS IVRE IVDICATIS TRIGINTA DIES IVSTI SVNTO, XII. Tab. ap. Gell. 20, 1, 45; and 15, 13 fin.; for which;
per dies continuos XXX., etc.,
Gai. Inst. 3, 78: multa dies in bello conficit unus, Enn. ap. Macr. S. 6, 2 (Ann. v. 297 ed. Vahl.); cf.:
non uno absolvam die,
Plaut. Capt. 3, 5, 73:
hic dies,
id. Aul. 4, 9, 11:
hic ille est dies,
id. Capt. 3, 3, 3:
ante hunc diem,
id. ib. 3, 4, 101:
illo die impransus fui,
id. Am. 1, 1, 98; cf.:
eo die,
Caes. B. G. 1, 22 fin.; 2, 6; 2, 32 fin.; 4, 11, 4; 5, 15 fin. et saep.:
postero die,
id. ib. 1, 15, 1; 3, 6, 3 et saep.; Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 17; Sall. J. 29, 5; 38, 9 et saep.:
in posterum diem,
Caes. B. G. 7, 41 fin.; id. B. C. 1, 65 fin. et saep.:
diem scito esse nullum, quo die non dicam pro reo,
Cic. Q. Fr. 3, 3:
domi sedet totos dies,
Plaut. Aul. 1, 1, 34:
paucos dies ibi morati,
Caes. B. G. 7, 5, 4:
dies continuos XXX. sub bruma esse noctem,
id. ib. 5, 13, 3:
hosce aliquot dies,
Ter. Heaut. 4, 5, 4; cf. id. Eun. 1, 2, 71 et saep.:
festo die si quid prodegeris,
Plaut. Aul. 2, 8, 10; so,
festus,
id. Cas. 1, 49; id. Poen. 3, 5, 13; 4, 2, 26 et saep.—
(β).
Fem. (freq. in poetry metri gratiā; rare in prose), postrema, Enn. ap. Gell. 9, 14:
omnia ademit Una dies,
Lucr. 3, 912; cf. id. 3, 921; 5, 96 and 998: homines, qui ex media nocte ad proximam mediam noctem in his horis XXIV. nati sunt, una die nati dicuntur, Varr. ap. Gell. 3, 2, 2 (uno die, Macr. S. 1, 3):
quibus effectis armatisque diebus XXX., a qua die materia caesa est,
Caes. B. C. 1, 36 fin.:
Varronem profiteri, se altera die ad colloquium venturum,
id. ib. 3, 19, 4 (for which, shortly before: quo cum esset postero die ventum); cf.:
postera die,
Sall. J. 68, 2 (for which, in the same author, more freq.:
postero die): pulchra,
Hor. Od. 1, 36, 10:
suprema,
id. ib. 1, 13, 20:
atra,
Verg. A. 6, 429:
tarda,
Ov. M. 15, 868 et saep.—(But Caes. B. C. 3, 26, 1; 3, 37, 1, read altero, tertio.)—
b.
Connections:
postridie ejus diei, a favorite expression of Caesar,
Caes. B. G. 1, 23, 1: 1, 47, 2; 1, 48, 2 et saep., v. postridie;
and cf.: post diem tertium ejus diei,
Cic. Att. 3, 7; Sulpic. ap. Cic. Fam. 4, 12, 2; Liv. 27, 35:
diem ex die exspectabam,
from day to day, id. ib. 7, 26 fin.; cf.:
diem ex die ducere,
Caes. B. G. 1, 16, 5; for which also: diem de die prospectans, Liv. 5, 48; and: diem de die differre, id. 25, 25: LIBRAS FARRIS ENDO DIES DATO, for every day, day by day, daily, XII. Tab. ap. Gell. 20, 1, 45; cf.:
affatim est hominum, in dies qui singulas escas edunt,
Plaut. Men. 3, 1, 10; so,
in dies,
every day, Cic. Top. 16, 62; Caes. B. G. 3, 23, 7; 5, 58, 1; 7, 30, 4; Vell. 2, 52, 2; Liv. 21, 11 Drak.; 34, 11 al.; less freq. in sing.:
nihil usquam sui videt: in diem rapto vivit,
Liv. 22, 39; cf.:
mutabilibus in diem causis (opp. natura perpetua),
id. 31, 29 (in another signif. v. the foll., no. II. A. 3); and: cui licet in diem ( = singulis diebus, daily) dixisse Vixi, etc., Hor. Od. 3, 29, 42. And still more rarely: ad diem, Treb. Gallien. 17; Vop. Firm. 4:
ante diem, v. ante.—Die = quotidie or in diem,
daily, Verg. E. 2, 42; 3, 34:
quos mille die victor sub Tartara misi,
id. A. 11, 397:
paucissimos die composuisse versus,
Quint. 10, 3, 8:
saepius die,
Plin. 15, 6, 6, § 22: die crastini, noni, pristini, quinti, for die crastino, nono, etc., v. h. vv. crastinus, nonus, etc.; and cf. Gell. 10, 24; Macr. S. 1, 4.—
B.
In partic.
1.
A set day, appointed time, term in the widest sense of the word (for appearing before court, in the army, making a payment, etc.).
(α).
Masc.: MORBVS SONTICVS... STATVS DIES CVM HOSTE... QVID HORVM FVIT VNVM IVDICI ARBITROVE REOVE DIES DIFFISVS ESTO, XII. Tab. ap. Cic. Off. 1, 12; Fest. p. 273, 26 Müll.; for which: STATVS CONDICTVSVE DIES CVM HOSTE, acc. to Cincius ap. Gell. 16, 4, 4;
and with comic reference to the words of this law,
Plaut. Curc. 1, 1, 5 (found also in Macr. S. 1, 16);
and freq.: status dies,
Plin. Ep. 9, 39, 1; Suet. Claud. 1; Flor. 1, 13, 16 et saep.:
hic nuptiis dictus est dies,
Ter. And. 1, 1, 75; cf.:
dies colloquio dictus est ex eo die quintus,
Caes. B. G. 1, 42, 4; so,
dictus,
id. ib. 5, 27, 5:
iis certum diem conveniendi dicit,
id. ib. 5, 57, 2:
die certo,
Sall. J. 79, 4; cf.
constituto,
id. ib. 13 fin.:
decretus colloquio,
id. ib. 113, 3:
praestitutus,
Liv. 3, 22:
praefinitus,
Plin. 35, 10, 36, § 109; Gell. 16, 4, 3:
ascriptus,
Phaedr. 4, 11, 8 et saep.:
quoniam advesperascit, dabis diem nobis aliquem, ut contra ista dicamus,
Cic. N. D. 3, 40; Caes. B. G. 1, 16, 5; id. B. C. 1, 11, 2; Sall. J. 109, 3; Liv. 35, 35 et saep.:
dies ater,
an unlucky day, Sen. Vit. Beat. 25.—
(β).
Fem. (so commonly in this sense in class. prose, but only in sing., v. Mützell ad Curt. 3, 1, 8):
ut quasi dies si dicta sit,
Plaut. As. 5, 1, 11; so,
dicta,
Cic. Fam. 16, 10 fin.; cf.:
edicta ad conveniendum,
Liv. 41, 10 fin.:
praestituta,
Plaut. Ps. 1, 3, 140; 2, 2, 28; Ter. Ph. 3, 2, 38; Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 14 fin.; id. Vatin. 15, 37; id. Tusc. 1, 39; Liv. 45, 11 et saep.; cf.
constituta,
Cic. Caecin. 11, 32; Caes. B. G. 1, 4, 2; 1, 8, 3: certa eius rei constituta, id. B. C. 3, 33, 1:
pacta et constituta,
Cic. Cat. 1, 9, 24:
statuta,
Liv. 31, 29:
stata,
id. 27, 23 fin.:
certa,
Caes. B. G. 1, 30, 4, 5, 1, 8; id. B. C. 1, 2, 6; Nep. Chabr. 3 et saep.:
annua,
Cic. Fam. 7, 23; id. Att. 12, 3 fin.; cf.
longa,
Plaut. Ep. 4, 1, 18:
die caecā emere, oculatā vendere,
i. e. to buy on credit and sell for cash, id. Ps. 1, 3, 67, v. caecus, no. II. B.:
haec dies summa hodie est, mea amica sitne libera, an, etc.,
id. Pers. 1, 1, 34:
puto fore istam etiam a praecone diem,
Cic. Att. 13, 3:
ubi ea dies venit (preceded by tempore ejus rei constituto),
Caes. B. G. 7, 3:
praeterita die, qua suorum auxilia exspectaverant,
id. ib. 7, 77, 1; cf. id. ib. 6, 33, 4:
esse in lege, quam ad diem proscriptiones fiant,
Cic. Rosc. Am. 44, 128 et saep.—
(γ).
Both genders together:
diem dicunt, qua die ad ripam Rhodani omnes conveniant: is dies erat a. d. V. Kal. Apr., etc.,
Caes. B. G. 1, 6 fin.; Cic. Att. 2, 11; id. Q. Fr. 3, 1, 3; Liv. 34, 35 al.—
b.
Hence: dicere diem alicui, to impeach, lay an accusation against:
diem mihi, credo, dixerat,
Cic. Mil. 14, 36:
Domitium Silano diem dixisse scimus,
id. Div. in Caec. 20, 67.—
2.
A natural day, a day, as opp. to night: ut vel, quia est aliquid, aliud non sit, ut Dies est, nox non est; vel, quia est aliquid, et aliud sit: Sol est super terram, dies est, Quint. 5, 8, 7: pro di immortales, quis hic illuxit dies, Cic. Fragm. ap. Quint. 9, 4, 76:
credibile non est, quantum scribam die, quin etiam noctibus,
in the daytime, id. Att. 13, 26:
negat ullum esse cibum tam gravem, quin is die et nocte concoquatur,
in a single day and night, id. N. D. 2, 9, 24; cf.
in this signif.: die ac nocte,
Plin. 29, 6, 36, § 113:
nocte et die,
Liv. 25, 39;
and simply die,
Hor. S. 2, 1, 4; Quint. 10, 3, 8; cf.
also: currus rogat ille paternos, Inque diem alipedum jus et moderamen equorum,
Ov. M. 2, 48; and, connected with nox:
(Themistocles) diem noctemque procul ab insula in salo navem tenuit in ancoris,
Nep. Them. 8 fin.; cf. Cic. Div. 2, 27, 59; Liv. 22, 1 fin. —But more freq.: diem noctemque, like our day and night, i. q. without ceasing, uninterruptedly; Caes. B. G. 7, 77, 11; 7, 42 fin.; id. B. C. 1, 62;
for which less freq.: diem et noctem,
Hirt. B. Hisp. 38, 1;
diem ac noctem,
Liv. 27, 4 and 45:
noctemque diemque,
Verg. A. 8, 94; cf. Quint. 9, 4, 23:
continuate nocte ac die itinere,
Caes. B. C. 3, 11, 1; 3, 36, 8; and in plur.:
dies noctesque,
Plaut. Rud. 2, 3, 49; Ter. Eun. 1, 2, 113; Cic. Att. 7, 9 fin.; Nep. Dat. 4, 4 et saep.; also, reversing the order: noctesque diesque, Enn. ap. Cic. de Sen. 1, 1 (Ann. v. 338 ed. Vahl.); Hor. S. 1, 1, 76:
noctesque et dies,
Ter. And. 4, 1, 52; id. Eun. 5, 8, 49:
noctes atque dies,
Lucr. 2, 12; 3, 62; Cic. Fin. 1, 16, 51; Verg. A. 6, 127 al.:
noctes diesque,
id. ib. 9, 488:
noctes ac dies,
Cic. Arch. 11, 29:
noctes et dies,
id. Brut. 90, 308; id. de Or. 1, 61, 260; id. Tusc. 5, 25 and 39; Ter. Eun. 5, 8, 49; cf.
also: neque noctem neque diem intermittit,
Caes. B. G. 5, 38:
Galli dies... sic observant, ut noctem dies subsequatur,
id. ib. 6, 18, 2 Herz ad loc. So, too, in gen.:
qui nocte dieque frequentat Limina,
Mart. 10, 58, 11:
cum die,
at break of day, Ov. M. 13, 677:
orto die ( = orta luce),
Tac. A. 1, 20; 1, 68; id. H. 2, 21:
ante diem ( = ante lucem),
Hor. Ep. 1, 2, 35:
dies fit, late Lat. for lucescit,
Vulg. Luc. 22, 66: de die, in open day, broad day; v. de.—
3.
Dies alicujus (like the Heb. ; v. Gesen. Lex. s. h. v.).
a.
I. q. dies natalis, a birthday:
diem meum scis esse III. Non. Jan. Aderis igitur,
Cic. Att. 13, 42, 2; cf.
in full: natali die tuo,
id. ib. 9, 5 al. So the anniversary day of the foundation of a city is, dies natalis urbis, Cic. Div. 2, 47, 98.—
b.
I. q. dies mortis, dying-day:
quandocumque fatalis et meus dies veniet statuarque tumulo,
Tac. Or. 13 fin. Called, also: supremus dies. Suet. Aug. 99; id. Tib. 67; cf.:
supremus vitae dies,
Cic. de Sen. 21, 78; Suet. Aug. 61. Hence:
diem suum obire,
to die, Sulp. in Cic. Fam. 4, 12, 2;
and in the same sense: obire diem supremum,
Nep. Milt. 7 fin.; id. Dion. 2 fin.; Suet. Claud. 1:
exigere diem supremum,
Tac. A. 3, 16:
explere supremum diem,
id. ib. 1, 6; 3, 76;
and simply: obire diem,
Plin. 2, 109, 112, § 248; Suet. Tib. 4; id. Vesp. 1; id. Gr. 3; cf.
also: fungi diem,
Just. 19, 1, 1.—
c.
I. q. dies febris, fever-day: etsi Non. Mart., [p. 574] die tuo, ut opinor, exspectabam epistolam a te longiorem, Cic. Att. 9, 2 init.; 7, 8, 2 al.
II.
Transf.
A.
In gen. (from no. I. A.).
1.
A day, for that which is done in it (cf. the Hebr., the Gr. eleutheron êmar, etc.):
is dies honestissimus nobis fuerat in senatu,
Cic. Fam. 1, 2, 3:
non tam dirus ille dies Sullanus C. Mario,
id. Att. 10, 8, 7:
equites Romanos daturos illius diei poenas,
id. Sest. 12, 28:
hic dies et Romanis refecit animos et Persea perculit,
Liv. 42, 67 Drak.; cf. id. 9, 39 fin.; Vell. 2, 35 Ruhnk.; 2, 86; Just. 9, 3 fin.; Flor. 2, 6, 58 Duker.:
imponite quinquaginta annis magnum diem,
Tac. Agr. 34:
quid pulchrius hac consuetudine excutiendi totum diem?... totum diem mecum scrutor, facta ac dicta mea remetior, etc., Sen. de Ira, 3, 36: dies Alliensis, i. q. pugna Alliensis,
Liv. 6, 1; Suet. Vit. 11:
Cannensis,
Flor. 4, 12, 35 al. And so even of one's state of mind on any particular day:
qualem diem Tiberius induisset,
what humor, temper, Tac. A. 6, 20. —
2.
A day's journey:
hanc regionem, dierum plus triginta in longitudinem, decem inter duo maria in latitudinem patentem,
Liv. 38, 59; Just. 36, 2, 14 al.—
3.
In gen. (like, hêmera, and our day, for) time, space of time, period:
diem tempusque forsitan ipsum leniturum iras,
Liv. 2, 45;
so with tempus,
id. 22, 39; 42, 50: amorem intercapedine ipse lenivit dies, Turp. ap. Non. 522, 7;
so in the masc. gender: longus,
Stat. Th. 1, 638; Luc. 3, 139;
but also longa,
Plaut. Epid. 4, 1, 18; Plin. Ep. 8, 5 fin.; cf.
perexigua,
a brief respite, Cic. Verr. 1, 2 fin.:
nulla,
Ov. M. 4, 372 al.:
ex ea die ad hanc diem quae fecisti, in judicium voco,
Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 12 fin.:
ut infringatur hominum improbitas ipsa die, quae debilitat cogitationes, etc.,
id. Fam. 1, 6; cf. id. ib. 7, 28 fin.; id. Tusc. 3, 22, 53 al.: indutiae inde, non pax facta;
quarum et dies exierat, et ante diem rebellaverant,
i. e. the term of the truce, Liv. 4, 30 fin.; 30, 24; 42, 47 fin. (for which: quia tempus indutiarum cum Veienti populo exierat, id. 4, 58).—Prov.:
dies adimit aegritudinem,
Ter. Heaut. 3, 1, 13: dies festus, festival-time, festival:—diem festum Dianae per triduum agi, Liv. 25, 23 et saep.:
die lanam et agnos vendat,
at the right time, Cato R. R. 150, 2:
praesens quod fuerat malum, in diem abiit,
to a future time, Ter. Ph. 5, 2, 16; so in diem, opp. statim, Q. Cic. Pet. cons. 12, 48;
and simply in diem,
Plaut. Mil. 3, 2, 48; Ter. Eun. 5, 7, 19; Cic. Cael. 24.—Esp. freq. in diem vivere, to live on from day to day, regardless of the future, Cic. de Or. 2, 40, 169; id. Tusc. 5, 11, 33; Plin. Ep. 5, 5, 4 et saep; cf. the equivoque with de die, under de.—
B.
In partic. (acc. to no. I. B. 2— poet., and in postAug. prose).
1.
Light of day, daylight:
contraque diem radiosque micantes Obliquantem oculos,
Ov. M. 7, 411; 5, 444; 13, 602:
multis mensibus non cernitur dies,
Plin. 33, 4, 21, § 70; Plin. Ep. 6, 20, 6; 9, 36, 2 al.; also of the eyesight, Stat. Th. 1, 237;
and trop. of the conscience: saeva dies animi scelerumque in pectore Dirae,
id. ib. 1, 52.—
2.
For caelum, the sky, the heavens:
sub quocumque die, quocumque est sidere mundi,
Luc. 7, 189; 1, 153:
incendere diem nubes oriente remotae,
id. 4, 68; 8, 217; Stat. Th. 1, 201.—Hence, like caelum,
b.
The weather:
totumque per annum Durat aprica dies,
Val. Fl. 1, 845:
tranquillus,
Plin. 2, 45, 44, § 115:
mitis,
id. 11, 10, 10, § 20:
pestilens,
id. 22, 23, 49, § 104.—
3.
The air:
nigrique volumina fumi Infecere diem,
Ov. M. 13, 600:
cupio flatu violare diem,
Claud. in Ruf. 1, 63.
III.
Dies personified.
A.
I. q. Sol, opp. Luna, Plaut. Bacch. 2, 3, 21;
coupled with Mensis and Annus,
Ov. M. 2, 25.—
B.
As fem., the daughter of Chaos, and mother of Heaven and Earth, Hyg. Fab. praef.; of the first Venus, Cic. N. D. 3, 23, 59.

Lewis & Short latin dictionary > dies
3 diēs

diēs gen. diēī or diē (rarely diei, disyl., T., or diī, V.), m sometimes in sing f. [DIV-], a day, civil day: Quae tot res in unum conclusit diem, T.: eo die, Cs.: in posterum diem, Cs.: paucos dies ibi morati, Cs.: alter et tertius dies absumitur, Ta.— Fem. (in prose only of a fixed term): diebus XXX, a quā die materia caesa est, Cs.: posterā die, S.: suprema, H.: atra, V.: tarda, O. —In phrases: paucis ante diebus, a few days earlier, S.: paucis post diebus, S.: postridie eius diei, the next day, Cs.: post diem tertium eius diei, the next day but one, L.: diem ex die exspectabam, from day to day: diem de die prospectans, L.: in dies, every day, Cs., C.: in diem rapto vivit, L.: cui licet in diem dixisse Vixi, etc., H.—Abl. diē, in a day, in one day, V.; rarely diē (i. e. cottidie or in diem), daily, V.—In dates: ante diem XII Kal. Nov., the twenty - first of October: in ante diem V Kal. Dec., till November 28.— A set day, appointed time, term: hic nuptiis dictus est dies, T.: pecuniae, C., L.: iis certum diem conveniendi dicit, Cs.: die certo, S.: negotio proxumum diem constituit, S.: conloquio decretus, O.: ad diem praestitutum venire, L.: die tuo exspectabam, etc., your fever day: supremus vitae: obire diem supremum, die, N. — Fem. (only sing.): deportandi dies praestituta: certa eius rei constituta, Cs.: stata, L.: ubi ea dies venit, Cs.: praeteritā die, quā, etc., Cs.: esse in lege, quam ad diem, proscriptiones fiant. — In the phrase, dicere diem, with dat, to impeach, lay an accusation against: diem mihi, credo, dixerat: Domitium Silano diem dixisse scimus.— A dying-day, time to die, destined time (poet.): Stat sua cuique dies, V.: Hic dolor ante diem Pandiona misit ad umbras, prematurely, O. — A natural day, day (opp. night): cum horā diei decimā venire: quantum scribam die (opp. noctibus), in the daytime: die et nocte concoqui, in a single day and night: multo denique die, late in the day, Cs.: in diem (somnum) extrahere, Ta.: exercere diem, work by daylight, V.: currūs rogat In diem, for a day, O.: diem noctemque procul navem tenuit, a day and a night, N.: Saturnalia diem ac noctem clamata, all day and all night, L.: diem noctemque, uninterruptedly, Cs.: Dies noctīsque me ames, T.: dies noctīsque iter faciens, N.: noctīs ac dies: et noctīs et dies.— With iter, of distances, a day's march, day's journey: huius silvae latitudo novem dierum iter expedito patet, forced marches, Cs.: quinque dierum iter aberant, L. — Daybreak, day: cum die, O.: ante diem, H. — An anniversary: quo die ad Aliam pugnatum, a clade Aliensem appellarunt, L.: diem meum scis esse III Non. Ian., birthday. —Meton., a day's work, event, day: is dies honestissimus nobis fuerat in senatu: dare illius diei poenas: ille dies Etruscorum fregit opes, Cs.: imponite quinquaginta annis magnum diem, Ta. — A time, space of time, period, interval: diem se ad deliberandum sumpturum, Cs.: diem tempusque forsitan ipsum leniturum iras, L.: ut sexenni die pecuniae solvantur, Cs.: in longiorem diem conlaturus, a later day, Cs.: perexigua, a brief interval: nulla, O.: (indutiarum) dies, the term, L.: messis, season, V.: Optuma aevi, period (i. e. youth), V.: Sole dies referente siccos, season, H.: diem adimere aegritudinem hominibus, T.: diem festum Dianae per triduum agi, a festival, L.: malum in diem abiit, to a future time, T.: nos in diem vivimus, for the moment.—Light of day, daylight (poet.): Inmissus quo dies terreat umbras, O.: volumina fumi Infecere diem, O.: oriens occiduusque dies, the East and the West, i. e. the world, O. — Personified, the god of day, O.— Fem.: Venus primo Caelo et Die nata.
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diei N C

day; daylight; festival; time; lifetime, age

multo dies -- late in the day

Latin-English dictionary > diēs
4 certus

certus, a, um, PAdi. m. Compar. u. Superl. (cerno), geschieden, I) eig., getrennt, pondera, Cato r. r. 13, 3 (Keil liest cetera). – II) übtr., entschieden, A) dem Entschlusse nach, 1) v. Entschlusse selbst, si istuc ita certum est tibi, Ter.: certum est tibi istuc? He. non moriri certius, Plaut.: quando id certum atque obstinatum est, Liv.: certum est mihi consilium u. certa (mihi) res est m. Infin., es ist beschlossene Sache, Plaut. u. Ter. (s. Ussing Plaut. Amph. 698. Brix Plaut. trin. 270): ebenso certa est sententia Turno m. Infin., Verg. Aen. 10, 240. – u. (mihi) certum est, es ist (bei mir) entschieden, es ist fest beschlossen, es ist mein (dein usw.) fester Entschluß, -Wille, auch verb. certum est deliberatumque, certum atque decretum est m. Infin., omnia experiri certum est prius quam pereo, Ter.: sibi certum esse a iudiciis causisque discedere, Cic.: certum est deliberatumque quae ad causam pertinere arbitror omnia dicere, Cic.: certum atque decretum est non dare signum, Liv.: u. im Compar., mihi autem abiurare certius est quam dependere, Cic.: im Superl., quin certissimumst mepte potius fieri servom, quam te umquam emittam manu, Plaut. Men. 1058. – m. Acc. u. Infin., Enn. ann. 206. Turpil. com. 180. – absol., certumne est tibi? Ly. certum, Plaut.: certum est, ibo ad medicum, Plaut. – 2) übtr., v. d. Pers., entschieden, entschlossen zu etw. (s. Nipperd. Tac. ann. 12, 66), a) m. Infin., certus mori, Verg.: Caesar certus procul urbe degere, Tac. – b) m. an u. Konj., nec sat certa diu patriis an cederet armis, Sil. 9, 480. – c) m. Genet., certus eundi, Verg. (u. so nimium es certus eundi, Ov.): desciscendi, Tac.: relinquendae vitae, Tac.: fugae, Plin. ep.

B) dem äußern od. innern Wesen nach entschieden, feststehend, gewiß (Ggstz. incertus), 1) der äußern Beschaffenheit, Zahl, Zeit nach festgestellt, feststehend, festgesetzt, bestimmt, certus ac definitus locus, Cic.: c. fines, Cic.: cursus certi et constantes, Cic.: certa verba, Cic.: certum statumque vectigal, Suet.: c. lucrum, merces, Suet.: c. pretium, Phaedr. – c. numerus, c. summa, Suet. – conviva c., ein stehender, täglicher, Hor.: certa dies (Frist), Cic.: certi dies, Cic.: tempus c., Cic.: certum praefinitumque tempus, Suet.: certo tempore anni, Plin. 7, 65; u. subst. bl. certo anni, Tac. hist. 5, 6. – n. pl. subst., linguae tam certa loquentes, so deutlich u. bestimmt (wie Wenschenstimmen), Ov. met. 5, 296. – zuw. auch, wie das deutsche gewiß, von Ggstdn., deren Vorhandensein bloß als bestimmt angegeben, deren Beschaffenheit aber nicht näher bezeichnet wird od. nicht in Betracht kommt, certi homines, Cic.: habet certos sui studiosos, Cic. – m. quidam u. aliquis verb., certa quaedam et definita lex, Cic.: certae quaedam dicendi leges, Quint.: aliqui compositionis certi pedes, Quint.: u. subst., in his certos aliquos docebit, Quint.

2) der innern Beschaffenheit nach feststehend, gewiß, sicher, fest, zuverlässig, a) v. Lebl.: ventus c., Auct. b. Afr.: bonā et certā tempestate, Cic.: ire ad mortem certo gradu, Sen.: u. certo iactu tela exhaurire, Tac.: u. so c. hasta, Verg.: c. sagitta, sicher treffender, Hor. – certissima populi Romani vectigalia, ganz sicher eingehende, Cic.: c. sensus, Cic.: c. spes, Plaut. u. Hor.: spes consulatus certissima, Cic. – Plur. subst., certa maris, sichere Seefahrt, Tac. hist. 4, 81. – b) v. Pers., deren Gesinnung usw., homo certus, Nep., homo certissimus, Cic.: certi homines, Cic. certus amicus, Plaut. u. Nep.: certus paterfamilias, Cic.: c. accusator, Cic.: certis auctoribus comperisse alqd, Cic.: adversus hostem nec spe nec animo certiorem, Liv.: satis animo certo et confirmato posse in hac causa consistere, Cic. – subst., certī, ōrum, m., sichere, zuverlässige Leute, certos apud latera collocare, Sall. fr.: certos praeficere, Nep.

3) der Erkenntnis u. Überzeugung nach entschieden, ausgemacht, sicher, gewiß, unzweiselhaft, wahr, wirklich (Ggstz. incertus, dubius), a) v. dem, in betreff dessen man entschieden, gewiß ist: α) v. Lebl.: crimen, Cic.: ius, Quint.: argumentum odii certius, Cic.: postremo certior res, Cic.: ad me, obsecro te, ut omnia certa perscribas, Cic.: qui quae affirmant certiora esse dicunt, quam etc., Cic.: scribas ad me, si quid erit certius, Cic.: n. pl. subst., incerta pro certis malle, Sall.: certa amittimus, dum incerta petimus, Plaut.: certa opperiri, Tac. – bes. das neutr. certum (adjekt., subst. u. adverb.) in den Verbindungen: certum est, zB. So. satin hoc certum est? Ge. Certum; hisce oculis egomet vidi, Ter.: m. de u. Abl., cum de altero intellectu certum est, de altero dubium, Quint.: m. folg. Fragesatz, id parum certum est solamne an ab omnibus cisalpinorum Gallorum populis adiutam, Liv.: nec quid agam certum est, Ter.: est certum quid respondeam, Cic.: certum est quid e lege censoria debeant (geben müssen), Cic. – hoc certo certius est, Ulp. dig.: nihil invenies magis hoc certo certius, Plaut.: certo certius est m. folg. Acc. u. Infin., Ulp. dig. – u. alqd certi est, zB. neque tanto spatio certi quid esset explorari poterat, Caes.: si quicquam humanorum certi est, Liv.: m. folg. indir. Fragesatz, nihil certi est, cuius populi ea classis fuerit, Liv. – u. certum scio (Ggstz. certum nescio), ich weiß es als etwas Gewisses, od. ich weiß etwas Gewisses, cesso hinc ire intro ut hoc quam primum, quicquid est, certum sciam, Ter.: cum certum sciam, faciam te paulo ante certiorem, Cic.: Da. Quoad exspectatis vostrum? Ce. Non certum scio, Ter.: m. de u. Abl., ibo intro de cognitione ut certum sciam, Ter.: de Oropo opinor, sed certum nescio, Cic.: m. folg. Acc. u. Infin., oculos tuos, certum scio, ingens animi opus intueri nequivisse, Val. Max.: od. m. folg. indir. Fragesatz, qui sermo fuerit et quid actum sit, scribam ad te, cum certum sciam, Cic.: quam diu affutura sint, certum sciri nullo modo potest, Cic. – certum habeo, ich habe als ein Gewisses, habe Gewißheit, weiß als gewiß, sed certum non habeo, Cic.: m. Acc., neque tamen id ipsum c. habeo, Cic.: m. folg. Acc. u. Infin., certum habeo te imprudentiā labi, Liv.: m. folg. indir. Fragesatz, hiemem credo prohibuisse, quominus de te certum haberemus, quid ageres maximeque ubi esses, Cic. – certum affirmo m. folg. Acc. u. Infin., Liv. 3, 23, 7. – certum inveniri non potest m. folg. Fragesatz m. ne (enklit.)... an, Caes. b. c. 1, 25, 3. – certum cognosco, Auct. b. Alex. 53, 3. – certum comperio m. folg. Acc. u. Infin., Auct. b. Hisp. 22, 4. – non certum traditur m. folg. Fragesatz, Liv. 2, 8, 8. – certum respondeo, Cic. Acad. 2, 29, 92. – pro certo scio m. folg. indir. Fragesatz, quid rei esset nemo satis pro certo scire, Liv. – pro certo habeo, ich halte für gewiß, m. Acc., illa pro certo habenda, in quibus non dissentiunt, Liv.: m. folg. Acc. u. Infin., Mummium fuisse ad Corinthum pro certo habeo, Cic.: pro certo habetote vos de omnibus coniuratis decernere, Sall.: m. de u. Abl., quoniam de adventu Caesaris pro certo habebamus, Mat. in Cic. ep. – pro certo puto, ZB. hoc pro certo putamus, Mat. in Cic. ep. – pro certo nego alqd, zB. posthac omnia, quae certa non erunt, pro certo negato, Cic. – pro certo polliceor m. allg. Acc. Pronom. u. folg. Acc. u. Infin., pro certo polliceor hoc vobis atque confirmo, me esse perfecturum etc., Cic. – pro certo dico m. Acc., nihil, quod pro certo dicere audeam, Cic.: pro certone tu istaec dicis? Ter.: m. folg. Acc. u. Infin., nec enim hunc ipsum mundum pro certo rotundum esse dicitis, Cic. - pro certo affirmo m. Acc., quis enim rem tam veterem pro certo affirmet? Liv.: m. folg. indir. Fragesatz, Romanorum sociorumque quot caesa in eo proelio milia sint, quis pro certo affirmet? Liv. – pro certo pono alqd, Liv. 23, 6, 8. – pro certo creditur m. folg. Nom. u. Infin., s. Sall. Cat. 15, 2. – pro certo esse, zB. cum id coeperit esse pro certo, Quint. 5, 12, 2. – ad certum redigere, zur Gewißheit bringen, m. Acc., et si id ante dubium fuerit, legatorum paulo ante verba ad certum redegisse, Liv.: m. folg. indir. Fragesatz, donec ad certum redigatur, vanusne hic timor noster an verus fuerit, Liv. – certum oder certius facere alci, jmdm. über etwas Aufklärung geben, m. Acc., Plaut. Men. 242: m. folg. indir. Fragesatz, Plaut. Pseud. 598; Men. 763. – certum wie adverb., nondum enim certum constituerat, Cic. Scaur. 34: certum vigilans, wirklich wachend (Ggstz. incertum vigilans), Hor. sat. 2, 5, 100: postmodo quod mi obsit clare certumque locuto, Hor. sat. 2, 6, 27. – β) v. Pers.: certi patres, deren Vaterschaft unzweifelhaft ist, unzweifelhafte (Ggstz. incerti), Cic.: liberi, die einen bestimmten Vater haben, von namhaftem Vater (Ggstz. incerto patre nati), Cic.: deûm certissima proles, Verg.: nebulo certior, Cic.: certissimus gladiator, parricida, matricida, Cic.

b) v. dem, der in betreff einer Sache Gewißheit hat, gewiß, sicher über usw., fest in usw., num quid nunc es certior? Plaut.: hoc tamen ipso debueram scripto certior esse tuo, Ov.: iam certo certior contendit ad ipsam praesidis domum, Apul. met. 10, 28. – m. Genet., certus consilii, Sen. u. Tac.: certus eventūs, exitii, spei, Tac.: damnationis, Suet. – m. de u. Abl., certus de sua genitura, Suet. Vesp. 25. – m. solg. Acc. u. Infin., certi sumus perisse omnia, Cic. ad Att. 2, 19, 5: certi sumus non ignorare te, quid ›vena‹ appelletur, Gell. 18, 10, 5. – dah. certiorem esse ex alqo, sich durch jmd. vergewissert haben, m. folg. indir. Fragesatz, quanta sit in media clementia Caesaris ira, si nescis, ex me certior esse potes, kannst du an mir erkennen, Ov. ex Pont. 3, 6, 8: fac me, ut sim certus, an recte etc., Gell. 19, 13, 2. – dah. certum facere alqm, jmd. vergewissern = benachrichtigen (s. Lorenz Plaut. Pseud. 16), Plaut., Verg. u. Ov.: m. Genet., alqm consilii sui, Ov.: m. folg. indir. Fragesatz, face me certum, quid tibi sit, Plaut. - in klass. Prosa nur in der Verbdg. certiorem facere alqm, jmd. vergewissern, ihm zu wissen tun, ihn wissen lassen = benachrichtigen, jmdm. anzeigen (ohne od. mit litteris, per litteras, per alqm), facies igitur me certiorem, Cic.: m. Genet., qui certiorem me sui consilii fecit, Cic.: m. de u. Abl., nos de Pilia et Attica certiores faciet, Cic.: de Germanorum discessu per exploratores certiores facti, Caes.: gratum tibi esse, quod crebro certior per me fias de omnibus rebus, Cic.: m. folg. Acc. u. Infin., certiorem te faciunt P. Africanum Carthagine deletā simulacrum Dianae maioribus suis restituisse, Cic.: certiorem facit Datamem tempus esse maiores exercitus parari, Nep.: interim Romā (von Rom aus) per litteras certior factus, provinciam Numidiam Mario datam, Sall.: m. folg. indir. Fragesatz, si non erit, faciam te certiorem, quid egerim, Cic.: velim me facias certiorem proximis litteris vivone patre suo naufragio perierit an mortuo, Cic.: Philotimus non modo nullus venit, sed ne per litteras quidem aut per nuntium certiorem facit me, quid egerit, Cic.: m. folg. Konj., celeriter milites certiores facit (zeigt an = läßt den Befehl zukommen), paulisper intermitterent proelium ac tantum modo tela missa exciperent, Caes. b. G. 3, 5, 3.: m. folg. ne u. Konj., simul visum est, ut te certiorem faceremus, ne quid eius modi, si accidisset, nostro consilio civitates putarent factum, Claud. Quadrig. 3. fr. 41 ( bei Gell. 3, 8. § 8). – u. im Abl. absol., non consulibus certioribus factis, Liv. 45, 21, 4.

lateinisch-deutsches > certus
5 certus

certus, a, um, PAdi. m. Compar. u. Superl. (cerno), geschieden, I) eig., getrennt, pondera, Cato r. r. 13, 3 (Keil liest cetera). – II) übtr., entschieden, A) dem Entschlusse nach, 1) v. Entschlusse selbst, si istuc ita certum est tibi, Ter.: certum est tibi istuc? He. non moriri certius, Plaut.: quando id certum atque obstinatum est, Liv.: certum est mihi consilium u. certa (mihi) res est m. Infin., es ist beschlossene Sache, Plaut. u. Ter. (s. Ussing Plaut. Amph. 698. Brix Plaut. trin. 270): ebenso certa est sententia Turno m. Infin., Verg. Aen. 10, 240. – u. (mihi) certum est, es ist (bei mir) entschieden, es ist fest beschlossen, es ist mein (dein usw.) fester Entschluß, -Wille, auch verb. certum est deliberatumque, certum atque decretum est m. Infin., omnia experiri certum est prius quam pereo, Ter.: sibi certum esse a iudiciis causisque discedere, Cic.: certum est deliberatumque quae ad causam pertinere arbitror omnia dicere, Cic.: certum atque decretum est non dare signum, Liv.: u. im Compar., mihi autem abiurare certius est quam dependere, Cic.: im Superl., quin certissimumst mepte potius fieri servom, quam te umquam emittam manu, Plaut. Men. 1058. – m. Acc. u. Infin., Enn. ann. 206. Turpil. com. 180. – absol., certumne est tibi? Ly. certum, Plaut.: certum est, ibo ad medicum, Plaut. – 2) übtr., v. d. Pers., entschieden, entschlossen zu etw.

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(s. Nipperd. Tac. ann. 12, 66), a) m. Infin., certus mori, Verg.: Caesar certus procul urbe degere, Tac. – b) m. an u. Konj., nec sat certa diu patriis an cederet armis, Sil. 9, 480. – c) m. Genet., certus eundi, Verg. (u. so nimium es certus eundi, Ov.): desciscendi, Tac.: relinquendae vitae, Tac.: fugae, Plin. ep.

B) dem äußern od. innern Wesen nach entschieden, feststehend, gewiß (Ggstz. incertus), 1) der äußern Beschaffenheit, Zahl, Zeit nach festgestellt, feststehend, festgesetzt, bestimmt, certus ac definitus locus, Cic.: c. fines, Cic.: cursus certi et constantes, Cic.: certa verba, Cic.: certum statumque vectigal, Suet.: c. lucrum, merces, Suet.: c. pretium, Phaedr. – c. numerus, c. summa, Suet. – conviva c., ein stehender, täglicher, Hor.: certa dies (Frist), Cic.: certi dies, Cic.: tempus c., Cic.: certum praefinitumque tempus, Suet.: certo tempore anni, Plin. 7, 65; u. subst. bl. certo anni, Tac. hist. 5, 6. – n. pl. subst., linguae tam certa loquentes, so deutlich u. bestimmt (wie Wenschenstimmen), Ov. met. 5, 296. – zuw. auch, wie das deutsche gewiß, von Ggstdn., deren Vorhandensein bloß als bestimmt angegeben, deren Beschaffenheit aber nicht näher bezeichnet wird od. nicht in Betracht kommt, certi homines, Cic.: habet certos sui studiosos, Cic. – m. quidam u. aliquis verb., certa quaedam et definita lex, Cic.: certae quaedam dicendi leges, Quint.: aliqui compositionis certi

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pedes, Quint.: u. subst., in his certos aliquos docebit, Quint.

2) der innern Beschaffenheit nach feststehend, gewiß, sicher, fest, zuverlässig, a) v. Lebl.: ventus c., Auct. b. Afr.: bonā et certā tempestate, Cic.: ire ad mortem certo gradu, Sen.: u. certo iactu tela exhaurire, Tac.: u. so c. hasta, Verg.: c. sagitta, sicher treffender, Hor. – certissima populi Romani vectigalia, ganz sicher eingehende, Cic.: c. sensus, Cic.: c. spes, Plaut. u. Hor.: spes consulatus certissima, Cic. – Plur. subst., certa maris, sichere Seefahrt, Tac. hist. 4, 81. – b) v. Pers., deren Gesinnung usw., homo certus, Nep., homo certissimus, Cic.: certi homines, Cic. certus amicus, Plaut. u. Nep.: certus paterfamilias, Cic.: c. accusator, Cic.: certis auctoribus comperisse alqd, Cic.: adversus hostem nec spe nec animo certiorem, Liv.: satis animo certo et confirmato posse in hac causa consistere, Cic. – subst., certī, ōrum, m., sichere, zuverlässige Leute, certos apud latera collocare, Sall. fr.: certos praeficere, Nep.

3) der Erkenntnis u. Überzeugung nach entschieden, ausgemacht, sicher, gewiß, unzweiselhaft, wahr, wirklich (Ggstz. incertus, dubius), a) v. dem, in betreff dessen man entschieden, gewiß ist: α) v. Lebl.: crimen, Cic.: ius, Quint.: argumentum odii certius, Cic.: postremo certior res, Cic.: ad me, obsecro te, ut omnia certa perscribas, Cic.: qui quae affirmant

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certiora esse dicunt, quam etc., Cic.: scribas ad me, si quid erit certius, Cic.: n. pl. subst., incerta pro certis malle, Sall.: certa amittimus, dum incerta petimus, Plaut.: certa opperiri, Tac. – bes. das neutr. certum (adjekt., subst. u. adverb.) in den Verbindungen: certum est, zB. So. satin hoc certum est? Ge. Certum; hisce oculis egomet vidi, Ter.: m. de u. Abl., cum de altero intellectu certum est, de altero dubium, Quint.: m. folg. Fragesatz, id parum certum est solamne an ab omnibus cisalpinorum Gallorum populis adiutam, Liv.: nec quid agam certum est, Ter.: est certum quid respondeam, Cic.: certum est quid e lege censoria debeant (geben müssen), Cic. – hoc certo certius est, Ulp. dig.: nihil invenies magis hoc certo certius, Plaut.: certo certius est m. folg. Acc. u. Infin., Ulp. dig. – u. alqd certi est, zB. neque tanto spatio certi quid esset explorari poterat, Caes.: si quicquam humanorum certi est, Liv.: m. folg. indir. Fragesatz, nihil certi est, cuius populi ea classis fuerit, Liv. – u. certum scio (Ggstz. certum nescio), ich weiß es als etwas Gewisses, od. ich weiß etwas Gewisses, cesso hinc ire intro ut hoc quam primum, quicquid est, certum sciam, Ter.: cum certum sciam, faciam te paulo ante certiorem, Cic.: Da. Quoad exspectatis vostrum? Ce. Non certum scio, Ter.: m. de u. Abl., ibo intro de cognitione ut certum sciam, Ter.: de Oropo opinor, sed certum nescio, Cic.: m. folg. Acc. u. Infin., oculos

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tuos, certum scio, ingens animi opus intueri nequivisse, Val. Max.: od. m. folg. indir. Fragesatz, qui sermo fuerit et quid actum sit, scribam ad te, cum certum sciam, Cic.: quam diu affutura sint, certum sciri nullo modo potest, Cic. – certum habeo, ich habe als ein Gewisses, habe Gewißheit, weiß als gewiß, sed certum non habeo, Cic.: m. Acc., neque tamen id ipsum c. habeo, Cic.: m. folg. Acc. u. Infin., certum habeo te imprudentiā labi, Liv.: m. folg. indir. Fragesatz, hiemem credo prohibuisse, quominus de te certum haberemus, quid ageres maximeque ubi esses, Cic. – certum affirmo m. folg. Acc. u. Infin., Liv. 3, 23, 7. – certum inveniri non potest m. folg. Fragesatz m. ne (enklit.)... an, Caes. b. c. 1, 25, 3. – certum cognosco, Auct. b. Alex. 53, 3. – certum comperio m. folg. Acc. u. Infin., Auct. b. Hisp. 22, 4. – non certum traditur m. folg. Fragesatz, Liv. 2, 8, 8. – certum respondeo, Cic. Acad. 2, 29, 92. – pro certo scio m. folg. indir. Fragesatz, quid rei esset nemo satis pro certo scire, Liv. – pro certo habeo, ich halte für gewiß, m. Acc., illa pro certo habenda, in quibus non dissentiunt, Liv.: m. folg. Acc. u. Infin., Mummium fuisse ad Corinthum pro certo habeo, Cic.: pro certo habetote vos de omnibus coniuratis decernere, Sall.: m. de u. Abl., quoniam de adventu Caesaris pro certo habebamus, Mat. in Cic. ep. – pro certo puto, ZB. hoc pro certo putamus,

————

Mat. in Cic. ep. – pro certo nego alqd, zB. posthac omnia, quae certa non erunt, pro certo negato, Cic. – pro certo polliceor m. allg. Acc. Pronom. u. folg. Acc. u. Infin., pro certo polliceor hoc vobis atque confirmo, me esse perfecturum etc., Cic. – pro certo dico m. Acc., nihil, quod pro certo dicere audeam, Cic.: pro certone tu istaec dicis? Ter.: m. folg. Acc. u. Infin., nec enim hunc ipsum mundum pro certo rotundum esse dicitis, Cic. - pro certo affirmo m. Acc., quis enim rem tam veterem pro certo affirmet? Liv.: m. folg. indir. Fragesatz, Romanorum sociorumque quot caesa in eo proelio milia sint, quis pro certo affirmet? Liv. – pro certo pono alqd, Liv. 23, 6, 8. – pro certo creditur m. folg. Nom. u. Infin., s. Sall. Cat. 15, 2. – pro certo esse, zB. cum id coeperit esse pro certo, Quint. 5, 12, 2. – ad certum redigere, zur Gewißheit bringen, m. Acc., et si id ante dubium fuerit, legatorum paulo ante verba ad certum redegisse, Liv.: m. folg. indir. Fragesatz, donec ad certum redigatur, vanusne hic timor noster an verus fuerit, Liv. – certum oder certius facere alci, jmdm. über etwas Aufklärung geben, m. Acc., Plaut. Men. 242: m. folg. indir. Fragesatz, Plaut. Pseud. 598; Men. 763. – certum wie adverb., nondum enim certum constituerat, Cic. Scaur. 34: certum vigilans, wirklich wachend (Ggstz. incertum vigilans), Hor. sat. 2, 5, 100: postmodo quod mi obsit clare certumque locuto, Hor. sat.

————

2, 6, 27. – β) v. Pers.: certi patres, deren Vaterschaft unzweifelhaft ist, unzweifelhafte (Ggstz. incerti), Cic.: liberi, die einen bestimmten Vater haben, von namhaftem Vater (Ggstz. incerto patre nati), Cic.: deûm certissima proles, Verg.: nebulo certior, Cic.: certissimus gladiator, parricida, matricida, Cic.

b) v. dem, der in betreff einer Sache Gewißheit hat, gewiß, sicher über usw., fest in usw., num quid nunc es certior? Plaut.: hoc tamen ipso debueram scripto certior esse tuo, Ov.: iam certo certior contendit ad ipsam praesidis domum, Apul. met. 10, 28. – m. Genet., certus consilii, Sen. u. Tac.: certus eventūs, exitii, spei, Tac.: damnationis, Suet. – m. de u. Abl., certus de sua genitura, Suet. Vesp. 25. – m. solg. Acc. u. Infin., certi sumus perisse omnia, Cic. ad Att. 2, 19, 5: certi sumus non ignorare te, quid ›vena‹ appelletur, Gell. 18, 10, 5. – dah. certiorem esse ex alqo, sich durch jmd. vergewissert haben, m. folg. indir. Fragesatz, quanta sit in media clementia Caesaris ira, si nescis, ex me certior esse potes, kannst du an mir erkennen, Ov. ex Pont. 3, 6, 8: fac me, ut sim certus, an recte etc., Gell. 19, 13, 2. – dah. certum facere alqm, jmd. vergewissern = benachrichtigen (s. Lorenz Plaut. Pseud. 16), Plaut., Verg. u. Ov.: m. Genet., alqm consilii sui, Ov.: m. folg. indir. Fragesatz, face me certum, quid tibi sit, Plaut. - in klass. Prosa nur in der Verbdg. certiorem facere alqm,

————

jmd. vergewissern, ihm zu wissen tun, ihn wissen lassen = benachrichtigen, jmdm. anzeigen (ohne od. mit litteris, per litteras, per alqm), facies igitur me certiorem, Cic.: m. Genet., qui certiorem me sui consilii fecit, Cic.: m. de u. Abl., nos de Pilia et Attica certiores faciet, Cic.: de Germanorum discessu per exploratores certiores facti, Caes.: gratum tibi esse, quod crebro certior per me fias de omnibus rebus, Cic.: m. folg. Acc. u. Infin., certiorem te faciunt P. Africanum Carthagine deletā simulacrum Dianae maioribus suis restituisse, Cic.: certiorem facit Datamem tempus esse maiores exercitus parari, Nep.: interim Romā (von Rom aus) per litteras certior factus, provinciam Numidiam Mario datam, Sall.: m. folg. indir. Fragesatz, si non erit, faciam te certiorem, quid egerim, Cic.: velim me facias certiorem proximis litteris vivone patre suo naufragio perierit an mortuo, Cic.: Philotimus non modo nullus venit, sed ne per litteras quidem aut per nuntium certiorem facit me, quid egerit, Cic.: m. folg. Konj., celeriter milites certiores facit (zeigt an = läßt den Befehl zukommen), paulisper intermitterent proelium ac tantum modo tela missa exciperent, Caes. b. G. 3, 5, 3.: m. folg. ne u. Konj., simul visum est, ut te certiorem faceremus, ne quid eius modi, si accidisset, nostro consilio civitates putarent factum, Claud. Quadrig. 3. fr. 41 ( bei Gell. 3, 8. § 8). – u. im Abl. absol., non consulibus certiori-

————

bus factis, Liv. 45, 21, 4.

Ausführliches Lateinisch-deutsches Handwörterbuch > certus
6 certus

a, um [ cerno ]

1) верный, известный, не подлежащий сомнению ( res C)

id parum certum est L — это недостоверно (неясно)

certum mihi est Pl, C etc. — знаю наверное, я уверен

pro certo ( или certum) — наверное, с уверенностью (habere C, L etc., scire L, putare, negare, polliceri C, esse Q)

ad certum redigere L — выяснить, точно установить, удостоверить

crimen certum C — доказанное (действительное) преступление

jus certum C — непреложное (неотъемлемое) право

certissimis criminibus et testibus fretus C — опираясь на самые бесспорные улики и свидетельские показания

facere aliquem certiorem C, Cs etc. (реже certum Pl, V, O) de re aliquā или rei alicujus — уведомить кого-л. в чём-л.

faciam te certiorem, quid egerim C — я поставлю тебя в известность о том, что сделаю

Caesar certior factus est Cs — Цезаря уведомили; но

milites certiores facit paulisper intermitterent proelium Cs — (Гальба) даёт указание солдатам прервать на короткое время сражение

2) верный, преданный, истинный, надёжный

praeficere certos Nep — поставить во главе (стражи) верных людей

amicus c. in re incertā cernitur погов. Enn ap. C — истинный друг узнаётся в превратностях

via et certa neque longa C — путь и верный и недолгий

in quo certior spes est Sen — подающий большие надежды

3) определённый, точный, твёрдо установленный (tempus, locus C; numerus Su); верный, несомненный ( lucrum Su)

certa dies Cs — установленный срок

conviva c. H — постоянный сотрапезник

non quivis, sed c. quidam C — не любой, а вполне определённый

certa sede manere H — оставаться неизменным

4) правдивый, неложный (c. enim promisit Apollo H)

5) уверенный

c. eventūs T — уверенный в (предстоящем) успехе

pede certo H — уверенной поступью

spei c. T — полный надежды

6) точный, добросовестный (naturaererum explorator Ap)

7) бьющий без промаха, меткий ( sagitta H)

8) решившийся

c. eundi V, O — решившийся идти

c. relinquendae vitae T (c. mori V) — решившийся умереть

9) решённый

certum atque decretum est non dare signum L — твёрдо решено и приказано не давать сигнала (к бою)

certumnest tibi istuc? Pl — и ты это твёрдо решил?

certum est mihi ( consilium) или certa est mihi res aliquid facere Pl, Ter — я твёрдо решился что-л. сделать

10) (= quidam) некоторый, известный

certi homines C, L — некоторые люди

ex certo tempore C — с известного (определённого) времени

certae quaedam dicendi leges Q — известные (те или иные) законы языка

Латинско-русский словарь > certus
7 certus

certus, a, um [orig. P. a. from cerno; hence], adj., determined, resolved, fixed, settled, purposed: non dubius.
I.
(Acc. to cerno, II. D.) Certum est (mihi), it is determined, it is my ( thy, his, etc.) decision, resolution, will, I am resolved, I mean, etc. (mostly ante-class.; most freq. in Plaut.); with inf.: quorum virtuti belli Fortuna pepercit, Eorundem me libertati parcere certum est, Enn. ap. Cic. Off. 1, 12, 38 (Ann. v. 206 Vahl.):
certum'st hominem eludere,
Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 109:
tibi credere,
id. Aul. 4, 9, 7; cf. id. Capt. 3, 1, 32; id. Curc. 2, 1, 1; id. Cas. 2, 4, 15; id. Cist. 3, 1, 16; id. Ep. 5, 1, 57; id. Bacch. 5, 2, 37; id. Most. 1, 3, 80; id. Men. 5, 6, 12; id. Mil. 2, 3, 32; id. Merc. 3, 1, 7; id. Ps. 1, 5, 138; id. Poen. 5, 5, 25; id. Pers. 2, 2, 39; id. Rud. 3, 3, 22; id. Stich. 5, 4, 2; id. Trin. 2, 1, 34; id. Truc. 2, 6, 68; Ter. And. 2, 1, 11; id. Eun. 1, 2, 108: certum est deliberatumque, quae ad causam pertinere arbitror, omnia dicere, Cic. Rosc. Am. 11, 31:
certum atque decretum est non dare signum,
Liv. 2, 45, 13:
certum est igni circumdare muros,
Verg. A. 9, 153.—Certum'st mihi with inf., Plaut. As. 1, 3, 94; 3, 3, 23; id. Cas. 1, 1, 3; id. Mil. 3, 1, 154; id. Ps. 4, 8, 2; Cic. de Or. 2, 33, 144; Liv. 35, 46, 13; Ov. M. 9, 53 al.—Without inf., esp. parenthet., with expression of purpose by a fut. tense:
certum est, malam rem potius quaeram cum lucro,
Plaut. Aul. 4, 6, 15:
certum est, jam dicam patri,
id. Bacch. 3, 1, 15:
certum est, ibo ad medicum,
id. Merc. 2, 4, 4: An. Certumn' est tibi? Ly. Certum, id. Poen. 2, 48; cf. id. Stich. 4, 2, 33.—With pron. or subst.: Ar. Certumne'st tibi istuc? He. Non moriri certius, Plaut. Capt. 3, 5, 74;
so further with istuc,
id. ib. 2, 1, 20; Ter. Eun. 3, 3, 30:
mihi autem abjurare certius est quam dependere,
Cic. Att. 1, 8, 3:
ad eum senem oppugnare certum est consilium,
Plaut. Ep. 1, 2, 60:
quae nunc sunt certa ei consilia, etc.,
Ter. And. 2, 3, 16:
certa res hanc est objurgare,
Plaut. Am. 2, 2, 73; so id. Merc. 5, 2, 16; id. Mil. 2, 4, 45; Ter. And. 2, 2, 31; Plaut. Most. 3, 2, 16.—
b.
(From the time of the Aug. poets.) Transf. to the person who is determined upon something, determined, resolved, bent.
(α).
With inf.:
certa mori,
Verg. A. 4, 564 (cf. id. ib. 4, 475:
decrevitque mori): certi non cedere,
Ov. M. 9, 43:
certa sequi,
Val. Fl. 5, 47.—
(β).
With gen. (cf. Ramsh. Gr. p. 323; Zumpt, Gr. § 437, n. 1;
A. and S. § 213, R. 1): certus eundi,
Verg. A. 4, 554; Ov. M. 11, 440:
desciscendi,
Tac. H. 4, 14:
relinquendae vitae,
id. A. 4, 34:
necis,
Sil. 6, 27:
fugae,
Plin. Ep. 6, 16, 12:
destinationis,
Tac. A. 12, 32:
sceleris,
id. ib. 12, 66:
consilii,
id. H. 2, 46.—
(γ).
With an:
nec sat certa an cederet armis,
Sil. 9, 480.—
II.
An epithet of all those objects whose existence or reality is fixed, determined (hence in connection with definitus, Quint. 7, 10, 7;
with praefinitus,
Suet. Galb. 14), or in respect to which there can be no doubt (hence opp. dubius, Quint. 7, 6, 3; 5, 12, 3; 12, 3, 6 al.).
A.
Object.
1.
Of things whose external qualities, number, etc., are invariable, established, settled, fixed, particular, specified, etc. (class.):
Arboribus primum certis gravis umbra tributa,
Lucr. 6, 783:
fruges, bacae,
Cic. Leg. 2, 8, 19:
jam ad certas res conficiendas certos homines delectos ac descriptos habebat,
id. Cat. 3, 7, 16:
concilium in diem certam indicere,
Caes. B. G. 1, 30 fin.;
so with dies,
a fixed term, Cato, R. R. 149, 1; Cic. Att. 6, 2, 9; Nep. Chabr. 3, 1; Liv. 1, 50, 1; Tac. G. 9 al.; cf.:
certis diebus,
Verg. G. 2, 329:
quaerere ab judicibus cur in certa verba jurent, cur certo tempore conveniant, certo discedant,
Cic. Inv. 2, 45, 132; cf. Suet. Aug. 41:
certum praefinitumque tempus,
id. Galb. 14; and:
certum statumque vectigal,
id. Calig. 40:
pecunia (opp. arbitraria), v. arbitrarius: finis aerumnarum,
Lucr. 1, 108; cf. id. 2, 512; 8, 1091; Hor. S. 1, 1, 106; id. Ep. 1, 2, 56:
locus,
Caes. B. G. 5, 1, 6:
numerus,
id. ib. 7, 75:
signum,
fixed, agreed upon, id. B. C. 1, 27:
naves,
fixed in number and quality, id. ib. 1, 56:
pecuniae imperabantur,
id. ib. 3, 32 fin.:
conviva,
i. e. a daily, constant guest, Hor. Ep. 1, 7, 75 Schmid:
ecquem tu illo certiorem nebulonem,
Cic. Att. 15, 21, 2.—
b.
But sometimes indef., like quidam, and our certain, of things, the certainty of whose existence is given, but whose nature is not more definitely designated, or comes not into consideration (cf. aliquis):
Cephaloedi mensis est certus, quo mense sacerdotem maximum creari oporteat,
Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 52, § 128:
habet certos sui studiosos,
id. Brut. 16, 64:
(hunc) certis rebus imperatis regnare jussit,
id. Sest. 27, 58:
certi homines ad eam rem periti,
id. ib. 18, 41:
res a certis hominibus corrupta,
id. Fam. 1, 2, 3; 4, 9, 2; 16, 11, 2; id. Marcell. 6, 16; id. Deiot. 4, 11; Liv. 34, 61, 7.—Hence in Quint. several times in connection with quidam and aliquis:
ad certas quasdam dicendi leges alligati,
Quint. 8, prooem. § 2; so id. 8, prooem. § 12; 4, 2, 28; 5, 10, 2; 5, 10, 5; 9, 4, 8;
11, 2, 28: aliquos compositionis certos pedes,
id. 10, 2, 13; so id. 7, prooem. § 4; and subst.:
in his certos aliquos docebit,
id. 2, 8, 13.—
2.
Trop., of things whose internal moral qualities are established, fixed, can be relied upon, sure, unerring, to be depended upon, true, faithful, [p. 321] etc. (so most freq. in all periods and species of composition; syn.: firmus, confirmatus, exploratus, indubitatus, manifestus al.).
a.
Of persons: amicus certus in re incertā cernitur, Enn. ap. Cic. Lael. 17, 64; cf.:
tu ex amicis certis mi es certissimus,
Plaut. Trin. 1, 2, 57:
certi homines, quibus dem litteras,
Cic. Fam. 1, 7, 1; cf. id. Cat. 3, 7, 16; Nep. Paus. 2, 4; id. Alcib. 10, 1; Cic. Rosc. Am. 19, 53; id. Verr. 2, 2, 64, § 156:
certus enim promisit Apollo, etc.,
Hor. C. 1, 7, 28:
auctor (mortis),
Quint. 6, 3, 68; cf. Suet. Tib. 5:
adversus hostem nec spe nec animo certiorem, i. e. firmiorem,
Liv. 10, 35, 17: apud latera certos collocaverat, Sall. ap. Serv. ad Verg. A. 1, 576 (H. 1, 53 Dietsch); cf. Nep. Dion, 9, 2:
per litora certos dimittam,
Verg. A. 1, 576:
certissimus auctor (Phoebus),
id. G. 1, 432.—
b.
Of things:
satis animo certo et confirmato,
Cic. Quint. 24, 77; cf.
pectora,
Verg. A. 9, 249, and certior indoles, Suet. Ner. 10:
promissa,
Cic. Fam. 6, 12, 1:
parata dicendi copia et certa,
Quint. 10, 6, 6; id. 6, prooem. §
9: jus,
id. 12, 3, 6 et saep.:
jactus (telorum),
Tac. A. 14, 37; cf.
in this sense certa hasta,
Verg. A. 11, 767:
sagitta,
Hor. C. 1, 12, 23:
fides segetis,
id. ib. 3, 16, 30:
spes,
id. C. S. 74:
trames,
id. S. 2, 3, 49:
lar,
id. Ep. 1, 7, 58 al.:
plana et certa,
Plaut. Pers. 2, 2, 1:
certa et clara,
Ter. Hec. 5, 4, 1 Ruhnk.; so Liv. 22, 39, 22; cf. Hor. S. 2, 6, 27.—Subst., with gen.:
certa maris,
Tac. H. 4, 81.—
B.
Subject., of that which is established by evidence, etc., placed beyond doubt, certain, sure, true, proved, established (class.; esp. freq. in neutr.):
cum ad has suspitiones certissimae res accederent,
Caes. B. G. 1, 19; 5, 29:
incerta pro certis malebant,
Sall. C. 17, 6; cf.:
incerta pro certis mutare,
id. J. 83, 1:
postremo certior res,
Liv. 29, 6, 12:
certiora esse dicunt quam, etc.,
Cic. N. D. 3, 5, 13; id. Att. 3, 11, 2; Liv. 10, 35, 12: So. Satin hoc certum'st? Ge. Certum:
hisce oculis egomet vidi,
Ter. Ad. 3, 2, 31:
jam satis certumst virginem vitiatam esse?
id. Enn. 4, 4, 36:
cum certius tibi sit me esse Romae quam mihi te Athenis,
Cic. Att. 1, 9, 1:
id parum certum est,
Liv. 5, 35, 3:
cum de altero intellectu certum est, de altero dubium,
Quint. 7, 6, 3; cf. id. 7, 3, 4: non certum traditur, with interrog.-clause, Liv. 2, 8, 8:
nec quicquam certi respondes mihi?
Ter. Hec. 4, 4, 84:
neque tanto spatio certi quid esset explorari poterat,
Caes. B. G. 7, 45:
certum inveniri non potest ne... an,
id. B. C. 1, 25:
si quicquam humanorum certi est,
Liv. 5, 33, 1: Ph. Civemne? Th. Arbitror:
Certum non scimus,
Ter. Eun. 1, 2, 31; cf. id. Phorm. 1, 2, 98; Cic. Att. 12, 23, 2.—So, certum scire, to know for a certainty, Ter. Eun. 5, 3, 12; id. Hec. 3, 1, 44; Cic. Fam. 9, 23 init.:
certum habere,
to reckon certain, id. Att. 1, 13, 1; Liv. 36, 28, 4; 5, 3, 2; Quint. 2, 3, 9; Col. 2, 22, 5 al.:
certum respondeo,
Cic. Ac. 2, 29, 92:
cognoscere, Auct. B. Alex. 53: comperire, Auct. B. Hisp. 22.—So also pro certo habere,
Cic. Att. 10, 6, 3; Matius ap. Cic. Att. 9, 15, A med.; Sall. C. 52, 17; Suet. Dom. 23:
negare,
Cic. Att. 5, 21, 5:
polliceri,
id. Agr. 2, 37, 102:
dicere aliquid,
id. Brut. 3, 10:
ponere,
Liv. 23, 6, 8:
scire,
id. 25, 10, 1:
affirmare,
id. 27, 1, 13; 3, 23, 7; cf. id. 1, 3, 2 Drak.:
creditur,
Sall. C. 15, 2:
coeperit esse,
Quint. 5, 12, 2:
certius cognoscere ex aliquo de aliquā re,
Caes. B. G. 5, 52, 5.—Strengthened by comp.:
quin nihil invenies magis hoc certo certius,
Plaut. Capt. 3, 4, 111; cf.:
et hoc certo certius est et saepissime constitutum,
Dig. 42, 8, 10, § 14:
certo certius,
Ambros. in Ephes. 5; Paul. Vit. St. Ambros. 25; App. M. 9, p. 237, 27.—In Plaut. certum or certius facere alicui, to give certainty to one concerning any thing, make him certain, Plaut. Men. 2, 1, 17; 5, 2, 12; id. Ps. 2, 2, 4.—
2.
Transf. to the person who is made certain in reference to a thing, certain, sure:
certi sumus periisse omnia,
Cic. Att. 2, 19, 5:
num quid nunc es certior?
Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 191:
posteritatis,
i. e. of posthumous fame, Plin. Ep. 9, 3, 1:
sententiae,
Quint. 4, 3, 8:
judicii,
Sen. Ep. 45, 9:
certus de suā geniturā,
Suet. Vesp. 25:
damnationis,
id. Tib. 61:
exitii,
Tac. A. 1, 27:
spei,
id. H. 4, 3:
matrimonii,
id. A. 12, 3:
certi sumus, etc.,
Gell. 18, 10, 5.—In class. prose mostly in the phrase certiorem facere aliquem (de aliquā re, alicujus rei, with a foll, acc. and inf., with a rel.-clause or absol.), to inform, apprise one of a thing:
me certiorem face,
Ter. Phorm. 4, 3, 69:
ut nos facias certiores,
Plaut. Curc. 5, 2, 32:
uti se (sc. Caesarem) de his rebus certiorem faciant,
Caes. B. G. 2, 2:
qui certiorem me sui consilii fecit,
Cic. Att. 9, 2, a, 2:
Caesarem certiorem faciunt, sese non facile ab oppidis vim hostium prohibere,
Caes. B. G. 1, 11:
faciam te certiorem quid egerim,
Cic. Att. 3, 11, 1.— With subj. only:
milites certiores facit, paulisper intermitterent proelium,
Caes. B. G. 3, 5 fin. — Pass.:
quod crebro certior per me fias de omnibus rebus,
Cic. Fam. 1, 7, 1; so Caes. B. G. 1, 7; Sall. J. 104, 1:
Caesar certior factus est, tres jam copiarum partes Helvetios id flumen transduxisse,
Caes. B. G. 1, 12; so id. ib. 1, 21; 1, 41; 2, 1; Sall. J. 82, 2; Nep. Att. 12, 3:
factus certior, quae res gererentur,
Caes. B. C. 1, 15:
non consulibus certioribus factis,
Liv. 45, 21, 4.—Also in posit., though rarely:
fac me certum quid tibi est,
Plaut. Ps. 1, 1, 16; 4, 6, 35; Verg. A. 3, 179:
lacrimae suorum Tam subitae matrem certam fecere ruinae,
Ov. M. 6, 268.— Hence, adv. in two forms.
A.
certō, with certainty, certainly, surely, of a truth, in fact, really, object. and subject. (cf. supra, II. A. and B.); only in the comic poets, and sometimes (most. freq. in his epistt.) in Cic., while the adverbial form certe belongs to all periods and all species of composition. The difference between them is, perhaps, merely historical; but v. infra, certe, B. I. 2. init.
1.
Object.:
perii certo, haud arbitrario,
Plaut. Poen. 3, 5, 42; cf. id. Merc. 2, 3, 106:
mihi certo nomen Sosia'st,
id. Am. 1, 1, 176; id. Men. 2, 2, 39; Ter. Phorm. 1, 3, 12:
nihil ita exspectare quasi certo futurum,
Cic. Tusc. 5, 28, 81 (cf. the passage cited under certo, I. 1., from id. Div. 2, 7, 18).—
b.
In affirm. answers: Me. Liberum ego te jussi abire? Mes. Certo, yes, certainly, Plaut. Men. 5, 8, 9; so id. ib. 5, 9, 50; 2, 3, 38; id. Poen. 5, 5, 21; Ter. Eun. 5, 1, 9.—
2.
Subject.
a.
In gen. (very rare):
certo enim ego vocem hic loquentis modo mi audire visus sum,
Plaut. Aul. 4, 5, 4:
ego rus abituram me esse certo decrevi,
Ter. Hec. 4, 4, 10: Th. Quid aīs? Py. Atqui certo comperi, id. Eun. 5, 1, 9.—
b.
Esp. in the formula of asseveration, certo scio, I certainly know, I am fully persuaded, beyond all doubt (class.):
certo edepol scio, me vidisse, etc.,
Plaut. Mil. 2, 3, 2; id. Truc. 1, 1, 49; Ter. And. 5, 4, 26; id. Ad. 4, 5, 14; id. Eun. 1, 2, 119; id. Heaut. 1, 1, 19:
quod te moleste ferre certo scio,
Cic. Att. 1, 12, 3; 2, 23, 2; id. Fam. 4, 13, 6; id. Q. Fr. 1, 2, 2, § 6; id. Rosc. Am. 8, 21; id. Phil. 3, 6, 17; id. Sen. 1, 1; 1, 2; Sall. J. 9, 2; id. C. 51, 16:
veniunt in mentem mihi permulta: vobis plura, certo scio,
Cic. Caecin. 19, 55 (cf. under certe, I. 2.).—
B.
certē (class.; cf. supra, certo init.).
I.
Affirming strongly, with certainty, certainly, undoubtedly, assuredly, surely, really.
1.
Object.:
certe edepol, tu me alienabis,
Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 243:
ego quidem ab hoc certe exorabo,
id. Bacch. 5, 2, 58:
certe hercle,
id. As. 2, 1, 15; cf. Ter. Phorm. 5, 1, 8; Plaut. Truc. 1, 2, 71; Ter. And. 2, 2, 10:
quom is certe Renuntiarit,
id. Heaut. 4, 4, 4:
certe captus est!
id. And. 1, 1, 55:
certe ut videamur cernere eum,
Lucr. 4, 760:
si enim scit, certe illud eveniet: sin certe eveniet, nulla fortuna est,
Cic. Div. 2, 7, 18; cf. id. N. D. 1, 2, 5:
fuit certe id aequum et certe exspectatum est, etc.,
id. Planc. 16, 38:
ea certe vera sunt,
id. Mil. 35, 96:
M. Catoni certe licuit, etc.,
id. Rep. 1, 1, 1:
jam illa perfugia certe minime sunt audienda,
id. ib. 1, 5, 9:
cum se certe decessurum videret,
id. Verr. 2, 3, 44, § 104; Cat. 62, 8:
certe hinc Romanos olim fore ductores pollicitus,
Verg. A. 1, 234:
o dea certe,
a goddess surely, id. ib. 1, 328:
postremo expellet certe vivacior heres,
Hor. S. 2, 2, 132:
placuit tibi, Delphice, certe, Dum, etc.,
Ov. M. 2, 543 al. — Comp.:
speculatores mittere, qui certius explorata referant,
Liv. 3, 40, 13; 35, 48, 3:
si reperire vocas amittere certius,
Ov. M. 5, 519; App. M. 2, p. 118, 1.— Sup., Tert. Pall. 4.—
b.
In an answer of affirmation:
estne ipsus an non est! Is est, Certe is est, is est profecto,
Plaut. Trin. 4, 3, 65; so Ter. Ad. 1, 1, 53; Cic. Tusc. 1, 5, 9; id. Clu. 54, 149; id. Phil. 1, 15, 37; id. Ac. 2, 35, 113; and in confirmation of a preceding fact: venerat, ut opinor, haec res in judicium. Certe, certainly, surely, Cic. Rosc. Com. 14, 42; id. Fam. 4, 2, 5; id. Or. 42, 144; cf. id. Off. 3, 29, 105; id. Fin. 2, 27, 91.—
2.
Subject., mostly in the phrase certe scio, I know to a certainty, I am sure (acc. to Klotz ad Cic. Sen. 1, 2, certe scio = certum est me scire, I am fully convinced: certo scio = certum est quod scio, my knowledge is accurate, etc.):
certe edepol scio, si aliud quicquam est quod credam aut certo sciam, etc.,
Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 115:
edepol certo scio,
id. Bacch. 2, 3, 20:
scelestiorem me hac anu certe scio Vidisse numquam,
id. Aul. 1, 1, 21; cf. Cic. Arch. 12, 32:
ex litteris certe scire potuistis,
id. Font. 4, 8; id. Phil. 12, 12, 29:
quod iste certe statuerat ac deliberaverat non adesse,
id. Verr. 2, 1, 1, § 1.—
b.
In affirm. answers: Ar. Ain' vero? Le. Certe, inquam, Plaut. As. 3, 3, 132: Ch. Ain'tu? So. Certe, sic erit, Ter. Heaut. 5, 3, 12.—
c.
In a subjective supposition or presumption that a thing is so, certainly, surely, assuredly, doubtless, of course; Gr. isôs:
ah nugas agis, Certe habes,
Plaut. Aul. 4, 4, 25; id. Bacch. 5, 2, 58:
si me tanti facis, quanti certe facis,
Cic. Fam. 11, 16, 3; 7, 8, 1; cf. Verg. A. 1, 234; Ov. M. 2, 423; Prop. 2, 7, 1. —
(β).
In interrog., Cic. Leg. 1, 1, 3; Suet. Aug. 33.—
II.
Affirming with restriction, yet surely, yet indeed, at least, notwithstanding (very freq. in prose and poetry, esp. after the class. per.).
A.
Alone:
si non ipsā re tibi istuc dolet, Simulare certe est hominis,
Ter. Ad. 4, 7, 16:
cingitur, certe expedit se,
Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 152:
ut homines mortem vel optare incipiant, vel certe timere desistant,
Cic. Tusc. 1, 49, 117:
haec... sint falsa sane, invidiosa certe non sunt,
id. Ac. 2, 32, 105:
qui... ut non referat pedem, sistet certe,
id. Phil. 12, 4, 8:
res fortasse verae, certe graves,
id. Fin. 4, 3, 7; cf. Liv. 9, 11, 13:
consulatum unum certe plebis Romanae esse,
id. 22, 34, 11:
quos quoniam caeli nondum dignamur honore, Quas dedimus certe terras habitare sinamus,
Ov. M. 1, 195 et saep.:
quo quid sit beatius, mihi certe in mentem venire non potest,
Cic. Tusc. 5, 28, 81; so,
ego certe,
Quint. 8, 3, 65; 9, 4, 57:
certe ego,
Sall. J. 31, 5; Ov. H. 19, 81; id. M. 13, 840; id. Tr. 4, 5, 13:
mihi certe,
Quint. 10, 3, 23:
ipse certe,
id. 8, 6, 30; Curt. 7, 4, 19; 7, 6, 22.—
B.
With other particles.
1.
With tamen:
illud certe tamen, quod jam amplexi sumus,
Cic. de Or. 3, 6, 22; id. Sen. 23, 84.—
2.
With at: quod (consilium) si non fuerit prudens, at certe ab optima fide proficiscetur, Balb. et opp. ap. Cic. Att. 9, 7, A, 1; Ov. F. 3, 351; cf. at II. 3.—
3.
With sed: non integrā re, sed certe minus infractā, quam, etc., Att. ap. Cic. Att. 9, 10, 8; cf. Cic. Leg. 1, 21, 56 dub. B. and K. —
4.
With quidem:
ubi sit animus, certe quidem in te est,
Cic. Tusc. 1, 29, 70:
quoniam volumus quidem certe senes fieri,
id. Sen. 2, 6; id. Quint. 15, 50:
certe quidem vos estis Romani, etc.,
Liv. 45, 22, 5. (But quidem does not belong with certe in such passages as the foll.:
hic quidem certe memorat, etc.,
Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 261 al.; v. quidem; cf. also aut and vel.)

Lewis & Short latin dictionary > certus
8 certus

известный, а) определенный: certa s. certi stipulatio, стипуляция, предмет, которой точно определен (1. 68. 74 D. 45, 1. 1. 118 § 2 eod.); также certus s. cerli contractus (1. 1 § 6 D. 13, 5. 1. 18 pr. D. 46, 4);
certum condicere, petere, certi condictio (1. 6 D. 12, 1. 1. 9 eod. 1. 1 D. 13, 3);

c. summae debitor dictus (1. 5 D. 18, 4);

c. summa compromissa (1. 28 D. 4, 8);

c. nummos stipulari (1. 37 D. 45, 1);

c. corpus in stipulationem deducere, legare, etc. (1. 10 D. 46, 4. 1. 26 § 1. 1. 47 § 1 D. 30. 1. 10 D. 34, 2);

c. quantitatem legare, debere (1. 3 § 6 D. 33, 1. 1. 18 § 4 D. 33, 7);

speciem relinquere (1. 34 § 5 D. 30);

c. partem heredit. legare (1. 8 § 5 D. 31);

c. pondus, genus argenti legare (1. 1 § 1 D. 34, 2);

penus c. cum vasis c. legata (1. 2 D. 33, 9);

c. hominem emere, debere (1. 17 D. 40, 12. 1. 23 D. 45, 1);

c. pretium habere (1. 7 § 2 D. 18, 1);

c. pars fundi, часть физическая, прот. идеальной, pars pro indiviso (1. 25 D. 7, 4. 1. 6. D. 8, 1);

c. locus прот. "pro ihdiviso portio fundi" (1. 1 D. 21, 2);

c. loco (в определенном месте, напр. исполнить обязательство) dari oportere, dare promittere, sese soluturum obligare (rubr. D. 13, 4. tit. C. 3, 18);

c. loco vel tempore reddere commodatum (l. 5 pr. D. 13, 6);

ad c. usum. с. temporibus uti aliqua re (1. 25 D. 15, 1);

c. tempus прот. infinitum (1. 91 D. 35, 1);

dies certa, veluti Calendis Januariis centesimis (1. 21 pr. D. 36, 2);

c. aetas (1. 23 § 3 D. 40, 5);

c. personae прот. incertae, omnes, genus personarum (1. 21 § 1 D. 4, 6. 1. 4 D. 34, 5. 1. 39 pr. D. 35, 1. 1. 220 pr. D. 50, 16);

certi прот. omnes (1. 8 pr. D. 10, 3);

c. familia (urbana aut rustica) прот. universa (1. 65 pr D. 31);

ex c. uxore natum scribere heredem (1. 28 § 2 D. 28, 2);

c. procurator (1. 2 D. 3, 3);

tutor cert. rerum vel causarum (1. 12 D. 26, 2);

c. conditione muneribus se adstringere (1. 2 pr. D. 50, 6);

c. lege donare (1. 22 C. 8, 54), in arbitrum compromissum, ut с. sententiam (решение, постановленное сторонами) diceret (1. 19 pr. D. 4, 8);

certae solennesque actiones, иски, предъявленные в точно определенных, торжественных формулах (1. 2 § 6 D. 1, 2); с. condemnatio (1. 59 § 2 D. 42, 1);

certum confiteri (1. 6 pr. D. 42, 2);

certam continuamque possessionem habere, о вещных, сельских сервитутах (1. 14 pr. D. 8, 1);

b) истинный, верный, несомненный: certo certius est (1. 17 pr. D. 26, 2. 1. 38 § 5 D. 45, 1. 1. 28 § 5 D. 5, 1);

res c. et indubitata (1. 1 D. 2, 15);

vera et e. scientia (1. 76 D. 50, 17);

c. jure utimur (1. 10 § 1 D. 2, 11. 1. 49 pr. D. 30);

certi, certissimi juris esse (1. 37 § 1 D. 4, 4. 1. 2 C. 4, 8);

c. status esse (1. 2 § 3 D. 38, 7);

mater semper certa est, etiamsi vulgo conceperit (1. 5 D. 2, 4);

certe (adv.), верно, без сомнения (1. 52 § 2 D. 9, 2); по крайней мере (1. 6 § 12. 1. 8 pr. 1. 38 D. 3, 5. 1. 29 § 1 D. 21, 2); с) не сомневаться в чем, наверно рассчитывать на что, qui agit, certus esse debet etc. (1. 42 D. 50, 17);

certus accusationis (1. 14 D. 37, 1);

certiorem facere aliquem, извещать (1. 1 § 1 D. 21, 1. 1. 16 § 4 D. 26, 2);

d) быть осторожным: certius et modestius esse (1. 14 § 3 D. 23, 2).

Латинско-русский словарь к источникам римского права > certus
9 Cum

1.
cum (archaic form COM, found in an inscr., COM PREIVATVD; in MSS. sometimes quom or quum), prep. with abl. [for skom, Sanscr. root sak, together; cf. sequor, and Gr. koinos, sun], designates in gen. accompaniment, community, connection of one object with another (opp. sine, separatim, etc.), with, together, together with, in connection or company with, along with; sometimes also to be translated and.
I.
In gen., Plaut. Am. prol. 95:
qui cum Amphitruone abiit hinc in exercitum,
id. ib. prol. 125:
cum Pansā vixi in Pompeiano,
Cic. Att. 14, 20, 4:
semper ille antea cum uxore, tum sine eā,
id. Mil. 21, 55:
quibuscum essem libenter,
id. Fam. 5, 21, 1; cf.:
cum quibus in ceteris intellegis afuisse,
id. Sull. 3, 7:
si cenas hodie mecum,
Hor. Ep. 1, 7, 70:
vagamur egentes cum conjugibus et liberis,
Cic. Att. 8, 2, 3:
errare malo cum Platone, etc.,
id. Tusc. 1, 17, 39:
qui unum imperium unumque magistratum cum ipsis habeant,
Caes. B. G. 2, 3 et saep.—
b.
In an expression of displeasure:
in' hinc, quo dignus, cum donis tuis Tam lepidis,
Ter. Eun. 4, 3, 9; cf. Plaut. Most. 2, 2, 33; Ter. And. 5, 4, 38; id. Eun. 1, 2, 73; id. Heaut. 4, 6, 7 al.—
B.
In a designation of time with which some action concurs:
egone abs te abii hinc hodie cum diluculo?
Plaut. Am. 2, 2, 121; so,
cum primo luci,
id. Cist. 2, 1, 58:
cras cum filio cum primo luci ibo hinc,
Ter. Ad. 5, 3, 55; Cic. Off. 3, 31, 112; cf.:
cum primā luce,
id. Att. 4, 3, 4; and:
cum primo lumine solis,
Verg. A. 7, 130: cum primo mane, Auct. B. Afr. 62: cum mane, Lucil. ap. Diom. p. 372 P:
pariter cum ortu solis,
Sall. J. 106, 5:
pariter cum occasu solis,
id. ib. 68, 2; cf.:
cum sole reliquit,
Verg. A. 3, 568 et saep.:
mane cum luci simul,
Plaut. Merc. 2, 1, 31; v. simul: exiit cum nuntio (i. e. at the same time with, etc.), Caes. B. G. 5, 46; cf.: cum his nuntius Romam ad consulendum redit ( = hama toisde), Liv. 1, 32, 10:
simul cum dono designavit templo Jovis fines,
id. 1, 10, 5; cf.:
et vixisse cum re publicā pariter, et cum illā simul extinctus esse videatur,
Cic. de Or. 3, 3, 10.—
C.
In designating the relations, circumstances, way, and manner with which any act is connected, by which it is accompanied, under or in which it takes place, etc., with, in, under, in the midst of, among, to, at: aliquid cum malo suo facere, Plaut. Bacch. 3, 4, 4; cf.:
cum magnā calamitate et prope pernicie civitatis,
Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 24, § 63:
cum summā rei publicae salute et cum tuā peste ac pernicie cumque eorum exitio, qui, etc.,
id. Cat. 1, 13, 33:
cum magno provinciae periculo,
Caes. B. G. 1, 10:
cum summo probro,
Ter. And. 5, 3, 10: cum summo terrore hominum, Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 24, 6:
cum summā tuā dignitate,
Cic. Fin. 4, 22, 61:
cum bonā alite,
Cat. 61, 19:
ferendum hoc onus est cum labore,
Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 21; cf. Cic. N. D. 2, 23, 59:
multis cum lacrimis aliquem obsecrare,
amid many tears, Caes. B. G. 1, 20; cf.:
hunc ipsum abstulit magno cum gemitu civitatis,
Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 19, § 49:
orare cum lacrimis coepere,
Liv. 5, 30, 5:
si minus cum curā aut cautelā locus loquendi lectus est,
Plaut. Mil. 3, 1, 6 Ritschl; so,
cum curā,
Cic. Inv. 1, 39, 70; Sall. J. 54, 1; Liv. 22, 42, 5 et saep.; cf.:
cum summo studio,
Sall. C. 51, 38:
cum quanto studio periculoque,
Liv. 8, 25, 12 al.:
cum multā venustate et omni sale,
Cic. Fin. 1, 3, 9:
summā cum celeritate ad exercitum rediit,
Hirt. B. G. 8, 52:
maximo cum clamore involant,
Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 89:
cum clamore,
Liv. 2, 23, 8; 5, 45, 2:
cum clamore ac tumultu,
id. 9, 31, 8; cf.:
Athenienses cum silentio auditi sunt,
id. 38, 10, 4; 7, 35, 1:
illud cum pace agemus,
Cic. Tusc. 5, 29, 83:
cum bonā pace,
Liv. 1, 24, 3; 21, 24, 5:
cum bonā gratiā,
Cic. Fat. 4, 7:
cum bonā veniā,
Liv. 29, 1, 7; cf.:
cum veniā,
Ov. Tr. 4, 1, 104; Quint. 10, 1, 72:
cum virtute vivere,
Cic. Fin. 3, 8, 29; cf. id. ib. 2, 11, 34:
cum judicio,
Quint. 10, 1, 8:
cum firmā memoriā,
id. 5, 10, 54:
legata cum fide ac sine calumniā persolvere,
Suet. Calig. 16:
spolia in aede... cum sollemni dedicatione dono fixit,
Liv. 4, 20, 3.—
b.
Attributively, with subst.:
et huic proelium cum Tuscis ad Janiculum erat crimini,
Liv. 2, 52, 7 Weissenb. ad loc.:
frumenti cum summā caritate inopia erat,
id. 2, 12, 1; 2, 5, 2; 7, 29, 3.—
2.
Cum eo quod, ut, or ne (in an amplification or limitation), with the circumstance or in the regard that, on or under the condition, with the exception, that, etc. (except once in Cic. epistt. not ante-Aug.).
(α).
Cum eo quod, with indic., Quint. 12, 10, 47 Spald.; 10, 7, 13; so,
cum eo quidem, quod, etc.,
id. 2, 4, 30. —With subj.:
sit sane, quoniam ita tu vis: sed tamen cum eo, credo, quod sine peccato meo fiat,
Cic. Att. 6, 1, 7.—
(β).
With ut:
Antium nova colonia missa cum eo, ut Antiatibus permitteretur, si et ipsi adscribi coloni vellent,
Liv. 8, 14, 8; so id. 8, 14, 2; 30, 10, 21; 36, 5, 3; Cels. 3, 22.—So with tamen:
cum eo tamen, ut nullo tempore is... non sit sustinendus,
Cels. 3, 5 fin.; 4, 6 fin. —
(γ).
With ne:
obsequar voluntati tuae cum eo, ne dubites, etc.,
Col. 5, 1, 4:
cum eo, ne amplius quam has urant,
Cels. 7, 22; and with tamen:
cum eo tamen, ne, etc.,
id. 2, 17.—
3.
Cum dis volentibus, etc., with God's help, by the will of the gods, sun theôi:
cum divis volentibus quodque bene eveniat mando tibi, Mani, etc.,
Cato, R. R. 141, 1: volentibu' cum magnis dis, Enn. ap. Cic. Off. 1, 12, 38:
agite, cum dis bene juvantibus arma capite,
Liv. 21, 43, 7; so,
cum superis,
Claud. Cons. Stil. III. p. 174.—
4.
Cum with an ordinal number (cum octavo, cum decimo, etc.) for our - fold, in economical lang., of the multiplication of cultivated products:
ut ex eodem semine aliubi cum decimo redeat, aliubi cum quinto decimo,
ten-, fifteenfold, Varr. R. R. 1, 44, 1; so,
cum octavo, cum decimo,
Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 47, § 112:
cum centesimo,
Plin. 18, 10, 21, § 95; cf. with a subst.:
cum centesimā fruge agricolis faenus reddente terrā,
id. 5, 4, 3, § 24.—
D.
With a means or instrument, considered as attending or accompanying the actor in his action (so most freq. anteclass., or in the poets and scientific writers): acribus inter se cum armis confligere, Lucil. ap. Non. p. 261, 6: effundit voces proprio cum pectore, Enn. ap. Serv. ad Verg. G. 2, 424: cum voce maximā conclamat, Claud. Quadrig. ap. Gell. 9, 13, 10:
cum linguā lingere,
Cat. 98, 3:
cum suo gurgite accepit venientem (fluvius),
Verg. A. 9, 816:
cum vino et oleo ungere,
Veg. 1, 11, 8 et saep.:
terra in Augurum libris scripta cum R uno,
Varr. L. L. 5, § 21 Müll.
II.
In partic.
A.
Completing the meaning of verbs.
1.
With verbs of union, connection, and agreement: cum veteribus copiis se conjungere, Caes. B. G. 1, 37:
ut proprie cohaereat cum narratione,
Auct. Her. 1, 7, 11:
(haec) arbitror mihi constare cum ceteris scriptoribus,
id. 1, 9, 16:
interfectam esse... convenit mihi cum adversariis,
id. 1, 10, 17; cf. Cic. Inv. 1, 22, 31:
quī autem poterat in gratiam redire cum Oppianico Cluentius?
id. Clu. 31, 86:
hanc sententiam cum virtute congruere semper,
id. Off. 3, 3, 13:
foedera quibus etiam cum hoste devincitur fides,
id. ib. 3, 31, 111:
capita nominis Latini stare ac sentire cum rege videbant,
Liv. 1, 52, 4:
cum aliquo in gratiam redire,
id. 3, 58, 4:
stabat cum eo senatūs majestas,
id. 8, 34, 1:
conjurasse cum Pausaniā,
Curt. 7, 1, 6:
Autronium secum facere,
Cic. Sull. 13, 36; cf. also conecto, colligo, consentio, compono, etc.—
2.
Of companionship, association, sharing, etc.:
cum his me oblecto, qui res gestas aut orationes scripserunt suas,
Cic. de Or. 2, 14, 61:
quoniam vivitur, non cum perfectis hominibus, sed cum iis, etc.,
id. Off. 1, 15, 46:
nulla (societas) carior quam ea quae cum re publicā est unicuique nostrum,
id. ib. 1, 17, 51:
cum civibus vivere,
id. ib. 1, 34, 124:
cum M. Fabio mihi summus usus est,
id. Fam. 9, 25, 2; cf.:
cum quibus publice privatimque hospitia amicitiasque junxerant,
Liv. 1, 45, 2:
partiri cum Dinaeā matre jussit,
Cic. Clu. 7, 21:
cum Baebio communicare,
id. ib. 16, 47; cf.
of local association, nearness: cum mortuā jugulatum servum nudum positurum ait,
Liv. 1, 58, 4:
duos tamen pudor cum eo tenuit,
id. 2, 10, 5.—
3.
Of intercourse, traffic, etc.:
cum aliquo agere,
to deal with, Cic. Ac. 2, 35, 112; Caes. B. G. 1, 13:
cum eo Accius injuriarum agit,
Auct. Her. 1, 14, 24:
si par est agere cum civibus,
Cic. Off. 2, 23, 83; 3, 22, 88; id. Scaur. 10, 20; cf. id. Fam. 5, 18, 1; Liv. 1, 19, 7; 3, 9, 13; 4, 15, 2; Val. Max. 4, 3, 8:
si mihi cum Peripateticis res esset,
Cic. Ac. 2, 35, 112:
tecum enim mihi res est,
id. Rosc. Am. 30, 84:
uni tibi et cum singulis res est,
Liv. 2, 12, 11:
pacem cum Sabinis facere,
Cic. Off. 3, 30, 109.—Esp.: agere cum aliquo, to have a lawsuit with, Gai Inst. 4, 87; 4, 114 et saep.; v. ago, II. B. 8. a., and II. B. 9.; consisto, I. B. 5.; cf. also pango, etc.—
4.
Of deliberation and discussion:
haec ego cum ipsis philosophis disserebam,
Cic. de Or. 1, 13, 57:
tempus cum conjuratis consultando absumunt,
Liv. 2, 4, 3 et saep.; v. also cogito, reputo, dubito, etc.—
5.
Of strife, difference, etc.:
quibuscum continenter bellum gerunt,
Caes. B. G. 1, 1:
cum Cleanthe quam multis rebus Chrysippus dissidet!
Cic. Ac. 2, 47, 143:
neque tam quererer cum deo quod, etc.,
id. ib. 2, 25, 81:
cum quo Antiochum saepe disputantem audiebam,
id. ib. 2, 4, 11:
cum stomacheretur cum Metello,
id. Or. 2, 66, 267:
manu cum hoste confligere,
id. Off. 1, 23, 81:
utilia cum honestis pugnare,
id. ib. 3, 7, 34: cum Catone dissentire. id. ib. 3, 22, 88:
cum majoribus nostris bella gessit,
id. Scaur. 19, 45; Liv. 1, 35, 7; 7, 22, 4:
cum Auruncis bellum inire,
id. 2, 16, 8; cf.:
cum Volscis aequo Marte discessum est,
id. 2, 40, 14:
inimicitias cum Africano gerere,
Val. Max. 4, 1, 8; Sen. Vit. Beat. 2, 3:
cum Scipione dissentire,
Val. Max. 4, 1, 12:
cum utrāque (uxore) divortium fecit,
Suet. Claud. 26; cf. also certo, pugno, discrepo, differo, distraho, dissentio, etc.—
6.
Of comparison:
nec Arcesilae calumnia conferenda est cum Democriti verecundiā,
Cic. Ac. 2, 5, 14:
hanc rationem dicendi cum imperatoris laude comparare,
id. de Or. 1, 2, 8:
conferam Sullamne cum Junio,
id. Clu. 34, 94:
(orationem) cum magnitudine utilitatis comparare,
id. Off. 2, 6, 20.—
B.
Pregn., implying the notion of being furnished, endowed, clothed with any thing, or of possessing, holding, suffering under, etc., in a lit. and trop. sense: ille vir haud magnā cum re sed plenus fidei, Enn. ap. Cic. Sen. 1, 1 (cf. the antith.:
hominem sine re, sine fide,
Cic. Cael. 32, 78):
a portu illuc nunc cum laternā advenit,
Plaut. Am. prol. 149:
cadus cum vino,
id. Stich. 5, 1, 7; cf. id. Pers. 2, 3, 15:
olla cum aquā,
Cato, R. R. 156:
arcula cum ornamentis,
Plaut. Most. 1, 3, 91:
fiscos cum pecuniā Siciliensi,
Cic. Verr. 1, 8, 22:
onerariae naves cum commeatu,
Liv. 30, 24, 5 et saep.:
cum servili schemā,
Plaut. Am. prol. 117;
so of clothing,
id. Rud. 1, 4, 31; Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 24, § 54; 2, 5, 13, § 31; [p. 490] id. Rab. Post. 10, 27; Liv. 35, 34, 7; Suet. Claud. 13; Sil. 1, 94 et saep.:
ut ne quis cum telo servus esset,
Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 3, § 7;
so of weapons,
id. Phil. 2, 8, 19; cf.:
inmissi cum falcibus, etc.,
id. Tusc. 5, 23, 65:
vidi argenteum Cupidinem cum lampade,
holding, id. Verr. 2, 2, 47, § 115:
simulacrum Cereris cum faucibus,
id. ib. 2, 4, 49, §
109: cum elephanti capite puer natus,
Liv. 27, 11, 5; cf.:
cum quinque pedibus natus,
id. 30, 2, 10; 33, 1, 11; 27, 4, 14 al.: omnia cum pulchris animis Romana juventus, Enn. ap. Don. ad Ter. Phorm. 3, 1, 1; cf.
Ter. ib.: Minucius cum vulnere gravi relatus in castra,
Liv. 9, 44, 14:
te Romam venisse cum febri,
Cic. Att. 6, 9, 1; so id. de Or. 3, 2, 6; id. Clu. 62, 175: cum eisdem suis vitiis nobilissimus, with all his faults, i. e. in spite of, id. ib. 40, 112:
ex eis qui cum imperio sint,
id. Fam. 1, 1, 3 Manut.; cf.:
cum imperio aut magistratu,
Suet. Tib. 12 Bremi; v. imperium.—
C.
With idem (never of the identity of two subjects, but freq. of the relation of two subjects to the same object, etc.;
v. Krebs, Antibarb. p. 538): tibi mecum in eodem est pistrino vivendum,
Cic. de Or. 2, 33, 144:
quandoque tu... omnibus in eisdem flagitiis mecum versatus es,
id. Verr. 2, 3, 80, § 187:
Numidae... in eādem mecum Africā geniti,
Liv. 30, 12, 15; 28, 28, 14; Tac. A. 15, 2; Val. Max. 6, 5, 3.—
D.
In the adverb. phrase, cum primis, with the foremost, i.e. especially, particularly (rare), Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 28, § 68; id. Brut. 62, 224.—Post-class. also as one word: cumprīmis, Gell. 1, 12, 7 al.
► a.
Cum in anastrophe. So always with the pers. pron.: mecum, tecum, secum, nobiscum, etc.; cf. Cic. Or. 45, 154; Prisc. pp. 949 and 988 P.; and in gen. with the rel. pron.:
quocum (quīcum), quacum, quibuscum, quīcum (for quocum),
Cic. Or. 45, 154; Liv. 38, 9, 2; Cic. Att. 5, 1, 4; id. Verr. 2, 2, 31, §§ 76 and 77; Caes. B. G. 1, 8; Cic. Rep. 1, 10, 15; id. Att. 4, 9, 2; id. Off. 1, 35, 126; Quint. 8, 6, 65; 10, 5, 7; 11, 2, 38. But where cum is emphatic, or a demonstrative pron. is understood, cum is placed before the rel.; cf.:
his de rebus velim cum Pompeio, cum Camillo, cum quibus vobis videbitur, consideretis,
Cic. Fam. 14, 14, 3:
adhibuit sibi quindecim principes cum quibus causas cognovit,
id. Off. 2, 23, 82; Liv. 1, 45, 2.—
b.
Before et... et, connecting two substt.:
cum et diurno et nocturno metu,
Cic. Tusc. 5, 23, 66.
III.
In compounds the primitive form com was alone in use, and was unchanged before b, p, m: comburo, compono, committo, and a few words beginning with vowels: comes, comitium, and comitor; m was assimilated before r: corripio; often before l: colligo or conligo; rarely before n, as connumero, but usually dropped: conecto, conitor, conubium; with the change of m into n before all the remaining consonants: concutio, condono, confero, congero, conqueror, consumo, contero, convinco; so, conjicio, etc., but more usually conicio; and with the rejection of m before vowels and before h: coarguo, coëo, coinquino, coopto, cohibeo.—
B.
It designates,
1.
A being or bringing together of several objects: coëo, colloquor, convivor, etc.: colligo, compono, condo, etc.—
2.
The completeness, perfecting of any act, and thus gives intensity to the signif. of the simple word, as in commaculo, commendo, concito, etc., comminuo, concerpo, concido, convello, etc.
2.
Cum (ante-class. quom; freq. in MSS. of Cicero; the post-class. form quum is incorrectly given in many MSS. and edd.), conj. [pronom. stem ka- or kva- with acc. case ending].
I.
Of time, when, as, while, sometimes = after, since.
A.
In adverbial clauses dependent on non-preterite predicates.
1.
The time designated by cum being indefinite, when, if, whenever, always with indic., except in the instances A. 2.
a.
Cum with pres. indic., often equivalent to si.
(α).
With principal predicate in pres.:
nam omnes id faciunt quom se amari intellegunt,
Plaut. Truc. prol. 17:
facile, quom valemus, recta consilia aegrotis damus,
Ter. And. 2, 1, 9; Plaut. Ep. 1, 2, 44; id. Poen. 4, 2, 20; id. Truc. 1, 1, 46; Ter. Phorm. 2, 1, 11:
cum semen maturum habet, tum tempestiva est,
Cato, R. R. 17; 41: quid? tum cum es iratus, permittis illi iracundiae dominationem animi tui? Cic. Rep. 1, 38, 59:
cum permagna praemia sunt, est causa peccandi,
id. Off. 3, 20, 79; id. de Or. 3, 23, 87:
quidam vivere tunc incipiunt cum desinendum est,
Sen. Ep. 23, 11.—
(β).
With principal predicate in fut. (rare):
ad cujus igitur fidem confugiet cum per ejus fidem laeditur cui se commiserit?
Cic. Rosc. Am. 40, 116; id. Leg. 3, 10, 24; id. Fl. 17, 40; Verg. A. 12, 208.—
(γ).
With principal predicate in logical perf. (mostly poet.):
haud invito ad auris sermo mi accessit tuos, Quom te postputasse omnis res prae parente intellego,
Ter. Hec. 3, 5, 33:
qui cum levati morbo videntur, in eum de integro inciderunt,
Cic. Fam. 12, 30, 2:
(dolor) Cum furit... Profuit incensos aestus avertere ( = prodest),
Verg. G. 3, 457:
nemo non, cum alteri prodest, sibi profuit,
Sen. Ep. 81, 19; Cic. Att. 4, 18, 1; Liv. 8, 8, 11; Verg. A. 9, 435; id. G. 1, 288.—
b.
With logical perf. indic.
(α).
With principal predicate in pres. (very freq.), the perf. translated either by English pres. perf. or by pres.: omnia sunt incerta cum a jure discessum est, when we ( once) disregard the law, Cic. Fam. 9, 16, 1:
gubernatores cum exultantes loligines viderunt... tempestatem significari putant,
id. Div. 2, 70, 145:
cum depulsi sunt agni a matribus, diligentia adhibenda est ne, etc.,
Varr. R. R. 2, 2, 17:
cum ejus generis copia defecit, ad innocentium supplicia descendunt,
Caes. B. G. 6, 16, 5:
(hostis) cum intravit... modum a captivis non accipit,
Sen. Ira, 1, 8, 2:
quia enim, cum prima cognovi, jungere extrema cupio,
Plin. Ep. 7, 10, 1; Cic. Or. 1, 33, 153; id. Div. 2, 26, 56; id. Brut. 24, 93; id. Cat. 4, 6, 12; id. Fam. 6, 3, 3; Auct. Her. 4, 50, 63; Caes. B. G. 4, 33; 5, 21; Liv. 22, 9, 8; 34, 31, 4; Val. Max. 8, 10 prooem.; 9, 6 init.; Sen. Ep. 3, 2; 21, 9; id. Cons. Helv. 13, 2; Curt. 3, 3, 18; Plin. 18, 7, 10, § 60; Quint. 4, 2, 122; 10, 7, 14.—In oblique clauses the perf. indic. may remain, or may be changed into perf. subj., even after preterites, Cic. Off. 1, 28, 26; 2, 20, 69.—
(β).
With principal predicate in fut. ( poet.), Ov. P. 1, 5, 47.—
(γ).
With two logical perff. (rare):
cum id factum est, tamen grex dominum non mutavit,
Varr. R. R. 2, 2, 6:
quae cum se disposuit... summum bonum tetigit,
Sen. Vit. Beat. 8, 5; id. Tranq. 17, 11; id. Ben. 1, 1, 5. —
c.
With fut.
(α).
With principal predicate in fut.:
ita fere officia reperientur, cum quaeretur, quid deceat, etc.,
Cic. Off. 1, 34, 125; Auct. Her. 2, 7, 10; 2, 12, 17.— So with principal predicate in fut. imper:
etiam tum cum verisimile erit aliquem commisisse... latratote,
Cic. Rosc. Am. 20, 57, id. Mur. 31, 65; id. Att. 3, 8, 4; Liv. 35, 19, 6.—
(β).
With principal predicate in pres.:
in talibus... stabilitas amicitiae confirmari potest, cum homines cupiditatibus imperabunt,
Cic. Lael. 22, 82; Val. Max. 4, 8 prooem.—
d.
With fut. perf.
(α).
With principal predicate in pres.:
quam (spem), cum in otium venerimus, habere volumus,
Cic. Att. 1, 7:
nec irascimur illis cum sessorem recusaverint,
Sen. Const. 12, 3; id. Cons. Marc. 7, 2.—
(β).
With principal predicate in fut. indic.:
cum haec erunt considerata, statim nostrae legis expositione... utemur,
Auct. Her. 2, 10, 15:
cum viderit secari patrem suum filiumve, vir bonus non flebit?
Sen. Ira, 1, 12, 1.—In oblique clauses, dependent on preterites, it is changed to the pluperf. subj.:
qui tum demum beatum terrarum orbem futurum praedicavit cum aut sapientes regnare, aut reges sapere coepissent,
Val. Max. 7, 2, ext. 4.—
(γ).
With principal predicate in fut. imper.:
cum tempestates pluviae fuerint, videtote quot dies, etc.,
Cato, R. R. 2, 3; 25 init.; 38.—
(δ).
With two fut. perff.:
cum bene cesserit negotiatio, multum militia retulerit,
Sen. Cons. Helv. 10, 6.—
e.
In partic.
(α).
In definitions with pres, indic.:
humile genus est (causae) cum contempta res adfertur,
Auct. Her. 1, 3, 5:
purgatio est cum factum conceditur, culpa removetur,
Cic. Inv. 1, 11, 15: maxima est capitis deminutio cum aliquis simul et civitatem et libertatem amittit, Gai Inst. 1, 160; Auct. Her. 1, 46; 2, 4, 6; 4, 12, 17; 4, 53, 66 et saep. —
(β).
Etiam cum (less freq. cum etiam), even when (nearly = etiamsi), always with indic. if dependent on other than preterite predicates. (1) With pres.: qui cavet ne decipiatur, vix cavet, quom etiam cavet, Plaut. Capt. 2, 2, 5:
in quo scelere, etiam cum multae causae convenisse... videntur, tamen non temere creditur,
Cic. Rosc. Am. 22, 62:
qui incolunt maritimas urbis, etiam cum manent corpore, animo tamen excursant,
id. Rep. 2, 4, 7; Curt. 6, 3, 10; Plin. Ep. 1, 8, 6.—(2) With fut.:
etiam cum potentes nocere intendent,
Sen. Const. 4, 1. —(3) With fut. perf.:
cum etiam plus contenderimus, etc.,
Cic. Fam. 1, 8, 7; Sen. Ben. 4, 13, 3.—(4) In oblique clauses with imperf. subj., Cic. Fragm. Tog. Cand. 15.—
(γ).
Anteclass. with indic. in addressing indefinite persons in rules, after imper.:
sorba in sapa cum vis condere, arida facias,
Cato, R. R. 7 fin. — Always with indic. if a certain person is addressed; cf. Cic. Rep. 1, 38, 59 (l. A. 1. a. a supra); id. Verr. 2, 1, 18, § 47.—
2.
With subj. referring to indefinite time.
a.
With the 2d pers. sing., used in an indefinite sense ( you = one, any one).
(α).
With pres. subj.:
acerbum'st pro benefactis quom mali messim metas,
Plaut. Ep. 5, 2, 53:
quom faciem videas, videtur esse quantivis preti,
Ter. And. 5, 2, 15; Plaut. Cas. 3, 2, 32; id. Bacch. 3, 3, 38; id. Merc. 3, 2, 7 and 8 et saep.:
difficile est tacere cum doleas,
Cic. Sull. 10, 31:
etiam interpretatio nominis habet acumen cum ad ridiculum convertas,
id. de Or. 2, 63, 257; 2, 64, 259; 2, 67, 269; 2, 75, 305; 3, 38, 156; Sen. Ep. 75, 4 et saep.—
(β).
With perf. subj.:
difficile est cum praestare omnibus concupieris, servare aequitatem,
Cic. Off. 1, 19, 64:
quos (versus) cum cantu spoliaveris, nuda paene remanet oratio,
id. Or. 55, 183; id. Lael. 21, 77; id. Inv. 1, 47, 88; Sall. C. 12, 3; 51, 24; 58, 16.—
b.
In the jurists, in a clause exemplifying a general rule: cum ergo ita scriptum sit Heres Titius esto, addicere debemus, Gai Inst. 2, 165; so id. ib. 4, 97; 3, 161; Auct. Her. 4, 31, 42.—
c.
In the phrase audio cum dicat (I. F. 1, b. infra):
saepe soleo audire Roscium cum ita dicat se, etc.,
Cic. de Or. 2, 28, 129.—
d.
When, after cum, an imperfect or pluperfect is used as a logical tense (post-Aug.): non tulit gratis qui cum rogasset accepit, who has asked for the favor, and, etc., Sen. Ben. 2, 1, 4; 2, 3, 1; 2, 13, 2; id. Ep. 86, 8.—
e.
If the principal predicate is a potential subjunctive, an indefinite clause with a present or future after cum is always in the same mood:
caveto quom ventus siet aut imber, effodias aut seras,
Cato, R. R. 28:
quis tam dissoluto animo est qui, haec cum videat, tacere ac neglegere possit?
Cic. Rosc. Am. 11, 32; id. Planc. 39, 94; id. Clu. 55, 153; id. Inv. 1, 4, 87; 1, 51, 95; Auct. Her. 4, 6, 9; 4, 32, 43.—
3.
Of definite time, always with indic. (for exceptions, v. 4. infra), when, if, while (for the distinction between cum and si, cf.:
formam mihi totius rei publicae, si jam es Romae, aut cum eris, velim mittas,
Cic. Att. 6, 3, 4:
quae si prodierit, atque adeo cum prodierit—scio enim proditurum esse—audiet,
id. Rosc. Am. 25, 100:
si damnatus eris, atque adeo cum damnatus eris—nam dubitatio quae poterit esse? etc.,
id. Verr. 2, 3, 29, § 70; id. Or. 2, 75, 304; Sen. Ep. 83, 10).
a.
Cum with pres. indic.
(α).
Principal predicate in pres.:
certe, edepol, quom illum contemplo et formam cognosco meam... nimis simili'st mei,
Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 288; so id. Poen. 1, 2, 71; id. Pers. 4, 4, 15; Ter. Hec. 3, 3, 45: Py. Ne fle. Ph. Non queo Quom te video, Plaut. Mil. 4, 8, 14; id. Am. 1, 1, 260; id. Rud. 3, 4, 38:
potestne tibi ulla spes salutis ostendi cum recordaris in deos immortalis quam impius... fueris?
Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 18, § 47: cum hoc vereor, et cupio tibi... parcere, rursus immuto voluntatem meam ( = while), id. Rosc. Am. 34, 95; Serv. ap. Cic. Fam. 4, 5, 4:
equidem cum... recordor, vix aetatem Alexandri suffecturam fuisse reor ad unum bellum,
Liv. 9, 19, 12; Cic. Planc. 12, 29; id. Clu. 10, 29; Liv. 40, 46, 3:
quod cum ita est,
if this is so, Quint. 24, 58 (cf.:
quodsi ita est,
Cic. Mur. 2, 5); so,
often, nunc cum: qui modo nusquam conparebas, nunc quom conpares, peris,
Plaut. Aul. 4, 4, 2; so id. ib. 1, 3, 35; 2, 2, 17; id. As. 1, 2, 18; Ter. Heaut. 3, 1, 39:
nos de injusto rege nihil loquimur, nunc cum de ipsa regali re publica quaerimus,
Cic. Rep. 3, 35, 47; Liv. 44, 39, 7.—So with logical perf. for the pres., Quint. 4, 2, 122.—But Cicero always uses nunc cum with a subj. when the clause, while designating present time, generally [p. 491] in opposition to a former time, implies a reason for the principal action, now that:
quodsi tum, cum res publica severitatem desiderabat, vici naturam, etc., nunc cum omnes me causae ad misericordiam... vocent, quanto tandem studio, etc.,
Cic. Mur. 2, 3, 6; id. Fam. 9, 16, 7; id. Font. 15, 35 (25); id. Imp. Pomp. 10, 27; 17, 50; not found in later writers, except in the Gallic panegyrists, e. g. Eum. Grat. Act. 2 init. —
(β).
With principal predicate in the logical perf., if (ante-class.):
Curculio hercle verba mihi dedit quom cogito,
Plaut. Curc. 4, 4, 27:
sed tandem, quom recogito, qui potis est scire, haec scire me?
id. Stich. 2, 1, 29; id. Mil. 4, 8, 64.—
b.
Cum with logical perf. indic.
(α).
Principal predicate in pres.:
ergo quom optume fecisti, nunc adest occasio Benefacta cumulare,
after doing excellently, Plaut. Capt. 2, 3, 63: quo etiam major vir habendus est (Numa), cum illam sapientiam constituendae civitatis duobus prope saeculis ante cognovit, quam, etc. ( = siquidem, if he has; seeing that he has), Cic. de Or. 2, 37, 154; Verg. A. 9, 249.—
(β).
With principal predicate in fut. ( poet.):
at cumst imposta corona, Clamabis capiti vina subisse meo (est imposta = erit imposta),
Prop. 4 (5), 2, 30.—
c.
With fut.
(α).
With principal predicate in fut.:
quom videbis tum scies,
Plaut. Bacch. 1, 2, 37; id. Am. 3, 3, 15; id. Men. 5, 7, 7; Ter. Phorm. 1, 2, 82; id. Heaut. prol. 33:
sed cum certum sciam faciam te paulo ante certiorem,
Cic. Fam. 9, 23; 3, 11, 3; 12, 30, 5; 14, 3, 4; id. Q. Fr. 3, 8, 2; Liv. 3, 53, 10.—
(β).
With principal predicate in fut. perf.:
cum tu haec leges, ego jam annuum munus confecero,
Cic. Fam. 2, 12, 1.—
(γ).
With principal predicate in imper. fut.:
mox quom imitabor Sauream, caveto ne succenseas,
Plaut. As. 2, 2, 105; id. Mil. 3, 3, 59.—
(δ).
With principal predicate in subj. (potential):
cum testes ex Sicilia dabo, quem volet ille eligat,
Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 22, § 48; id. Off. 1, 34, 122; 3, 10, 46; id. Att. 4, 9, 1; 4, 10, 2; 4, 17, 1 et saep.—
(ε).
In oblique clauses, after preterites, changed into imperf. subj., Caes. B. C. 2, 40; after other tenses it is either changed into pres. subj. or remains unchanged, Cic. Fam. 1, 56, 2; 1, 7, 4; Sall. C. 58, 8.—
d.
With fut. perf.
(α).
With principal predicate in fut.:
mox dabo quom ab re divina rediero,
Plaut. Poen. 1, 2, 193; id. Am. 1, 1, 43; 1, 2, 4; Ter. Phorm. 1, 4, 8:
cum haec docuero, tum illud ostendam, etc.,
Cic. Clu. 4, 9; id. Verr. 2, 1, 1, § 3; id. de Or. 2, 33, 143; 2, 59, 239; id. Att. 3, 23, 5 et saep.—In oblique clauses, after preterites, the fut. perf. is changed into pluperf. subj., Cic. Rosc. Am. 10, 28; 28, 78; Liv. 1, 56, 11; 5, 30, 1; after other tenses, and often in oblique oration, it remains unchanged, or is changed into perf. subj., Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 71, § 183; id. Fam. 2, 5, 2 dub.; Liv. 21, 13, 8; 3, 56, 10.—
(β).
With principal predicate in imper. (almost always fut. imper.):
quod quom dixero, si placuerit, Facitote,
Ter. Eun. 5, 8, 37:
cum ego Granium testem produxero, refellito, si poteris,
Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 59, § 154; id. Marcell. 9, 27; id. Fam. 16, 4, 3; Tac. A. 1, 22.—With pres. imper., Liv. 24, 38, 7.—
(γ).
With principal predicate in subj. (potential):
quae cum omnia collegeris, tum ipse velim judices satisne videatur,
Cic. Fam. 5, 2, 4; id. Or. 13, 41 dub.—In oblique clauses, after non-preterites, the fut. perf. remains unchanged:
oro, ne me hodie, cum isti respondero, putetis, etc.,
Cic. Phil. 2, 5, 10; id. Clu. 2, 6.—
4.
With subj. in definite time.
a.
Sometimes in oblique construction (3. c. e; 3. d. a).—
b.
Sometimes by attraction:
curata fac sint quom a foro redeam domum,
Plaut. Aul. 2, 3, 6; 2, 3, 11; id. Stich. 1, 2, 8; id. Curc. 2, 2, 3:
non admirere cum ego ipse me id ex te primum audisse confitear?
Cic. Planc. 24, 58. —
c.
In the semi-causal connection nunc cum, v. 3, a. a fin. supra.
B.
In adverbial anterior clauses dependent on preterite predicates, the time of the cum clause preceding that of the principal sentence (always with subj., except in the instances mentioned 2.; 3. a; and 5.), when, after.
1.
With pluperf. subj. (so generally): quom socios nostros mandisset impius Cyclops, Liv. And. Fragm. ap. Prisc. 8, p. 817 (Lubbert conjectures, without sufficient reason, mandit sex): quom saucius multifariam ibi factus esset, tamen volnus capiti nullum evenit, Cato, Orig. ap. Gell. 3, 7, 19:
portisculus signum cum dare coepisset,
Enn. Ann. v. 234 Vahl.:
quom testamento patris partisset bona,
Afran. Com. Rel. v. 50 Rib.: quem quom ibi vidissent Hortensius Postumiusque, Lucil. ap. Non. p. 4, 32; Enn. Ann. v. 241 Vahl.; Turp. Com. Rel. v. 48 Rib.; Lucil. ap. Non. p. 394, 27 (the MSS. reading:
quom venisset,
Plaut. As. 2, 3, 15, is corrupt):
audivi summos homines cum quaestor ex Macedonia venissem Athenas,
Cic. de Or. 1, 11, 45:
haec cum Crassus dixisset, silentium est consecutum,
id. ib. 1, 35, 160:
cum Thebani Lacedaemonios bello superavissent... aeneum statuerunt tropaeum,
id. Inv. 2, 23, 69:
Dionysius cum fanum Proserpinae Locris expilavisset, navigabat Syracusas,
id. N. D. 3, 34, 83:
eo cum venisset, animadvertit ad alteram ripam magnas esse copias hostium,
Caes. B. G. 5, 18:
Tarquinius et Tullia minor... cum domos vacuas novo matrimonio fecissent, junguntur nuptiis,
Liv. 1, 46, 9 et saep. —
2.
With pluperf. indic.
a.
Ante-class. in place of the class. subj.:
idem me pridem quom ei advorsum veneram, Facere atriensem voluerat,
Plaut. Cas. 2, 8, 28:
Quid ais? Quom intellexeras, id consilium capere, quor non dixti extemplo,
Ter. And. 3, 2, 38.—
b.
If the pluperfect is a virtual imperfect, designating the time at which the main action took place, the principal predicate being likewise in the pluperfect, when the clause would require an indicative if placed in the imperfect (3. a. a): exspectationem nobis non parvam adtuleras cum scripseras Varronem tibi confirmasse, etc. ( = exspectabam cum legebam; cf. C. 3, a. a, 2.), Cic. Att. 3, 18, 1; cf. Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 9, 2, where the cum clause is relative; v. E.: Romae haud minus terroris... erat quam fuerat biennio ante cum castra Punica objecta Romanis moenibus fuerant (C. 3. a. a, 1.), Liv. 27, 44, 1; so id. 5, 28, 1; 26, 40, 17; 44, 10, 1.—
c.
If the clause indicates that the time of the main action is a period, subsequent to that of the action designated by the pluperfect:
nam tum cum in Asia res magnas permulti amiserant, scimus Romae, solutione impedita, fidem concidisse,
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 7, 19:
cum ea consecutus nondum eram... tamen ista vestra nomina numquam sum admiratus,
id. Fam. 3, 7, 5; id. Verr. 2, 5, 69, § 178; id. Inv. 2, 42, 124; Caes. B. G. 7, 35; Liv. 24, 7, 1 sq.; Nep. Dat. 6, 5; Curt. 9, 10, 12; Verg. A. 5, 42.—
3.
If both predicates denote repeated action, the anterior clause with cum has the pluperf. indic. or subj.
a.
With pluperf. indic.
(α).
With principal predicate in imperf. indic. (so almost always in Cicero and Caesar; not in the poets, nor in Vell., Val. Max., Tac., Suet., or Plin.), whenever:
cum ad aliquod oppidum venerat, eadem lectica usque ad cubiculum deferebatur,
Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 11, § 27; 2, 1, 46, § 120; 2, 3, 67, § 156; 2, 4, 61, § 137; 2, 5, 10, § 27; id. Fl. 7, 16; 10, 21; id. Agr. 2, 26, 68; id. Or. 32, 113; id. Brut. 24, 93:
(Cassi vellaunus) cum equitatus noster se in agros ejecerat, essedarios ex silvis emittebat,
Caes. B. G. 5, 19; 3, 14; 3, 15; 4, 7; 5, 35; 7, 22; id. B. C. 1, 58; Sall. J. 92, 8; 44, 4:
cum comminus venerant, gladiis a velitibus trucidabantur,
Liv. 38, 21, 12; Nep. Epam. 3, 6; Sen. Ep. 11, 4; Curt. 3, 10, 8; 3, 10, 11; Quint. 7, 1, 4; Gell. 15, 22, 5; 17, 18, 3; Gai Inst. 4, 15; Pacat. 9.—
(β).
With principal predicate in perf. indic.:
Pacuvius qui Syriam usu suam fecit, cum vino... sibi parentaverat,
Sen. Ep. 12, 8; 108, 14.—
b.
With pluperf. subj., an imperf. indic. in principal sentence:
cum fossam latam cubiculari lecto circumdedisset, ejusque transitum... conjunxisset, eum ipse detorquebat,
Cic. Tusc. 5, 20, 59; id. Verr. 2, 3, 41, § 94:
cum cohortes ex acie procucurrissent, Numidae... effugiebant, etc.,
Caes. B. C. 2, 41:
cum in jus duci debitorem vidissent, undique convolabant,
Liv. 2, 27, 8; 25, 3, 11; 5, 48, 2.—
4.
In anterior clauses with imperf. subj.
(α).
When the principal clause expresses an immediate consequence ( = pluperf. subj.):
Demaratus cum audiret dominationem Cypseli confirmari, defugit patriam ( = cum audivisset),
Cic. Rep. 2, 19, 34; Caes. B. G. 5, 17 et saep.—
(β).
Where both verbs relate to one transaction, especially in remarks and replies:
(Epaminondas) cum gravi vulnere exanimari se videret, quaesivit salvusne esset clipeus, etc.,
Cic. Fin. 2, 30, 97:
cum ex eo quaereretur quid esset dolus magnus, respondebat, etc.,
id. Off. 3. 14, 60; id. Or. 2, 69, 278; id. Rosc. Am. 25, 70; Liv. 3, 71, 4 et saep.—
(γ).
When the principal action takes place during the action of the dependent clause:
qui cum unum jam et alterum diem desideraretur, neque in eis locis inveniretur... liberti Asuvii in eum invadunt, etc.,
Cic. Clu. 13, 38.—
5.
For the perf. indic. instead of pluperf. subj. v. C. 1. d. infra.
C.
In adverbial clauses of coincident time dependent on preterites ( = eo tempore quo), the clause with cum designating the time at which or during which the main action took place, when, as, while.[The theory of the use of tenses and moods in these clauses is not fully settled. The older grammarians require the indicative if cum denotes pure time, but the subjunctive if denoting cause or relations similar to cause. Zumpt and others acknowledge that the rule is frequently not observed, attributing this to the predilection of the Latin language for the subjunctive. Recently Hoffmann (Zeitpartikeln der Lateinischen Sprache, 1st ed. 1860; 2d ed. 1873) and Lubbert (Syntax von Quom, 1870) have advanced the theory that cum requires the indicative if denoting absolute time, but the subjunctive if denoting relative time. They define absolute time as time co-ordinate or parallel with, or logically independent of, the time of the principal action, which performs the function of a chronological date for the principal action, and they consider it as a criterion that the clause might have constituted an independent sentence; while relative time is logically subordinate to the principal action. Hoffmann condenses his theory in the following words: cum with indicative names and describes the time at which the action of the principal sentence took place; cum with the subjunctive, on the contrary, designates the point of time at which, or the space of time during which, the action expressed in the principal sentence commenced or ended. The chief objections to this theory are: (1) Its vagueness.—(2) The facts that in many instances cum with the subjunctive clearly dates the main action (C. 3. a. b, 2, and 4.; C. 3. a. 5.; C. 3. b. b, 3. and 5.; C. 3. b. g infra); that many of the subjunctive clauses with cum may be transformed into independent sentences (C. 3. b. b, 2. and 3. infra); that many indicative clauses with cum are logically subordinate to the main action (C. 3. a. a, 2. infra), and that when both moods are used in two co-ordinated clauses with cum belonging to the same main sentence, Hoffmann must account for the difference of the moods by explanations not drawn from his theory (Cic. Agr. 2, 64, 64; id. Clu. 30, 83; id. Div. 1, 43, 97; id. Fin. 2, 19, 61; id. de Or. 67, 272; Caes. B. C. 2, 17; Liv. 6, 40, 17; 30, 44, 10).—(3) The impossibility of clearly drawing the line between logical co-ordination and subordination; and the fact that, wherever it is drawn, there will be many passages not accounted for (cf. 1. init. and many passages under C. 3. a. a, 3.; C. 3. a. d; C. 3. b. g, etc.).—(4) That the supposed use of cum with the imperfect indicative is inconsistent with the received doctrine that the imperfect always designates a time relative to another time—a difficulty not satisfactorily met by Hoffman's assumption of an aoristic imperfect.]GENERAL RULE.—The predicate after cum is in the perfect indicative (or historical present) if the action is conceived as a point of time coincident with the time of the main action. It is either in the imperfect indicative or in the imperfect subjunctive if the action is conceived as occupying a period of time within which the main action took place (e. g.:
quid enim meus frater ab arte adjuvari potuit, cum... furem se videre respondit? Quid in omni oratione Crassus... cum pro Cn. Plancio diceret?
Cic. de Or. 2, 54, 220;
where dicebat might stand for diceret, but not responderet for respondit: cum ad tribum Polliam ventum est, et praeco cunctaretur, etc.,
Liv. 29, 37, 8; cf.:
cum tecum Ephesi collocutus sum,
Cic. Fam. 13, 55, 1; and:
cum te Puteolis prosequerer,
id. ib. 3, 10, 8: cum primum lex coepta ferri est, Liv 3, 14, 4; and: cum [p. 492] ferretur lex, id. 5, 30, 4;
also,
Cic. Fam. 4, 3, 1, and Liv. 3, 58, 7).
1.
Both predicates in the perf. indic. (or histor. pres.), both clauses denoting points of time (the principal predicate may be in any verbal form implying a perfect).
a.
The clause expressing a momentary action:
posticulum hoc recepit quom aedis vendidit, Flaut. Trin. 1, 2, 157: scilicet qui dudum tecum venit cum pallam mihi Detulisti,
id. Men. 2, 3, 46; prol. 62; id. Poen. 4, 2, 82; id. Ep. 2, 2, 33; Ter. Hec. 4, 1, 57; id. Heaut. 2, 3, 21 et saep.:
non tum cum emisti fundum Tusculanum, in leporario apri fuerunt,
Varr. R. R. 3, 3, 8:
in judiciis quanta vis esset didicit cum est absolutus,
Cic. Tog. Cand. Fragm. 4:
per tuas statuas vero cum dixit, vehementer risimus,
id. de Or. 2, 59, 242:
cum occiditur Sex. Roscius, (servi) ibidem fuerunt,
id. Rosc. Am. 41, 120; id. Verr. 2, 2, 29, § 70; 1, 4, 11; 2, 2, 66, § 160; 2, 3, 47, § 112; id. Caecin. 29, 85; id. Sest. 55, 157; id. Phil. 2, 9, 21; id. Rep. 6, 22, 24; id. Fam. 9, 15, 2; id. Att. 2, 1, 5 et saep.:
tunc flesse decuit cum adempta sunt nobis arma,
Liv. 3, 55, 10; 10, 6, 8; 28, 42, 14; 42, 46, 1; Vitr. 2, 8, 12; 2, 1, 7; 2, 9, 15;
6, 7, 4: semel dumtaxat vultum mutavit, tunc cum... anulum in profundum dejecit,
Val. Max. 6, 9, 6; 8, 8, ext. 1; 9, 1, ext. 1;
9, 8, 1: rerum natura... cum visum est deinde, (filium tuum) repetiit,
Sen. Cons. Polyb. 10, 4; 11, 2; id. Q. N. 1, 11, 3; 6, 25, 4:
accepimus et serpentem latrasse cum pulsus est regno Tarquinius,
Plin. 8, 41, 63, § 153; 2, 24, 22, § 90; 2, 52, 53, § 139; Suet. Claud. 21; Hor. S. 2, 3, 61; Ov. Tr. 5, 11, 8; Tib. 3, 5, 18; Mart. 5, 49, 9.—So, cum primum, when first, the first time that, as soon as:
jube vinum dari: jam dudum factum'st quom primum bibi,
Plaut. As. 5, 2, 40; id. Cas. prol. 17; Ter. Hec. alt. prol. 31; id. And. prol. 1; id. Eun. 3, 3, 4:
Pompeius cum primum contionem habuit... ostendit, etc.,
Cic. Verr. 1, 15, 45; id. Fam. 2, 9, 1; Liv. 3, 55, 10; 25, 6, 2; 25, 29, 4; 31, 3, 1; 40, 8, 1; 42, 34, 3; Curt. 6, 11, 23; but with imperf. subj. when referring to a per. of time:
ipse cum primum pabuli copia esse inciperet, ad exercitum venit,
Caes. B. G. 2, 2.—In the poets and later writers, the imperf. subj. often occurs where classic prose has the perf. indic.:
effice ut idem status sit cum exigis qui fuit cum promitterem,
Sen. Ben. 4, 39, 4:
tum lacrimare debueras cum equo calcaria subderes,
Curt. 7, 2, 6; Suet. Claud. 6; Ov. P. 4, 12, 28.—
b.
If the clause denotes a state, condition, or action of longer duration, it takes the perf. indic. if asserted as a complete fact without regard to what happened during its progress (virtual point of time):
in quem Juppiter se convertit cum exportavit per mare... Europen,
Varr. R. R. 2, 5, 5:
ne cum in Sicilia quidem (bellum) fuit... pars ejus belli in Italiam ulla pervasit,
Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 2, § 6:
nempe eo (lituo) Romulus regiones direxit tum cum urbem condidit,
id. Div. 1, 17, 30; id. Verr. 2, 3, 54, § 125; id. Lig. 7, 20; id. Rep. 3, 32, 44:
non tibi, cum in conspectu Roma fuit, succurrit? etc.,
Liv. 2, 40, 7; 34, 3, 7; Nep. Iphicr. 2, 4; id. Pelop. 4, 3.—
c.
With perf. indic., by the time when, before, referring to facts which actually occurred before the action of the principal sentence:
ab Anaximandro moniti Lacedaemonii sunt ut urbem... linquerent, quod terrae motus instaret, tum cum... urbs tota corruit,
Cic. Div. 1, 50, 112; Liv. 22, 36, 4; 34, 31, 15; Prop. 2, 32 (3, 30), 53.—
d.
With perf. indic. when actions in immediate sequence are represented as coincident:
ad quem cum accessimus, Appio, subridens, Recipis nos, inquit, etc.,
Varr. R. R. 3, 2, 2:
me primus dolor percussit, Cotta cum est expulsus,
Cic. Brut. 89, 303:
itaque ne tum quidem cum classem perdidisti, Mamertinis navem imperare ausus es,
id. Verr. 2, 5, 23, § 59:
haec cum facta sunt in concilio, magna spe et laetitia omnium discessum est,
Caes. B. C. 3, 87:
cum Thessalos in armis esse nuntiatum est, Ap. Claudium... senatus misit,
Liv. 42, 5, 8:
Gracchus cum ex Sardinia rediit, orationem ad populum habuit,
Gell. 15, 12, 1; Cic. Imp. Pomp. 1, 2; id. Deiot. 6, 17; id. Top. 16, 61; id. Div. 1, 43, 98; id. Fam. 5, 21, 2; Liv. 4, 44, 10; 4, 60, 8; 9, 25, 2; 22, 14, 12; Nep. Dat. 11, 1; Suet. Caes. 31; Gell. 1, 23, 5; Prop. 3, 20, 37 (4, 21, 7).—Hence a perf. indic. in co-ordination with pluperf. subj.: cum sol nocte visus esset... et cum caelum discessisse visum est (decemviri ad libros ire jussi sunt), Cic. Div. 1, 43, 97.—
2.
With a perf. indic. (or histor. pres.), the principal predicate in imperf.
a.
The action falling within the time of the principal predicate:
set Stalagmus quojus erat tunc nationis, quom hinc abit?
Plaut. Capt. 4, 2, 107; id. Rud. 3, 6, 9; Ter. Eun. 2, 3, 51:
haec Crassi oratio cum edita est, quattuor et triginta tum habebat annos, etc.,
Cic. Brut. 43, 161:
eo cum venio, praetor quiescebat,
id. Verr. 2, 4, 14, § 32; 2, 5, 69, § 178; id. Fl. 13, 20; id. Pis. 1, 2; id. Lig. 1, 3; id. Phil. 2, 21, 52; 3, 4, 11; id. Fam. 13, 35, 2; id. Att. 6, 1, 13:
cum Caesari in Galliam venit, alterius factionis principes erant Aedui, alterius Sequani,
Caes. B. G. 6, 12; Sall. J. 71, 1:
cum haec accepta clades est, jam C. Horatius et T. Menenius consules erant,
Liv. 2, 51, 1; 21, 39, 4; 23, 49, 5; 28, 27, 14; 34, 16, 6;
45, 39, 1: merito me non adgnoscis, nam cum hoc factum est, integer eram,
Sen. Ben. 5, 24, 3.—Post-class. writers generally use imperf. subj.:
beneficium ei videberis dedisse cui tunc inimicissimus eras cum dares?
Sen. Ben. 5, 19, 7:
bona quoque, quae tunc habuit cum damnaretur, publicabuntur,
Dig. 28, 18, § 1:
pauper Fabricius (erat) Pyrrhi cum sperneret aurum,
Claud. IV. Cons. Hon. 413.—
b.
The action strictly anterior to the principal sentence, rare (1. d.): nam quod conabar cum interventum'st dicere, nunc expedibo, Pac. ap. Non. p. 505, 3 (Trag. Rel. v. 65 Rib.):
cum est ad nos adlatum de temeritate eorum, etc., cetera mihi facillima videbantur... multaque mihi veniebant in mentem, etc.,
Cic. Fam. 3, 10, 1; Sall. C. 51, 32; Verg. A. 6, 515; id. E. 3, 14.—
3.
The predicate after cum conceived as a period or space of time (including repeated action) is either in the imperf. indic. or imperf. subj. [In ante-classical writers and Cicero the imperf. indic. very frequent, and largely prevailing over the subj., except that when the principal predicate denotes a point of time (with perf.), Cicero commonly uses the subj.; the imperf. indic. occurs in Cicero 241 times; in Caesar once with the force of a relativeclause (B. G. 1, 40, 5), and 3 times of repeated action; in Nep. once of repeated action (Att. 9, 6); in Sall. twice (J. 31, 20; id. H. 1, 48, 6 Dietsch); in Liv. 22 times; in Verg. 4 times; in Ovid twice; in Tib. twice; in Prop. 3 times; in Val. Max. twice; then it disappears (except once each in Tac. and Mart.), but reappears in Gaius (3 times), Gellius (twice), and the Gallic panegyrists (several times)].
a.
Both predicates denoting spaces of time, the principal predicate always in the imperf. indic. unless the mood is changed by other influences.
(α).
Cum with the imperf. indic. (1) In express or implied opposition to other periods of time, esp. with tum or tunc:
eademne erat haec disciplina tibi quom tu adulescens eras?
Plaut. Bacch. 3, 3, 17:
alium esse censes nunc me atque olim quom dabam?
Ter. And. 3, 3, 13; Plaut. Capt. 2, 1, 50; id. Most. 1, 3, 64; id. Mil. 2, 2, 26; Ter. And. 1, 1, 69; Enn. ap. Cic. Brut. 19, 76 (Ann. v. 222 Vahl.):
qui cum plures erant, paucis nobis exaequari non poterant, hi postquam pauciores sunt, etc.,
Auct. Her. 4, 18, 25:
qui (Pompeius) cum omnes Caesarem metuebamus ipse eum diligebat, postquam ille metuere coepit, etc.,
Cic. Att. 8, 1, 4:
res per eosdem creditores per quos cum tu aderas agebatur,
id. Fam. 1, 1, 1 (cf.:
Senatus consultum factum est de ambitu in Afranii sententiam quam ego dixeram cum tu adesses,
id. Q. Fr. 2, 9, 3):
Trebellium valde jam diligit: oderat tum cum ille tabulis novis adversabatur,
id. Phil. 6, 4, 11:
non tam id sentiebam cum fruebar, quam tunc cum carebam,
id. Red. Quir. 1, 3:
etenim tunc esset hoc animadvertendum cum classis Syracusis proficiebatur,
id. Verr. 2, 5, 43, § 111 (so 111 times in Cicero, including the instances where the principal predicate is in the perf.):
cum captivis redemptio negabatur, nos vulgo homines laudabant, nunc deteriore condicione sumus, etc.,
Liv. 25, 6, 14; 10, 7, 2; 33, 34, 3; 34, 4, 10; 44, 36, 8; 45, 38, 1; Ov. P. 2, 6, 9; id. M. 13, 473; Val. Max. 6, 3, 1; 4, 1, 10; Mart. 12, 70, 10; Gai Inst. 1, 184; Eum. Grat. Act. 6; cf.: cur eum, cum in consilium iretur, Cluentius et Canutius abesse patiebantur? Cur cum in consilium mittebant, Stajenum judicem qui pecuniam dederant, non requirebant? Cic. Clu. 30, 83 (cum iretur, of the time when the judges retired; cum mittebant, of the previous time, when the parties were asked about the closing of the case; opp. cum iretur).—Poets, even in the class. per., sometimes use the subj. in dependence upon the indic.:
hic subito quantus cum viveret esse solebat, Exit humo,
Ov. M. 13, 441. —(2) The principal predicate denoting a mental act or reflection occasioned by, or accompanying the action of the clause with cum (mostly ante-class. and in Cicero):
desipiebam mentis cum illa scripta mittebam tibi,
Plaut. Ep. 1, 2, 35; id. Aul. 2, 2, 1; id. Ps. 1, 5, 86:
sed tu cum et tuos amicos in provinciam quasi in praedam invitabas, et cum eis praedabare, et... non statuebas tibi rationem esse reddendam?
Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 11, § 29:
illas res tantas cum gerebam, non mihi mors, non exsilium ob oculos versabatur?
id. Sest. 21, 47; id. Cat. 3, 1, 3; 3, 7, 16; id. Verr. 2, 2, 10, § 26; 2, 2, 13, § 33; 2, 2, 35, § 86; 2, 3, 86, § 198; 2, 5, 21, § 54; id. Fl. 1, 1; id. Deiot. 1, 3; 8, 23; id. Pis. 24, 56 and 57; id. Ac. 2, 28, 89; id. Or. 13, 41; id. Tusc. 2, 15, 43; id. Fam. 7, 9, 5 (22 times); Sall. H. 1, 48, 6 Dietsch (cf.:
num P. Decius cum se devoveret, et equo admisso in mediam aciem Latinorum inruebat, aliquid... cogitabat?
Cic. Fin. 2, 19, 61; cum se devoveret explains the circumstances of inruebat; hence acc. to 3. a. b, 2. in subj.; cf. Madv. ad loc., who reads devoverat).—(3) If the predicate after cum has a meaning peculiar to the imperf. indic., which by the use of the subj. would be effaced: quod erat os tuum, cum videbas eos homines, quorum ex bonis istum anulus aureus donabas? (descriptive imperf.) Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 80, § 187; so,
fulgentis gladios hostium videbant Decii, cum in aciem eorum inruebant,
id. Tusc. 2, 24, 59: cum de plebe consulem non accipiebat ( = accipere nolebat, conative imperf.), id. Brut. 14, 55:
cum vim quae esset in sensibus explicabamus, etc.,
id. Ac. 2, 12, 37 (the verbum dicendi refers to a certain stage in the discourse, for which Cicero uses the imperf. indic. in independent sentences, e. g. N. D. 3, 29, 71; 3, 6, 15; de Or. 1, 53, 230; 2, 19, 83; 2, 84, 341); so,
equidem... risum vix tenebam, cum Attico Lysiae Catonem nostrum comparabas,
id. Brut. 8, 293:
cum censebam,
id. de Or. 1, 62, 264:
cum dicebam,
id. Fam. 6, 1, 5:
cum ponebas,
id. Fin. 2, 19, 63; so esp. in Cicero's letters the phrase cum haec scribebam = while I am writing this, to preserve the meaning of an epistolary tense, referring to a state, condition, or action in progress at the time of writing the letter:
res, cum haec scribebam, erat in extremum adducta discrimen,
id. Fam. 12, 6, 2; 3, 12, 2; 5, 12, 2; 6, 4, 1; id. Att. 5, 20, 5 et saep.; cum haec scriberem, scripsissem, scripsi, are not epistolary tenses, but refer to events happening after the letter or part of it was finished, = when I wrote, had written, id. ib. 2, 15, 3; 10, 4, 7; 4, 10, 2; id. Q. Fr. 3, 1, 6, § 19; Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 6, 5; 8, 13, 2;
sometimes cum dabam = cum scribebam,
Cic. Fam. 12, 16, 3 (but cf.:
cum scriberem, as epistolary tense, in oblique discourse,
id. Att. 15, 13, 7).—(4) The coincidence in time of two actions is made emphatic, = eo ipso tempore quo:
tum cum insula Delos... nihil timebat, non modo provinciis sed etiam Appia via jam carebamus,
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 18, 55; id. Phil. 1, 15, 36; 13, 8, 17; id. Sull. 10, 31; id. Tusc. 2, 8, 20; id. Off. 3, 27, 100; id. Dom. 45, 118.—
(β).
The predicate after cum is in the imperf. subj. (1) To impart to the clause a causal, adversative or concessive meaning besides the temporal relation:
antea cum equester ordo judicaret, improbi magistratus in provinciis inserviebant publicanis (a logical consequence),
Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 41, § 94:
sed cum jam honores (Hortensii) et illa senior auctoritas gravius quiddam requireret, remanebat idem (dicendi genus) nec decebat idem,
id. Brut. 95, 327; id. Phil. 1, 1, 1; id. Rosc. Am. 15, 42; 16, 45; id. Pis. 10, 2; Liv. 25, 13, 1; 26, 5, 1.—(2) To indicate circumstances under which the main action took place, and by which it is explained:
Flaminius, cum tripudio auspicaretur, pullarius diem differebat, etc.,
Cic. Div. 1, 35, 77: [p. 493] equidem cum peterem magistratum, solebam in prensando dimittere a me Scaevolam, id. de Or. 1, 24, 112; id. Inv. 2, 17, 52; Liv. 41, 1, 2 (cf. 3. b. b, 3.).—(3) To describe the locality of the main action: quom essem in provincia legatus, quam plures ad praetores et consules vinum honorarium dabant, Cato ap. Isid. Orig. 20, 3, 8:
Zenonem cum Athenis essem audiebam frequenter,
Cic. N. D. 1, 21, 59; 1, 28, 79; id. Tusc. 2, 14, 34; id. Fam. 3, 8, 5; id. Att. 2, 11, 1; 12, 5, 4; 16, 14, 1; id. Verr. 2, 4, 12, § 29; Liv. 5, 54, 3 (cf. 3. b. b, 4.).—(4) To designate the time of the main action as a condition:
cum ageremus vitae supremum diem, scribebamus hoc,
Cic. Fin. 4, 27, 54:
cum jam in exitu annus esset, Q. Marcius... magistratu abiturus erat,
Liv. 39, 23, 1 (cf. 3. b. b, 5.).—
(γ).
If both the clause with cum and the principal predicate denote repeated action, the predicate with cum in class. prose is in the imperf. indic. or subj. according to the rules under a and b; the principal predicate being always in the imperf. indic.; but in ante-class. writers cum has always the imperf. indic. (1) Imperf. indic.:
tum mi aedes quoque arridebant, quom ad te veniebam, tuae,
Plaut. As. 1, 3, 55; id. Am. 1, 1, 45; id. Rud. 4, 7, 25 sqq.; Ter. Eun. 2, 3, 19; Cinc. de Re Mil. ap. Gell. 16, 4, 5; Asell. ap. Gell. 2, 13, 4; Cic. Att. 2, 7, 4; id. Verr. 2, 2, 13, § 34; Caes. B. C. 1, 79, 2; Gai Inst. 2, 101; Pacat. Pan. 9 fin.:
cum a nostro Catone laudabar vel reprehendi me a ceteris facile patiebar,
Cic. Or. 13, 41; so Nep. Att. 9, 6.—To distinguish from adversative relations, as Cic. Rosc. Com. 3, 9; id. Att. 12, 39, 2; id. de Or. 1, 14, 62; Caes. B. C. 3, 44, 6; Gai Inst. 2, 254.—If only the clause with cum, but not the principal predicate, denotes repeated action, the latter is in the perf., the former in imperf. indic., Caes. B. C. 2, 17; Cic. Arch. 5, 10.—(2) Imperf. subj., mostly denoting circumstances to explain the main action: cum dilectus antiquitus fieret... tribunus militaris adigebat, etc., Cinc. de Re Mil. ap. Gell. 16, 4, 2:
Hortensius cum partiretur tecum causas, prorogandi locum semper tibi relinquebat,
Cic. Brut. 51, 190; id. Div. 1, 45, 102; id. de Or. 1, 54, 232; id. Brut. 62, 222; Liv. 3, 66, 2; 5, 25, 12:
ex hoc effectos panes, cum in colloquiis Pompeiani famem nostris objectarent, vulgo in eos jaciebant (causal),
Caes. B. C. 3, 48; Cic. Fin. 2, 19, 62; so,
according to class. usage,
Sen. Ep. 86, 11; Curt. 5, 2, 7; 6, 5, 18; 7, 3, 13; Suet. Caes. 65;
contrary to class. usage,
Val. Max. 3, 6, 6; Sen. Ep. 30, 7; 77, 8; Tac. H. 2, 91; Spart. Had. 18. —
(δ).
In other instances (which are rare), both moods occur, either without any discrimination, or for special reasons. (1) Ante-class.:
nam quom modo exibat foras, ad portum se aibat ire,
Plaut. Rud. 2, 2, 2. —(2) Class.:
ut, cum L. Opimii causam defendebat, C. Carbo nihil de Gracchi nece negabat, sed id jure factum esse dicebat,
Cic. de Or. 2, 25, 106 (cf.:
nuper cum ego C. Sergii Oratae... causam defenderem, nonne omnis nostra in jure versata defensio est?
id. ib. 1, 39, 178; in each of these sentences the clause with cum sustains exactly the same relation to the principal predicate; but the former has the imperf. in the principal sentence, and in this connection Cic. prefers the indic. after cum):
similiter arbitror... illum (oratorem) de toto illo genere non plus quaesiturum esse, quid dicat, quam Polycletum illum, cum Herculem fingebat, quem ad modum pellem aut hydram fingeret (fingebat, for euphony, in view of the foll. fingeret),
id. de Or. 2, 16, 70; cf.:
nec vero ille artifex cum faceret Jovis formam... contemplabatur aliquem, e quo similitudinem duceret,
id. Or. 2, 9.—Without assignable reason:
casu, cum legerem tuas litteras, Hirtius erat apud me,
Cic. Att. 15, 1, 2; cf.:
Hasdrubal tum forte cum haec gerebantur, apud Syphacem erat,
Liv. 29, 31, 1:
cum haec Romae agebantur, Chalcide Antiochus ipse sollicitabat civitatium animos, etc.,
id. 36, 5, 1; cf.:
cum haec in Hispania gererentur, comitiorum jam appetebat dies,
id. 35, 8, 1 (Weissenb. gerebantur):
cum haec agebantur, Chalcide erat Antiochus,
id. 36, 15, 1; cf.:
cum haec agerentur jam consul via Labicana ad fanum Quietis erat,
id. 4, 41, 8; 35, 2, 1.—(3) PostAug. writers almost always use imperf. subj., disregarding the class. usage: ipsa fruebatur arte cum pingeret (cf. a, 2.), Sen. Ep. 9, 7; id. Cons. Marc. 23, 3; Plin. Pan. 34:
tunc erat mendacio locus cum ignota essent externa... nunc vero, etc. (opposition of times),
Sen. Q. N. 4, 2, 24; so id. Ep. 97, 9; Mart. 2, 61, 1; cf. Don. ad Ter. And. 3, 3, 13 (3. a. a, 1. supra):
cum haec proderem habebant et Caesares juvenes sturnum, etc.,
Plin. 10, 41, 59, § 120.—
b.
If the principal predicate denotes a point of time, and the predicate with cum a period of time, the former is in the perf. indic. unless changed by construction; the latter
(α).
In the imperf. indic., according to the rules a. a, except 2. (1) When the time of the cum clause is opposed to other periods of time:
res quom animam agebat tum esse offusam oportuit,
Plaut. Trin. 4, 3, 85; id. Truc. 4, 2, 20; id. Ep. 3, 3, 50 (3, 4, 21); id. Most. 5, 1, 68:
quod cum res agebatur nemo in me dixit, id tot annis post tu es inventus qui diceres?
Cic. Phil. 2, 9, 22; id. Rep. 2, 23, 43; id. Div. 1, 41, 92; 1, 45, 101; id. Ac. 2, 28, 90; id. Quint. 19, 60; 17, 54; 19, 61; id. Verr. 2, 3, 90, § 210 et saep.; Liv. 22, 60, 25; Verg. A. 4, 597; Tib. 1, 10, 8; 1, 10, 19; Prop. 2, 1, 31; 5 (4), 10, 24.—The subj. may be used if the principal action is represented as a consequence or result:
o, Astaphium, haut isto modo solita's me ante appellare, Sed blande, quom illuc quod aput vos nunc est, aput me haberem,
Plaut. Truc. 1, 2, 60 (Lubbert conjectures habebam); Cic. Off. 2, 1, 2 and 3; id. Fin. 4, 27, 54; id. Rosc. Am. 4, 11; id. Verr. 2, 3, 57, § 130; id. Mur. 3, 8; Liv. 5, 53, 9; 10, 6, 9; 43, 21, 1;
44, 39, 7.— Hence the mood may change in co-ordinate clauses: tum, cum haberet haec res publica Luscinos, Calatinos, etc., homines... patientia paupertatis ornatos, et tum, cum erant Catones, Phili, etc., tamen hujusce modi res commissa nemini est (haberet, concessive),
Cic. Agr. 2, 24, 64.—(2) To make emphatic the coincidence of time, = eo ipso tempore (a. a, 4.):
cum is triumphus de Liguribus agebatur, Ligures... coloniam ipsam ceperunt,
Liv. 41, 14, 1; Cic. Sest. 26, 56; id. Phil. 2, 36, 90; id. Div. 2, 1, 3; id. Verr. 2, 5, 37, § 97; id. Att. 1, 4, 1.—(3) To preserve the peculiar force of the imperf. indic. (a. a, 3.): cum iste jam decedebat, ejus modi litteras ad eos misit, etc. (conative imperf.), Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 70, § 172:
cum Africanus censor tribu movebat centurionem... inquit,
id. de Or. 2, 67, 272 (cf.:
cum (censor) M. Antistio equum ademisset,
id. ib. 2, 71, 287).—
(β).
With the imperf. subj. (1) Always when cum means while (time during which): quomque caput caderet, carmen tuba sola peregit et, etc., Enn. ap. Lact. ad Stat. Th. 11, 56 (Ann. v. 508 Vahl.):
magistratus quom ibi adesset, occepta'st agi,
Ter. Eun. prol. 22 (Lubbert conjectures adsedit); Enn. ap. Macr. S. 6, 1 (Ann. v. 106 Vahl.):
Alexandrum uxor sua, cum simul cubaret, occidit,
Cic. Inv. 2, 49, 144:
armati, cum sui utrosque adhortarentur... in medium inter duas acies procedunt,
Liv. 1, 25, 1; Varr. R. R. 2, 81; Auct. Her. 4, 52, 65; Cic. Brut. 3, 10; id. Clu. 62, 175; Caes. B. G. 2, 19; id. B. C. 3, 57; Liv. 1, 30, 8; 10, 30, 3 et saep.—(2) To connect a logical (causal, etc.) relation with the temporal meaning (a. b, 1.):
cum ille Romuli senatus... temptaret ut ipse gereret sine rege rem publicam, populus id non tulit,
Cic. Rep. 2, 12, 23:
an pater familiarissimis suis succensuit cum Sullam et defenderent et laudarent? (causal),
id. Sull. 17, 49:
tum cum bello sociorum tota Italia arderet, homo non acerrimus... C. Norbanus in summo otio fuit (concessive),
id. Verr. 2, 5, 4, § 8:
quibus rebus cum unus in civitate maxime floreret, incidit in eandem invidiam, etc. (adversative),
Nep. Cim. 3, 1:
sed cum jam appropinquantium forma lemborum haud dubia esset... tunc injecta trepidatio est,
Liv. 44, 28, 10; Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 90, § 211; id. Clu. 31, 84; id. Mur. 3, 8; id. Phil. 3, 2, 3; id. Tusc. 1, 2, 4; Auct. Her. 4, 24, 33; Caes. B. C. 2, 7; Liv. 25, 9, 10; 21, 41, 12.—(3) To explain the main fact by circumstances:
quem quidem hercle ego, in exilium quom iret, redduxi domum,
Plaut. Merc. 5, 4, 19:
consule me, cum esset designatus tribunus, obtulit in discrimen vitam suam,
Cic. Sest. 28, 61:
haec epistula est, quam nos, in aedibus Apronii cum litteras conquireremus, invenimus,
id. Verr. 2, 3, 66, § 154: Socrates, cum XXX. tyranni essent, pedem porta non extulit, id. Att. 8, 2, 4:
Brundusii cum loquerer cum Phania, veni in eum sermonem ut dicerem, etc.,
id. Fam. 3, 5, 3:
itaque, cum populum in curias triginta divideret, nomina earum (Sabinarum) curiis imposuit,
Liv. 1, 13, 6:
Ap. Claudius, ovans cum in urbem iniret, decem milia pondo argenti, etc., in aerarium tulit,
id. 41, 28, 6; Cic. Clu. 20, 55; id. Phil. 12, 8, 20; id. Scaur. 47; id. Inv. 2, 31, 96; id. Tusc. 2, 22, 53; id. Div. 1, 52, 119; id. Off. 2, 8, 27; id. Or. 2, 55, 225 sq.; id. Fam. 1, 9, 13; 6, 6, 5; Liv. 1, 39, 4; 3, 63, 6; 4, 53, 11 et saep.—(4) To describe the place of the main action (a. a, 3.):
cum essem in castris ad fluvium Pyramum, redditae mihi sunt uno tempore a te epistulae duae,
Cic. Fam. 3, 11, 1;
so with cum essem (essemus, etc.),
id. ib. 2, 19, 1; 3, 4, 1; 13, 56, 1; id. Att. 1, 10, 1; 14, 19, 1; id. Ac. 1, 1, 1; id. Rep. 1, 39, 61; Varr. R. R. 3, 13; Caes. B. G. 4, 11 et saep.:
Eumenes rex ab Roma cum in regnum rediret... mactatus est ( = on the journey),
Liv. 42, 40, 8:
Agesilaus cum ex Aegypto reverteretur... in morbum implicitus decessit,
Nep. Ages. 8, 6.—The perf. indic. (cum fui, etc.) refers to temporary visits to a place:
Gallo narravi, cum proxime Romae fui, quid audissem,
Cic. Att. 13, 49, 2:
proxime cum in patria mea fui, venit ad me, etc.,
Plin. Ep. 4, 13, 3.—(5) To designate the time by natural occurrences (a. a, 4.):
ipsi comprehensi a me, cum jam dilucesceret, deducuntur,
Cic. Cat. 3, 3, 6:
cum advesperasceret, cum lucesceret,
id. Fam. 15, 4, 8:
cum lux appropinquaret,
id. Tull. 9, 21:
cum dies instaret,
id. Inv. 2, 31, 96:
cum comitiorum tempus adpeteret,
Liv. 28, 10, 1:
cum dies comitiorum adpropinquaret,
id. 3, 34, 7; 10, 13, 2.—But when a date is given as a point of time, the perf. indic. is used:
cum ea dies venit,
Liv. 4, 44, 10; 6, 20, 4.—(6) When the action of the cum clause is interrupted or ended by the main action:
cum hanc jam epistulam complicarem, tabellarii a vobis venerunt, etc.,
Cic. Q. Fr. 3, 1, 5, § 17:
L. Octavius, cum multas jam causas diceret, adulescens est mortuus,
id. Brut. 68, 241:
cum plures jam tribus dicto esse audientem pontifici duumvirum juberent... ultimum de caelo quod comitia turbaret intervenit,
Liv. 40, 42, 10:
cum maxime conquereretur apud patres... repente strepitus ante curiam... auditur,
id. 8, 33, 4:
haec cum maxime dissereret, intervenit Tarquinius,
id. 1, 50, 7;
so with cum maxime,
Cic. Fam. 1, 5, a, 2; Liv. 23, 24, 6; 30, 33, 12.—(7) If the clause with cum has the force of a participial adjunct of the principal predicate (cum diceret = dicens, or dicendo):
Caesarem saepe accusavit, cum adfirmaret illum numquam, dum haec natio viveret, sine cura futurum ( = adfirmans, or adfirmando),
Cic. Sest. 63, 132:
Antigonus in proelio, cum adversus Seleucum dimicaret, occisus est ( = dimicans),
Nep. Reg. 3, 2:
impulit ut cuperem habere, cum diceret,
Varr. R. R. 3, 2, 8; Cic. Q. Fr. 2, 9 (11), 3; id. Clu. 42, 119; 56, 153; id. pro Corn. Maj. Fragm. 16; id. Mil. 5, 12; id. de Or. 1, 57, 243; id. Or. 37, 129; id. Fin. 1, 5, 16; id. Inv. 2, 34, 105; Val. Max. 1, 2, ext. 1; Ov. P. 1, 9, 42.—(8) In the historians, in a summary reference to events already related:
cum haec in Achaia atque apud Dyrrhachium gererentur... Caesar mittit, etc.,
Caes. B. C. 3, 57:
cum civitas in opere ac labore adsiduo reficiendae urbis teneretur, interim Q. Fabio... dicta dies est,
Liv. 6, 1, 6:
cum hic status in Boeotia esset, Perseus... misit,
id. 42, 56, 10; 33, 36, 1; 34, 22, 3; 38, 8, 1; 42, 64, 1; 45, 11, 1.—
(γ).
In all other cases the imperf. subj. is regularly used in class. prose, even if the action of the clause with cum is logically independent of the principal sentence:
illum saepe audivi, hic, cum ego judicare jam aliquid possem, abfuit,
Cic. Brut. 71, 248: senatus consultum est factum de ambitu in Afranii sententiam, in quam ego dixeram, cum tu adesses. id. Q. Fr. 2, 7 (9), 3; so always (class.) with cum maxime, precisely when, just when:
cum maxime haec in senatu agerentur, Canuleius... (ad populum) ita disseruit,
Liv. 4, 3, 1:
cum maxime Capua circumvallaretur, Syracusarum oppugnatio ad finem venit,
id. 25, 23, 1.—In a very few instances the imperf. indic. occurs without apparent reason: an vero cum honos agebatur familiae vestrae... succensuit [p. 494] pater tuus cum Sullam defenderent (probably to distinguish the two cum clauses), Cic. Sull. 17, 49 (cf.:
cum jus amicitiae, societatis, adfinitatis ageretur, cum, etc., eo tempore tu non modo non... retulisti, sed ne ipse quidem, etc.,
id. Quint. 16, 53):
ille versus, qui in te erat collatus cum aedilitatem petebas,
id. Q. Fr. 1, 3, 8:
cum ex oppido exportabatur (Dianae statua) quem conventum mulierum factum esse arbitramini?... Quid hoc tota Sicilia est clarius quam omnes convenisse cum Diana exportaretur ex oppido? etc.,
id. Verr. 2, 4, 35, § 77.—Poets and post-class. writers frequently disregard the class. usage, the former by using either mood instead of the other, the latter by the un-Ciceronian use of the subj.; v. Prop. 2, 9, 15; 5 (4), 4, 10; Tib. 1, 10, 16; Verg. A. 7, 148; 12, 735; Mart. 13, 122; Curt. 8, 12, 16; 9, 2, 24; Quint. 11, 1, 89; Plin. 36, 6, 5, § 46; Dig. 28, 1, 22, § 1; Gell. strangely uses an imperf. indic. where class. writers would use a subj.:
sed ego, homines cum considerabam, alterum fidei, alterum probri plenum, nequaquam adduci potui ad absolvendum,
Gell. 14, 2, 10; cf.:
cum secum reputavit,
Tac. A. 15, 54.
D.
In adverbial clauses denoting identity of action (if the principal sentence and the clause with cum denote not different actions, but one action, which, expressed by the latter clause, is by the principal sentence defined in its meaning and import, the clause with cum always takes the indic., except once or twice post-class., and almost always the same tense as the principal sentence), when, by, in, etc.
1.
The predicate in present:
amice facis Quom me laudas,
Plaut. Most. 3, 2, 31; id. Poen. 3, 2, 12; 3, 5, 15; Ter. And. prol. 18; id. Ad. 1, 2, 16 et saep.:
bene facitis cum venitis,
Auct. Her. 4, 50, 63:
quae cum taces, nulla esse concedis,
Cic. Rosc. Am. 19, 54; 21, 58; id. Clu. 47, 132; Liv. 25, 6, 5 et saep.—
2.
With fut. (rare):
cum igitur proferent aliquid hujusmodi... inventum proferent,
Cic. Inv. 1, 40, 75; id. Fl. 39, 99; Plin. Ep. 7, 24, 9.—
3.
With fut. perf. (rare):
quod cum dederis, illud dederis ut is absolvatur,
Cic. Div. in Caecil. 7, 23; id. Lig. 12, 36; id. Part. Or. 39; Auct. Her. 4, 30, 41.—
4.
With perf.:
fecisti furtum quom istaec flagitia me celavisti et patrem,
Plaut. Bacch. 1, 2, 60; 1, 2, 52; id. Cas. 4, 4, 18 (22); id. Capt. 2, 3, 52; Ter. Phorm. prol. 32 et saep.:
loco ille motus est cum ex urbe est depulsus,
Cic. Cat. 2, 1, 1; id. Verr. 2, 5, 23, § 59; id. Fam. 11, 29, 2; id. Rosc. Am. 14, 39; Liv. 5, 49, 8; 9, 8, 4; Val. Max. 3, 7, ext. 1; Curt. 6, 10, 9; Quint. 1, 10, 47 et saep.—
5.
With histor. pres.:
Orestes cum se defendit, in matrem confert crimen,
Auct. Her. 1, 15, 25.—
6.
With imperf.:
cum grandiorem aetatem ad consulatum constituebant, adulescentiae temeritatem verebantur,
Cic. Phil. 5, 17, 47; 14, 10, 28; id. Fl. 33, 83; id. Lig. 6, 18; id. Fam. 6, 1, 3; id. Off. 3, 10, 40; id. Sen. 6, 15 et saep.—
7.
Imperf. with perf. ( poet. and post-class.;
very rare): quid quod et ominibus certis prohibebar amori Indulgere meo, tum cum mihi ferre jubenti Excidit et fecit spes nostras cera caducas,
Ov. M. 9, 595 sq.; Val. Max. 9, 1, 5.—
8.
With pluperf. (very rare):
exspectationem nobis non parvam attuleras cum scripseras, etc.,
Cic. Att. 3, 18, 1; id. Sest. 16, 37.—
* 9.
Pluperf. and imperf.:
quod quidem tibi ostenderam cum a me Capuam reiciebam,
Cic. Att. 8, 11, D, 5.—
10.
Imperf. subj. (post-class.):
tunc venena edebat bibebatque, cum immensis epulis non delectaretur tantum, sed gloriaretur,
Sen. Cons. Helv. 10, 10.—
11.
Often relatively added to nouns when a relative clause must be supplied:
illa scelera... cum ejus domum evertisti, cujus, etc.,
which you committed when (by), Cic. Pis. 34, 83; id. Imp. Pomp. 12, 33; id. Verr. 2, 5, 13, § 33; Liv. 5, 3, 4; 23, 9, 11; 29, 17, 9.
E.
In relative clauses, = quo tempore, quo, etc.
1.
Dependent on nouns designating time, the mood follows the general rules of relative clauses.
a.
The principal sentence is a formal statement of indefinite time, with the copula (tempus fuit cum, or fuit cum, analogous to sunt qui, etc.); generally with subj., but sometimes indic., when sunt qui would take this mood.
(α).
With pres. or fut. indic.: nunc est profecto (i. e. tempus), interfici quom perpeti me possum (the ante-class. writers construe sunt qui with indic.), Ter. Eun. 3, 5, 3; id. And. 1, 1, 125:
jam aderit tempus quom sese etiam ipse oderit,
Plaut. Bacch. 3, 3, 12; Ter. Hec. 4, 1, 28.—
(β).
With pres. subj.: nunc est ille dies quom gloria maxima sese nobis ostendat, si vivimus, sive morimur, Enn. ap. Prisc. 10, p. 880 P. (Ann. v. 383 Vahl.); so Plaut. Capt. 3, 3, 1:
erit illud profecto tempus et illucescet aliquando dies cum... amicissimi benevolentiam desideres,
Cic. Mil. 25, 69; Val. Max. 6, 2, 9.—
(γ).
With preterites, indic., Plaut. Truc. 2, 4, 29:
fuit quoddam tempus cum in agris homines bestiarum more vagabantur,
Cic. Inv. 1, 2, 2 (cf.:
fuerunt alia genera qui... dicebant,
id. de Or. 3, 17, 62):
fuit cum hoc dici poterat (potuisset would be hypothetical),
Liv. 7, 32, 13.—
(δ).
With preterites, subj., Ter. Heaut. 5, 4, 1:
quod fuit tempus cum rura colerent homines,
Varr. R. R. 3, 1:
ac fuit cum mihi quoque initium requiescendi concessum arbitrarer,
Cic. Or. 1, 1, 1; so id. Brut. 2, 7; Caes. B. G. 6, 24.—
b.
Attributively with nouns denoting time (tempus, dies, etc.), in ordinary sentences.
(α).
With pres. or fut. indic.:
incidunt saepe tempora cum ea commutantur,
Cic. Off. 1, 10, 31:
longum illud tempus cum non ero, etc.,
id. Att. 12, 8, 1; id. Verr. 2, 5, 69, § 177; id. Quint. 2, 8; id. Sen. 23, 84.—With potential subj., Cic. Att. 3, 3.—
(β).
With past tenses, indic., Plaut. Am. prol. 91; id. rud. 2, 6, 12; Ter. And. 5, 3, 12:
atque ille eo tempore paruit cum parere senatui necesse erat,
Cic. Lig. 7, 20:
memini noctis illius cum... pollicebar,
id. Planc. 42, 101; id. Phil. 2, 18, 45; 2, 35, 88; id. Imp. Pomp. 15, 44; id. Sest. 7, 15; 29, 62; id. Sull. 18, 52; id. Fam. 11, 8, 1; 11, 27, 3; id. de Or. 1, 11, 45; Sall. J. 31, 20; Ov. Tr. 4, 10, 6; Prop. 1, 10, 5; 1, 22, 5; Gell. 1, 23, 2 et saep.—So with nouns implying time:
illa pugna quom, etc. ( = in qua),
Plaut. Poen. 2, 26;
Marcellino Consule, cum ego... putabam ( = anno Marcellini, quo, etc.),
Cic. Att. 9, 9, 4:
patrum nostrorum memoria cum exercitus videbatur ( = tempore quo),
Caes. B. G. 1, 40; Cic. Fam. 13, 1, 2; Liv. 6, 40, 17.—
(γ).
With preterites in subj., Ter. Hec. 4, 4, 30:
accepit enim agrum iis temporibus cum jacerent pretia praediorum,
Cic. Rosc. Com. 12, 33; so id. Off. 2, 19, 65:
numerandus est ille annus cum obmutuisset senatus?
id. Pis. 12, 26; so id. Verr. 2, 4, 35, § 77; id. Rep. 2, 37, 62; id. Font. 3, 6; Liv. 3, 65, 8:
haec scripsi postridie ejus diei cum castra haberem Mopsuhestiae (cf. habebam, as epistolary tense),
Cic. Fam. 3, 8, 10.—If the clause does not define the noun, but is a co-ordinate designation of time, it follows the rule of adverbial clauses:
eodem anno, cum omnia infida Romanis essent, Capuae quoque conjurationes factae,
while, Liv. 9, 26, 5; Cic. Rep. 2, 36, 61; id. de Or. 2, 3, 12; Liv. 8, 15, 1; 1, 41, 6.—
c.
Appositively added to temporal adverbs and to dates (heri, hodie, medius, tertius, olim, antea, quondam, nuper, olim, postea) following the rules of adverbial clauses:
Crassus hodie, cum vos non adessetis, posuit idem, etc.,
Cic. de Or. 2, 10, 41:
omnia quae a te nudius tertius dicta sunt, cum docere velles, etc.,
id. N. D. 3, 7, 18; id. Sest. 48, 103; id. Att. 4, 3, 2; id. Inv. 2, 1, 1; id. Rep. 1, 39, 61; Caes. B. C. 2, 17 et saep.—So with dates (always subj.. except with cum haec scribebam, or dabam):
posteaquam Pompeius apud populum ad VIII. Id. Febr., cum pro Milone diceret, clamore convicioque jactatus est,
Cic. Fam. 1, 5, b, 1; 3, 3, 1; 3, 4, 1; 4, 2, 1; id. Att. 14, 19, 1.—
2.
The principal sentence defines a period of time during which the action of the clause has or had lasted, always with indic., and after the words defining the period, = per quod tempus, when, that, during which, while, etc.
a.
With pres., = Engl. pres. perf.
(α).
With cardinal, definite or indefinite. (1) Time in acc. (ante-class.):
hanc domum Jam multos annos est quom possideo,
that I have been the owner, Plaut. Aul. prol. 4; cf. id. Merc. 3, 1, 37.—(2) Time in nom.:
anni sunt octo cum ista causa in ista meditatione versatur,
Cic. Clu. 30, 82; id. Or. 51, 171; id. Fam. 15, 14, 1; id. Div. 2, 36, 76.—
(β).
With ordinals:
vigesimus annus est, cum omnes scelerati me unum petunt,
Cic. Phil. 12, 10, 24; Verg. A. 5, 627; 3, 646.—
(γ).
With diu:
jam diu'st quom ventri victum non datis,
Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 146; Gell. 1, 25, 12.—
b.
Perf. with negation, the principal predicate in pres. or logical perf., = Engl. pres. perf.:
quia septem menses sunt quom in hasce aedes pedem Nemo intro tetulit,
Plaut. Most. 2, 2, 39; id. Men. 3, 1, 3; Prop. 3, 8, 33 (2, 16, 33. —
c.
With pluperf., the principal predicate in imperf.:
permulti jam anni erant cum inter patricios magistratus tribunosque nulla certamina fuerant,
Liv. 9, 33, 3.—
d.
With imperf., the principal predicate in perf. or pluperf.:
dies triginta aut plus in ea navi fui, Quom interea semper mortem exspectabam miser,
Ter. Hec. 3, 4, 7:
unus et alter dies intercesserat, cum res parum certa videbatur,
Cic. Clu. 26, 72.—
3.
The principal sentence specifying a period of time which has or had elapsed since the action took place, = ex ejus tempore, since or after, always with indic.; the principal predicate pres. or logical perf., cum with perf. indic.
a.
With cardinals.
(α).
Time in acc. (ante-class.):
annos factum'st sedecim Quom conspicatus est primo crepusculo Puellam exponi,
Plaut. Cas. prol. 39; so probably id. Pers. 1, 3, 57; id. Trin. 2, 4, 1; id. Merc. 3, 1, 37.—
(β).
With nom.:
nondum centum et decem anni sunt cum de pecuniis repetundis lata lex est,
Cic. Off. 2, 21, 75; id. Fam. 15, 16, 3; id. Att. 9, 11, A, 2.—
b.
With diu or dudum:
nam illi quidem haut sane diu'st quom dentes exciderunt,
Plaut. Merc. 3, 1, 42; id. As. 2, 1, 3; id. Trin. 4, 3, 3.—
c.
Peculiarly, cum referring to an action which was to be done after a period of time, before, at the end of which:
omnino biduum supererat cum exercitui frumentum metiri oporteret,
Caes. B. G. 1, 23. —
4.
In inverted clauses, the principal sentence determining the time of the clause, cum ( = quo tempore) having the force of a relative; cum with the indic. always following the principal sentence; never in oblique discourse; very freq. in class. and post-class. writings (ante-class. only Plaut. Men. 5, 8, 3; Ter. Hec. 1, 2, 40; id. Eun. 4, 2, 5); principal sentence often with jam, vix, vixdum, nondum, tantum quod, and commodum; cum often with subito, repente, sometimes interim, tamen, etiamtum.
a.
Principal sentence defining time by temporal expressions.
(α).
Principal sentence with pluperf. (1) Cum with perf. or histor. pres.:
dies nondum decem intercesserant cum ille alter filius necatur,
Cic. Clu. 9, 28; id. Verr. 1, 2, 36; id. Or. 2, 21, 89; Ov. M. 9, 715; Plin. Pan. 91, 1.—(2) Cum with histor. inf., Sall. J. 98, 2.—
(β).
Principal sentence with imperf. (1) Cum with perf. or histor. pres.:
nondum lucebat cum Ameriae scitum est,
Cic. Rosc. Am. 34, 97; Liv. 21, 59, 5; 41, 26, 2; 22, 1, 1; 9, 33, 3; 9, 37, 5; Verg. G. 2, 340; Curt. 4, 3, 16; 5, 12, 6 al.—(2) Cum with imperf., Curt. 6, 7, 1.—
(γ).
Principal sentence with perf., cum with perf.:
dies haud multi intercesserunt cum ex Leontinis praesidium... venerunt,
Liv. 24, 29, 1; 40, 48, 4.—
b.
Principal sentence not containing expressions of time; most freq. with pluperf. or imperf. in principal sentence, and perf. or histor. pres. in clause with cum, but (far more rarely) many other combinations occur.
(α).
Principal sentence with imperf., cum with perf.:
non dubitabat Minucius quin, etc., cum repente jubetur dicere,
Cic. Verr. 1, 2, 29, § 72:
jamque hoc facere noctu adparabant cum matres familiae repente... procucurrerunt,
Caes. B. G. 7, 26, 3; Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 14, § 36; Liv. 1, 36, 1 (57 times); Verg. A. 1, 36 (26 times); Vell. 2, 28, 2; Sen. Ira, 1, 18, 3; Tac. A. 3, 1 (31 times); Curt. 3, 10, 1 (19 times); Plin. Ep. 6, 24, 2.—
(β).
Principal sentence with pluperf., cum with perf. or histor. pres.:
jam Sora capta erat cum consules prima luce advenere,
Liv. 9, 24, 13 (32 times); Cic. Clu. 9, 28 (14 times); Sall. J. 60, 6; Verg. A. 1, 586 (13 times); Tac. A. 1, 19 (13 times); Curt. 3, 10, 1 (18 times). —And cum with potential subj.:
vix erat hoc plane imperatum cum illum spoliatum... videres,
Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 40, § 86.—
(γ).
Principal sentence with perf., Cic. Sest. 37, 39 (5 times); Liv. 2, 46, 3 (8 times).—
(δ).
Principal sentence with histor. inf., Liv. 5, 46, 1; Tac. A. 1, 11; 11, 16; Curt. 5, 9, 1; 9, 5, 1.—
(ε).
Principal sentence with histor. pres., Liv. 4, 32, 1 (3 times); Ov. M. 4, 695 (5 times).—
(ζ).
Cum with imperf., Cic. Verr. 1, 6, 17 (3 times); Sall. J. 51, 2; Liv. 44, 10, 6; Tac. A. 1, 51; 11, 26.—
(η).
Cum with [p. 495] histor. inf., Liv. 2, 27, 1; Tac. A. 2, 31 (6 times); Curt. 4, 4, 9.—
(θ).
Cum with pluperf., Liv. 2, 46, 3 (3 times); Ov. M. 14, 581; Verg. A. 2, 256 sq.—
(κ).
With logical perf., or logical perf. and pres. (rare):
quam multi enim jam oratores commemorati sunt... cum tamen spisse ad Antonium Crassumque pervenimus,
Cic. Brut. 36, 138:
jamque fuga timidum caput abdidit alte (coluber), Cum medii nexus extremaeque agmina caudae Solvuntur,
Verg. G. 3, 422.—
5.
In clauses added loosely or parenthetically to a preceding clause or to a substantive in it (the mood governed by the rules for relative clauses).
a.
When, on an occasion, on which, etc.
(α).
With perf. indic.:
Hortensium maxime probavi pro Messala dicentem, cum tu abfuisti,
Cic. Brut. 96, 328; id. Phil. 11, 8, 18; id. Dom. 9, 22; 53, 136; id. Fam. 13, 75, 1; Spart. Had. 3; Flor. 1, 18, 9 (1, 13, 19).—
(β).
With imperf. indic.:
num infitiari potes te illo ipso die meis praesidiis circumclusum commovere te non potuisse, cum tu nostra... caede contentum esse dicebas?
Cic. Cat. 1, 3, 7; id. Sest. 63, 131; id. Cael. 24, 59.—
(γ).
Cum with pres. indic., a past tense in principal sentence (mostly poet.):
nox erat et placidum carpebant fessa soporem Corpora... cum medio volvuntur sidera lapsu, Cum tacet omnis ager, etc.,
Verg. A. 4, 522; 8, 407; 12, 114; id. E. 8, 15; Hor. S. 1, 10, 31; Plin. Ep. 6, 16, 22.—
(δ).
Imperf. subj.: qui... accensi nulla deinde vi sustineri potuere, cum compulsi in castra Romani rursus obsiderentur, in consequence of which ( = ita ut), Liv. 3, 5, 8.—
(ε).
So freq. cum quidem, always with indic.:
sed uterque noster cedere cogebatur, cum quidem ille pollicitus est, se quod velletis esse facturum,
Cic. Phil. 9, 4, 9; id. Fl. 22, 53; id. Pis. 9, 21; 34, 83 and 84; id. Leg. 2, 6, 14; id. Sen. 4, 11; Suet. Caes. 50; Spart. Had. 9; id. Ael. Ver. 4.—
b.
Cum tamen, at which time however, and yet, while nevertheless, representing the principal sentence as concessive, analogous to qui tamen (v. tamen).
(α).
With indic., like qui tamen, always, except for particular reasons:
fit gemitus omnium et clamor, cum tamen a praesenti supplicio tuo continuit populus Romanus se, etc.,
Cic. Verr. 1, 5, 29, § 74; id. Pis. 12, 27; Liv. 6, 42, 11; Verg. A. 9, 513; Tac. H. 1, 62; so,
cum nihilo magis,
Nep. Dat. 10, 3; passing over into inverted cum clauses (4. b.), as Sall. J. 98, 2; Liv. 27, 20, 11.—
(β).
With subj., Cic. Phil. 2, 18, 45; id. Fam. 1, 9, 10; Liv. 4, 31, 6 (where the clause with cum is adverbial).—
6.
Cum interea (interim).
a.
Adverbial (rare).
(α).
Temporal with subj.; with subj. imperf., while, Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 25, § 62; with pluperf. subj., after, id. ib. 1, 2, 9, § 25; id. Fam. 15, 43.—
(β).
Adversative, with subj., whereas during this time. (1) Pres.:
simulat se eorum praesidio conflteri, cum interea aliud quiddam jam diu machinetur,
Cic. Verr. 1, 6, 15; Val. Max. 2, 9, 1; Sen. Q. N. 1, prol. 14.—(2) With perf. subj.:
cum tu interim vero numquam significaris sententiam tuam,
Cic. Pis. 4, 9; id. Rosc. Am. 5, 11 dub.; Val. Max. 7, 8, 6.—(3) With imperf. subj., Cic. Sull. 5, 6; Plin. Pan. 76, 1.—
b.
Relative, always with indic., in class. writings always referring to a period during which, belonging,
(α).
To the attributive clauses (v. 2. supra). (1) In pres.:
anni sunt octo... cum interea Cluentianae pecuniae vestigium nullum invenitis,
Cic. Clu. 30, 82; Liv. 5, 54, 5; Plaut. Stich. 1, 1, 33.— (2) In imperf., Ter. Hec. 3, 4, 8 (2. c.).—
(β).
To the inverted clauses (4.):
tanta erat in his locis multitudo cum interim Rufio noster... hominem percussit,
Cic. Att. 5, 2, 2.—So probably: cum interim Gallus quidam processit, Quadrig. ap. Gell. 9, 13, 7; Cic. Fam. 3, 6, 5; id. Pis. 38, 92 sq.; id. Tusc. 4, 3, 6; Sall. J. 12, 5; 49, 4; Liv. 3, 37, 5; Val. Max. 8, 1, 3; 9, 7, 2; Sen. Ira, 2, 33, 4; Tac. H. 1, 60; with indefinite pres. indic. in both terms, Sen. Cons. Marc. 11, 5.—
(γ).
To the additional clauses (5.). (1) With perf. indic., Plaut. Men. 3, 1, 3; Flor. 4, 2, 69; 4, 12, 33; with inf. in oblique discourse, Liv. 4, 51, 4; 6, 27, 6.—(2) Post-Aug., and in Nep., = cum tamen (5. b.), while nevertheless, whereas, with pres. or perf. indic.:
post Leuctricam pugnam Lacedaemonii se numquam refecerunt... cum interim Agesilaus non destitit patriam juvare,
Nep. Ages. 7, 1: cum interim Oedipodis ossa... colis, Val. Max. 5, 3, ext. 3; 3, 4, 5; 4, 4, 1; Quint. 10, 1, 18; 10, 1, 11; 12, 10, 67; Tac. H. 4, 42; Suet. Claud. 6; Flor. 4, 12, 33.
F.
In clauses completing the idea of the governing verb.
1.
After verbs of perception (videre, perspicere, audire, etc.; audivi cum diceres, etc. = audivi te dicentem).
a.
Dependent on verbs of seeing and feeling.
(α).
With indic.:
nam ipsi vident eorum quom auferimus bona ( = nos auferre or auferentes),
Plaut. Truc. 1, 2, 16; id. Poen. 3, 4, 13; id. Am. 5, 1, 19; id. Bacch. 3, 3, 65; id. Mil. 2, 6, 26:
conspectum est cum obiit,
Liv. 5, 25, 3.—
(β).
With subj.:
is... numquam est conspectus cum veniret,
Cic. Sest. 59, 126:
vidi... Cum tu terga dares,
Ov. M. 13, 224.—
b.
After verbs of hearing, always with subj.:
L. Flaccum ego audivi cum diceret Caeciliam exisse, etc.,
Cic. Div. 1, 46, 104; id. Par. 6, 1, 45; id. de Or. 2, 6, 22; 2, 28, 129; 2, 33, 144; 2, 37, 155; 2, 90, 365; id. Brut. 27, 85; id. Fin. 5, 19, 54; id. Fam. 3, 7, 4; Sen. Ben. 5, 24, 1.—
c.
After memini, with indic. (sc. tempus):
memini quom... haud audebat,
Plaut. Capt. 2, 2, 53:
memini cum mihi desipere videbare,
Cic. Fam. 7, 28, 1.—With subj.:
memini cum velles residere ferventissimo sole,
Sen. Ben. 5, 24, 1.—
2.
After verba adfectuum, with the force of quod, always with indic. (mostly ante-class.).
a.
Verbs of thanking:
habeo gratiam tibi Quom copiam istam mi et potestatem facis,
Plaut. Capt. 2, 3, 14; id. Curc. 5, 3, 21; id. As. 3, 2, 2; id. Most. 2, 2, 2; id. Poen. 1, 2, 46; 5, 4, 84 (99); Ter. And. 4, 4, 32; id. Ad. 1, 2, 59:
tibi maximas gratias ago, cum tantum litterae meae potuerunt, ut eis lectis, etc.,
Cic. Fam. 13, 24, 2.—
b.
Of congratulation:
quom tu's aucta liberis... gratulor,
Plaut. Truc. 2, 4, 33; 2, 6, 35: L. Caesar, O mi Cicero, inquit, gratulor tibi cum tantum vales apud Dolabellam, etc., L. Caesar ap. Cic. Fam. 9, 14, 3; and ib. Att. 14, 17, A, 3.—
c.
Of rejoicing and grieving:
quom istaec res tibi ex sententia Pulcre evenit, gaudeo,
Plaut. Rud. 5, 3, 10; id. Poen. 5, 5, 48:
cum vero in C. Matii familiaritatem venisti, non dici potest quam valde gaudeam,
Cic. Fam. 7, 15, 2; Sall. J. 102, 5.—
d.
Dependent on optative sentences:
di tibi bene faciant semper quom advocatus bene mi ades,
Plaut. Mil. 5, 26; id. Poen. 3, 3, 54; 3, 3, 74; Ter. Ad. 5, 7, 19.
G.
Elliptical usages (without predicate).
1.
Cum maxime.
a.
With ut: hanc Bacchidem Amabat, ut quom maxime, tum Pamphilus ( = ut amabat tum quom maxume amabat, as much as he ever did), Ter. Hec. 1, 2, 40:
etiamne ea neglegamus, quae fiunt cum maxime, quae videmus?
Cic. Har. Resp. 15, 32.—Hence,
b.
By abbreviation: nunc cum maxime or cum maxime alone, now especially, just now: tum cum maxime, just then:
nunc cum maxume operis aliquid facere credo,
Ter. Ad. 4, 1, 2; id. Phorm. 1, 4, 26; id. Heaut. 4, 5, 40:
quae multos jam annos et nunc cum maxime filium interfectum cupit,
Cic. Clu. 5, 12:
castra amissa, et tum cum maxime ardere,
Liv. 40, 32, 1; Curt. 3, 2, 17; Sen. Ira, 1, 16, 3; id. Ben. 3, 3, 3; id. Ep. 55, 1; 55, 11; 81, 7; Tac. Or. 16; 37; Eum. pro Schol. 4; Mamert. 2.—With maxime in adverbial clauses, just while, especially when, Cic. Att. 2, 15, 3; id. Off. 1, 13, 41; id. Fam. 1, 5, a, 2; Liv. 1, 50, 7; 2, 59, 7; 3, 25, 4; 3, 31, 3; 4, 3, 1; 8, 33, 4 et saep.—
2.
Similarly with other superlatives (post-class.):
foliis ternis, aut, cum plurimum, quaternis,
at the utmost, Plin. 25, 10, 74, § 121; 18, 7, 10, § 60:
cum tardissime,
id. 18, 7, 10, § 51:
cum longissime,
Suet. Tib. 38.
H.
For co-ordinate clauses with cum... tum, v. tum, I. A. 3.
II.
Causal, since, because, as.
A.
Anteclass., chiefly with indic.
1.
With pres. indic.:
hoc hic quidem homines tam brevem vitam colunt, Quom hasce herbas hujus modi in suom alvom congerunt,
because, Plaut. Ps. 3, 2, 34; id. Truc. 1, 2, 50; 2, 4, 8:
edepol, merito esse iratum arbitror, Quom apud te tam parva'st ei fides,
since, id. Ps. 1, 5, 62; id. Most. 1, 1, 28; id. Truc. 2, 1, 32; Ter. Phorm. 1, 4, 30; id. Hec. 4, 1, 53.—
2.
With perf. indic.:
praesertim quom is me dignum quoi concrederet Habuit, me habere honorem ejus ingenio decet,
Plaut. As. 1, 1, 66; Ter. And. 3, 2, 8.—
3.
With subj.
a.
By construction of principal sentence: adeon, me fuisse fungum ut qui illi crederem, Quom mi ipsum nomen ejus Clamaret, etc., Plaut. Bacch. 2, 3, 51; id. Capt. 1, 2, 37; Ter. Hec. 3, 2, 6; id. Eun. 3, 5, 18; 5, 2, 24.—
b.
Independent of such construction:
jam istoc probior es meo quidem animo quom in amore temperes,
Plaut. Ep. 1, 2, 8 (bracketed by Goetz;
Brix conjectures temperas): nil miror si lubenter tu hic eras, Quom ego servos quando aspicio hunc lacrumem quia dijungimur,
id. Mil. 4, 8, 18 Lorenz (Brix: quin ego... lacrumo; cf.
Lubbert, Grammat. Stud. II. pp. 133, 137): Nam puerum injussu eredo non tollent meo, Praesertim in ea re quom sit mi adjutrix socrus,
Ter. Hec. 4, 4, 82; so id. Ad. 2, 1, 12.
B.
Class. and post-class., always with subj.
1.
With pres. subj.:
cum ista sis auctoritate, non debes arripere maledictum ex trivio,
Cic. Mur. 6, 13:
cum vita sine amicis insidiarum et metus plena sit, ratio ipsa monet amicitias comparare,
id. Fin. 1, 20, 66:
quae cum ita sint, videamus, etc.,
id. Clu. 44, 123:
quod cum ita sit, etc.,
id. Fam. 3, 1, 1; id. Mur. 1, 2; id. Arch. 5, 10; id. Off. 3, 3, 13; id. Rosc. Am. 8, 22; Liv. 7, 9, 5; 21, 21, 5 et saep.—
2.
With perf. subj.:
cum inimicitiae fuerint numquam, opinio injuriae beneficiis sit exstincta... rei publicae providebo,
Cic. Prov. Cons. 20, 47; id. de Or. 1, 49, 214; the perf. subj. is often retained after a principal predicate in a past tense, id. Clu. 60, 167; id. Fam. 3, 8, 4.—
3.
With imperf. subj.
a.
Denoting both cause and coincidence of time:
vacuum fundum, cum ego adessem, possidere non potuisti,
Auct. Her. 4, 29, 40; Cic. Or. 8, 25:
cum tanta multitudo lapides et tela conicerent, in muro consistendi potestas erat nulli,
Caes. B. G. 2, 6; id. B. C. 3, 1; Liv. 39, 31, 3; 4, 8, 3; 25, 11, 1.—
b.
Denoting cause without time:
cum esset egens, sumptuosus, audax... ad omnem fraudem versare suam mentem coepit,
Cic. Clu. 26, 70:
quod oppidum cum esset altissimo et munitissimo loco, ad existimationem imperii arbitratus sum, comprimere eorum audaciam,
id. Fam. 15, 4, 10; Caes. B. C. 3, 37.—
4.
With pluperf. subj.:
Caesar cum constituisset hiemare in continenti, neque multum aestatis superesset, obsides imperat, etc.,
Caes. B. G. 5, 22.
C.
With adverbs of emphasis.
1.
Praesertim cum, or cum praesertim, = especially since, the more so because:
quae cum ita sint, quid est quod de ejus civitate dubitetis, praesertim cum aliis quoque civitatibus fuerit adscriptus?
Cic. Arch. 5, 10:
cur enim tibi hoc non gratificor nescio, praesertim cum his temporibus audacia pro sapientia liceat uti,
id. Fam. 1, 10, 1:
cum praesertim vos alium miseritis,
id. Imp. Pomp. 5, 12; id. Rosc. Am. 8, 22; id. Prov. Cons. 7, 16 (cum praesertim rarely refers to time, with indic., Sen. Ep. 85, 6).—
2.
Quippe cum represents the conclusion as selfevident, since of course, since obviously:
nihil est virtute amabilius, quippe cum propter virtutem etiam eos, quos numquam videmus, quodammodo diligamus,
Cic. Lael. 8, 28:
numquam ego pecunias istorum, etc., in bonis rebus duxi, quippe cum viderem, etc.,
id. Par. 1, 1, 6; id. Leg. 1, 1, 5; 1, 20, 54; id. Fin. 3, 12, 41; 5, 28, 84; Liv. 4, 27, 8; 4, 57, 10.—Sometimes with indic. if cum refers to time, when of course, if, of course: tu vero etiam si reprehenderes... laetarer: quippe cum in reprehensione est prudentia cum eumeneiai, Cic. Att. 16, 11, 2.—In later writers with indic., because when:
omnia experiri necessitas cogebat: quippe cum primas spes fortuna destituit, futura praesentibus videntur esse potiora,
Curt. 4, 1, 29.—
3.
Utpote cum, seeing that, explanatory, with subj.:
me incommoda valetudo qua jam emerseram, utpote cum sine febri laborassem, tenebat Brundusii,
Cic. Att. 5, 8, 1; Cels. 1 prooem.; Sen. Cons. Marc. 21, 2.
III.
Adversative, while, whereas, denoting a logical contrast with the principal sentence.
A.
Ante-class., chiefly,
1.
With indic.:
hei mihi, insanire me aiunt, ultro quom ipsi insaniunt,
Plaut. Men. 5, 2, 80; id. Stich. 1, 37; id. Bacch. 5, 2, 5; Ter. Phorm. prol. 23; 2, 2, 26.—
2.
Subj.
a.
By construction of principal predicate:
tibi obtemperem quom tu mihi nequeas?
Plaut. Most. 4, 2, 16 (4, 1, 50).—
b.
Independent of construction: edepol, Cupido, quom tam pausillus sis, nimis multum vales, Naev. ap. Non. p. 421, 25 (Lubbert conjectures quom [p. 496] tu's tam pausillus):
eo vos madefacitis, quom ego sim hic siccus?
Plaut. Ps. 1, 2, 52.
B.
Class. and post-class., always with subj.
1.
With pres. subj.:
cum de bonis et de caede agatur, testimonium dicturus est is qui et sector est et sicarius,
Cic. Rosc. Am. 36, 103; id. Clu. 24, 65; id. Leg. 1, 7, 22:
et cum tibi, viro, liceat purpura in veste stragula uti, matrem familias tuam purpureum amiculum habere non sines?
Liv. 34, 7, 3; Sen. Prov. 4, 10; id. Clem. 1, 18, 2; id. Ben. 2, 16, 1.—
2.
With perf. subj.: an tu, cum omnem auctoritatem universi ordinis pro pignore putaris, eamque... concideris, me his existimas pignoribus terreri? Crass. ap. Cic. de Or. 3, 1, 4:
indignatur exul aliquid sibi deesse, cum defuerit Scipioni dos?
Sen. Cons. Helv. 12, 7; id. Ira, 3, 12, 7; freq. pres. and perf. subj. retained, if dependent on preterites, Cic. Brut. 71, 250; id. Agr. 3, 2, 5.—
3.
With imperf. subj.:
ita, cum maximis eum rebus liberares, perparvam amicitiae culpam relinquebas,
Cic. Deiot. 3, 10:
hunc Egnatium censores, cum patrem eicerent, retinuerunt,
id. Clu. 48, 135:
eorum erat V. milium numerus, cum ipsi non amplius octingentos equites haberent,
Caes. B. G. 4, 11; Liv. 1, 55, 3; Cic. de Or. 1, 1, 1; 1, 53, 227; 2, 50, 203; id. Clu. 5, 12; id. Ac. 1, 10, 38 sq.; Liv. 39, 49, 1; Val. Max. 1, 6, 11; 3, 2, 10 fin. —
4.
With pluperf. subj.:
Socratis ingenium immortalitati scriptis suis Plato tradidit, cum ipse litteram Socrates nullam reliquisset,
Cic. de Or. 3, 16, 60; id. Ac. 2, 1, 2; id. Prov. Cons. 11, 27; Val. Max. 1, 8, 11.
IV.
Concessive, although, denoting a reason for the contrary of the principal sentence.
A.
Ante-class., mostly with indic.
1.
Indic.:
qui it lavatum In balineas, quom ibi sedulo sua vestimenta servat, Tam subripiuntur,
Plaut. Rud. 2, 3, 52; Ter. Eun. 2, 2, 12; Plaut. Poen. 1, 2, 26; id. Truc. 1, 2, 89 (95); id. Stich. 1, 2, 67.—
2.
With subj.: nihilominus ipsi lucet, quom illi accenderit, Enn. ap. Cic. Off. 1, 16, 51 (Trag. Rel. v. 389 Rib.).
B.
Class. and post-class., always with subj.
1.
Pres. subj.:
testis est Graecia, quae cum eloquentiae studio sit incensa, jamdiuque excellat in ea... tamen omnis artis vetustiores habet,
Cic. Brut. 7, 26:
nam (Druentia) cum aquae vim vehat ingentem, non tamen navium patiens est,
Liv. 21, 31, 11.—
2.
Imperf. subj.:
ego autem, cum consilium tuum probarem, et idem ipse sentirem, nihil proficiebam,
Cic. Fam. 4, 1, 1:
non poterant tamen, cum cuperent, Apronium imitari,
id. Verr. 2, 3, 34, § 78; id. de Or. 1, 28, 126; id. Brut. 7, 28; 91, 314; id. Inv. 2, 31, 97; id. Clu. 40, 110; Caes. B. G. 5, 40; Liv. 5, 38, 5; Nep. Att. 13, 1; so,
quae cum ita essent... tamen,
although this was so, Cic. Clu. 34, 94; id. Fam. 2, 16, 2.—
3.
With pluperf. subj.:
cui cum Cato et Caninius intercessissent, tamen est perscripta,
Cic. Fam. 1, 2, 4:
patrem meum, cum proscriptus non esset, jugulastis,
id. Rosc. Am. 11, 32.
V.
In hypothetical clauses, always with imperf. or pluperf. subj., = si, but defining an assumed or fictitious time.
1.
With imperf. subj.:
quis ex populo, cum Scaevolam dicentem audiret in ea causa, quicquam politius aut elegantius exspectaret?
Cic. Brut. 55, 194:
etiam tum quiesceretis cum rem publicam a facinorosissimis sicariis esse oppressam videretis?
id. Sest. 38, 81; id. Rosc. Am. 31, 86; id. Verr. 2, 1, 10, §§ 28 and 29.—
2.
With pluperf. subj.:
quod esset judicium cum de Verris turpissimo comitatu tres recuperatorum nomine adsedissent?
Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 12, § 30:
mors cum exstinxisset invidiam, res ejus gestae sempiterni nominis glorianiterentur,
id. Balb. 6, 16.

Lewis & Short latin dictionary > Cum
10 cum

1.
cum (archaic form COM, found in an inscr., COM PREIVATVD; in MSS. sometimes quom or quum), prep. with abl. [for skom, Sanscr. root sak, together; cf. sequor, and Gr. koinos, sun], designates in gen. accompaniment, community, connection of one object with another (opp. sine, separatim, etc.), with, together, together with, in connection or company with, along with; sometimes also to be translated and.
I.
In gen., Plaut. Am. prol. 95:
qui cum Amphitruone abiit hinc in exercitum,
id. ib. prol. 125:
cum Pansā vixi in Pompeiano,
Cic. Att. 14, 20, 4:
semper ille antea cum uxore, tum sine eā,
id. Mil. 21, 55:
quibuscum essem libenter,
id. Fam. 5, 21, 1; cf.:
cum quibus in ceteris intellegis afuisse,
id. Sull. 3, 7:
si cenas hodie mecum,
Hor. Ep. 1, 7, 70:
vagamur egentes cum conjugibus et liberis,
Cic. Att. 8, 2, 3:
errare malo cum Platone, etc.,
id. Tusc. 1, 17, 39:
qui unum imperium unumque magistratum cum ipsis habeant,
Caes. B. G. 2, 3 et saep.—
b.
In an expression of displeasure:
in' hinc, quo dignus, cum donis tuis Tam lepidis,
Ter. Eun. 4, 3, 9; cf. Plaut. Most. 2, 2, 33; Ter. And. 5, 4, 38; id. Eun. 1, 2, 73; id. Heaut. 4, 6, 7 al.—
B.
In a designation of time with which some action concurs:
egone abs te abii hinc hodie cum diluculo?
Plaut. Am. 2, 2, 121; so,
cum primo luci,
id. Cist. 2, 1, 58:
cras cum filio cum primo luci ibo hinc,
Ter. Ad. 5, 3, 55; Cic. Off. 3, 31, 112; cf.:
cum primā luce,
id. Att. 4, 3, 4; and:
cum primo lumine solis,
Verg. A. 7, 130: cum primo mane, Auct. B. Afr. 62: cum mane, Lucil. ap. Diom. p. 372 P:
pariter cum ortu solis,
Sall. J. 106, 5:
pariter cum occasu solis,
id. ib. 68, 2; cf.:
cum sole reliquit,
Verg. A. 3, 568 et saep.:
mane cum luci simul,
Plaut. Merc. 2, 1, 31; v. simul: exiit cum nuntio (i. e. at the same time with, etc.), Caes. B. G. 5, 46; cf.: cum his nuntius Romam ad consulendum redit ( = hama toisde), Liv. 1, 32, 10:
simul cum dono designavit templo Jovis fines,
id. 1, 10, 5; cf.:
et vixisse cum re publicā pariter, et cum illā simul extinctus esse videatur,
Cic. de Or. 3, 3, 10.—
C.
In designating the relations, circumstances, way, and manner with which any act is connected, by which it is accompanied, under or in which it takes place, etc., with, in, under, in the midst of, among, to, at: aliquid cum malo suo facere, Plaut. Bacch. 3, 4, 4; cf.:
cum magnā calamitate et prope pernicie civitatis,
Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 24, § 63:
cum summā rei publicae salute et cum tuā peste ac pernicie cumque eorum exitio, qui, etc.,
id. Cat. 1, 13, 33:
cum magno provinciae periculo,
Caes. B. G. 1, 10:
cum summo probro,
Ter. And. 5, 3, 10: cum summo terrore hominum, Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 24, 6:
cum summā tuā dignitate,
Cic. Fin. 4, 22, 61:
cum bonā alite,
Cat. 61, 19:
ferendum hoc onus est cum labore,
Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 21; cf. Cic. N. D. 2, 23, 59:
multis cum lacrimis aliquem obsecrare,
amid many tears, Caes. B. G. 1, 20; cf.:
hunc ipsum abstulit magno cum gemitu civitatis,
Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 19, § 49:
orare cum lacrimis coepere,
Liv. 5, 30, 5:
si minus cum curā aut cautelā locus loquendi lectus est,
Plaut. Mil. 3, 1, 6 Ritschl; so,
cum curā,
Cic. Inv. 1, 39, 70; Sall. J. 54, 1; Liv. 22, 42, 5 et saep.; cf.:
cum summo studio,
Sall. C. 51, 38:
cum quanto studio periculoque,
Liv. 8, 25, 12 al.:
cum multā venustate et omni sale,
Cic. Fin. 1, 3, 9:
summā cum celeritate ad exercitum rediit,
Hirt. B. G. 8, 52:
maximo cum clamore involant,
Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 89:
cum clamore,
Liv. 2, 23, 8; 5, 45, 2:
cum clamore ac tumultu,
id. 9, 31, 8; cf.:
Athenienses cum silentio auditi sunt,
id. 38, 10, 4; 7, 35, 1:
illud cum pace agemus,
Cic. Tusc. 5, 29, 83:
cum bonā pace,
Liv. 1, 24, 3; 21, 24, 5:
cum bonā gratiā,
Cic. Fat. 4, 7:
cum bonā veniā,
Liv. 29, 1, 7; cf.:
cum veniā,
Ov. Tr. 4, 1, 104; Quint. 10, 1, 72:
cum virtute vivere,
Cic. Fin. 3, 8, 29; cf. id. ib. 2, 11, 34:
cum judicio,
Quint. 10, 1, 8:
cum firmā memoriā,
id. 5, 10, 54:
legata cum fide ac sine calumniā persolvere,
Suet. Calig. 16:
spolia in aede... cum sollemni dedicatione dono fixit,
Liv. 4, 20, 3.—
b.
Attributively, with subst.:
et huic proelium cum Tuscis ad Janiculum erat crimini,
Liv. 2, 52, 7 Weissenb. ad loc.:
frumenti cum summā caritate inopia erat,
id. 2, 12, 1; 2, 5, 2; 7, 29, 3.—
2.
Cum eo quod, ut, or ne (in an amplification or limitation), with the circumstance or in the regard that, on or under the condition, with the exception, that, etc. (except once in Cic. epistt. not ante-Aug.).
(α).
Cum eo quod, with indic., Quint. 12, 10, 47 Spald.; 10, 7, 13; so,
cum eo quidem, quod, etc.,
id. 2, 4, 30. —With subj.:
sit sane, quoniam ita tu vis: sed tamen cum eo, credo, quod sine peccato meo fiat,
Cic. Att. 6, 1, 7.—
(β).
With ut:
Antium nova colonia missa cum eo, ut Antiatibus permitteretur, si et ipsi adscribi coloni vellent,
Liv. 8, 14, 8; so id. 8, 14, 2; 30, 10, 21; 36, 5, 3; Cels. 3, 22.—So with tamen:
cum eo tamen, ut nullo tempore is... non sit sustinendus,
Cels. 3, 5 fin.; 4, 6 fin. —
(γ).
With ne:
obsequar voluntati tuae cum eo, ne dubites, etc.,
Col. 5, 1, 4:
cum eo, ne amplius quam has urant,
Cels. 7, 22; and with tamen:
cum eo tamen, ne, etc.,
id. 2, 17.—
3.
Cum dis volentibus, etc., with God's help, by the will of the gods, sun theôi:
cum divis volentibus quodque bene eveniat mando tibi, Mani, etc.,
Cato, R. R. 141, 1: volentibu' cum magnis dis, Enn. ap. Cic. Off. 1, 12, 38:
agite, cum dis bene juvantibus arma capite,
Liv. 21, 43, 7; so,
cum superis,
Claud. Cons. Stil. III. p. 174.—
4.
Cum with an ordinal number (cum octavo, cum decimo, etc.) for our - fold, in economical lang., of the multiplication of cultivated products:
ut ex eodem semine aliubi cum decimo redeat, aliubi cum quinto decimo,
ten-, fifteenfold, Varr. R. R. 1, 44, 1; so,
cum octavo, cum decimo,
Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 47, § 112:
cum centesimo,
Plin. 18, 10, 21, § 95; cf. with a subst.:
cum centesimā fruge agricolis faenus reddente terrā,
id. 5, 4, 3, § 24.—
D.
With a means or instrument, considered as attending or accompanying the actor in his action (so most freq. anteclass., or in the poets and scientific writers): acribus inter se cum armis confligere, Lucil. ap. Non. p. 261, 6: effundit voces proprio cum pectore, Enn. ap. Serv. ad Verg. G. 2, 424: cum voce maximā conclamat, Claud. Quadrig. ap. Gell. 9, 13, 10:
cum linguā lingere,
Cat. 98, 3:
cum suo gurgite accepit venientem (fluvius),
Verg. A. 9, 816:
cum vino et oleo ungere,
Veg. 1, 11, 8 et saep.:
terra in Augurum libris scripta cum R uno,
Varr. L. L. 5, § 21 Müll.
II.
In partic.
A.
Completing the meaning of verbs.
1.
With verbs of union, connection, and agreement: cum veteribus copiis se conjungere, Caes. B. G. 1, 37:
ut proprie cohaereat cum narratione,
Auct. Her. 1, 7, 11:
(haec) arbitror mihi constare cum ceteris scriptoribus,
id. 1, 9, 16:
interfectam esse... convenit mihi cum adversariis,
id. 1, 10, 17; cf. Cic. Inv. 1, 22, 31:
quī autem poterat in gratiam redire cum Oppianico Cluentius?
id. Clu. 31, 86:
hanc sententiam cum virtute congruere semper,
id. Off. 3, 3, 13:
foedera quibus etiam cum hoste devincitur fides,
id. ib. 3, 31, 111:
capita nominis Latini stare ac sentire cum rege videbant,
Liv. 1, 52, 4:
cum aliquo in gratiam redire,
id. 3, 58, 4:
stabat cum eo senatūs majestas,
id. 8, 34, 1:
conjurasse cum Pausaniā,
Curt. 7, 1, 6:
Autronium secum facere,
Cic. Sull. 13, 36; cf. also conecto, colligo, consentio, compono, etc.—
2.
Of companionship, association, sharing, etc.:
cum his me oblecto, qui res gestas aut orationes scripserunt suas,
Cic. de Or. 2, 14, 61:
quoniam vivitur, non cum perfectis hominibus, sed cum iis, etc.,
id. Off. 1, 15, 46:
nulla (societas) carior quam ea quae cum re publicā est unicuique nostrum,
id. ib. 1, 17, 51:
cum civibus vivere,
id. ib. 1, 34, 124:
cum M. Fabio mihi summus usus est,
id. Fam. 9, 25, 2; cf.:
cum quibus publice privatimque hospitia amicitiasque junxerant,
Liv. 1, 45, 2:
partiri cum Dinaeā matre jussit,
Cic. Clu. 7, 21:
cum Baebio communicare,
id. ib. 16, 47; cf.
of local association, nearness: cum mortuā jugulatum servum nudum positurum ait,
Liv. 1, 58, 4:
duos tamen pudor cum eo tenuit,
id. 2, 10, 5.—
3.
Of intercourse, traffic, etc.:
cum aliquo agere,
to deal with, Cic. Ac. 2, 35, 112; Caes. B. G. 1, 13:
cum eo Accius injuriarum agit,
Auct. Her. 1, 14, 24:
si par est agere cum civibus,
Cic. Off. 2, 23, 83; 3, 22, 88; id. Scaur. 10, 20; cf. id. Fam. 5, 18, 1; Liv. 1, 19, 7; 3, 9, 13; 4, 15, 2; Val. Max. 4, 3, 8:
si mihi cum Peripateticis res esset,
Cic. Ac. 2, 35, 112:
tecum enim mihi res est,
id. Rosc. Am. 30, 84:
uni tibi et cum singulis res est,
Liv. 2, 12, 11:
pacem cum Sabinis facere,
Cic. Off. 3, 30, 109.—Esp.: agere cum aliquo, to have a lawsuit with, Gai Inst. 4, 87; 4, 114 et saep.; v. ago, II. B. 8. a., and II. B. 9.; consisto, I. B. 5.; cf. also pango, etc.—
4.
Of deliberation and discussion:
haec ego cum ipsis philosophis disserebam,
Cic. de Or. 1, 13, 57:
tempus cum conjuratis consultando absumunt,
Liv. 2, 4, 3 et saep.; v. also cogito, reputo, dubito, etc.—
5.
Of strife, difference, etc.:
quibuscum continenter bellum gerunt,
Caes. B. G. 1, 1:
cum Cleanthe quam multis rebus Chrysippus dissidet!
Cic. Ac. 2, 47, 143:
neque tam quererer cum deo quod, etc.,
id. ib. 2, 25, 81:
cum quo Antiochum saepe disputantem audiebam,
id. ib. 2, 4, 11:
cum stomacheretur cum Metello,
id. Or. 2, 66, 267:
manu cum hoste confligere,
id. Off. 1, 23, 81:
utilia cum honestis pugnare,
id. ib. 3, 7, 34: cum Catone dissentire. id. ib. 3, 22, 88:
cum majoribus nostris bella gessit,
id. Scaur. 19, 45; Liv. 1, 35, 7; 7, 22, 4:
cum Auruncis bellum inire,
id. 2, 16, 8; cf.:
cum Volscis aequo Marte discessum est,
id. 2, 40, 14:
inimicitias cum Africano gerere,
Val. Max. 4, 1, 8; Sen. Vit. Beat. 2, 3:
cum Scipione dissentire,
Val. Max. 4, 1, 12:
cum utrāque (uxore) divortium fecit,
Suet. Claud. 26; cf. also certo, pugno, discrepo, differo, distraho, dissentio, etc.—
6.
Of comparison:
nec Arcesilae calumnia conferenda est cum Democriti verecundiā,
Cic. Ac. 2, 5, 14:
hanc rationem dicendi cum imperatoris laude comparare,
id. de Or. 1, 2, 8:
conferam Sullamne cum Junio,
id. Clu. 34, 94:
(orationem) cum magnitudine utilitatis comparare,
id. Off. 2, 6, 20.—
B.
Pregn., implying the notion of being furnished, endowed, clothed with any thing, or of possessing, holding, suffering under, etc., in a lit. and trop. sense: ille vir haud magnā cum re sed plenus fidei, Enn. ap. Cic. Sen. 1, 1 (cf. the antith.:
hominem sine re, sine fide,
Cic. Cael. 32, 78):
a portu illuc nunc cum laternā advenit,
Plaut. Am. prol. 149:
cadus cum vino,
id. Stich. 5, 1, 7; cf. id. Pers. 2, 3, 15:
olla cum aquā,
Cato, R. R. 156:
arcula cum ornamentis,
Plaut. Most. 1, 3, 91:
fiscos cum pecuniā Siciliensi,
Cic. Verr. 1, 8, 22:
onerariae naves cum commeatu,
Liv. 30, 24, 5 et saep.:
cum servili schemā,
Plaut. Am. prol. 117;
so of clothing,
id. Rud. 1, 4, 31; Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 24, § 54; 2, 5, 13, § 31; [p. 490] id. Rab. Post. 10, 27; Liv. 35, 34, 7; Suet. Claud. 13; Sil. 1, 94 et saep.:
ut ne quis cum telo servus esset,
Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 3, § 7;
so of weapons,
id. Phil. 2, 8, 19; cf.:
inmissi cum falcibus, etc.,
id. Tusc. 5, 23, 65:
vidi argenteum Cupidinem cum lampade,
holding, id. Verr. 2, 2, 47, § 115:
simulacrum Cereris cum faucibus,
id. ib. 2, 4, 49, §
109: cum elephanti capite puer natus,
Liv. 27, 11, 5; cf.:
cum quinque pedibus natus,
id. 30, 2, 10; 33, 1, 11; 27, 4, 14 al.: omnia cum pulchris animis Romana juventus, Enn. ap. Don. ad Ter. Phorm. 3, 1, 1; cf.
Ter. ib.: Minucius cum vulnere gravi relatus in castra,
Liv. 9, 44, 14:
te Romam venisse cum febri,
Cic. Att. 6, 9, 1; so id. de Or. 3, 2, 6; id. Clu. 62, 175: cum eisdem suis vitiis nobilissimus, with all his faults, i. e. in spite of, id. ib. 40, 112:
ex eis qui cum imperio sint,
id. Fam. 1, 1, 3 Manut.; cf.:
cum imperio aut magistratu,
Suet. Tib. 12 Bremi; v. imperium.—
C.
With idem (never of the identity of two subjects, but freq. of the relation of two subjects to the same object, etc.;
v. Krebs, Antibarb. p. 538): tibi mecum in eodem est pistrino vivendum,
Cic. de Or. 2, 33, 144:
quandoque tu... omnibus in eisdem flagitiis mecum versatus es,
id. Verr. 2, 3, 80, § 187:
Numidae... in eādem mecum Africā geniti,
Liv. 30, 12, 15; 28, 28, 14; Tac. A. 15, 2; Val. Max. 6, 5, 3.—
D.
In the adverb. phrase, cum primis, with the foremost, i.e. especially, particularly (rare), Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 28, § 68; id. Brut. 62, 224.—Post-class. also as one word: cumprīmis, Gell. 1, 12, 7 al.
► a.
Cum in anastrophe. So always with the pers. pron.: mecum, tecum, secum, nobiscum, etc.; cf. Cic. Or. 45, 154; Prisc. pp. 949 and 988 P.; and in gen. with the rel. pron.:
quocum (quīcum), quacum, quibuscum, quīcum (for quocum),
Cic. Or. 45, 154; Liv. 38, 9, 2; Cic. Att. 5, 1, 4; id. Verr. 2, 2, 31, §§ 76 and 77; Caes. B. G. 1, 8; Cic. Rep. 1, 10, 15; id. Att. 4, 9, 2; id. Off. 1, 35, 126; Quint. 8, 6, 65; 10, 5, 7; 11, 2, 38. But where cum is emphatic, or a demonstrative pron. is understood, cum is placed before the rel.; cf.:
his de rebus velim cum Pompeio, cum Camillo, cum quibus vobis videbitur, consideretis,
Cic. Fam. 14, 14, 3:
adhibuit sibi quindecim principes cum quibus causas cognovit,
id. Off. 2, 23, 82; Liv. 1, 45, 2.—
b.
Before et... et, connecting two substt.:
cum et diurno et nocturno metu,
Cic. Tusc. 5, 23, 66.
III.
In compounds the primitive form com was alone in use, and was unchanged before b, p, m: comburo, compono, committo, and a few words beginning with vowels: comes, comitium, and comitor; m was assimilated before r: corripio; often before l: colligo or conligo; rarely before n, as connumero, but usually dropped: conecto, conitor, conubium; with the change of m into n before all the remaining consonants: concutio, condono, confero, congero, conqueror, consumo, contero, convinco; so, conjicio, etc., but more usually conicio; and with the rejection of m before vowels and before h: coarguo, coëo, coinquino, coopto, cohibeo.—
B.
It designates,
1.
A being or bringing together of several objects: coëo, colloquor, convivor, etc.: colligo, compono, condo, etc.—
2.
The completeness, perfecting of any act, and thus gives intensity to the signif. of the simple word, as in commaculo, commendo, concito, etc., comminuo, concerpo, concido, convello, etc.
2.
Cum (ante-class. quom; freq. in MSS. of Cicero; the post-class. form quum is incorrectly given in many MSS. and edd.), conj. [pronom. stem ka- or kva- with acc. case ending].
I.
Of time, when, as, while, sometimes = after, since.
A.
In adverbial clauses dependent on non-preterite predicates.
1.
The time designated by cum being indefinite, when, if, whenever, always with indic., except in the instances A. 2.
a.
Cum with pres. indic., often equivalent to si.
(α).
With principal predicate in pres.:
nam omnes id faciunt quom se amari intellegunt,
Plaut. Truc. prol. 17:
facile, quom valemus, recta consilia aegrotis damus,
Ter. And. 2, 1, 9; Plaut. Ep. 1, 2, 44; id. Poen. 4, 2, 20; id. Truc. 1, 1, 46; Ter. Phorm. 2, 1, 11:
cum semen maturum habet, tum tempestiva est,
Cato, R. R. 17; 41: quid? tum cum es iratus, permittis illi iracundiae dominationem animi tui? Cic. Rep. 1, 38, 59:
cum permagna praemia sunt, est causa peccandi,
id. Off. 3, 20, 79; id. de Or. 3, 23, 87:
quidam vivere tunc incipiunt cum desinendum est,
Sen. Ep. 23, 11.—
(β).
With principal predicate in fut. (rare):
ad cujus igitur fidem confugiet cum per ejus fidem laeditur cui se commiserit?
Cic. Rosc. Am. 40, 116; id. Leg. 3, 10, 24; id. Fl. 17, 40; Verg. A. 12, 208.—
(γ).
With principal predicate in logical perf. (mostly poet.):
haud invito ad auris sermo mi accessit tuos, Quom te postputasse omnis res prae parente intellego,
Ter. Hec. 3, 5, 33:
qui cum levati morbo videntur, in eum de integro inciderunt,
Cic. Fam. 12, 30, 2:
(dolor) Cum furit... Profuit incensos aestus avertere ( = prodest),
Verg. G. 3, 457:
nemo non, cum alteri prodest, sibi profuit,
Sen. Ep. 81, 19; Cic. Att. 4, 18, 1; Liv. 8, 8, 11; Verg. A. 9, 435; id. G. 1, 288.—
b.
With logical perf. indic.
(α).
With principal predicate in pres. (very freq.), the perf. translated either by English pres. perf. or by pres.: omnia sunt incerta cum a jure discessum est, when we ( once) disregard the law, Cic. Fam. 9, 16, 1:
gubernatores cum exultantes loligines viderunt... tempestatem significari putant,
id. Div. 2, 70, 145:
cum depulsi sunt agni a matribus, diligentia adhibenda est ne, etc.,
Varr. R. R. 2, 2, 17:
cum ejus generis copia defecit, ad innocentium supplicia descendunt,
Caes. B. G. 6, 16, 5:
(hostis) cum intravit... modum a captivis non accipit,
Sen. Ira, 1, 8, 2:
quia enim, cum prima cognovi, jungere extrema cupio,
Plin. Ep. 7, 10, 1; Cic. Or. 1, 33, 153; id. Div. 2, 26, 56; id. Brut. 24, 93; id. Cat. 4, 6, 12; id. Fam. 6, 3, 3; Auct. Her. 4, 50, 63; Caes. B. G. 4, 33; 5, 21; Liv. 22, 9, 8; 34, 31, 4; Val. Max. 8, 10 prooem.; 9, 6 init.; Sen. Ep. 3, 2; 21, 9; id. Cons. Helv. 13, 2; Curt. 3, 3, 18; Plin. 18, 7, 10, § 60; Quint. 4, 2, 122; 10, 7, 14.—In oblique clauses the perf. indic. may remain, or may be changed into perf. subj., even after preterites, Cic. Off. 1, 28, 26; 2, 20, 69.—
(β).
With principal predicate in fut. ( poet.), Ov. P. 1, 5, 47.—
(γ).
With two logical perff. (rare):
cum id factum est, tamen grex dominum non mutavit,
Varr. R. R. 2, 2, 6:
quae cum se disposuit... summum bonum tetigit,
Sen. Vit. Beat. 8, 5; id. Tranq. 17, 11; id. Ben. 1, 1, 5. —
c.
With fut.
(α).
With principal predicate in fut.:
ita fere officia reperientur, cum quaeretur, quid deceat, etc.,
Cic. Off. 1, 34, 125; Auct. Her. 2, 7, 10; 2, 12, 17.— So with principal predicate in fut. imper:
etiam tum cum verisimile erit aliquem commisisse... latratote,
Cic. Rosc. Am. 20, 57, id. Mur. 31, 65; id. Att. 3, 8, 4; Liv. 35, 19, 6.—
(β).
With principal predicate in pres.:
in talibus... stabilitas amicitiae confirmari potest, cum homines cupiditatibus imperabunt,
Cic. Lael. 22, 82; Val. Max. 4, 8 prooem.—
d.
With fut. perf.
(α).
With principal predicate in pres.:
quam (spem), cum in otium venerimus, habere volumus,
Cic. Att. 1, 7:
nec irascimur illis cum sessorem recusaverint,
Sen. Const. 12, 3; id. Cons. Marc. 7, 2.—
(β).
With principal predicate in fut. indic.:
cum haec erunt considerata, statim nostrae legis expositione... utemur,
Auct. Her. 2, 10, 15:
cum viderit secari patrem suum filiumve, vir bonus non flebit?
Sen. Ira, 1, 12, 1.—In oblique clauses, dependent on preterites, it is changed to the pluperf. subj.:
qui tum demum beatum terrarum orbem futurum praedicavit cum aut sapientes regnare, aut reges sapere coepissent,
Val. Max. 7, 2, ext. 4.—
(γ).
With principal predicate in fut. imper.:
cum tempestates pluviae fuerint, videtote quot dies, etc.,
Cato, R. R. 2, 3; 25 init.; 38.—
(δ).
With two fut. perff.:
cum bene cesserit negotiatio, multum militia retulerit,
Sen. Cons. Helv. 10, 6.—
e.
In partic.
(α).
In definitions with pres, indic.:
humile genus est (causae) cum contempta res adfertur,
Auct. Her. 1, 3, 5:
purgatio est cum factum conceditur, culpa removetur,
Cic. Inv. 1, 11, 15: maxima est capitis deminutio cum aliquis simul et civitatem et libertatem amittit, Gai Inst. 1, 160; Auct. Her. 1, 46; 2, 4, 6; 4, 12, 17; 4, 53, 66 et saep. —
(β).
Etiam cum (less freq. cum etiam), even when (nearly = etiamsi), always with indic. if dependent on other than preterite predicates. (1) With pres.: qui cavet ne decipiatur, vix cavet, quom etiam cavet, Plaut. Capt. 2, 2, 5:
in quo scelere, etiam cum multae causae convenisse... videntur, tamen non temere creditur,
Cic. Rosc. Am. 22, 62:
qui incolunt maritimas urbis, etiam cum manent corpore, animo tamen excursant,
id. Rep. 2, 4, 7; Curt. 6, 3, 10; Plin. Ep. 1, 8, 6.—(2) With fut.:
etiam cum potentes nocere intendent,
Sen. Const. 4, 1. —(3) With fut. perf.:
cum etiam plus contenderimus, etc.,
Cic. Fam. 1, 8, 7; Sen. Ben. 4, 13, 3.—(4) In oblique clauses with imperf. subj., Cic. Fragm. Tog. Cand. 15.—
(γ).
Anteclass. with indic. in addressing indefinite persons in rules, after imper.:
sorba in sapa cum vis condere, arida facias,
Cato, R. R. 7 fin. — Always with indic. if a certain person is addressed; cf. Cic. Rep. 1, 38, 59 (l. A. 1. a. a supra); id. Verr. 2, 1, 18, § 47.—
2.
With subj. referring to indefinite time.
a.
With the 2d pers. sing., used in an indefinite sense ( you = one, any one).
(α).
With pres. subj.:
acerbum'st pro benefactis quom mali messim metas,
Plaut. Ep. 5, 2, 53:
quom faciem videas, videtur esse quantivis preti,
Ter. And. 5, 2, 15; Plaut. Cas. 3, 2, 32; id. Bacch. 3, 3, 38; id. Merc. 3, 2, 7 and 8 et saep.:
difficile est tacere cum doleas,
Cic. Sull. 10, 31:
etiam interpretatio nominis habet acumen cum ad ridiculum convertas,
id. de Or. 2, 63, 257; 2, 64, 259; 2, 67, 269; 2, 75, 305; 3, 38, 156; Sen. Ep. 75, 4 et saep.—
(β).
With perf. subj.:
difficile est cum praestare omnibus concupieris, servare aequitatem,
Cic. Off. 1, 19, 64:
quos (versus) cum cantu spoliaveris, nuda paene remanet oratio,
id. Or. 55, 183; id. Lael. 21, 77; id. Inv. 1, 47, 88; Sall. C. 12, 3; 51, 24; 58, 16.—
b.
In the jurists, in a clause exemplifying a general rule: cum ergo ita scriptum sit Heres Titius esto, addicere debemus, Gai Inst. 2, 165; so id. ib. 4, 97; 3, 161; Auct. Her. 4, 31, 42.—
c.
In the phrase audio cum dicat (I. F. 1, b. infra):
saepe soleo audire Roscium cum ita dicat se, etc.,
Cic. de Or. 2, 28, 129.—
d.
When, after cum, an imperfect or pluperfect is used as a logical tense (post-Aug.): non tulit gratis qui cum rogasset accepit, who has asked for the favor, and, etc., Sen. Ben. 2, 1, 4; 2, 3, 1; 2, 13, 2; id. Ep. 86, 8.—
e.
If the principal predicate is a potential subjunctive, an indefinite clause with a present or future after cum is always in the same mood:
caveto quom ventus siet aut imber, effodias aut seras,
Cato, R. R. 28:
quis tam dissoluto animo est qui, haec cum videat, tacere ac neglegere possit?
Cic. Rosc. Am. 11, 32; id. Planc. 39, 94; id. Clu. 55, 153; id. Inv. 1, 4, 87; 1, 51, 95; Auct. Her. 4, 6, 9; 4, 32, 43.—
3.
Of definite time, always with indic. (for exceptions, v. 4. infra), when, if, while (for the distinction between cum and si, cf.:
formam mihi totius rei publicae, si jam es Romae, aut cum eris, velim mittas,
Cic. Att. 6, 3, 4:
quae si prodierit, atque adeo cum prodierit—scio enim proditurum esse—audiet,
id. Rosc. Am. 25, 100:
si damnatus eris, atque adeo cum damnatus eris—nam dubitatio quae poterit esse? etc.,
id. Verr. 2, 3, 29, § 70; id. Or. 2, 75, 304; Sen. Ep. 83, 10).
a.
Cum with pres. indic.
(α).
Principal predicate in pres.:
certe, edepol, quom illum contemplo et formam cognosco meam... nimis simili'st mei,
Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 288; so id. Poen. 1, 2, 71; id. Pers. 4, 4, 15; Ter. Hec. 3, 3, 45: Py. Ne fle. Ph. Non queo Quom te video, Plaut. Mil. 4, 8, 14; id. Am. 1, 1, 260; id. Rud. 3, 4, 38:
potestne tibi ulla spes salutis ostendi cum recordaris in deos immortalis quam impius... fueris?
Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 18, § 47: cum hoc vereor, et cupio tibi... parcere, rursus immuto voluntatem meam ( = while), id. Rosc. Am. 34, 95; Serv. ap. Cic. Fam. 4, 5, 4:
equidem cum... recordor, vix aetatem Alexandri suffecturam fuisse reor ad unum bellum,
Liv. 9, 19, 12; Cic. Planc. 12, 29; id. Clu. 10, 29; Liv. 40, 46, 3:
quod cum ita est,
if this is so, Quint. 24, 58 (cf.:
quodsi ita est,
Cic. Mur. 2, 5); so,
often, nunc cum: qui modo nusquam conparebas, nunc quom conpares, peris,
Plaut. Aul. 4, 4, 2; so id. ib. 1, 3, 35; 2, 2, 17; id. As. 1, 2, 18; Ter. Heaut. 3, 1, 39:
nos de injusto rege nihil loquimur, nunc cum de ipsa regali re publica quaerimus,
Cic. Rep. 3, 35, 47; Liv. 44, 39, 7.—So with logical perf. for the pres., Quint. 4, 2, 122.—But Cicero always uses nunc cum with a subj. when the clause, while designating present time, generally [p. 491] in opposition to a former time, implies a reason for the principal action, now that:
quodsi tum, cum res publica severitatem desiderabat, vici naturam, etc., nunc cum omnes me causae ad misericordiam... vocent, quanto tandem studio, etc.,
Cic. Mur. 2, 3, 6; id. Fam. 9, 16, 7; id. Font. 15, 35 (25); id. Imp. Pomp. 10, 27; 17, 50; not found in later writers, except in the Gallic panegyrists, e. g. Eum. Grat. Act. 2 init. —
(β).
With principal predicate in the logical perf., if (ante-class.):
Curculio hercle verba mihi dedit quom cogito,
Plaut. Curc. 4, 4, 27:
sed tandem, quom recogito, qui potis est scire, haec scire me?
id. Stich. 2, 1, 29; id. Mil. 4, 8, 64.—
b.
Cum with logical perf. indic.
(α).
Principal predicate in pres.:
ergo quom optume fecisti, nunc adest occasio Benefacta cumulare,
after doing excellently, Plaut. Capt. 2, 3, 63: quo etiam major vir habendus est (Numa), cum illam sapientiam constituendae civitatis duobus prope saeculis ante cognovit, quam, etc. ( = siquidem, if he has; seeing that he has), Cic. de Or. 2, 37, 154; Verg. A. 9, 249.—
(β).
With principal predicate in fut. ( poet.):
at cumst imposta corona, Clamabis capiti vina subisse meo (est imposta = erit imposta),
Prop. 4 (5), 2, 30.—
c.
With fut.
(α).
With principal predicate in fut.:
quom videbis tum scies,
Plaut. Bacch. 1, 2, 37; id. Am. 3, 3, 15; id. Men. 5, 7, 7; Ter. Phorm. 1, 2, 82; id. Heaut. prol. 33:
sed cum certum sciam faciam te paulo ante certiorem,
Cic. Fam. 9, 23; 3, 11, 3; 12, 30, 5; 14, 3, 4; id. Q. Fr. 3, 8, 2; Liv. 3, 53, 10.—
(β).
With principal predicate in fut. perf.:
cum tu haec leges, ego jam annuum munus confecero,
Cic. Fam. 2, 12, 1.—
(γ).
With principal predicate in imper. fut.:
mox quom imitabor Sauream, caveto ne succenseas,
Plaut. As. 2, 2, 105; id. Mil. 3, 3, 59.—
(δ).
With principal predicate in subj. (potential):
cum testes ex Sicilia dabo, quem volet ille eligat,
Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 22, § 48; id. Off. 1, 34, 122; 3, 10, 46; id. Att. 4, 9, 1; 4, 10, 2; 4, 17, 1 et saep.—
(ε).
In oblique clauses, after preterites, changed into imperf. subj., Caes. B. C. 2, 40; after other tenses it is either changed into pres. subj. or remains unchanged, Cic. Fam. 1, 56, 2; 1, 7, 4; Sall. C. 58, 8.—
d.
With fut. perf.
(α).
With principal predicate in fut.:
mox dabo quom ab re divina rediero,
Plaut. Poen. 1, 2, 193; id. Am. 1, 1, 43; 1, 2, 4; Ter. Phorm. 1, 4, 8:
cum haec docuero, tum illud ostendam, etc.,
Cic. Clu. 4, 9; id. Verr. 2, 1, 1, § 3; id. de Or. 2, 33, 143; 2, 59, 239; id. Att. 3, 23, 5 et saep.—In oblique clauses, after preterites, the fut. perf. is changed into pluperf. subj., Cic. Rosc. Am. 10, 28; 28, 78; Liv. 1, 56, 11; 5, 30, 1; after other tenses, and often in oblique oration, it remains unchanged, or is changed into perf. subj., Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 71, § 183; id. Fam. 2, 5, 2 dub.; Liv. 21, 13, 8; 3, 56, 10.—
(β).
With principal predicate in imper. (almost always fut. imper.):
quod quom dixero, si placuerit, Facitote,
Ter. Eun. 5, 8, 37:
cum ego Granium testem produxero, refellito, si poteris,
Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 59, § 154; id. Marcell. 9, 27; id. Fam. 16, 4, 3; Tac. A. 1, 22.—With pres. imper., Liv. 24, 38, 7.—
(γ).
With principal predicate in subj. (potential):
quae cum omnia collegeris, tum ipse velim judices satisne videatur,
Cic. Fam. 5, 2, 4; id. Or. 13, 41 dub.—In oblique clauses, after non-preterites, the fut. perf. remains unchanged:
oro, ne me hodie, cum isti respondero, putetis, etc.,
Cic. Phil. 2, 5, 10; id. Clu. 2, 6.—
4.
With subj. in definite time.
a.
Sometimes in oblique construction (3. c. e; 3. d. a).—
b.
Sometimes by attraction:
curata fac sint quom a foro redeam domum,
Plaut. Aul. 2, 3, 6; 2, 3, 11; id. Stich. 1, 2, 8; id. Curc. 2, 2, 3:
non admirere cum ego ipse me id ex te primum audisse confitear?
Cic. Planc. 24, 58. —
c.
In the semi-causal connection nunc cum, v. 3, a. a fin. supra.
B.
In adverbial anterior clauses dependent on preterite predicates, the time of the cum clause preceding that of the principal sentence (always with subj., except in the instances mentioned 2.; 3. a; and 5.), when, after.
1.
With pluperf. subj. (so generally): quom socios nostros mandisset impius Cyclops, Liv. And. Fragm. ap. Prisc. 8, p. 817 (Lubbert conjectures, without sufficient reason, mandit sex): quom saucius multifariam ibi factus esset, tamen volnus capiti nullum evenit, Cato, Orig. ap. Gell. 3, 7, 19:
portisculus signum cum dare coepisset,
Enn. Ann. v. 234 Vahl.:
quom testamento patris partisset bona,
Afran. Com. Rel. v. 50 Rib.: quem quom ibi vidissent Hortensius Postumiusque, Lucil. ap. Non. p. 4, 32; Enn. Ann. v. 241 Vahl.; Turp. Com. Rel. v. 48 Rib.; Lucil. ap. Non. p. 394, 27 (the MSS. reading:
quom venisset,
Plaut. As. 2, 3, 15, is corrupt):
audivi summos homines cum quaestor ex Macedonia venissem Athenas,
Cic. de Or. 1, 11, 45:
haec cum Crassus dixisset, silentium est consecutum,
id. ib. 1, 35, 160:
cum Thebani Lacedaemonios bello superavissent... aeneum statuerunt tropaeum,
id. Inv. 2, 23, 69:
Dionysius cum fanum Proserpinae Locris expilavisset, navigabat Syracusas,
id. N. D. 3, 34, 83:
eo cum venisset, animadvertit ad alteram ripam magnas esse copias hostium,
Caes. B. G. 5, 18:
Tarquinius et Tullia minor... cum domos vacuas novo matrimonio fecissent, junguntur nuptiis,
Liv. 1, 46, 9 et saep. —
2.
With pluperf. indic.
a.
Ante-class. in place of the class. subj.:
idem me pridem quom ei advorsum veneram, Facere atriensem voluerat,
Plaut. Cas. 2, 8, 28:
Quid ais? Quom intellexeras, id consilium capere, quor non dixti extemplo,
Ter. And. 3, 2, 38.—
b.
If the pluperfect is a virtual imperfect, designating the time at which the main action took place, the principal predicate being likewise in the pluperfect, when the clause would require an indicative if placed in the imperfect (3. a. a): exspectationem nobis non parvam adtuleras cum scripseras Varronem tibi confirmasse, etc. ( = exspectabam cum legebam; cf. C. 3, a. a, 2.), Cic. Att. 3, 18, 1; cf. Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 9, 2, where the cum clause is relative; v. E.: Romae haud minus terroris... erat quam fuerat biennio ante cum castra Punica objecta Romanis moenibus fuerant (C. 3. a. a, 1.), Liv. 27, 44, 1; so id. 5, 28, 1; 26, 40, 17; 44, 10, 1.—
c.
If the clause indicates that the time of the main action is a period, subsequent to that of the action designated by the pluperfect:
nam tum cum in Asia res magnas permulti amiserant, scimus Romae, solutione impedita, fidem concidisse,
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 7, 19:
cum ea consecutus nondum eram... tamen ista vestra nomina numquam sum admiratus,
id. Fam. 3, 7, 5; id. Verr. 2, 5, 69, § 178; id. Inv. 2, 42, 124; Caes. B. G. 7, 35; Liv. 24, 7, 1 sq.; Nep. Dat. 6, 5; Curt. 9, 10, 12; Verg. A. 5, 42.—
3.
If both predicates denote repeated action, the anterior clause with cum has the pluperf. indic. or subj.
a.
With pluperf. indic.
(α).
With principal predicate in imperf. indic. (so almost always in Cicero and Caesar; not in the poets, nor in Vell., Val. Max., Tac., Suet., or Plin.), whenever:
cum ad aliquod oppidum venerat, eadem lectica usque ad cubiculum deferebatur,
Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 11, § 27; 2, 1, 46, § 120; 2, 3, 67, § 156; 2, 4, 61, § 137; 2, 5, 10, § 27; id. Fl. 7, 16; 10, 21; id. Agr. 2, 26, 68; id. Or. 32, 113; id. Brut. 24, 93:
(Cassi vellaunus) cum equitatus noster se in agros ejecerat, essedarios ex silvis emittebat,
Caes. B. G. 5, 19; 3, 14; 3, 15; 4, 7; 5, 35; 7, 22; id. B. C. 1, 58; Sall. J. 92, 8; 44, 4:
cum comminus venerant, gladiis a velitibus trucidabantur,
Liv. 38, 21, 12; Nep. Epam. 3, 6; Sen. Ep. 11, 4; Curt. 3, 10, 8; 3, 10, 11; Quint. 7, 1, 4; Gell. 15, 22, 5; 17, 18, 3; Gai Inst. 4, 15; Pacat. 9.—
(β).
With principal predicate in perf. indic.:
Pacuvius qui Syriam usu suam fecit, cum vino... sibi parentaverat,
Sen. Ep. 12, 8; 108, 14.—
b.
With pluperf. subj., an imperf. indic. in principal sentence:
cum fossam latam cubiculari lecto circumdedisset, ejusque transitum... conjunxisset, eum ipse detorquebat,
Cic. Tusc. 5, 20, 59; id. Verr. 2, 3, 41, § 94:
cum cohortes ex acie procucurrissent, Numidae... effugiebant, etc.,
Caes. B. C. 2, 41:
cum in jus duci debitorem vidissent, undique convolabant,
Liv. 2, 27, 8; 25, 3, 11; 5, 48, 2.—
4.
In anterior clauses with imperf. subj.
(α).
When the principal clause expresses an immediate consequence ( = pluperf. subj.):
Demaratus cum audiret dominationem Cypseli confirmari, defugit patriam ( = cum audivisset),
Cic. Rep. 2, 19, 34; Caes. B. G. 5, 17 et saep.—
(β).
Where both verbs relate to one transaction, especially in remarks and replies:
(Epaminondas) cum gravi vulnere exanimari se videret, quaesivit salvusne esset clipeus, etc.,
Cic. Fin. 2, 30, 97:
cum ex eo quaereretur quid esset dolus magnus, respondebat, etc.,
id. Off. 3. 14, 60; id. Or. 2, 69, 278; id. Rosc. Am. 25, 70; Liv. 3, 71, 4 et saep.—
(γ).
When the principal action takes place during the action of the dependent clause:
qui cum unum jam et alterum diem desideraretur, neque in eis locis inveniretur... liberti Asuvii in eum invadunt, etc.,
Cic. Clu. 13, 38.—
5.
For the perf. indic. instead of pluperf. subj. v. C. 1. d. infra.
C.
In adverbial clauses of coincident time dependent on preterites ( = eo tempore quo), the clause with cum designating the time at which or during which the main action took place, when, as, while.[The theory of the use of tenses and moods in these clauses is not fully settled. The older grammarians require the indicative if cum denotes pure time, but the subjunctive if denoting cause or relations similar to cause. Zumpt and others acknowledge that the rule is frequently not observed, attributing this to the predilection of the Latin language for the subjunctive. Recently Hoffmann (Zeitpartikeln der Lateinischen Sprache, 1st ed. 1860; 2d ed. 1873) and Lubbert (Syntax von Quom, 1870) have advanced the theory that cum requires the indicative if denoting absolute time, but the subjunctive if denoting relative time. They define absolute time as time co-ordinate or parallel with, or logically independent of, the time of the principal action, which performs the function of a chronological date for the principal action, and they consider it as a criterion that the clause might have constituted an independent sentence; while relative time is logically subordinate to the principal action. Hoffmann condenses his theory in the following words: cum with indicative names and describes the time at which the action of the principal sentence took place; cum with the subjunctive, on the contrary, designates the point of time at which, or the space of time during which, the action expressed in the principal sentence commenced or ended. The chief objections to this theory are: (1) Its vagueness.—(2) The facts that in many instances cum with the subjunctive clearly dates the main action (C. 3. a. b, 2, and 4.; C. 3. a. 5.; C. 3. b. b, 3. and 5.; C. 3. b. g infra); that many of the subjunctive clauses with cum may be transformed into independent sentences (C. 3. b. b, 2. and 3. infra); that many indicative clauses with cum are logically subordinate to the main action (C. 3. a. a, 2. infra), and that when both moods are used in two co-ordinated clauses with cum belonging to the same main sentence, Hoffmann must account for the difference of the moods by explanations not drawn from his theory (Cic. Agr. 2, 64, 64; id. Clu. 30, 83; id. Div. 1, 43, 97; id. Fin. 2, 19, 61; id. de Or. 67, 272; Caes. B. C. 2, 17; Liv. 6, 40, 17; 30, 44, 10).—(3) The impossibility of clearly drawing the line between logical co-ordination and subordination; and the fact that, wherever it is drawn, there will be many passages not accounted for (cf. 1. init. and many passages under C. 3. a. a, 3.; C. 3. a. d; C. 3. b. g, etc.).—(4) That the supposed use of cum with the imperfect indicative is inconsistent with the received doctrine that the imperfect always designates a time relative to another time—a difficulty not satisfactorily met by Hoffman's assumption of an aoristic imperfect.]GENERAL RULE.—The predicate after cum is in the perfect indicative (or historical present) if the action is conceived as a point of time coincident with the time of the main action. It is either in the imperfect indicative or in the imperfect subjunctive if the action is conceived as occupying a period of time within which the main action took place (e. g.:
quid enim meus frater ab arte adjuvari potuit, cum... furem se videre respondit? Quid in omni oratione Crassus... cum pro Cn. Plancio diceret?
Cic. de Or. 2, 54, 220;
where dicebat might stand for diceret, but not responderet for respondit: cum ad tribum Polliam ventum est, et praeco cunctaretur, etc.,
Liv. 29, 37, 8; cf.:
cum tecum Ephesi collocutus sum,
Cic. Fam. 13, 55, 1; and:
cum te Puteolis prosequerer,
id. ib. 3, 10, 8: cum primum lex coepta ferri est, Liv 3, 14, 4; and: cum [p. 492] ferretur lex, id. 5, 30, 4;
also,
Cic. Fam. 4, 3, 1, and Liv. 3, 58, 7).
1.
Both predicates in the perf. indic. (or histor. pres.), both clauses denoting points of time (the principal predicate may be in any verbal form implying a perfect).
a.
The clause expressing a momentary action:
posticulum hoc recepit quom aedis vendidit, Flaut. Trin. 1, 2, 157: scilicet qui dudum tecum venit cum pallam mihi Detulisti,
id. Men. 2, 3, 46; prol. 62; id. Poen. 4, 2, 82; id. Ep. 2, 2, 33; Ter. Hec. 4, 1, 57; id. Heaut. 2, 3, 21 et saep.:
non tum cum emisti fundum Tusculanum, in leporario apri fuerunt,
Varr. R. R. 3, 3, 8:
in judiciis quanta vis esset didicit cum est absolutus,
Cic. Tog. Cand. Fragm. 4:
per tuas statuas vero cum dixit, vehementer risimus,
id. de Or. 2, 59, 242:
cum occiditur Sex. Roscius, (servi) ibidem fuerunt,
id. Rosc. Am. 41, 120; id. Verr. 2, 2, 29, § 70; 1, 4, 11; 2, 2, 66, § 160; 2, 3, 47, § 112; id. Caecin. 29, 85; id. Sest. 55, 157; id. Phil. 2, 9, 21; id. Rep. 6, 22, 24; id. Fam. 9, 15, 2; id. Att. 2, 1, 5 et saep.:
tunc flesse decuit cum adempta sunt nobis arma,
Liv. 3, 55, 10; 10, 6, 8; 28, 42, 14; 42, 46, 1; Vitr. 2, 8, 12; 2, 1, 7; 2, 9, 15;
6, 7, 4: semel dumtaxat vultum mutavit, tunc cum... anulum in profundum dejecit,
Val. Max. 6, 9, 6; 8, 8, ext. 1; 9, 1, ext. 1;
9, 8, 1: rerum natura... cum visum est deinde, (filium tuum) repetiit,
Sen. Cons. Polyb. 10, 4; 11, 2; id. Q. N. 1, 11, 3; 6, 25, 4:
accepimus et serpentem latrasse cum pulsus est regno Tarquinius,
Plin. 8, 41, 63, § 153; 2, 24, 22, § 90; 2, 52, 53, § 139; Suet. Claud. 21; Hor. S. 2, 3, 61; Ov. Tr. 5, 11, 8; Tib. 3, 5, 18; Mart. 5, 49, 9.—So, cum primum, when first, the first time that, as soon as:
jube vinum dari: jam dudum factum'st quom primum bibi,
Plaut. As. 5, 2, 40; id. Cas. prol. 17; Ter. Hec. alt. prol. 31; id. And. prol. 1; id. Eun. 3, 3, 4:
Pompeius cum primum contionem habuit... ostendit, etc.,
Cic. Verr. 1, 15, 45; id. Fam. 2, 9, 1; Liv. 3, 55, 10; 25, 6, 2; 25, 29, 4; 31, 3, 1; 40, 8, 1; 42, 34, 3; Curt. 6, 11, 23; but with imperf. subj. when referring to a per. of time:
ipse cum primum pabuli copia esse inciperet, ad exercitum venit,
Caes. B. G. 2, 2.—In the poets and later writers, the imperf. subj. often occurs where classic prose has the perf. indic.:
effice ut idem status sit cum exigis qui fuit cum promitterem,
Sen. Ben. 4, 39, 4:
tum lacrimare debueras cum equo calcaria subderes,
Curt. 7, 2, 6; Suet. Claud. 6; Ov. P. 4, 12, 28.—
b.
If the clause denotes a state, condition, or action of longer duration, it takes the perf. indic. if asserted as a complete fact without regard to what happened during its progress (virtual point of time):
in quem Juppiter se convertit cum exportavit per mare... Europen,
Varr. R. R. 2, 5, 5:
ne cum in Sicilia quidem (bellum) fuit... pars ejus belli in Italiam ulla pervasit,
Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 2, § 6:
nempe eo (lituo) Romulus regiones direxit tum cum urbem condidit,
id. Div. 1, 17, 30; id. Verr. 2, 3, 54, § 125; id. Lig. 7, 20; id. Rep. 3, 32, 44:
non tibi, cum in conspectu Roma fuit, succurrit? etc.,
Liv. 2, 40, 7; 34, 3, 7; Nep. Iphicr. 2, 4; id. Pelop. 4, 3.—
c.
With perf. indic., by the time when, before, referring to facts which actually occurred before the action of the principal sentence:
ab Anaximandro moniti Lacedaemonii sunt ut urbem... linquerent, quod terrae motus instaret, tum cum... urbs tota corruit,
Cic. Div. 1, 50, 112; Liv. 22, 36, 4; 34, 31, 15; Prop. 2, 32 (3, 30), 53.—
d.
With perf. indic. when actions in immediate sequence are represented as coincident:
ad quem cum accessimus, Appio, subridens, Recipis nos, inquit, etc.,
Varr. R. R. 3, 2, 2:
me primus dolor percussit, Cotta cum est expulsus,
Cic. Brut. 89, 303:
itaque ne tum quidem cum classem perdidisti, Mamertinis navem imperare ausus es,
id. Verr. 2, 5, 23, § 59:
haec cum facta sunt in concilio, magna spe et laetitia omnium discessum est,
Caes. B. C. 3, 87:
cum Thessalos in armis esse nuntiatum est, Ap. Claudium... senatus misit,
Liv. 42, 5, 8:
Gracchus cum ex Sardinia rediit, orationem ad populum habuit,
Gell. 15, 12, 1; Cic. Imp. Pomp. 1, 2; id. Deiot. 6, 17; id. Top. 16, 61; id. Div. 1, 43, 98; id. Fam. 5, 21, 2; Liv. 4, 44, 10; 4, 60, 8; 9, 25, 2; 22, 14, 12; Nep. Dat. 11, 1; Suet. Caes. 31; Gell. 1, 23, 5; Prop. 3, 20, 37 (4, 21, 7).—Hence a perf. indic. in co-ordination with pluperf. subj.: cum sol nocte visus esset... et cum caelum discessisse visum est (decemviri ad libros ire jussi sunt), Cic. Div. 1, 43, 97.—
2.
With a perf. indic. (or histor. pres.), the principal predicate in imperf.
a.
The action falling within the time of the principal predicate:
set Stalagmus quojus erat tunc nationis, quom hinc abit?
Plaut. Capt. 4, 2, 107; id. Rud. 3, 6, 9; Ter. Eun. 2, 3, 51:
haec Crassi oratio cum edita est, quattuor et triginta tum habebat annos, etc.,
Cic. Brut. 43, 161:
eo cum venio, praetor quiescebat,
id. Verr. 2, 4, 14, § 32; 2, 5, 69, § 178; id. Fl. 13, 20; id. Pis. 1, 2; id. Lig. 1, 3; id. Phil. 2, 21, 52; 3, 4, 11; id. Fam. 13, 35, 2; id. Att. 6, 1, 13:
cum Caesari in Galliam venit, alterius factionis principes erant Aedui, alterius Sequani,
Caes. B. G. 6, 12; Sall. J. 71, 1:
cum haec accepta clades est, jam C. Horatius et T. Menenius consules erant,
Liv. 2, 51, 1; 21, 39, 4; 23, 49, 5; 28, 27, 14; 34, 16, 6;
45, 39, 1: merito me non adgnoscis, nam cum hoc factum est, integer eram,
Sen. Ben. 5, 24, 3.—Post-class. writers generally use imperf. subj.:
beneficium ei videberis dedisse cui tunc inimicissimus eras cum dares?
Sen. Ben. 5, 19, 7:
bona quoque, quae tunc habuit cum damnaretur, publicabuntur,
Dig. 28, 18, § 1:
pauper Fabricius (erat) Pyrrhi cum sperneret aurum,
Claud. IV. Cons. Hon. 413.—
b.
The action strictly anterior to the principal sentence, rare (1. d.): nam quod conabar cum interventum'st dicere, nunc expedibo, Pac. ap. Non. p. 505, 3 (Trag. Rel. v. 65 Rib.):
cum est ad nos adlatum de temeritate eorum, etc., cetera mihi facillima videbantur... multaque mihi veniebant in mentem, etc.,
Cic. Fam. 3, 10, 1; Sall. C. 51, 32; Verg. A. 6, 515; id. E. 3, 14.—
3.
The predicate after cum conceived as a period or space of time (including repeated action) is either in the imperf. indic. or imperf. subj. [In ante-classical writers and Cicero the imperf. indic. very frequent, and largely prevailing over the subj., except that when the principal predicate denotes a point of time (with perf.), Cicero commonly uses the subj.; the imperf. indic. occurs in Cicero 241 times; in Caesar once with the force of a relativeclause (B. G. 1, 40, 5), and 3 times of repeated action; in Nep. once of repeated action (Att. 9, 6); in Sall. twice (J. 31, 20; id. H. 1, 48, 6 Dietsch); in Liv. 22 times; in Verg. 4 times; in Ovid twice; in Tib. twice; in Prop. 3 times; in Val. Max. twice; then it disappears (except once each in Tac. and Mart.), but reappears in Gaius (3 times), Gellius (twice), and the Gallic panegyrists (several times)].
a.
Both predicates denoting spaces of time, the principal predicate always in the imperf. indic. unless the mood is changed by other influences.
(α).
Cum with the imperf. indic. (1) In express or implied opposition to other periods of time, esp. with tum or tunc:
eademne erat haec disciplina tibi quom tu adulescens eras?
Plaut. Bacch. 3, 3, 17:
alium esse censes nunc me atque olim quom dabam?
Ter. And. 3, 3, 13; Plaut. Capt. 2, 1, 50; id. Most. 1, 3, 64; id. Mil. 2, 2, 26; Ter. And. 1, 1, 69; Enn. ap. Cic. Brut. 19, 76 (Ann. v. 222 Vahl.):
qui cum plures erant, paucis nobis exaequari non poterant, hi postquam pauciores sunt, etc.,
Auct. Her. 4, 18, 25:
qui (Pompeius) cum omnes Caesarem metuebamus ipse eum diligebat, postquam ille metuere coepit, etc.,
Cic. Att. 8, 1, 4:
res per eosdem creditores per quos cum tu aderas agebatur,
id. Fam. 1, 1, 1 (cf.:
Senatus consultum factum est de ambitu in Afranii sententiam quam ego dixeram cum tu adesses,
id. Q. Fr. 2, 9, 3):
Trebellium valde jam diligit: oderat tum cum ille tabulis novis adversabatur,
id. Phil. 6, 4, 11:
non tam id sentiebam cum fruebar, quam tunc cum carebam,
id. Red. Quir. 1, 3:
etenim tunc esset hoc animadvertendum cum classis Syracusis proficiebatur,
id. Verr. 2, 5, 43, § 111 (so 111 times in Cicero, including the instances where the principal predicate is in the perf.):
cum captivis redemptio negabatur, nos vulgo homines laudabant, nunc deteriore condicione sumus, etc.,
Liv. 25, 6, 14; 10, 7, 2; 33, 34, 3; 34, 4, 10; 44, 36, 8; 45, 38, 1; Ov. P. 2, 6, 9; id. M. 13, 473; Val. Max. 6, 3, 1; 4, 1, 10; Mart. 12, 70, 10; Gai Inst. 1, 184; Eum. Grat. Act. 6; cf.: cur eum, cum in consilium iretur, Cluentius et Canutius abesse patiebantur? Cur cum in consilium mittebant, Stajenum judicem qui pecuniam dederant, non requirebant? Cic. Clu. 30, 83 (cum iretur, of the time when the judges retired; cum mittebant, of the previous time, when the parties were asked about the closing of the case; opp. cum iretur).—Poets, even in the class. per., sometimes use the subj. in dependence upon the indic.:
hic subito quantus cum viveret esse solebat, Exit humo,
Ov. M. 13, 441. —(2) The principal predicate denoting a mental act or reflection occasioned by, or accompanying the action of the clause with cum (mostly ante-class. and in Cicero):
desipiebam mentis cum illa scripta mittebam tibi,
Plaut. Ep. 1, 2, 35; id. Aul. 2, 2, 1; id. Ps. 1, 5, 86:
sed tu cum et tuos amicos in provinciam quasi in praedam invitabas, et cum eis praedabare, et... non statuebas tibi rationem esse reddendam?
Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 11, § 29:
illas res tantas cum gerebam, non mihi mors, non exsilium ob oculos versabatur?
id. Sest. 21, 47; id. Cat. 3, 1, 3; 3, 7, 16; id. Verr. 2, 2, 10, § 26; 2, 2, 13, § 33; 2, 2, 35, § 86; 2, 3, 86, § 198; 2, 5, 21, § 54; id. Fl. 1, 1; id. Deiot. 1, 3; 8, 23; id. Pis. 24, 56 and 57; id. Ac. 2, 28, 89; id. Or. 13, 41; id. Tusc. 2, 15, 43; id. Fam. 7, 9, 5 (22 times); Sall. H. 1, 48, 6 Dietsch (cf.:
num P. Decius cum se devoveret, et equo admisso in mediam aciem Latinorum inruebat, aliquid... cogitabat?
Cic. Fin. 2, 19, 61; cum se devoveret explains the circumstances of inruebat; hence acc. to 3. a. b, 2. in subj.; cf. Madv. ad loc., who reads devoverat).—(3) If the predicate after cum has a meaning peculiar to the imperf. indic., which by the use of the subj. would be effaced: quod erat os tuum, cum videbas eos homines, quorum ex bonis istum anulus aureus donabas? (descriptive imperf.) Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 80, § 187; so,
fulgentis gladios hostium videbant Decii, cum in aciem eorum inruebant,
id. Tusc. 2, 24, 59: cum de plebe consulem non accipiebat ( = accipere nolebat, conative imperf.), id. Brut. 14, 55:
cum vim quae esset in sensibus explicabamus, etc.,
id. Ac. 2, 12, 37 (the verbum dicendi refers to a certain stage in the discourse, for which Cicero uses the imperf. indic. in independent sentences, e. g. N. D. 3, 29, 71; 3, 6, 15; de Or. 1, 53, 230; 2, 19, 83; 2, 84, 341); so,
equidem... risum vix tenebam, cum Attico Lysiae Catonem nostrum comparabas,
id. Brut. 8, 293:
cum censebam,
id. de Or. 1, 62, 264:
cum dicebam,
id. Fam. 6, 1, 5:
cum ponebas,
id. Fin. 2, 19, 63; so esp. in Cicero's letters the phrase cum haec scribebam = while I am writing this, to preserve the meaning of an epistolary tense, referring to a state, condition, or action in progress at the time of writing the letter:
res, cum haec scribebam, erat in extremum adducta discrimen,
id. Fam. 12, 6, 2; 3, 12, 2; 5, 12, 2; 6, 4, 1; id. Att. 5, 20, 5 et saep.; cum haec scriberem, scripsissem, scripsi, are not epistolary tenses, but refer to events happening after the letter or part of it was finished, = when I wrote, had written, id. ib. 2, 15, 3; 10, 4, 7; 4, 10, 2; id. Q. Fr. 3, 1, 6, § 19; Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 6, 5; 8, 13, 2;
sometimes cum dabam = cum scribebam,
Cic. Fam. 12, 16, 3 (but cf.:
cum scriberem, as epistolary tense, in oblique discourse,
id. Att. 15, 13, 7).—(4) The coincidence in time of two actions is made emphatic, = eo ipso tempore quo:
tum cum insula Delos... nihil timebat, non modo provinciis sed etiam Appia via jam carebamus,
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 18, 55; id. Phil. 1, 15, 36; 13, 8, 17; id. Sull. 10, 31; id. Tusc. 2, 8, 20; id. Off. 3, 27, 100; id. Dom. 45, 118.—
(β).
The predicate after cum is in the imperf. subj. (1) To impart to the clause a causal, adversative or concessive meaning besides the temporal relation:
antea cum equester ordo judicaret, improbi magistratus in provinciis inserviebant publicanis (a logical consequence),
Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 41, § 94:
sed cum jam honores (Hortensii) et illa senior auctoritas gravius quiddam requireret, remanebat idem (dicendi genus) nec decebat idem,
id. Brut. 95, 327; id. Phil. 1, 1, 1; id. Rosc. Am. 15, 42; 16, 45; id. Pis. 10, 2; Liv. 25, 13, 1; 26, 5, 1.—(2) To indicate circumstances under which the main action took place, and by which it is explained:
Flaminius, cum tripudio auspicaretur, pullarius diem differebat, etc.,
Cic. Div. 1, 35, 77: [p. 493] equidem cum peterem magistratum, solebam in prensando dimittere a me Scaevolam, id. de Or. 1, 24, 112; id. Inv. 2, 17, 52; Liv. 41, 1, 2 (cf. 3. b. b, 3.).—(3) To describe the locality of the main action: quom essem in provincia legatus, quam plures ad praetores et consules vinum honorarium dabant, Cato ap. Isid. Orig. 20, 3, 8:
Zenonem cum Athenis essem audiebam frequenter,
Cic. N. D. 1, 21, 59; 1, 28, 79; id. Tusc. 2, 14, 34; id. Fam. 3, 8, 5; id. Att. 2, 11, 1; 12, 5, 4; 16, 14, 1; id. Verr. 2, 4, 12, § 29; Liv. 5, 54, 3 (cf. 3. b. b, 4.).—(4) To designate the time of the main action as a condition:
cum ageremus vitae supremum diem, scribebamus hoc,
Cic. Fin. 4, 27, 54:
cum jam in exitu annus esset, Q. Marcius... magistratu abiturus erat,
Liv. 39, 23, 1 (cf. 3. b. b, 5.).—
(γ).
If both the clause with cum and the principal predicate denote repeated action, the predicate with cum in class. prose is in the imperf. indic. or subj. according to the rules under a and b; the principal predicate being always in the imperf. indic.; but in ante-class. writers cum has always the imperf. indic. (1) Imperf. indic.:
tum mi aedes quoque arridebant, quom ad te veniebam, tuae,
Plaut. As. 1, 3, 55; id. Am. 1, 1, 45; id. Rud. 4, 7, 25 sqq.; Ter. Eun. 2, 3, 19; Cinc. de Re Mil. ap. Gell. 16, 4, 5; Asell. ap. Gell. 2, 13, 4; Cic. Att. 2, 7, 4; id. Verr. 2, 2, 13, § 34; Caes. B. C. 1, 79, 2; Gai Inst. 2, 101; Pacat. Pan. 9 fin.:
cum a nostro Catone laudabar vel reprehendi me a ceteris facile patiebar,
Cic. Or. 13, 41; so Nep. Att. 9, 6.—To distinguish from adversative relations, as Cic. Rosc. Com. 3, 9; id. Att. 12, 39, 2; id. de Or. 1, 14, 62; Caes. B. C. 3, 44, 6; Gai Inst. 2, 254.—If only the clause with cum, but not the principal predicate, denotes repeated action, the latter is in the perf., the former in imperf. indic., Caes. B. C. 2, 17; Cic. Arch. 5, 10.—(2) Imperf. subj., mostly denoting circumstances to explain the main action: cum dilectus antiquitus fieret... tribunus militaris adigebat, etc., Cinc. de Re Mil. ap. Gell. 16, 4, 2:
Hortensius cum partiretur tecum causas, prorogandi locum semper tibi relinquebat,
Cic. Brut. 51, 190; id. Div. 1, 45, 102; id. de Or. 1, 54, 232; id. Brut. 62, 222; Liv. 3, 66, 2; 5, 25, 12:
ex hoc effectos panes, cum in colloquiis Pompeiani famem nostris objectarent, vulgo in eos jaciebant (causal),
Caes. B. C. 3, 48; Cic. Fin. 2, 19, 62; so,
according to class. usage,
Sen. Ep. 86, 11; Curt. 5, 2, 7; 6, 5, 18; 7, 3, 13; Suet. Caes. 65;
contrary to class. usage,
Val. Max. 3, 6, 6; Sen. Ep. 30, 7; 77, 8; Tac. H. 2, 91; Spart. Had. 18. —
(δ).
In other instances (which are rare), both moods occur, either without any discrimination, or for special reasons. (1) Ante-class.:
nam quom modo exibat foras, ad portum se aibat ire,
Plaut. Rud. 2, 2, 2. —(2) Class.:
ut, cum L. Opimii causam defendebat, C. Carbo nihil de Gracchi nece negabat, sed id jure factum esse dicebat,
Cic. de Or. 2, 25, 106 (cf.:
nuper cum ego C. Sergii Oratae... causam defenderem, nonne omnis nostra in jure versata defensio est?
id. ib. 1, 39, 178; in each of these sentences the clause with cum sustains exactly the same relation to the principal predicate; but the former has the imperf. in the principal sentence, and in this connection Cic. prefers the indic. after cum):
similiter arbitror... illum (oratorem) de toto illo genere non plus quaesiturum esse, quid dicat, quam Polycletum illum, cum Herculem fingebat, quem ad modum pellem aut hydram fingeret (fingebat, for euphony, in view of the foll. fingeret),
id. de Or. 2, 16, 70; cf.:
nec vero ille artifex cum faceret Jovis formam... contemplabatur aliquem, e quo similitudinem duceret,
id. Or. 2, 9.—Without assignable reason:
casu, cum legerem tuas litteras, Hirtius erat apud me,
Cic. Att. 15, 1, 2; cf.:
Hasdrubal tum forte cum haec gerebantur, apud Syphacem erat,
Liv. 29, 31, 1:
cum haec Romae agebantur, Chalcide Antiochus ipse sollicitabat civitatium animos, etc.,
id. 36, 5, 1; cf.:
cum haec in Hispania gererentur, comitiorum jam appetebat dies,
id. 35, 8, 1 (Weissenb. gerebantur):
cum haec agebantur, Chalcide erat Antiochus,
id. 36, 15, 1; cf.:
cum haec agerentur jam consul via Labicana ad fanum Quietis erat,
id. 4, 41, 8; 35, 2, 1.—(3) PostAug. writers almost always use imperf. subj., disregarding the class. usage: ipsa fruebatur arte cum pingeret (cf. a, 2.), Sen. Ep. 9, 7; id. Cons. Marc. 23, 3; Plin. Pan. 34:
tunc erat mendacio locus cum ignota essent externa... nunc vero, etc. (opposition of times),
Sen. Q. N. 4, 2, 24; so id. Ep. 97, 9; Mart. 2, 61, 1; cf. Don. ad Ter. And. 3, 3, 13 (3. a. a, 1. supra):
cum haec proderem habebant et Caesares juvenes sturnum, etc.,
Plin. 10, 41, 59, § 120.—
b.
If the principal predicate denotes a point of time, and the predicate with cum a period of time, the former is in the perf. indic. unless changed by construction; the latter
(α).
In the imperf. indic., according to the rules a. a, except 2. (1) When the time of the cum clause is opposed to other periods of time:
res quom animam agebat tum esse offusam oportuit,
Plaut. Trin. 4, 3, 85; id. Truc. 4, 2, 20; id. Ep. 3, 3, 50 (3, 4, 21); id. Most. 5, 1, 68:
quod cum res agebatur nemo in me dixit, id tot annis post tu es inventus qui diceres?
Cic. Phil. 2, 9, 22; id. Rep. 2, 23, 43; id. Div. 1, 41, 92; 1, 45, 101; id. Ac. 2, 28, 90; id. Quint. 19, 60; 17, 54; 19, 61; id. Verr. 2, 3, 90, § 210 et saep.; Liv. 22, 60, 25; Verg. A. 4, 597; Tib. 1, 10, 8; 1, 10, 19; Prop. 2, 1, 31; 5 (4), 10, 24.—The subj. may be used if the principal action is represented as a consequence or result:
o, Astaphium, haut isto modo solita's me ante appellare, Sed blande, quom illuc quod aput vos nunc est, aput me haberem,
Plaut. Truc. 1, 2, 60 (Lubbert conjectures habebam); Cic. Off. 2, 1, 2 and 3; id. Fin. 4, 27, 54; id. Rosc. Am. 4, 11; id. Verr. 2, 3, 57, § 130; id. Mur. 3, 8; Liv. 5, 53, 9; 10, 6, 9; 43, 21, 1;
44, 39, 7.— Hence the mood may change in co-ordinate clauses: tum, cum haberet haec res publica Luscinos, Calatinos, etc., homines... patientia paupertatis ornatos, et tum, cum erant Catones, Phili, etc., tamen hujusce modi res commissa nemini est (haberet, concessive),
Cic. Agr. 2, 24, 64.—(2) To make emphatic the coincidence of time, = eo ipso tempore (a. a, 4.):
cum is triumphus de Liguribus agebatur, Ligures... coloniam ipsam ceperunt,
Liv. 41, 14, 1; Cic. Sest. 26, 56; id. Phil. 2, 36, 90; id. Div. 2, 1, 3; id. Verr. 2, 5, 37, § 97; id. Att. 1, 4, 1.—(3) To preserve the peculiar force of the imperf. indic. (a. a, 3.): cum iste jam decedebat, ejus modi litteras ad eos misit, etc. (conative imperf.), Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 70, § 172:
cum Africanus censor tribu movebat centurionem... inquit,
id. de Or. 2, 67, 272 (cf.:
cum (censor) M. Antistio equum ademisset,
id. ib. 2, 71, 287).—
(β).
With the imperf. subj. (1) Always when cum means while (time during which): quomque caput caderet, carmen tuba sola peregit et, etc., Enn. ap. Lact. ad Stat. Th. 11, 56 (Ann. v. 508 Vahl.):
magistratus quom ibi adesset, occepta'st agi,
Ter. Eun. prol. 22 (Lubbert conjectures adsedit); Enn. ap. Macr. S. 6, 1 (Ann. v. 106 Vahl.):
Alexandrum uxor sua, cum simul cubaret, occidit,
Cic. Inv. 2, 49, 144:
armati, cum sui utrosque adhortarentur... in medium inter duas acies procedunt,
Liv. 1, 25, 1; Varr. R. R. 2, 81; Auct. Her. 4, 52, 65; Cic. Brut. 3, 10; id. Clu. 62, 175; Caes. B. G. 2, 19; id. B. C. 3, 57; Liv. 1, 30, 8; 10, 30, 3 et saep.—(2) To connect a logical (causal, etc.) relation with the temporal meaning (a. b, 1.):
cum ille Romuli senatus... temptaret ut ipse gereret sine rege rem publicam, populus id non tulit,
Cic. Rep. 2, 12, 23:
an pater familiarissimis suis succensuit cum Sullam et defenderent et laudarent? (causal),
id. Sull. 17, 49:
tum cum bello sociorum tota Italia arderet, homo non acerrimus... C. Norbanus in summo otio fuit (concessive),
id. Verr. 2, 5, 4, § 8:
quibus rebus cum unus in civitate maxime floreret, incidit in eandem invidiam, etc. (adversative),
Nep. Cim. 3, 1:
sed cum jam appropinquantium forma lemborum haud dubia esset... tunc injecta trepidatio est,
Liv. 44, 28, 10; Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 90, § 211; id. Clu. 31, 84; id. Mur. 3, 8; id. Phil. 3, 2, 3; id. Tusc. 1, 2, 4; Auct. Her. 4, 24, 33; Caes. B. C. 2, 7; Liv. 25, 9, 10; 21, 41, 12.—(3) To explain the main fact by circumstances:
quem quidem hercle ego, in exilium quom iret, redduxi domum,
Plaut. Merc. 5, 4, 19:
consule me, cum esset designatus tribunus, obtulit in discrimen vitam suam,
Cic. Sest. 28, 61:
haec epistula est, quam nos, in aedibus Apronii cum litteras conquireremus, invenimus,
id. Verr. 2, 3, 66, § 154: Socrates, cum XXX. tyranni essent, pedem porta non extulit, id. Att. 8, 2, 4:
Brundusii cum loquerer cum Phania, veni in eum sermonem ut dicerem, etc.,
id. Fam. 3, 5, 3:
itaque, cum populum in curias triginta divideret, nomina earum (Sabinarum) curiis imposuit,
Liv. 1, 13, 6:
Ap. Claudius, ovans cum in urbem iniret, decem milia pondo argenti, etc., in aerarium tulit,
id. 41, 28, 6; Cic. Clu. 20, 55; id. Phil. 12, 8, 20; id. Scaur. 47; id. Inv. 2, 31, 96; id. Tusc. 2, 22, 53; id. Div. 1, 52, 119; id. Off. 2, 8, 27; id. Or. 2, 55, 225 sq.; id. Fam. 1, 9, 13; 6, 6, 5; Liv. 1, 39, 4; 3, 63, 6; 4, 53, 11 et saep.—(4) To describe the place of the main action (a. a, 3.):
cum essem in castris ad fluvium Pyramum, redditae mihi sunt uno tempore a te epistulae duae,
Cic. Fam. 3, 11, 1;
so with cum essem (essemus, etc.),
id. ib. 2, 19, 1; 3, 4, 1; 13, 56, 1; id. Att. 1, 10, 1; 14, 19, 1; id. Ac. 1, 1, 1; id. Rep. 1, 39, 61; Varr. R. R. 3, 13; Caes. B. G. 4, 11 et saep.:
Eumenes rex ab Roma cum in regnum rediret... mactatus est ( = on the journey),
Liv. 42, 40, 8:
Agesilaus cum ex Aegypto reverteretur... in morbum implicitus decessit,
Nep. Ages. 8, 6.—The perf. indic. (cum fui, etc.) refers to temporary visits to a place:
Gallo narravi, cum proxime Romae fui, quid audissem,
Cic. Att. 13, 49, 2:
proxime cum in patria mea fui, venit ad me, etc.,
Plin. Ep. 4, 13, 3.—(5) To designate the time by natural occurrences (a. a, 4.):
ipsi comprehensi a me, cum jam dilucesceret, deducuntur,
Cic. Cat. 3, 3, 6:
cum advesperasceret, cum lucesceret,
id. Fam. 15, 4, 8:
cum lux appropinquaret,
id. Tull. 9, 21:
cum dies instaret,
id. Inv. 2, 31, 96:
cum comitiorum tempus adpeteret,
Liv. 28, 10, 1:
cum dies comitiorum adpropinquaret,
id. 3, 34, 7; 10, 13, 2.—But when a date is given as a point of time, the perf. indic. is used:
cum ea dies venit,
Liv. 4, 44, 10; 6, 20, 4.—(6) When the action of the cum clause is interrupted or ended by the main action:
cum hanc jam epistulam complicarem, tabellarii a vobis venerunt, etc.,
Cic. Q. Fr. 3, 1, 5, § 17:
L. Octavius, cum multas jam causas diceret, adulescens est mortuus,
id. Brut. 68, 241:
cum plures jam tribus dicto esse audientem pontifici duumvirum juberent... ultimum de caelo quod comitia turbaret intervenit,
Liv. 40, 42, 10:
cum maxime conquereretur apud patres... repente strepitus ante curiam... auditur,
id. 8, 33, 4:
haec cum maxime dissereret, intervenit Tarquinius,
id. 1, 50, 7;
so with cum maxime,
Cic. Fam. 1, 5, a, 2; Liv. 23, 24, 6; 30, 33, 12.—(7) If the clause with cum has the force of a participial adjunct of the principal predicate (cum diceret = dicens, or dicendo):
Caesarem saepe accusavit, cum adfirmaret illum numquam, dum haec natio viveret, sine cura futurum ( = adfirmans, or adfirmando),
Cic. Sest. 63, 132:
Antigonus in proelio, cum adversus Seleucum dimicaret, occisus est ( = dimicans),
Nep. Reg. 3, 2:
impulit ut cuperem habere, cum diceret,
Varr. R. R. 3, 2, 8; Cic. Q. Fr. 2, 9 (11), 3; id. Clu. 42, 119; 56, 153; id. pro Corn. Maj. Fragm. 16; id. Mil. 5, 12; id. de Or. 1, 57, 243; id. Or. 37, 129; id. Fin. 1, 5, 16; id. Inv. 2, 34, 105; Val. Max. 1, 2, ext. 1; Ov. P. 1, 9, 42.—(8) In the historians, in a summary reference to events already related:
cum haec in Achaia atque apud Dyrrhachium gererentur... Caesar mittit, etc.,
Caes. B. C. 3, 57:
cum civitas in opere ac labore adsiduo reficiendae urbis teneretur, interim Q. Fabio... dicta dies est,
Liv. 6, 1, 6:
cum hic status in Boeotia esset, Perseus... misit,
id. 42, 56, 10; 33, 36, 1; 34, 22, 3; 38, 8, 1; 42, 64, 1; 45, 11, 1.—
(γ).
In all other cases the imperf. subj. is regularly used in class. prose, even if the action of the clause with cum is logically independent of the principal sentence:
illum saepe audivi, hic, cum ego judicare jam aliquid possem, abfuit,
Cic. Brut. 71, 248: senatus consultum est factum de ambitu in Afranii sententiam, in quam ego dixeram, cum tu adesses. id. Q. Fr. 2, 7 (9), 3; so always (class.) with cum maxime, precisely when, just when:
cum maxime haec in senatu agerentur, Canuleius... (ad populum) ita disseruit,
Liv. 4, 3, 1:
cum maxime Capua circumvallaretur, Syracusarum oppugnatio ad finem venit,
id. 25, 23, 1.—In a very few instances the imperf. indic. occurs without apparent reason: an vero cum honos agebatur familiae vestrae... succensuit [p. 494] pater tuus cum Sullam defenderent (probably to distinguish the two cum clauses), Cic. Sull. 17, 49 (cf.:
cum jus amicitiae, societatis, adfinitatis ageretur, cum, etc., eo tempore tu non modo non... retulisti, sed ne ipse quidem, etc.,
id. Quint. 16, 53):
ille versus, qui in te erat collatus cum aedilitatem petebas,
id. Q. Fr. 1, 3, 8:
cum ex oppido exportabatur (Dianae statua) quem conventum mulierum factum esse arbitramini?... Quid hoc tota Sicilia est clarius quam omnes convenisse cum Diana exportaretur ex oppido? etc.,
id. Verr. 2, 4, 35, § 77.—Poets and post-class. writers frequently disregard the class. usage, the former by using either mood instead of the other, the latter by the un-Ciceronian use of the subj.; v. Prop. 2, 9, 15; 5 (4), 4, 10; Tib. 1, 10, 16; Verg. A. 7, 148; 12, 735; Mart. 13, 122; Curt. 8, 12, 16; 9, 2, 24; Quint. 11, 1, 89; Plin. 36, 6, 5, § 46; Dig. 28, 1, 22, § 1; Gell. strangely uses an imperf. indic. where class. writers would use a subj.:
sed ego, homines cum considerabam, alterum fidei, alterum probri plenum, nequaquam adduci potui ad absolvendum,
Gell. 14, 2, 10; cf.:
cum secum reputavit,
Tac. A. 15, 54.
D.
In adverbial clauses denoting identity of action (if the principal sentence and the clause with cum denote not different actions, but one action, which, expressed by the latter clause, is by the principal sentence defined in its meaning and import, the clause with cum always takes the indic., except once or twice post-class., and almost always the same tense as the principal sentence), when, by, in, etc.
1.
The predicate in present:
amice facis Quom me laudas,
Plaut. Most. 3, 2, 31; id. Poen. 3, 2, 12; 3, 5, 15; Ter. And. prol. 18; id. Ad. 1, 2, 16 et saep.:
bene facitis cum venitis,
Auct. Her. 4, 50, 63:
quae cum taces, nulla esse concedis,
Cic. Rosc. Am. 19, 54; 21, 58; id. Clu. 47, 132; Liv. 25, 6, 5 et saep.—
2.
With fut. (rare):
cum igitur proferent aliquid hujusmodi... inventum proferent,
Cic. Inv. 1, 40, 75; id. Fl. 39, 99; Plin. Ep. 7, 24, 9.—
3.
With fut. perf. (rare):
quod cum dederis, illud dederis ut is absolvatur,
Cic. Div. in Caecil. 7, 23; id. Lig. 12, 36; id. Part. Or. 39; Auct. Her. 4, 30, 41.—
4.
With perf.:
fecisti furtum quom istaec flagitia me celavisti et patrem,
Plaut. Bacch. 1, 2, 60; 1, 2, 52; id. Cas. 4, 4, 18 (22); id. Capt. 2, 3, 52; Ter. Phorm. prol. 32 et saep.:
loco ille motus est cum ex urbe est depulsus,
Cic. Cat. 2, 1, 1; id. Verr. 2, 5, 23, § 59; id. Fam. 11, 29, 2; id. Rosc. Am. 14, 39; Liv. 5, 49, 8; 9, 8, 4; Val. Max. 3, 7, ext. 1; Curt. 6, 10, 9; Quint. 1, 10, 47 et saep.—
5.
With histor. pres.:
Orestes cum se defendit, in matrem confert crimen,
Auct. Her. 1, 15, 25.—
6.
With imperf.:
cum grandiorem aetatem ad consulatum constituebant, adulescentiae temeritatem verebantur,
Cic. Phil. 5, 17, 47; 14, 10, 28; id. Fl. 33, 83; id. Lig. 6, 18; id. Fam. 6, 1, 3; id. Off. 3, 10, 40; id. Sen. 6, 15 et saep.—
7.
Imperf. with perf. ( poet. and post-class.;
very rare): quid quod et ominibus certis prohibebar amori Indulgere meo, tum cum mihi ferre jubenti Excidit et fecit spes nostras cera caducas,
Ov. M. 9, 595 sq.; Val. Max. 9, 1, 5.—
8.
With pluperf. (very rare):
exspectationem nobis non parvam attuleras cum scripseras, etc.,
Cic. Att. 3, 18, 1; id. Sest. 16, 37.—
* 9.
Pluperf. and imperf.:
quod quidem tibi ostenderam cum a me Capuam reiciebam,
Cic. Att. 8, 11, D, 5.—
10.
Imperf. subj. (post-class.):
tunc venena edebat bibebatque, cum immensis epulis non delectaretur tantum, sed gloriaretur,
Sen. Cons. Helv. 10, 10.—
11.
Often relatively added to nouns when a relative clause must be supplied:
illa scelera... cum ejus domum evertisti, cujus, etc.,
which you committed when (by), Cic. Pis. 34, 83; id. Imp. Pomp. 12, 33; id. Verr. 2, 5, 13, § 33; Liv. 5, 3, 4; 23, 9, 11; 29, 17, 9.
E.
In relative clauses, = quo tempore, quo, etc.
1.
Dependent on nouns designating time, the mood follows the general rules of relative clauses.
a.
The principal sentence is a formal statement of indefinite time, with the copula (tempus fuit cum, or fuit cum, analogous to sunt qui, etc.); generally with subj., but sometimes indic., when sunt qui would take this mood.
(α).
With pres. or fut. indic.: nunc est profecto (i. e. tempus), interfici quom perpeti me possum (the ante-class. writers construe sunt qui with indic.), Ter. Eun. 3, 5, 3; id. And. 1, 1, 125:
jam aderit tempus quom sese etiam ipse oderit,
Plaut. Bacch. 3, 3, 12; Ter. Hec. 4, 1, 28.—
(β).
With pres. subj.: nunc est ille dies quom gloria maxima sese nobis ostendat, si vivimus, sive morimur, Enn. ap. Prisc. 10, p. 880 P. (Ann. v. 383 Vahl.); so Plaut. Capt. 3, 3, 1:
erit illud profecto tempus et illucescet aliquando dies cum... amicissimi benevolentiam desideres,
Cic. Mil. 25, 69; Val. Max. 6, 2, 9.—
(γ).
With preterites, indic., Plaut. Truc. 2, 4, 29:
fuit quoddam tempus cum in agris homines bestiarum more vagabantur,
Cic. Inv. 1, 2, 2 (cf.:
fuerunt alia genera qui... dicebant,
id. de Or. 3, 17, 62):
fuit cum hoc dici poterat (potuisset would be hypothetical),
Liv. 7, 32, 13.—
(δ).
With preterites, subj., Ter. Heaut. 5, 4, 1:
quod fuit tempus cum rura colerent homines,
Varr. R. R. 3, 1:
ac fuit cum mihi quoque initium requiescendi concessum arbitrarer,
Cic. Or. 1, 1, 1; so id. Brut. 2, 7; Caes. B. G. 6, 24.—
b.
Attributively with nouns denoting time (tempus, dies, etc.), in ordinary sentences.
(α).
With pres. or fut. indic.:
incidunt saepe tempora cum ea commutantur,
Cic. Off. 1, 10, 31:
longum illud tempus cum non ero, etc.,
id. Att. 12, 8, 1; id. Verr. 2, 5, 69, § 177; id. Quint. 2, 8; id. Sen. 23, 84.—With potential subj., Cic. Att. 3, 3.—
(β).
With past tenses, indic., Plaut. Am. prol. 91; id. rud. 2, 6, 12; Ter. And. 5, 3, 12:
atque ille eo tempore paruit cum parere senatui necesse erat,
Cic. Lig. 7, 20:
memini noctis illius cum... pollicebar,
id. Planc. 42, 101; id. Phil. 2, 18, 45; 2, 35, 88; id. Imp. Pomp. 15, 44; id. Sest. 7, 15; 29, 62; id. Sull. 18, 52; id. Fam. 11, 8, 1; 11, 27, 3; id. de Or. 1, 11, 45; Sall. J. 31, 20; Ov. Tr. 4, 10, 6; Prop. 1, 10, 5; 1, 22, 5; Gell. 1, 23, 2 et saep.—So with nouns implying time:
illa pugna quom, etc. ( = in qua),
Plaut. Poen. 2, 26;
Marcellino Consule, cum ego... putabam ( = anno Marcellini, quo, etc.),
Cic. Att. 9, 9, 4:
patrum nostrorum memoria cum exercitus videbatur ( = tempore quo),
Caes. B. G. 1, 40; Cic. Fam. 13, 1, 2; Liv. 6, 40, 17.—
(γ).
With preterites in subj., Ter. Hec. 4, 4, 30:
accepit enim agrum iis temporibus cum jacerent pretia praediorum,
Cic. Rosc. Com. 12, 33; so id. Off. 2, 19, 65:
numerandus est ille annus cum obmutuisset senatus?
id. Pis. 12, 26; so id. Verr. 2, 4, 35, § 77; id. Rep. 2, 37, 62; id. Font. 3, 6; Liv. 3, 65, 8:
haec scripsi postridie ejus diei cum castra haberem Mopsuhestiae (cf. habebam, as epistolary tense),
Cic. Fam. 3, 8, 10.—If the clause does not define the noun, but is a co-ordinate designation of time, it follows the rule of adverbial clauses:
eodem anno, cum omnia infida Romanis essent, Capuae quoque conjurationes factae,
while, Liv. 9, 26, 5; Cic. Rep. 2, 36, 61; id. de Or. 2, 3, 12; Liv. 8, 15, 1; 1, 41, 6.—
c.
Appositively added to temporal adverbs and to dates (heri, hodie, medius, tertius, olim, antea, quondam, nuper, olim, postea) following the rules of adverbial clauses:
Crassus hodie, cum vos non adessetis, posuit idem, etc.,
Cic. de Or. 2, 10, 41:
omnia quae a te nudius tertius dicta sunt, cum docere velles, etc.,
id. N. D. 3, 7, 18; id. Sest. 48, 103; id. Att. 4, 3, 2; id. Inv. 2, 1, 1; id. Rep. 1, 39, 61; Caes. B. C. 2, 17 et saep.—So with dates (always subj.. except with cum haec scribebam, or dabam):
posteaquam Pompeius apud populum ad VIII. Id. Febr., cum pro Milone diceret, clamore convicioque jactatus est,
Cic. Fam. 1, 5, b, 1; 3, 3, 1; 3, 4, 1; 4, 2, 1; id. Att. 14, 19, 1.—
2.
The principal sentence defines a period of time during which the action of the clause has or had lasted, always with indic., and after the words defining the period, = per quod tempus, when, that, during which, while, etc.
a.
With pres., = Engl. pres. perf.
(α).
With cardinal, definite or indefinite. (1) Time in acc. (ante-class.):
hanc domum Jam multos annos est quom possideo,
that I have been the owner, Plaut. Aul. prol. 4; cf. id. Merc. 3, 1, 37.—(2) Time in nom.:
anni sunt octo cum ista causa in ista meditatione versatur,
Cic. Clu. 30, 82; id. Or. 51, 171; id. Fam. 15, 14, 1; id. Div. 2, 36, 76.—
(β).
With ordinals:
vigesimus annus est, cum omnes scelerati me unum petunt,
Cic. Phil. 12, 10, 24; Verg. A. 5, 627; 3, 646.—
(γ).
With diu:
jam diu'st quom ventri victum non datis,
Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 146; Gell. 1, 25, 12.—
b.
Perf. with negation, the principal predicate in pres. or logical perf., = Engl. pres. perf.:
quia septem menses sunt quom in hasce aedes pedem Nemo intro tetulit,
Plaut. Most. 2, 2, 39; id. Men. 3, 1, 3; Prop. 3, 8, 33 (2, 16, 33. —
c.
With pluperf., the principal predicate in imperf.:
permulti jam anni erant cum inter patricios magistratus tribunosque nulla certamina fuerant,
Liv. 9, 33, 3.—
d.
With imperf., the principal predicate in perf. or pluperf.:
dies triginta aut plus in ea navi fui, Quom interea semper mortem exspectabam miser,
Ter. Hec. 3, 4, 7:
unus et alter dies intercesserat, cum res parum certa videbatur,
Cic. Clu. 26, 72.—
3.
The principal sentence specifying a period of time which has or had elapsed since the action took place, = ex ejus tempore, since or after, always with indic.; the principal predicate pres. or logical perf., cum with perf. indic.
a.
With cardinals.
(α).
Time in acc. (ante-class.):
annos factum'st sedecim Quom conspicatus est primo crepusculo Puellam exponi,
Plaut. Cas. prol. 39; so probably id. Pers. 1, 3, 57; id. Trin. 2, 4, 1; id. Merc. 3, 1, 37.—
(β).
With nom.:
nondum centum et decem anni sunt cum de pecuniis repetundis lata lex est,
Cic. Off. 2, 21, 75; id. Fam. 15, 16, 3; id. Att. 9, 11, A, 2.—
b.
With diu or dudum:
nam illi quidem haut sane diu'st quom dentes exciderunt,
Plaut. Merc. 3, 1, 42; id. As. 2, 1, 3; id. Trin. 4, 3, 3.—
c.
Peculiarly, cum referring to an action which was to be done after a period of time, before, at the end of which:
omnino biduum supererat cum exercitui frumentum metiri oporteret,
Caes. B. G. 1, 23. —
4.
In inverted clauses, the principal sentence determining the time of the clause, cum ( = quo tempore) having the force of a relative; cum with the indic. always following the principal sentence; never in oblique discourse; very freq. in class. and post-class. writings (ante-class. only Plaut. Men. 5, 8, 3; Ter. Hec. 1, 2, 40; id. Eun. 4, 2, 5); principal sentence often with jam, vix, vixdum, nondum, tantum quod, and commodum; cum often with subito, repente, sometimes interim, tamen, etiamtum.
a.
Principal sentence defining time by temporal expressions.
(α).
Principal sentence with pluperf. (1) Cum with perf. or histor. pres.:
dies nondum decem intercesserant cum ille alter filius necatur,
Cic. Clu. 9, 28; id. Verr. 1, 2, 36; id. Or. 2, 21, 89; Ov. M. 9, 715; Plin. Pan. 91, 1.—(2) Cum with histor. inf., Sall. J. 98, 2.—
(β).
Principal sentence with imperf. (1) Cum with perf. or histor. pres.:
nondum lucebat cum Ameriae scitum est,
Cic. Rosc. Am. 34, 97; Liv. 21, 59, 5; 41, 26, 2; 22, 1, 1; 9, 33, 3; 9, 37, 5; Verg. G. 2, 340; Curt. 4, 3, 16; 5, 12, 6 al.—(2) Cum with imperf., Curt. 6, 7, 1.—
(γ).
Principal sentence with perf., cum with perf.:
dies haud multi intercesserunt cum ex Leontinis praesidium... venerunt,
Liv. 24, 29, 1; 40, 48, 4.—
b.
Principal sentence not containing expressions of time; most freq. with pluperf. or imperf. in principal sentence, and perf. or histor. pres. in clause with cum, but (far more rarely) many other combinations occur.
(α).
Principal sentence with imperf., cum with perf.:
non dubitabat Minucius quin, etc., cum repente jubetur dicere,
Cic. Verr. 1, 2, 29, § 72:
jamque hoc facere noctu adparabant cum matres familiae repente... procucurrerunt,
Caes. B. G. 7, 26, 3; Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 14, § 36; Liv. 1, 36, 1 (57 times); Verg. A. 1, 36 (26 times); Vell. 2, 28, 2; Sen. Ira, 1, 18, 3; Tac. A. 3, 1 (31 times); Curt. 3, 10, 1 (19 times); Plin. Ep. 6, 24, 2.—
(β).
Principal sentence with pluperf., cum with perf. or histor. pres.:
jam Sora capta erat cum consules prima luce advenere,
Liv. 9, 24, 13 (32 times); Cic. Clu. 9, 28 (14 times); Sall. J. 60, 6; Verg. A. 1, 586 (13 times); Tac. A. 1, 19 (13 times); Curt. 3, 10, 1 (18 times). —And cum with potential subj.:
vix erat hoc plane imperatum cum illum spoliatum... videres,
Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 40, § 86.—
(γ).
Principal sentence with perf., Cic. Sest. 37, 39 (5 times); Liv. 2, 46, 3 (8 times).—
(δ).
Principal sentence with histor. inf., Liv. 5, 46, 1; Tac. A. 1, 11; 11, 16; Curt. 5, 9, 1; 9, 5, 1.—
(ε).
Principal sentence with histor. pres., Liv. 4, 32, 1 (3 times); Ov. M. 4, 695 (5 times).—
(ζ).
Cum with imperf., Cic. Verr. 1, 6, 17 (3 times); Sall. J. 51, 2; Liv. 44, 10, 6; Tac. A. 1, 51; 11, 26.—
(η).
Cum with [p. 495] histor. inf., Liv. 2, 27, 1; Tac. A. 2, 31 (6 times); Curt. 4, 4, 9.—
(θ).
Cum with pluperf., Liv. 2, 46, 3 (3 times); Ov. M. 14, 581; Verg. A. 2, 256 sq.—
(κ).
With logical perf., or logical perf. and pres. (rare):
quam multi enim jam oratores commemorati sunt... cum tamen spisse ad Antonium Crassumque pervenimus,
Cic. Brut. 36, 138:
jamque fuga timidum caput abdidit alte (coluber), Cum medii nexus extremaeque agmina caudae Solvuntur,
Verg. G. 3, 422.—
5.
In clauses added loosely or parenthetically to a preceding clause or to a substantive in it (the mood governed by the rules for relative clauses).
a.
When, on an occasion, on which, etc.
(α).
With perf. indic.:
Hortensium maxime probavi pro Messala dicentem, cum tu abfuisti,
Cic. Brut. 96, 328; id. Phil. 11, 8, 18; id. Dom. 9, 22; 53, 136; id. Fam. 13, 75, 1; Spart. Had. 3; Flor. 1, 18, 9 (1, 13, 19).—
(β).
With imperf. indic.:
num infitiari potes te illo ipso die meis praesidiis circumclusum commovere te non potuisse, cum tu nostra... caede contentum esse dicebas?
Cic. Cat. 1, 3, 7; id. Sest. 63, 131; id. Cael. 24, 59.—
(γ).
Cum with pres. indic., a past tense in principal sentence (mostly poet.):
nox erat et placidum carpebant fessa soporem Corpora... cum medio volvuntur sidera lapsu, Cum tacet omnis ager, etc.,
Verg. A. 4, 522; 8, 407; 12, 114; id. E. 8, 15; Hor. S. 1, 10, 31; Plin. Ep. 6, 16, 22.—
(δ).
Imperf. subj.: qui... accensi nulla deinde vi sustineri potuere, cum compulsi in castra Romani rursus obsiderentur, in consequence of which ( = ita ut), Liv. 3, 5, 8.—
(ε).
So freq. cum quidem, always with indic.:
sed uterque noster cedere cogebatur, cum quidem ille pollicitus est, se quod velletis esse facturum,
Cic. Phil. 9, 4, 9; id. Fl. 22, 53; id. Pis. 9, 21; 34, 83 and 84; id. Leg. 2, 6, 14; id. Sen. 4, 11; Suet. Caes. 50; Spart. Had. 9; id. Ael. Ver. 4.—
b.
Cum tamen, at which time however, and yet, while nevertheless, representing the principal sentence as concessive, analogous to qui tamen (v. tamen).
(α).
With indic., like qui tamen, always, except for particular reasons:
fit gemitus omnium et clamor, cum tamen a praesenti supplicio tuo continuit populus Romanus se, etc.,
Cic. Verr. 1, 5, 29, § 74; id. Pis. 12, 27; Liv. 6, 42, 11; Verg. A. 9, 513; Tac. H. 1, 62; so,
cum nihilo magis,
Nep. Dat. 10, 3; passing over into inverted cum clauses (4. b.), as Sall. J. 98, 2; Liv. 27, 20, 11.—
(β).
With subj., Cic. Phil. 2, 18, 45; id. Fam. 1, 9, 10; Liv. 4, 31, 6 (where the clause with cum is adverbial).—
6.
Cum interea (interim).
a.
Adverbial (rare).
(α).
Temporal with subj.; with subj. imperf., while, Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 25, § 62; with pluperf. subj., after, id. ib. 1, 2, 9, § 25; id. Fam. 15, 43.—
(β).
Adversative, with subj., whereas during this time. (1) Pres.:
simulat se eorum praesidio conflteri, cum interea aliud quiddam jam diu machinetur,
Cic. Verr. 1, 6, 15; Val. Max. 2, 9, 1; Sen. Q. N. 1, prol. 14.—(2) With perf. subj.:
cum tu interim vero numquam significaris sententiam tuam,
Cic. Pis. 4, 9; id. Rosc. Am. 5, 11 dub.; Val. Max. 7, 8, 6.—(3) With imperf. subj., Cic. Sull. 5, 6; Plin. Pan. 76, 1.—
b.
Relative, always with indic., in class. writings always referring to a period during which, belonging,
(α).
To the attributive clauses (v. 2. supra). (1) In pres.:
anni sunt octo... cum interea Cluentianae pecuniae vestigium nullum invenitis,
Cic. Clu. 30, 82; Liv. 5, 54, 5; Plaut. Stich. 1, 1, 33.— (2) In imperf., Ter. Hec. 3, 4, 8 (2. c.).—
(β).
To the inverted clauses (4.):
tanta erat in his locis multitudo cum interim Rufio noster... hominem percussit,
Cic. Att. 5, 2, 2.—So probably: cum interim Gallus quidam processit, Quadrig. ap. Gell. 9, 13, 7; Cic. Fam. 3, 6, 5; id. Pis. 38, 92 sq.; id. Tusc. 4, 3, 6; Sall. J. 12, 5; 49, 4; Liv. 3, 37, 5; Val. Max. 8, 1, 3; 9, 7, 2; Sen. Ira, 2, 33, 4; Tac. H. 1, 60; with indefinite pres. indic. in both terms, Sen. Cons. Marc. 11, 5.—
(γ).
To the additional clauses (5.). (1) With perf. indic., Plaut. Men. 3, 1, 3; Flor. 4, 2, 69; 4, 12, 33; with inf. in oblique discourse, Liv. 4, 51, 4; 6, 27, 6.—(2) Post-Aug., and in Nep., = cum tamen (5. b.), while nevertheless, whereas, with pres. or perf. indic.:
post Leuctricam pugnam Lacedaemonii se numquam refecerunt... cum interim Agesilaus non destitit patriam juvare,
Nep. Ages. 7, 1: cum interim Oedipodis ossa... colis, Val. Max. 5, 3, ext. 3; 3, 4, 5; 4, 4, 1; Quint. 10, 1, 18; 10, 1, 11; 12, 10, 67; Tac. H. 4, 42; Suet. Claud. 6; Flor. 4, 12, 33.
F.
In clauses completing the idea of the governing verb.
1.
After verbs of perception (videre, perspicere, audire, etc.; audivi cum diceres, etc. = audivi te dicentem).
a.
Dependent on verbs of seeing and feeling.
(α).
With indic.:
nam ipsi vident eorum quom auferimus bona ( = nos auferre or auferentes),
Plaut. Truc. 1, 2, 16; id. Poen. 3, 4, 13; id. Am. 5, 1, 19; id. Bacch. 3, 3, 65; id. Mil. 2, 6, 26:
conspectum est cum obiit,
Liv. 5, 25, 3.—
(β).
With subj.:
is... numquam est conspectus cum veniret,
Cic. Sest. 59, 126:
vidi... Cum tu terga dares,
Ov. M. 13, 224.—
b.
After verbs of hearing, always with subj.:
L. Flaccum ego audivi cum diceret Caeciliam exisse, etc.,
Cic. Div. 1, 46, 104; id. Par. 6, 1, 45; id. de Or. 2, 6, 22; 2, 28, 129; 2, 33, 144; 2, 37, 155; 2, 90, 365; id. Brut. 27, 85; id. Fin. 5, 19, 54; id. Fam. 3, 7, 4; Sen. Ben. 5, 24, 1.—
c.
After memini, with indic. (sc. tempus):
memini quom... haud audebat,
Plaut. Capt. 2, 2, 53:
memini cum mihi desipere videbare,
Cic. Fam. 7, 28, 1.—With subj.:
memini cum velles residere ferventissimo sole,
Sen. Ben. 5, 24, 1.—
2.
After verba adfectuum, with the force of quod, always with indic. (mostly ante-class.).
a.
Verbs of thanking:
habeo gratiam tibi Quom copiam istam mi et potestatem facis,
Plaut. Capt. 2, 3, 14; id. Curc. 5, 3, 21; id. As. 3, 2, 2; id. Most. 2, 2, 2; id. Poen. 1, 2, 46; 5, 4, 84 (99); Ter. And. 4, 4, 32; id. Ad. 1, 2, 59:
tibi maximas gratias ago, cum tantum litterae meae potuerunt, ut eis lectis, etc.,
Cic. Fam. 13, 24, 2.—
b.
Of congratulation:
quom tu's aucta liberis... gratulor,
Plaut. Truc. 2, 4, 33; 2, 6, 35: L. Caesar, O mi Cicero, inquit, gratulor tibi cum tantum vales apud Dolabellam, etc., L. Caesar ap. Cic. Fam. 9, 14, 3; and ib. Att. 14, 17, A, 3.—
c.
Of rejoicing and grieving:
quom istaec res tibi ex sententia Pulcre evenit, gaudeo,
Plaut. Rud. 5, 3, 10; id. Poen. 5, 5, 48:
cum vero in C. Matii familiaritatem venisti, non dici potest quam valde gaudeam,
Cic. Fam. 7, 15, 2; Sall. J. 102, 5.—
d.
Dependent on optative sentences:
di tibi bene faciant semper quom advocatus bene mi ades,
Plaut. Mil. 5, 26; id. Poen. 3, 3, 54; 3, 3, 74; Ter. Ad. 5, 7, 19.
G.
Elliptical usages (without predicate).
1.
Cum maxime.
a.
With ut: hanc Bacchidem Amabat, ut quom maxime, tum Pamphilus ( = ut amabat tum quom maxume amabat, as much as he ever did), Ter. Hec. 1, 2, 40:
etiamne ea neglegamus, quae fiunt cum maxime, quae videmus?
Cic. Har. Resp. 15, 32.—Hence,
b.
By abbreviation: nunc cum maxime or cum maxime alone, now especially, just now: tum cum maxime, just then:
nunc cum maxume operis aliquid facere credo,
Ter. Ad. 4, 1, 2; id. Phorm. 1, 4, 26; id. Heaut. 4, 5, 40:
quae multos jam annos et nunc cum maxime filium interfectum cupit,
Cic. Clu. 5, 12:
castra amissa, et tum cum maxime ardere,
Liv. 40, 32, 1; Curt. 3, 2, 17; Sen. Ira, 1, 16, 3; id. Ben. 3, 3, 3; id. Ep. 55, 1; 55, 11; 81, 7; Tac. Or. 16; 37; Eum. pro Schol. 4; Mamert. 2.—With maxime in adverbial clauses, just while, especially when, Cic. Att. 2, 15, 3; id. Off. 1, 13, 41; id. Fam. 1, 5, a, 2; Liv. 1, 50, 7; 2, 59, 7; 3, 25, 4; 3, 31, 3; 4, 3, 1; 8, 33, 4 et saep.—
2.
Similarly with other superlatives (post-class.):
foliis ternis, aut, cum plurimum, quaternis,
at the utmost, Plin. 25, 10, 74, § 121; 18, 7, 10, § 60:
cum tardissime,
id. 18, 7, 10, § 51:
cum longissime,
Suet. Tib. 38.
H.
For co-ordinate clauses with cum... tum, v. tum, I. A. 3.
II.
Causal, since, because, as.
A.
Anteclass., chiefly with indic.
1.
With pres. indic.:
hoc hic quidem homines tam brevem vitam colunt, Quom hasce herbas hujus modi in suom alvom congerunt,
because, Plaut. Ps. 3, 2, 34; id. Truc. 1, 2, 50; 2, 4, 8:
edepol, merito esse iratum arbitror, Quom apud te tam parva'st ei fides,
since, id. Ps. 1, 5, 62; id. Most. 1, 1, 28; id. Truc. 2, 1, 32; Ter. Phorm. 1, 4, 30; id. Hec. 4, 1, 53.—
2.
With perf. indic.:
praesertim quom is me dignum quoi concrederet Habuit, me habere honorem ejus ingenio decet,
Plaut. As. 1, 1, 66; Ter. And. 3, 2, 8.—
3.
With subj.
a.
By construction of principal sentence: adeon, me fuisse fungum ut qui illi crederem, Quom mi ipsum nomen ejus Clamaret, etc., Plaut. Bacch. 2, 3, 51; id. Capt. 1, 2, 37; Ter. Hec. 3, 2, 6; id. Eun. 3, 5, 18; 5, 2, 24.—
b.
Independent of such construction:
jam istoc probior es meo quidem animo quom in amore temperes,
Plaut. Ep. 1, 2, 8 (bracketed by Goetz;
Brix conjectures temperas): nil miror si lubenter tu hic eras, Quom ego servos quando aspicio hunc lacrumem quia dijungimur,
id. Mil. 4, 8, 18 Lorenz (Brix: quin ego... lacrumo; cf.
Lubbert, Grammat. Stud. II. pp. 133, 137): Nam puerum injussu eredo non tollent meo, Praesertim in ea re quom sit mi adjutrix socrus,
Ter. Hec. 4, 4, 82; so id. Ad. 2, 1, 12.
B.
Class. and post-class., always with subj.
1.
With pres. subj.:
cum ista sis auctoritate, non debes arripere maledictum ex trivio,
Cic. Mur. 6, 13:
cum vita sine amicis insidiarum et metus plena sit, ratio ipsa monet amicitias comparare,
id. Fin. 1, 20, 66:
quae cum ita sint, videamus, etc.,
id. Clu. 44, 123:
quod cum ita sit, etc.,
id. Fam. 3, 1, 1; id. Mur. 1, 2; id. Arch. 5, 10; id. Off. 3, 3, 13; id. Rosc. Am. 8, 22; Liv. 7, 9, 5; 21, 21, 5 et saep.—
2.
With perf. subj.:
cum inimicitiae fuerint numquam, opinio injuriae beneficiis sit exstincta... rei publicae providebo,
Cic. Prov. Cons. 20, 47; id. de Or. 1, 49, 214; the perf. subj. is often retained after a principal predicate in a past tense, id. Clu. 60, 167; id. Fam. 3, 8, 4.—
3.
With imperf. subj.
a.
Denoting both cause and coincidence of time:
vacuum fundum, cum ego adessem, possidere non potuisti,
Auct. Her. 4, 29, 40; Cic. Or. 8, 25:
cum tanta multitudo lapides et tela conicerent, in muro consistendi potestas erat nulli,
Caes. B. G. 2, 6; id. B. C. 3, 1; Liv. 39, 31, 3; 4, 8, 3; 25, 11, 1.—
b.
Denoting cause without time:
cum esset egens, sumptuosus, audax... ad omnem fraudem versare suam mentem coepit,
Cic. Clu. 26, 70:
quod oppidum cum esset altissimo et munitissimo loco, ad existimationem imperii arbitratus sum, comprimere eorum audaciam,
id. Fam. 15, 4, 10; Caes. B. C. 3, 37.—
4.
With pluperf. subj.:
Caesar cum constituisset hiemare in continenti, neque multum aestatis superesset, obsides imperat, etc.,
Caes. B. G. 5, 22.
C.
With adverbs of emphasis.
1.
Praesertim cum, or cum praesertim, = especially since, the more so because:
quae cum ita sint, quid est quod de ejus civitate dubitetis, praesertim cum aliis quoque civitatibus fuerit adscriptus?
Cic. Arch. 5, 10:
cur enim tibi hoc non gratificor nescio, praesertim cum his temporibus audacia pro sapientia liceat uti,
id. Fam. 1, 10, 1:
cum praesertim vos alium miseritis,
id. Imp. Pomp. 5, 12; id. Rosc. Am. 8, 22; id. Prov. Cons. 7, 16 (cum praesertim rarely refers to time, with indic., Sen. Ep. 85, 6).—
2.
Quippe cum represents the conclusion as selfevident, since of course, since obviously:
nihil est virtute amabilius, quippe cum propter virtutem etiam eos, quos numquam videmus, quodammodo diligamus,
Cic. Lael. 8, 28:
numquam ego pecunias istorum, etc., in bonis rebus duxi, quippe cum viderem, etc.,
id. Par. 1, 1, 6; id. Leg. 1, 1, 5; 1, 20, 54; id. Fin. 3, 12, 41; 5, 28, 84; Liv. 4, 27, 8; 4, 57, 10.—Sometimes with indic. if cum refers to time, when of course, if, of course: tu vero etiam si reprehenderes... laetarer: quippe cum in reprehensione est prudentia cum eumeneiai, Cic. Att. 16, 11, 2.—In later writers with indic., because when:
omnia experiri necessitas cogebat: quippe cum primas spes fortuna destituit, futura praesentibus videntur esse potiora,
Curt. 4, 1, 29.—
3.
Utpote cum, seeing that, explanatory, with subj.:
me incommoda valetudo qua jam emerseram, utpote cum sine febri laborassem, tenebat Brundusii,
Cic. Att. 5, 8, 1; Cels. 1 prooem.; Sen. Cons. Marc. 21, 2.
III.
Adversative, while, whereas, denoting a logical contrast with the principal sentence.
A.
Ante-class., chiefly,
1.
With indic.:
hei mihi, insanire me aiunt, ultro quom ipsi insaniunt,
Plaut. Men. 5, 2, 80; id. Stich. 1, 37; id. Bacch. 5, 2, 5; Ter. Phorm. prol. 23; 2, 2, 26.—
2.
Subj.
a.
By construction of principal predicate:
tibi obtemperem quom tu mihi nequeas?
Plaut. Most. 4, 2, 16 (4, 1, 50).—
b.
Independent of construction: edepol, Cupido, quom tam pausillus sis, nimis multum vales, Naev. ap. Non. p. 421, 25 (Lubbert conjectures quom [p. 496] tu's tam pausillus):
eo vos madefacitis, quom ego sim hic siccus?
Plaut. Ps. 1, 2, 52.
B.
Class. and post-class., always with subj.
1.
With pres. subj.:
cum de bonis et de caede agatur, testimonium dicturus est is qui et sector est et sicarius,
Cic. Rosc. Am. 36, 103; id. Clu. 24, 65; id. Leg. 1, 7, 22:
et cum tibi, viro, liceat purpura in veste stragula uti, matrem familias tuam purpureum amiculum habere non sines?
Liv. 34, 7, 3; Sen. Prov. 4, 10; id. Clem. 1, 18, 2; id. Ben. 2, 16, 1.—
2.
With perf. subj.: an tu, cum omnem auctoritatem universi ordinis pro pignore putaris, eamque... concideris, me his existimas pignoribus terreri? Crass. ap. Cic. de Or. 3, 1, 4:
indignatur exul aliquid sibi deesse, cum defuerit Scipioni dos?
Sen. Cons. Helv. 12, 7; id. Ira, 3, 12, 7; freq. pres. and perf. subj. retained, if dependent on preterites, Cic. Brut. 71, 250; id. Agr. 3, 2, 5.—
3.
With imperf. subj.:
ita, cum maximis eum rebus liberares, perparvam amicitiae culpam relinquebas,
Cic. Deiot. 3, 10:
hunc Egnatium censores, cum patrem eicerent, retinuerunt,
id. Clu. 48, 135:
eorum erat V. milium numerus, cum ipsi non amplius octingentos equites haberent,
Caes. B. G. 4, 11; Liv. 1, 55, 3; Cic. de Or. 1, 1, 1; 1, 53, 227; 2, 50, 203; id. Clu. 5, 12; id. Ac. 1, 10, 38 sq.; Liv. 39, 49, 1; Val. Max. 1, 6, 11; 3, 2, 10 fin. —
4.
With pluperf. subj.:
Socratis ingenium immortalitati scriptis suis Plato tradidit, cum ipse litteram Socrates nullam reliquisset,
Cic. de Or. 3, 16, 60; id. Ac. 2, 1, 2; id. Prov. Cons. 11, 27; Val. Max. 1, 8, 11.
IV.
Concessive, although, denoting a reason for the contrary of the principal sentence.
A.
Ante-class., mostly with indic.
1.
Indic.:
qui it lavatum In balineas, quom ibi sedulo sua vestimenta servat, Tam subripiuntur,
Plaut. Rud. 2, 3, 52; Ter. Eun. 2, 2, 12; Plaut. Poen. 1, 2, 26; id. Truc. 1, 2, 89 (95); id. Stich. 1, 2, 67.—
2.
With subj.: nihilominus ipsi lucet, quom illi accenderit, Enn. ap. Cic. Off. 1, 16, 51 (Trag. Rel. v. 389 Rib.).
B.
Class. and post-class., always with subj.
1.
Pres. subj.:
testis est Graecia, quae cum eloquentiae studio sit incensa, jamdiuque excellat in ea... tamen omnis artis vetustiores habet,
Cic. Brut. 7, 26:
nam (Druentia) cum aquae vim vehat ingentem, non tamen navium patiens est,
Liv. 21, 31, 11.—
2.
Imperf. subj.:
ego autem, cum consilium tuum probarem, et idem ipse sentirem, nihil proficiebam,
Cic. Fam. 4, 1, 1:
non poterant tamen, cum cuperent, Apronium imitari,
id. Verr. 2, 3, 34, § 78; id. de Or. 1, 28, 126; id. Brut. 7, 28; 91, 314; id. Inv. 2, 31, 97; id. Clu. 40, 110; Caes. B. G. 5, 40; Liv. 5, 38, 5; Nep. Att. 13, 1; so,
quae cum ita essent... tamen,
although this was so, Cic. Clu. 34, 94; id. Fam. 2, 16, 2.—
3.
With pluperf. subj.:
cui cum Cato et Caninius intercessissent, tamen est perscripta,
Cic. Fam. 1, 2, 4:
patrem meum, cum proscriptus non esset, jugulastis,
id. Rosc. Am. 11, 32.
V.
In hypothetical clauses, always with imperf. or pluperf. subj., = si, but defining an assumed or fictitious time.
1.
With imperf. subj.:
quis ex populo, cum Scaevolam dicentem audiret in ea causa, quicquam politius aut elegantius exspectaret?
Cic. Brut. 55, 194:
etiam tum quiesceretis cum rem publicam a facinorosissimis sicariis esse oppressam videretis?
id. Sest. 38, 81; id. Rosc. Am. 31, 86; id. Verr. 2, 1, 10, §§ 28 and 29.—
2.
With pluperf. subj.:
quod esset judicium cum de Verris turpissimo comitatu tres recuperatorum nomine adsedissent?
Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 12, § 30:
mors cum exstinxisset invidiam, res ejus gestae sempiterni nominis glorianiterentur,
id. Balb. 6, 16.

Lewis & Short latin dictionary > cum
11 Cum2

1.
cum (archaic form COM, found in an inscr., COM PREIVATVD; in MSS. sometimes quom or quum), prep. with abl. [for skom, Sanscr. root sak, together; cf. sequor, and Gr. koinos, sun], designates in gen. accompaniment, community, connection of one object with another (opp. sine, separatim, etc.), with, together, together with, in connection or company with, along with; sometimes also to be translated and.
I.
In gen., Plaut. Am. prol. 95:
qui cum Amphitruone abiit hinc in exercitum,
id. ib. prol. 125:
cum Pansā vixi in Pompeiano,
Cic. Att. 14, 20, 4:
semper ille antea cum uxore, tum sine eā,
id. Mil. 21, 55:
quibuscum essem libenter,
id. Fam. 5, 21, 1; cf.:
cum quibus in ceteris intellegis afuisse,
id. Sull. 3, 7:
si cenas hodie mecum,
Hor. Ep. 1, 7, 70:
vagamur egentes cum conjugibus et liberis,
Cic. Att. 8, 2, 3:
errare malo cum Platone, etc.,
id. Tusc. 1, 17, 39:
qui unum imperium unumque magistratum cum ipsis habeant,
Caes. B. G. 2, 3 et saep.—
b.
In an expression of displeasure:
in' hinc, quo dignus, cum donis tuis Tam lepidis,
Ter. Eun. 4, 3, 9; cf. Plaut. Most. 2, 2, 33; Ter. And. 5, 4, 38; id. Eun. 1, 2, 73; id. Heaut. 4, 6, 7 al.—
B.
In a designation of time with which some action concurs:
egone abs te abii hinc hodie cum diluculo?
Plaut. Am. 2, 2, 121; so,
cum primo luci,
id. Cist. 2, 1, 58:
cras cum filio cum primo luci ibo hinc,
Ter. Ad. 5, 3, 55; Cic. Off. 3, 31, 112; cf.:
cum primā luce,
id. Att. 4, 3, 4; and:
cum primo lumine solis,
Verg. A. 7, 130: cum primo mane, Auct. B. Afr. 62: cum mane, Lucil. ap. Diom. p. 372 P:
pariter cum ortu solis,
Sall. J. 106, 5:
pariter cum occasu solis,
id. ib. 68, 2; cf.:
cum sole reliquit,
Verg. A. 3, 568 et saep.:
mane cum luci simul,
Plaut. Merc. 2, 1, 31; v. simul: exiit cum nuntio (i. e. at the same time with, etc.), Caes. B. G. 5, 46; cf.: cum his nuntius Romam ad consulendum redit ( = hama toisde), Liv. 1, 32, 10:
simul cum dono designavit templo Jovis fines,
id. 1, 10, 5; cf.:
et vixisse cum re publicā pariter, et cum illā simul extinctus esse videatur,
Cic. de Or. 3, 3, 10.—
C.
In designating the relations, circumstances, way, and manner with which any act is connected, by which it is accompanied, under or in which it takes place, etc., with, in, under, in the midst of, among, to, at: aliquid cum malo suo facere, Plaut. Bacch. 3, 4, 4; cf.:
cum magnā calamitate et prope pernicie civitatis,
Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 24, § 63:
cum summā rei publicae salute et cum tuā peste ac pernicie cumque eorum exitio, qui, etc.,
id. Cat. 1, 13, 33:
cum magno provinciae periculo,
Caes. B. G. 1, 10:
cum summo probro,
Ter. And. 5, 3, 10: cum summo terrore hominum, Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 24, 6:
cum summā tuā dignitate,
Cic. Fin. 4, 22, 61:
cum bonā alite,
Cat. 61, 19:
ferendum hoc onus est cum labore,
Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 21; cf. Cic. N. D. 2, 23, 59:
multis cum lacrimis aliquem obsecrare,
amid many tears, Caes. B. G. 1, 20; cf.:
hunc ipsum abstulit magno cum gemitu civitatis,
Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 19, § 49:
orare cum lacrimis coepere,
Liv. 5, 30, 5:
si minus cum curā aut cautelā locus loquendi lectus est,
Plaut. Mil. 3, 1, 6 Ritschl; so,
cum curā,
Cic. Inv. 1, 39, 70; Sall. J. 54, 1; Liv. 22, 42, 5 et saep.; cf.:
cum summo studio,
Sall. C. 51, 38:
cum quanto studio periculoque,
Liv. 8, 25, 12 al.:
cum multā venustate et omni sale,
Cic. Fin. 1, 3, 9:
summā cum celeritate ad exercitum rediit,
Hirt. B. G. 8, 52:
maximo cum clamore involant,
Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 89:
cum clamore,
Liv. 2, 23, 8; 5, 45, 2:
cum clamore ac tumultu,
id. 9, 31, 8; cf.:
Athenienses cum silentio auditi sunt,
id. 38, 10, 4; 7, 35, 1:
illud cum pace agemus,
Cic. Tusc. 5, 29, 83:
cum bonā pace,
Liv. 1, 24, 3; 21, 24, 5:
cum bonā gratiā,
Cic. Fat. 4, 7:
cum bonā veniā,
Liv. 29, 1, 7; cf.:
cum veniā,
Ov. Tr. 4, 1, 104; Quint. 10, 1, 72:
cum virtute vivere,
Cic. Fin. 3, 8, 29; cf. id. ib. 2, 11, 34:
cum judicio,
Quint. 10, 1, 8:
cum firmā memoriā,
id. 5, 10, 54:
legata cum fide ac sine calumniā persolvere,
Suet. Calig. 16:
spolia in aede... cum sollemni dedicatione dono fixit,
Liv. 4, 20, 3.—
b.
Attributively, with subst.:
et huic proelium cum Tuscis ad Janiculum erat crimini,
Liv. 2, 52, 7 Weissenb. ad loc.:
frumenti cum summā caritate inopia erat,
id. 2, 12, 1; 2, 5, 2; 7, 29, 3.—
2.
Cum eo quod, ut, or ne (in an amplification or limitation), with the circumstance or in the regard that, on or under the condition, with the exception, that, etc. (except once in Cic. epistt. not ante-Aug.).
(α).
Cum eo quod, with indic., Quint. 12, 10, 47 Spald.; 10, 7, 13; so,
cum eo quidem, quod, etc.,
id. 2, 4, 30. —With subj.:
sit sane, quoniam ita tu vis: sed tamen cum eo, credo, quod sine peccato meo fiat,
Cic. Att. 6, 1, 7.—
(β).
With ut:
Antium nova colonia missa cum eo, ut Antiatibus permitteretur, si et ipsi adscribi coloni vellent,
Liv. 8, 14, 8; so id. 8, 14, 2; 30, 10, 21; 36, 5, 3; Cels. 3, 22.—So with tamen:
cum eo tamen, ut nullo tempore is... non sit sustinendus,
Cels. 3, 5 fin.; 4, 6 fin. —
(γ).
With ne:
obsequar voluntati tuae cum eo, ne dubites, etc.,
Col. 5, 1, 4:
cum eo, ne amplius quam has urant,
Cels. 7, 22; and with tamen:
cum eo tamen, ne, etc.,
id. 2, 17.—
3.
Cum dis volentibus, etc., with God's help, by the will of the gods, sun theôi:
cum divis volentibus quodque bene eveniat mando tibi, Mani, etc.,
Cato, R. R. 141, 1: volentibu' cum magnis dis, Enn. ap. Cic. Off. 1, 12, 38:
agite, cum dis bene juvantibus arma capite,
Liv. 21, 43, 7; so,
cum superis,
Claud. Cons. Stil. III. p. 174.—
4.
Cum with an ordinal number (cum octavo, cum decimo, etc.) for our - fold, in economical lang., of the multiplication of cultivated products:
ut ex eodem semine aliubi cum decimo redeat, aliubi cum quinto decimo,
ten-, fifteenfold, Varr. R. R. 1, 44, 1; so,
cum octavo, cum decimo,
Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 47, § 112:
cum centesimo,
Plin. 18, 10, 21, § 95; cf. with a subst.:
cum centesimā fruge agricolis faenus reddente terrā,
id. 5, 4, 3, § 24.—
D.
With a means or instrument, considered as attending or accompanying the actor in his action (so most freq. anteclass., or in the poets and scientific writers): acribus inter se cum armis confligere, Lucil. ap. Non. p. 261, 6: effundit voces proprio cum pectore, Enn. ap. Serv. ad Verg. G. 2, 424: cum voce maximā conclamat, Claud. Quadrig. ap. Gell. 9, 13, 10:
cum linguā lingere,
Cat. 98, 3:
cum suo gurgite accepit venientem (fluvius),
Verg. A. 9, 816:
cum vino et oleo ungere,
Veg. 1, 11, 8 et saep.:
terra in Augurum libris scripta cum R uno,
Varr. L. L. 5, § 21 Müll.
II.
In partic.
A.
Completing the meaning of verbs.
1.
With verbs of union, connection, and agreement: cum veteribus copiis se conjungere, Caes. B. G. 1, 37:
ut proprie cohaereat cum narratione,
Auct. Her. 1, 7, 11:
(haec) arbitror mihi constare cum ceteris scriptoribus,
id. 1, 9, 16:
interfectam esse... convenit mihi cum adversariis,
id. 1, 10, 17; cf. Cic. Inv. 1, 22, 31:
quī autem poterat in gratiam redire cum Oppianico Cluentius?
id. Clu. 31, 86:
hanc sententiam cum virtute congruere semper,
id. Off. 3, 3, 13:
foedera quibus etiam cum hoste devincitur fides,
id. ib. 3, 31, 111:
capita nominis Latini stare ac sentire cum rege videbant,
Liv. 1, 52, 4:
cum aliquo in gratiam redire,
id. 3, 58, 4:
stabat cum eo senatūs majestas,
id. 8, 34, 1:
conjurasse cum Pausaniā,
Curt. 7, 1, 6:
Autronium secum facere,
Cic. Sull. 13, 36; cf. also conecto, colligo, consentio, compono, etc.—
2.
Of companionship, association, sharing, etc.:
cum his me oblecto, qui res gestas aut orationes scripserunt suas,
Cic. de Or. 2, 14, 61:
quoniam vivitur, non cum perfectis hominibus, sed cum iis, etc.,
id. Off. 1, 15, 46:
nulla (societas) carior quam ea quae cum re publicā est unicuique nostrum,
id. ib. 1, 17, 51:
cum civibus vivere,
id. ib. 1, 34, 124:
cum M. Fabio mihi summus usus est,
id. Fam. 9, 25, 2; cf.:
cum quibus publice privatimque hospitia amicitiasque junxerant,
Liv. 1, 45, 2:
partiri cum Dinaeā matre jussit,
Cic. Clu. 7, 21:
cum Baebio communicare,
id. ib. 16, 47; cf.
of local association, nearness: cum mortuā jugulatum servum nudum positurum ait,
Liv. 1, 58, 4:
duos tamen pudor cum eo tenuit,
id. 2, 10, 5.—
3.
Of intercourse, traffic, etc.:
cum aliquo agere,
to deal with, Cic. Ac. 2, 35, 112; Caes. B. G. 1, 13:
cum eo Accius injuriarum agit,
Auct. Her. 1, 14, 24:
si par est agere cum civibus,
Cic. Off. 2, 23, 83; 3, 22, 88; id. Scaur. 10, 20; cf. id. Fam. 5, 18, 1; Liv. 1, 19, 7; 3, 9, 13; 4, 15, 2; Val. Max. 4, 3, 8:
si mihi cum Peripateticis res esset,
Cic. Ac. 2, 35, 112:
tecum enim mihi res est,
id. Rosc. Am. 30, 84:
uni tibi et cum singulis res est,
Liv. 2, 12, 11:
pacem cum Sabinis facere,
Cic. Off. 3, 30, 109.—Esp.: agere cum aliquo, to have a lawsuit with, Gai Inst. 4, 87; 4, 114 et saep.; v. ago, II. B. 8. a., and II. B. 9.; consisto, I. B. 5.; cf. also pango, etc.—
4.
Of deliberation and discussion:
haec ego cum ipsis philosophis disserebam,
Cic. de Or. 1, 13, 57:
tempus cum conjuratis consultando absumunt,
Liv. 2, 4, 3 et saep.; v. also cogito, reputo, dubito, etc.—
5.
Of strife, difference, etc.:
quibuscum continenter bellum gerunt,
Caes. B. G. 1, 1:
cum Cleanthe quam multis rebus Chrysippus dissidet!
Cic. Ac. 2, 47, 143:
neque tam quererer cum deo quod, etc.,
id. ib. 2, 25, 81:
cum quo Antiochum saepe disputantem audiebam,
id. ib. 2, 4, 11:
cum stomacheretur cum Metello,
id. Or. 2, 66, 267:
manu cum hoste confligere,
id. Off. 1, 23, 81:
utilia cum honestis pugnare,
id. ib. 3, 7, 34: cum Catone dissentire. id. ib. 3, 22, 88:
cum majoribus nostris bella gessit,
id. Scaur. 19, 45; Liv. 1, 35, 7; 7, 22, 4:
cum Auruncis bellum inire,
id. 2, 16, 8; cf.:
cum Volscis aequo Marte discessum est,
id. 2, 40, 14:
inimicitias cum Africano gerere,
Val. Max. 4, 1, 8; Sen. Vit. Beat. 2, 3:
cum Scipione dissentire,
Val. Max. 4, 1, 12:
cum utrāque (uxore) divortium fecit,
Suet. Claud. 26; cf. also certo, pugno, discrepo, differo, distraho, dissentio, etc.—
6.
Of comparison:
nec Arcesilae calumnia conferenda est cum Democriti verecundiā,
Cic. Ac. 2, 5, 14:
hanc rationem dicendi cum imperatoris laude comparare,
id. de Or. 1, 2, 8:
conferam Sullamne cum Junio,
id. Clu. 34, 94:
(orationem) cum magnitudine utilitatis comparare,
id. Off. 2, 6, 20.—
B.
Pregn., implying the notion of being furnished, endowed, clothed with any thing, or of possessing, holding, suffering under, etc., in a lit. and trop. sense: ille vir haud magnā cum re sed plenus fidei, Enn. ap. Cic. Sen. 1, 1 (cf. the antith.:
hominem sine re, sine fide,
Cic. Cael. 32, 78):
a portu illuc nunc cum laternā advenit,
Plaut. Am. prol. 149:
cadus cum vino,
id. Stich. 5, 1, 7; cf. id. Pers. 2, 3, 15:
olla cum aquā,
Cato, R. R. 156:
arcula cum ornamentis,
Plaut. Most. 1, 3, 91:
fiscos cum pecuniā Siciliensi,
Cic. Verr. 1, 8, 22:
onerariae naves cum commeatu,
Liv. 30, 24, 5 et saep.:
cum servili schemā,
Plaut. Am. prol. 117;
so of clothing,
id. Rud. 1, 4, 31; Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 24, § 54; 2, 5, 13, § 31; [p. 490] id. Rab. Post. 10, 27; Liv. 35, 34, 7; Suet. Claud. 13; Sil. 1, 94 et saep.:
ut ne quis cum telo servus esset,
Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 3, § 7;
so of weapons,
id. Phil. 2, 8, 19; cf.:
inmissi cum falcibus, etc.,
id. Tusc. 5, 23, 65:
vidi argenteum Cupidinem cum lampade,
holding, id. Verr. 2, 2, 47, § 115:
simulacrum Cereris cum faucibus,
id. ib. 2, 4, 49, §
109: cum elephanti capite puer natus,
Liv. 27, 11, 5; cf.:
cum quinque pedibus natus,
id. 30, 2, 10; 33, 1, 11; 27, 4, 14 al.: omnia cum pulchris animis Romana juventus, Enn. ap. Don. ad Ter. Phorm. 3, 1, 1; cf.
Ter. ib.: Minucius cum vulnere gravi relatus in castra,
Liv. 9, 44, 14:
te Romam venisse cum febri,
Cic. Att. 6, 9, 1; so id. de Or. 3, 2, 6; id. Clu. 62, 175: cum eisdem suis vitiis nobilissimus, with all his faults, i. e. in spite of, id. ib. 40, 112:
ex eis qui cum imperio sint,
id. Fam. 1, 1, 3 Manut.; cf.:
cum imperio aut magistratu,
Suet. Tib. 12 Bremi; v. imperium.—
C.
With idem (never of the identity of two subjects, but freq. of the relation of two subjects to the same object, etc.;
v. Krebs, Antibarb. p. 538): tibi mecum in eodem est pistrino vivendum,
Cic. de Or. 2, 33, 144:
quandoque tu... omnibus in eisdem flagitiis mecum versatus es,
id. Verr. 2, 3, 80, § 187:
Numidae... in eādem mecum Africā geniti,
Liv. 30, 12, 15; 28, 28, 14; Tac. A. 15, 2; Val. Max. 6, 5, 3.—
D.
In the adverb. phrase, cum primis, with the foremost, i.e. especially, particularly (rare), Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 28, § 68; id. Brut. 62, 224.—Post-class. also as one word: cumprīmis, Gell. 1, 12, 7 al.
► a.
Cum in anastrophe. So always with the pers. pron.: mecum, tecum, secum, nobiscum, etc.; cf. Cic. Or. 45, 154; Prisc. pp. 949 and 988 P.; and in gen. with the rel. pron.:
quocum (quīcum), quacum, quibuscum, quīcum (for quocum),
Cic. Or. 45, 154; Liv. 38, 9, 2; Cic. Att. 5, 1, 4; id. Verr. 2, 2, 31, §§ 76 and 77; Caes. B. G. 1, 8; Cic. Rep. 1, 10, 15; id. Att. 4, 9, 2; id. Off. 1, 35, 126; Quint. 8, 6, 65; 10, 5, 7; 11, 2, 38. But where cum is emphatic, or a demonstrative pron. is understood, cum is placed before the rel.; cf.:
his de rebus velim cum Pompeio, cum Camillo, cum quibus vobis videbitur, consideretis,
Cic. Fam. 14, 14, 3:
adhibuit sibi quindecim principes cum quibus causas cognovit,
id. Off. 2, 23, 82; Liv. 1, 45, 2.—
b.
Before et... et, connecting two substt.:
cum et diurno et nocturno metu,
Cic. Tusc. 5, 23, 66.
III.
In compounds the primitive form com was alone in use, and was unchanged before b, p, m: comburo, compono, committo, and a few words beginning with vowels: comes, comitium, and comitor; m was assimilated before r: corripio; often before l: colligo or conligo; rarely before n, as connumero, but usually dropped: conecto, conitor, conubium; with the change of m into n before all the remaining consonants: concutio, condono, confero, congero, conqueror, consumo, contero, convinco; so, conjicio, etc., but more usually conicio; and with the rejection of m before vowels and before h: coarguo, coëo, coinquino, coopto, cohibeo.—
B.
It designates,
1.
A being or bringing together of several objects: coëo, colloquor, convivor, etc.: colligo, compono, condo, etc.—
2.
The completeness, perfecting of any act, and thus gives intensity to the signif. of the simple word, as in commaculo, commendo, concito, etc., comminuo, concerpo, concido, convello, etc.
2.
Cum (ante-class. quom; freq. in MSS. of Cicero; the post-class. form quum is incorrectly given in many MSS. and edd.), conj. [pronom. stem ka- or kva- with acc. case ending].
I.
Of time, when, as, while, sometimes = after, since.
A.
In adverbial clauses dependent on non-preterite predicates.
1.
The time designated by cum being indefinite, when, if, whenever, always with indic., except in the instances A. 2.
a.
Cum with pres. indic., often equivalent to si.
(α).
With principal predicate in pres.:
nam omnes id faciunt quom se amari intellegunt,
Plaut. Truc. prol. 17:
facile, quom valemus, recta consilia aegrotis damus,
Ter. And. 2, 1, 9; Plaut. Ep. 1, 2, 44; id. Poen. 4, 2, 20; id. Truc. 1, 1, 46; Ter. Phorm. 2, 1, 11:
cum semen maturum habet, tum tempestiva est,
Cato, R. R. 17; 41: quid? tum cum es iratus, permittis illi iracundiae dominationem animi tui? Cic. Rep. 1, 38, 59:
cum permagna praemia sunt, est causa peccandi,
id. Off. 3, 20, 79; id. de Or. 3, 23, 87:
quidam vivere tunc incipiunt cum desinendum est,
Sen. Ep. 23, 11.—
(β).
With principal predicate in fut. (rare):
ad cujus igitur fidem confugiet cum per ejus fidem laeditur cui se commiserit?
Cic. Rosc. Am. 40, 116; id. Leg. 3, 10, 24; id. Fl. 17, 40; Verg. A. 12, 208.—
(γ).
With principal predicate in logical perf. (mostly poet.):
haud invito ad auris sermo mi accessit tuos, Quom te postputasse omnis res prae parente intellego,
Ter. Hec. 3, 5, 33:
qui cum levati morbo videntur, in eum de integro inciderunt,
Cic. Fam. 12, 30, 2:
(dolor) Cum furit... Profuit incensos aestus avertere ( = prodest),
Verg. G. 3, 457:
nemo non, cum alteri prodest, sibi profuit,
Sen. Ep. 81, 19; Cic. Att. 4, 18, 1; Liv. 8, 8, 11; Verg. A. 9, 435; id. G. 1, 288.—
b.
With logical perf. indic.
(α).
With principal predicate in pres. (very freq.), the perf. translated either by English pres. perf. or by pres.: omnia sunt incerta cum a jure discessum est, when we ( once) disregard the law, Cic. Fam. 9, 16, 1:
gubernatores cum exultantes loligines viderunt... tempestatem significari putant,
id. Div. 2, 70, 145:
cum depulsi sunt agni a matribus, diligentia adhibenda est ne, etc.,
Varr. R. R. 2, 2, 17:
cum ejus generis copia defecit, ad innocentium supplicia descendunt,
Caes. B. G. 6, 16, 5:
(hostis) cum intravit... modum a captivis non accipit,
Sen. Ira, 1, 8, 2:
quia enim, cum prima cognovi, jungere extrema cupio,
Plin. Ep. 7, 10, 1; Cic. Or. 1, 33, 153; id. Div. 2, 26, 56; id. Brut. 24, 93; id. Cat. 4, 6, 12; id. Fam. 6, 3, 3; Auct. Her. 4, 50, 63; Caes. B. G. 4, 33; 5, 21; Liv. 22, 9, 8; 34, 31, 4; Val. Max. 8, 10 prooem.; 9, 6 init.; Sen. Ep. 3, 2; 21, 9; id. Cons. Helv. 13, 2; Curt. 3, 3, 18; Plin. 18, 7, 10, § 60; Quint. 4, 2, 122; 10, 7, 14.—In oblique clauses the perf. indic. may remain, or may be changed into perf. subj., even after preterites, Cic. Off. 1, 28, 26; 2, 20, 69.—
(β).
With principal predicate in fut. ( poet.), Ov. P. 1, 5, 47.—
(γ).
With two logical perff. (rare):
cum id factum est, tamen grex dominum non mutavit,
Varr. R. R. 2, 2, 6:
quae cum se disposuit... summum bonum tetigit,
Sen. Vit. Beat. 8, 5; id. Tranq. 17, 11; id. Ben. 1, 1, 5. —
c.
With fut.
(α).
With principal predicate in fut.:
ita fere officia reperientur, cum quaeretur, quid deceat, etc.,
Cic. Off. 1, 34, 125; Auct. Her. 2, 7, 10; 2, 12, 17.— So with principal predicate in fut. imper:
etiam tum cum verisimile erit aliquem commisisse... latratote,
Cic. Rosc. Am. 20, 57, id. Mur. 31, 65; id. Att. 3, 8, 4; Liv. 35, 19, 6.—
(β).
With principal predicate in pres.:
in talibus... stabilitas amicitiae confirmari potest, cum homines cupiditatibus imperabunt,
Cic. Lael. 22, 82; Val. Max. 4, 8 prooem.—
d.
With fut. perf.
(α).
With principal predicate in pres.:
quam (spem), cum in otium venerimus, habere volumus,
Cic. Att. 1, 7:
nec irascimur illis cum sessorem recusaverint,
Sen. Const. 12, 3; id. Cons. Marc. 7, 2.—
(β).
With principal predicate in fut. indic.:
cum haec erunt considerata, statim nostrae legis expositione... utemur,
Auct. Her. 2, 10, 15:
cum viderit secari patrem suum filiumve, vir bonus non flebit?
Sen. Ira, 1, 12, 1.—In oblique clauses, dependent on preterites, it is changed to the pluperf. subj.:
qui tum demum beatum terrarum orbem futurum praedicavit cum aut sapientes regnare, aut reges sapere coepissent,
Val. Max. 7, 2, ext. 4.—
(γ).
With principal predicate in fut. imper.:
cum tempestates pluviae fuerint, videtote quot dies, etc.,
Cato, R. R. 2, 3; 25 init.; 38.—
(δ).
With two fut. perff.:
cum bene cesserit negotiatio, multum militia retulerit,
Sen. Cons. Helv. 10, 6.—
e.
In partic.
(α).
In definitions with pres, indic.:
humile genus est (causae) cum contempta res adfertur,
Auct. Her. 1, 3, 5:
purgatio est cum factum conceditur, culpa removetur,
Cic. Inv. 1, 11, 15: maxima est capitis deminutio cum aliquis simul et civitatem et libertatem amittit, Gai Inst. 1, 160; Auct. Her. 1, 46; 2, 4, 6; 4, 12, 17; 4, 53, 66 et saep. —
(β).
Etiam cum (less freq. cum etiam), even when (nearly = etiamsi), always with indic. if dependent on other than preterite predicates. (1) With pres.: qui cavet ne decipiatur, vix cavet, quom etiam cavet, Plaut. Capt. 2, 2, 5:
in quo scelere, etiam cum multae causae convenisse... videntur, tamen non temere creditur,
Cic. Rosc. Am. 22, 62:
qui incolunt maritimas urbis, etiam cum manent corpore, animo tamen excursant,
id. Rep. 2, 4, 7; Curt. 6, 3, 10; Plin. Ep. 1, 8, 6.—(2) With fut.:
etiam cum potentes nocere intendent,
Sen. Const. 4, 1. —(3) With fut. perf.:
cum etiam plus contenderimus, etc.,
Cic. Fam. 1, 8, 7; Sen. Ben. 4, 13, 3.—(4) In oblique clauses with imperf. subj., Cic. Fragm. Tog. Cand. 15.—
(γ).
Anteclass. with indic. in addressing indefinite persons in rules, after imper.:
sorba in sapa cum vis condere, arida facias,
Cato, R. R. 7 fin. — Always with indic. if a certain person is addressed; cf. Cic. Rep. 1, 38, 59 (l. A. 1. a. a supra); id. Verr. 2, 1, 18, § 47.—
2.
With subj. referring to indefinite time.
a.
With the 2d pers. sing., used in an indefinite sense ( you = one, any one).
(α).
With pres. subj.:
acerbum'st pro benefactis quom mali messim metas,
Plaut. Ep. 5, 2, 53:
quom faciem videas, videtur esse quantivis preti,
Ter. And. 5, 2, 15; Plaut. Cas. 3, 2, 32; id. Bacch. 3, 3, 38; id. Merc. 3, 2, 7 and 8 et saep.:
difficile est tacere cum doleas,
Cic. Sull. 10, 31:
etiam interpretatio nominis habet acumen cum ad ridiculum convertas,
id. de Or. 2, 63, 257; 2, 64, 259; 2, 67, 269; 2, 75, 305; 3, 38, 156; Sen. Ep. 75, 4 et saep.—
(β).
With perf. subj.:
difficile est cum praestare omnibus concupieris, servare aequitatem,
Cic. Off. 1, 19, 64:
quos (versus) cum cantu spoliaveris, nuda paene remanet oratio,
id. Or. 55, 183; id. Lael. 21, 77; id. Inv. 1, 47, 88; Sall. C. 12, 3; 51, 24; 58, 16.—
b.
In the jurists, in a clause exemplifying a general rule: cum ergo ita scriptum sit Heres Titius esto, addicere debemus, Gai Inst. 2, 165; so id. ib. 4, 97; 3, 161; Auct. Her. 4, 31, 42.—
c.
In the phrase audio cum dicat (I. F. 1, b. infra):
saepe soleo audire Roscium cum ita dicat se, etc.,
Cic. de Or. 2, 28, 129.—
d.
When, after cum, an imperfect or pluperfect is used as a logical tense (post-Aug.): non tulit gratis qui cum rogasset accepit, who has asked for the favor, and, etc., Sen. Ben. 2, 1, 4; 2, 3, 1; 2, 13, 2; id. Ep. 86, 8.—
e.
If the principal predicate is a potential subjunctive, an indefinite clause with a present or future after cum is always in the same mood:
caveto quom ventus siet aut imber, effodias aut seras,
Cato, R. R. 28:
quis tam dissoluto animo est qui, haec cum videat, tacere ac neglegere possit?
Cic. Rosc. Am. 11, 32; id. Planc. 39, 94; id. Clu. 55, 153; id. Inv. 1, 4, 87; 1, 51, 95; Auct. Her. 4, 6, 9; 4, 32, 43.—
3.
Of definite time, always with indic. (for exceptions, v. 4. infra), when, if, while (for the distinction between cum and si, cf.:
formam mihi totius rei publicae, si jam es Romae, aut cum eris, velim mittas,
Cic. Att. 6, 3, 4:
quae si prodierit, atque adeo cum prodierit—scio enim proditurum esse—audiet,
id. Rosc. Am. 25, 100:
si damnatus eris, atque adeo cum damnatus eris—nam dubitatio quae poterit esse? etc.,
id. Verr. 2, 3, 29, § 70; id. Or. 2, 75, 304; Sen. Ep. 83, 10).
a.
Cum with pres. indic.
(α).
Principal predicate in pres.:
certe, edepol, quom illum contemplo et formam cognosco meam... nimis simili'st mei,
Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 288; so id. Poen. 1, 2, 71; id. Pers. 4, 4, 15; Ter. Hec. 3, 3, 45: Py. Ne fle. Ph. Non queo Quom te video, Plaut. Mil. 4, 8, 14; id. Am. 1, 1, 260; id. Rud. 3, 4, 38:
potestne tibi ulla spes salutis ostendi cum recordaris in deos immortalis quam impius... fueris?
Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 18, § 47: cum hoc vereor, et cupio tibi... parcere, rursus immuto voluntatem meam ( = while), id. Rosc. Am. 34, 95; Serv. ap. Cic. Fam. 4, 5, 4:
equidem cum... recordor, vix aetatem Alexandri suffecturam fuisse reor ad unum bellum,
Liv. 9, 19, 12; Cic. Planc. 12, 29; id. Clu. 10, 29; Liv. 40, 46, 3:
quod cum ita est,
if this is so, Quint. 24, 58 (cf.:
quodsi ita est,
Cic. Mur. 2, 5); so,
often, nunc cum: qui modo nusquam conparebas, nunc quom conpares, peris,
Plaut. Aul. 4, 4, 2; so id. ib. 1, 3, 35; 2, 2, 17; id. As. 1, 2, 18; Ter. Heaut. 3, 1, 39:
nos de injusto rege nihil loquimur, nunc cum de ipsa regali re publica quaerimus,
Cic. Rep. 3, 35, 47; Liv. 44, 39, 7.—So with logical perf. for the pres., Quint. 4, 2, 122.—But Cicero always uses nunc cum with a subj. when the clause, while designating present time, generally [p. 491] in opposition to a former time, implies a reason for the principal action, now that:
quodsi tum, cum res publica severitatem desiderabat, vici naturam, etc., nunc cum omnes me causae ad misericordiam... vocent, quanto tandem studio, etc.,
Cic. Mur. 2, 3, 6; id. Fam. 9, 16, 7; id. Font. 15, 35 (25); id. Imp. Pomp. 10, 27; 17, 50; not found in later writers, except in the Gallic panegyrists, e. g. Eum. Grat. Act. 2 init. —
(β).
With principal predicate in the logical perf., if (ante-class.):
Curculio hercle verba mihi dedit quom cogito,
Plaut. Curc. 4, 4, 27:
sed tandem, quom recogito, qui potis est scire, haec scire me?
id. Stich. 2, 1, 29; id. Mil. 4, 8, 64.—
b.
Cum with logical perf. indic.
(α).
Principal predicate in pres.:
ergo quom optume fecisti, nunc adest occasio Benefacta cumulare,
after doing excellently, Plaut. Capt. 2, 3, 63: quo etiam major vir habendus est (Numa), cum illam sapientiam constituendae civitatis duobus prope saeculis ante cognovit, quam, etc. ( = siquidem, if he has; seeing that he has), Cic. de Or. 2, 37, 154; Verg. A. 9, 249.—
(β).
With principal predicate in fut. ( poet.):
at cumst imposta corona, Clamabis capiti vina subisse meo (est imposta = erit imposta),
Prop. 4 (5), 2, 30.—
c.
With fut.
(α).
With principal predicate in fut.:
quom videbis tum scies,
Plaut. Bacch. 1, 2, 37; id. Am. 3, 3, 15; id. Men. 5, 7, 7; Ter. Phorm. 1, 2, 82; id. Heaut. prol. 33:
sed cum certum sciam faciam te paulo ante certiorem,
Cic. Fam. 9, 23; 3, 11, 3; 12, 30, 5; 14, 3, 4; id. Q. Fr. 3, 8, 2; Liv. 3, 53, 10.—
(β).
With principal predicate in fut. perf.:
cum tu haec leges, ego jam annuum munus confecero,
Cic. Fam. 2, 12, 1.—
(γ).
With principal predicate in imper. fut.:
mox quom imitabor Sauream, caveto ne succenseas,
Plaut. As. 2, 2, 105; id. Mil. 3, 3, 59.—
(δ).
With principal predicate in subj. (potential):
cum testes ex Sicilia dabo, quem volet ille eligat,
Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 22, § 48; id. Off. 1, 34, 122; 3, 10, 46; id. Att. 4, 9, 1; 4, 10, 2; 4, 17, 1 et saep.—
(ε).
In oblique clauses, after preterites, changed into imperf. subj., Caes. B. C. 2, 40; after other tenses it is either changed into pres. subj. or remains unchanged, Cic. Fam. 1, 56, 2; 1, 7, 4; Sall. C. 58, 8.—
d.
With fut. perf.
(α).
With principal predicate in fut.:
mox dabo quom ab re divina rediero,
Plaut. Poen. 1, 2, 193; id. Am. 1, 1, 43; 1, 2, 4; Ter. Phorm. 1, 4, 8:
cum haec docuero, tum illud ostendam, etc.,
Cic. Clu. 4, 9; id. Verr. 2, 1, 1, § 3; id. de Or. 2, 33, 143; 2, 59, 239; id. Att. 3, 23, 5 et saep.—In oblique clauses, after preterites, the fut. perf. is changed into pluperf. subj., Cic. Rosc. Am. 10, 28; 28, 78; Liv. 1, 56, 11; 5, 30, 1; after other tenses, and often in oblique oration, it remains unchanged, or is changed into perf. subj., Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 71, § 183; id. Fam. 2, 5, 2 dub.; Liv. 21, 13, 8; 3, 56, 10.—
(β).
With principal predicate in imper. (almost always fut. imper.):
quod quom dixero, si placuerit, Facitote,
Ter. Eun. 5, 8, 37:
cum ego Granium testem produxero, refellito, si poteris,
Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 59, § 154; id. Marcell. 9, 27; id. Fam. 16, 4, 3; Tac. A. 1, 22.—With pres. imper., Liv. 24, 38, 7.—
(γ).
With principal predicate in subj. (potential):
quae cum omnia collegeris, tum ipse velim judices satisne videatur,
Cic. Fam. 5, 2, 4; id. Or. 13, 41 dub.—In oblique clauses, after non-preterites, the fut. perf. remains unchanged:
oro, ne me hodie, cum isti respondero, putetis, etc.,
Cic. Phil. 2, 5, 10; id. Clu. 2, 6.—
4.
With subj. in definite time.
a.
Sometimes in oblique construction (3. c. e; 3. d. a).—
b.
Sometimes by attraction:
curata fac sint quom a foro redeam domum,
Plaut. Aul. 2, 3, 6; 2, 3, 11; id. Stich. 1, 2, 8; id. Curc. 2, 2, 3:
non admirere cum ego ipse me id ex te primum audisse confitear?
Cic. Planc. 24, 58. —
c.
In the semi-causal connection nunc cum, v. 3, a. a fin. supra.
B.
In adverbial anterior clauses dependent on preterite predicates, the time of the cum clause preceding that of the principal sentence (always with subj., except in the instances mentioned 2.; 3. a; and 5.), when, after.
1.
With pluperf. subj. (so generally): quom socios nostros mandisset impius Cyclops, Liv. And. Fragm. ap. Prisc. 8, p. 817 (Lubbert conjectures, without sufficient reason, mandit sex): quom saucius multifariam ibi factus esset, tamen volnus capiti nullum evenit, Cato, Orig. ap. Gell. 3, 7, 19:
portisculus signum cum dare coepisset,
Enn. Ann. v. 234 Vahl.:
quom testamento patris partisset bona,
Afran. Com. Rel. v. 50 Rib.: quem quom ibi vidissent Hortensius Postumiusque, Lucil. ap. Non. p. 4, 32; Enn. Ann. v. 241 Vahl.; Turp. Com. Rel. v. 48 Rib.; Lucil. ap. Non. p. 394, 27 (the MSS. reading:
quom venisset,
Plaut. As. 2, 3, 15, is corrupt):
audivi summos homines cum quaestor ex Macedonia venissem Athenas,
Cic. de Or. 1, 11, 45:
haec cum Crassus dixisset, silentium est consecutum,
id. ib. 1, 35, 160:
cum Thebani Lacedaemonios bello superavissent... aeneum statuerunt tropaeum,
id. Inv. 2, 23, 69:
Dionysius cum fanum Proserpinae Locris expilavisset, navigabat Syracusas,
id. N. D. 3, 34, 83:
eo cum venisset, animadvertit ad alteram ripam magnas esse copias hostium,
Caes. B. G. 5, 18:
Tarquinius et Tullia minor... cum domos vacuas novo matrimonio fecissent, junguntur nuptiis,
Liv. 1, 46, 9 et saep. —
2.
With pluperf. indic.
a.
Ante-class. in place of the class. subj.:
idem me pridem quom ei advorsum veneram, Facere atriensem voluerat,
Plaut. Cas. 2, 8, 28:
Quid ais? Quom intellexeras, id consilium capere, quor non dixti extemplo,
Ter. And. 3, 2, 38.—
b.
If the pluperfect is a virtual imperfect, designating the time at which the main action took place, the principal predicate being likewise in the pluperfect, when the clause would require an indicative if placed in the imperfect (3. a. a): exspectationem nobis non parvam adtuleras cum scripseras Varronem tibi confirmasse, etc. ( = exspectabam cum legebam; cf. C. 3, a. a, 2.), Cic. Att. 3, 18, 1; cf. Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 9, 2, where the cum clause is relative; v. E.: Romae haud minus terroris... erat quam fuerat biennio ante cum castra Punica objecta Romanis moenibus fuerant (C. 3. a. a, 1.), Liv. 27, 44, 1; so id. 5, 28, 1; 26, 40, 17; 44, 10, 1.—
c.
If the clause indicates that the time of the main action is a period, subsequent to that of the action designated by the pluperfect:
nam tum cum in Asia res magnas permulti amiserant, scimus Romae, solutione impedita, fidem concidisse,
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 7, 19:
cum ea consecutus nondum eram... tamen ista vestra nomina numquam sum admiratus,
id. Fam. 3, 7, 5; id. Verr. 2, 5, 69, § 178; id. Inv. 2, 42, 124; Caes. B. G. 7, 35; Liv. 24, 7, 1 sq.; Nep. Dat. 6, 5; Curt. 9, 10, 12; Verg. A. 5, 42.—
3.
If both predicates denote repeated action, the anterior clause with cum has the pluperf. indic. or subj.
a.
With pluperf. indic.
(α).
With principal predicate in imperf. indic. (so almost always in Cicero and Caesar; not in the poets, nor in Vell., Val. Max., Tac., Suet., or Plin.), whenever:
cum ad aliquod oppidum venerat, eadem lectica usque ad cubiculum deferebatur,
Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 11, § 27; 2, 1, 46, § 120; 2, 3, 67, § 156; 2, 4, 61, § 137; 2, 5, 10, § 27; id. Fl. 7, 16; 10, 21; id. Agr. 2, 26, 68; id. Or. 32, 113; id. Brut. 24, 93:
(Cassi vellaunus) cum equitatus noster se in agros ejecerat, essedarios ex silvis emittebat,
Caes. B. G. 5, 19; 3, 14; 3, 15; 4, 7; 5, 35; 7, 22; id. B. C. 1, 58; Sall. J. 92, 8; 44, 4:
cum comminus venerant, gladiis a velitibus trucidabantur,
Liv. 38, 21, 12; Nep. Epam. 3, 6; Sen. Ep. 11, 4; Curt. 3, 10, 8; 3, 10, 11; Quint. 7, 1, 4; Gell. 15, 22, 5; 17, 18, 3; Gai Inst. 4, 15; Pacat. 9.—
(β).
With principal predicate in perf. indic.:
Pacuvius qui Syriam usu suam fecit, cum vino... sibi parentaverat,
Sen. Ep. 12, 8; 108, 14.—
b.
With pluperf. subj., an imperf. indic. in principal sentence:
cum fossam latam cubiculari lecto circumdedisset, ejusque transitum... conjunxisset, eum ipse detorquebat,
Cic. Tusc. 5, 20, 59; id. Verr. 2, 3, 41, § 94:
cum cohortes ex acie procucurrissent, Numidae... effugiebant, etc.,
Caes. B. C. 2, 41:
cum in jus duci debitorem vidissent, undique convolabant,
Liv. 2, 27, 8; 25, 3, 11; 5, 48, 2.—
4.
In anterior clauses with imperf. subj.
(α).
When the principal clause expresses an immediate consequence ( = pluperf. subj.):
Demaratus cum audiret dominationem Cypseli confirmari, defugit patriam ( = cum audivisset),
Cic. Rep. 2, 19, 34; Caes. B. G. 5, 17 et saep.—
(β).
Where both verbs relate to one transaction, especially in remarks and replies:
(Epaminondas) cum gravi vulnere exanimari se videret, quaesivit salvusne esset clipeus, etc.,
Cic. Fin. 2, 30, 97:
cum ex eo quaereretur quid esset dolus magnus, respondebat, etc.,
id. Off. 3. 14, 60; id. Or. 2, 69, 278; id. Rosc. Am. 25, 70; Liv. 3, 71, 4 et saep.—
(γ).
When the principal action takes place during the action of the dependent clause:
qui cum unum jam et alterum diem desideraretur, neque in eis locis inveniretur... liberti Asuvii in eum invadunt, etc.,
Cic. Clu. 13, 38.—
5.
For the perf. indic. instead of pluperf. subj. v. C. 1. d. infra.
C.
In adverbial clauses of coincident time dependent on preterites ( = eo tempore quo), the clause with cum designating the time at which or during which the main action took place, when, as, while.[The theory of the use of tenses and moods in these clauses is not fully settled. The older grammarians require the indicative if cum denotes pure time, but the subjunctive if denoting cause or relations similar to cause. Zumpt and others acknowledge that the rule is frequently not observed, attributing this to the predilection of the Latin language for the subjunctive. Recently Hoffmann (Zeitpartikeln der Lateinischen Sprache, 1st ed. 1860; 2d ed. 1873) and Lubbert (Syntax von Quom, 1870) have advanced the theory that cum requires the indicative if denoting absolute time, but the subjunctive if denoting relative time. They define absolute time as time co-ordinate or parallel with, or logically independent of, the time of the principal action, which performs the function of a chronological date for the principal action, and they consider it as a criterion that the clause might have constituted an independent sentence; while relative time is logically subordinate to the principal action. Hoffmann condenses his theory in the following words: cum with indicative names and describes the time at which the action of the principal sentence took place; cum with the subjunctive, on the contrary, designates the point of time at which, or the space of time during which, the action expressed in the principal sentence commenced or ended. The chief objections to this theory are: (1) Its vagueness.—(2) The facts that in many instances cum with the subjunctive clearly dates the main action (C. 3. a. b, 2, and 4.; C. 3. a. 5.; C. 3. b. b, 3. and 5.; C. 3. b. g infra); that many of the subjunctive clauses with cum may be transformed into independent sentences (C. 3. b. b, 2. and 3. infra); that many indicative clauses with cum are logically subordinate to the main action (C. 3. a. a, 2. infra), and that when both moods are used in two co-ordinated clauses with cum belonging to the same main sentence, Hoffmann must account for the difference of the moods by explanations not drawn from his theory (Cic. Agr. 2, 64, 64; id. Clu. 30, 83; id. Div. 1, 43, 97; id. Fin. 2, 19, 61; id. de Or. 67, 272; Caes. B. C. 2, 17; Liv. 6, 40, 17; 30, 44, 10).—(3) The impossibility of clearly drawing the line between logical co-ordination and subordination; and the fact that, wherever it is drawn, there will be many passages not accounted for (cf. 1. init. and many passages under C. 3. a. a, 3.; C. 3. a. d; C. 3. b. g, etc.).—(4) That the supposed use of cum with the imperfect indicative is inconsistent with the received doctrine that the imperfect always designates a time relative to another time—a difficulty not satisfactorily met by Hoffman's assumption of an aoristic imperfect.]GENERAL RULE.—The predicate after cum is in the perfect indicative (or historical present) if the action is conceived as a point of time coincident with the time of the main action. It is either in the imperfect indicative or in the imperfect subjunctive if the action is conceived as occupying a period of time within which the main action took place (e. g.:
quid enim meus frater ab arte adjuvari potuit, cum... furem se videre respondit? Quid in omni oratione Crassus... cum pro Cn. Plancio diceret?
Cic. de Or. 2, 54, 220;
where dicebat might stand for diceret, but not responderet for respondit: cum ad tribum Polliam ventum est, et praeco cunctaretur, etc.,
Liv. 29, 37, 8; cf.:
cum tecum Ephesi collocutus sum,
Cic. Fam. 13, 55, 1; and:
cum te Puteolis prosequerer,
id. ib. 3, 10, 8: cum primum lex coepta ferri est, Liv 3, 14, 4; and: cum [p. 492] ferretur lex, id. 5, 30, 4;
also,
Cic. Fam. 4, 3, 1, and Liv. 3, 58, 7).
1.
Both predicates in the perf. indic. (or histor. pres.), both clauses denoting points of time (the principal predicate may be in any verbal form implying a perfect).
a.
The clause expressing a momentary action:
posticulum hoc recepit quom aedis vendidit, Flaut. Trin. 1, 2, 157: scilicet qui dudum tecum venit cum pallam mihi Detulisti,
id. Men. 2, 3, 46; prol. 62; id. Poen. 4, 2, 82; id. Ep. 2, 2, 33; Ter. Hec. 4, 1, 57; id. Heaut. 2, 3, 21 et saep.:
non tum cum emisti fundum Tusculanum, in leporario apri fuerunt,
Varr. R. R. 3, 3, 8:
in judiciis quanta vis esset didicit cum est absolutus,
Cic. Tog. Cand. Fragm. 4:
per tuas statuas vero cum dixit, vehementer risimus,
id. de Or. 2, 59, 242:
cum occiditur Sex. Roscius, (servi) ibidem fuerunt,
id. Rosc. Am. 41, 120; id. Verr. 2, 2, 29, § 70; 1, 4, 11; 2, 2, 66, § 160; 2, 3, 47, § 112; id. Caecin. 29, 85; id. Sest. 55, 157; id. Phil. 2, 9, 21; id. Rep. 6, 22, 24; id. Fam. 9, 15, 2; id. Att. 2, 1, 5 et saep.:
tunc flesse decuit cum adempta sunt nobis arma,
Liv. 3, 55, 10; 10, 6, 8; 28, 42, 14; 42, 46, 1; Vitr. 2, 8, 12; 2, 1, 7; 2, 9, 15;
6, 7, 4: semel dumtaxat vultum mutavit, tunc cum... anulum in profundum dejecit,
Val. Max. 6, 9, 6; 8, 8, ext. 1; 9, 1, ext. 1;
9, 8, 1: rerum natura... cum visum est deinde, (filium tuum) repetiit,
Sen. Cons. Polyb. 10, 4; 11, 2; id. Q. N. 1, 11, 3; 6, 25, 4:
accepimus et serpentem latrasse cum pulsus est regno Tarquinius,
Plin. 8, 41, 63, § 153; 2, 24, 22, § 90; 2, 52, 53, § 139; Suet. Claud. 21; Hor. S. 2, 3, 61; Ov. Tr. 5, 11, 8; Tib. 3, 5, 18; Mart. 5, 49, 9.—So, cum primum, when first, the first time that, as soon as:
jube vinum dari: jam dudum factum'st quom primum bibi,
Plaut. As. 5, 2, 40; id. Cas. prol. 17; Ter. Hec. alt. prol. 31; id. And. prol. 1; id. Eun. 3, 3, 4:
Pompeius cum primum contionem habuit... ostendit, etc.,
Cic. Verr. 1, 15, 45; id. Fam. 2, 9, 1; Liv. 3, 55, 10; 25, 6, 2; 25, 29, 4; 31, 3, 1; 40, 8, 1; 42, 34, 3; Curt. 6, 11, 23; but with imperf. subj. when referring to a per. of time:
ipse cum primum pabuli copia esse inciperet, ad exercitum venit,
Caes. B. G. 2, 2.—In the poets and later writers, the imperf. subj. often occurs where classic prose has the perf. indic.:
effice ut idem status sit cum exigis qui fuit cum promitterem,
Sen. Ben. 4, 39, 4:
tum lacrimare debueras cum equo calcaria subderes,
Curt. 7, 2, 6; Suet. Claud. 6; Ov. P. 4, 12, 28.—
b.
If the clause denotes a state, condition, or action of longer duration, it takes the perf. indic. if asserted as a complete fact without regard to what happened during its progress (virtual point of time):
in quem Juppiter se convertit cum exportavit per mare... Europen,
Varr. R. R. 2, 5, 5:
ne cum in Sicilia quidem (bellum) fuit... pars ejus belli in Italiam ulla pervasit,
Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 2, § 6:
nempe eo (lituo) Romulus regiones direxit tum cum urbem condidit,
id. Div. 1, 17, 30; id. Verr. 2, 3, 54, § 125; id. Lig. 7, 20; id. Rep. 3, 32, 44:
non tibi, cum in conspectu Roma fuit, succurrit? etc.,
Liv. 2, 40, 7; 34, 3, 7; Nep. Iphicr. 2, 4; id. Pelop. 4, 3.—
c.
With perf. indic., by the time when, before, referring to facts which actually occurred before the action of the principal sentence:
ab Anaximandro moniti Lacedaemonii sunt ut urbem... linquerent, quod terrae motus instaret, tum cum... urbs tota corruit,
Cic. Div. 1, 50, 112; Liv. 22, 36, 4; 34, 31, 15; Prop. 2, 32 (3, 30), 53.—
d.
With perf. indic. when actions in immediate sequence are represented as coincident:
ad quem cum accessimus, Appio, subridens, Recipis nos, inquit, etc.,
Varr. R. R. 3, 2, 2:
me primus dolor percussit, Cotta cum est expulsus,
Cic. Brut. 89, 303:
itaque ne tum quidem cum classem perdidisti, Mamertinis navem imperare ausus es,
id. Verr. 2, 5, 23, § 59:
haec cum facta sunt in concilio, magna spe et laetitia omnium discessum est,
Caes. B. C. 3, 87:
cum Thessalos in armis esse nuntiatum est, Ap. Claudium... senatus misit,
Liv. 42, 5, 8:
Gracchus cum ex Sardinia rediit, orationem ad populum habuit,
Gell. 15, 12, 1; Cic. Imp. Pomp. 1, 2; id. Deiot. 6, 17; id. Top. 16, 61; id. Div. 1, 43, 98; id. Fam. 5, 21, 2; Liv. 4, 44, 10; 4, 60, 8; 9, 25, 2; 22, 14, 12; Nep. Dat. 11, 1; Suet. Caes. 31; Gell. 1, 23, 5; Prop. 3, 20, 37 (4, 21, 7).—Hence a perf. indic. in co-ordination with pluperf. subj.: cum sol nocte visus esset... et cum caelum discessisse visum est (decemviri ad libros ire jussi sunt), Cic. Div. 1, 43, 97.—
2.
With a perf. indic. (or histor. pres.), the principal predicate in imperf.
a.
The action falling within the time of the principal predicate:
set Stalagmus quojus erat tunc nationis, quom hinc abit?
Plaut. Capt. 4, 2, 107; id. Rud. 3, 6, 9; Ter. Eun. 2, 3, 51:
haec Crassi oratio cum edita est, quattuor et triginta tum habebat annos, etc.,
Cic. Brut. 43, 161:
eo cum venio, praetor quiescebat,
id. Verr. 2, 4, 14, § 32; 2, 5, 69, § 178; id. Fl. 13, 20; id. Pis. 1, 2; id. Lig. 1, 3; id. Phil. 2, 21, 52; 3, 4, 11; id. Fam. 13, 35, 2; id. Att. 6, 1, 13:
cum Caesari in Galliam venit, alterius factionis principes erant Aedui, alterius Sequani,
Caes. B. G. 6, 12; Sall. J. 71, 1:
cum haec accepta clades est, jam C. Horatius et T. Menenius consules erant,
Liv. 2, 51, 1; 21, 39, 4; 23, 49, 5; 28, 27, 14; 34, 16, 6;
45, 39, 1: merito me non adgnoscis, nam cum hoc factum est, integer eram,
Sen. Ben. 5, 24, 3.—Post-class. writers generally use imperf. subj.:
beneficium ei videberis dedisse cui tunc inimicissimus eras cum dares?
Sen. Ben. 5, 19, 7:
bona quoque, quae tunc habuit cum damnaretur, publicabuntur,
Dig. 28, 18, § 1:
pauper Fabricius (erat) Pyrrhi cum sperneret aurum,
Claud. IV. Cons. Hon. 413.—
b.
The action strictly anterior to the principal sentence, rare (1. d.): nam quod conabar cum interventum'st dicere, nunc expedibo, Pac. ap. Non. p. 505, 3 (Trag. Rel. v. 65 Rib.):
cum est ad nos adlatum de temeritate eorum, etc., cetera mihi facillima videbantur... multaque mihi veniebant in mentem, etc.,
Cic. Fam. 3, 10, 1; Sall. C. 51, 32; Verg. A. 6, 515; id. E. 3, 14.—
3.
The predicate after cum conceived as a period or space of time (including repeated action) is either in the imperf. indic. or imperf. subj. [In ante-classical writers and Cicero the imperf. indic. very frequent, and largely prevailing over the subj., except that when the principal predicate denotes a point of time (with perf.), Cicero commonly uses the subj.; the imperf. indic. occurs in Cicero 241 times; in Caesar once with the force of a relativeclause (B. G. 1, 40, 5), and 3 times of repeated action; in Nep. once of repeated action (Att. 9, 6); in Sall. twice (J. 31, 20; id. H. 1, 48, 6 Dietsch); in Liv. 22 times; in Verg. 4 times; in Ovid twice; in Tib. twice; in Prop. 3 times; in Val. Max. twice; then it disappears (except once each in Tac. and Mart.), but reappears in Gaius (3 times), Gellius (twice), and the Gallic panegyrists (several times)].
a.
Both predicates denoting spaces of time, the principal predicate always in the imperf. indic. unless the mood is changed by other influences.
(α).
Cum with the imperf. indic. (1) In express or implied opposition to other periods of time, esp. with tum or tunc:
eademne erat haec disciplina tibi quom tu adulescens eras?
Plaut. Bacch. 3, 3, 17:
alium esse censes nunc me atque olim quom dabam?
Ter. And. 3, 3, 13; Plaut. Capt. 2, 1, 50; id. Most. 1, 3, 64; id. Mil. 2, 2, 26; Ter. And. 1, 1, 69; Enn. ap. Cic. Brut. 19, 76 (Ann. v. 222 Vahl.):
qui cum plures erant, paucis nobis exaequari non poterant, hi postquam pauciores sunt, etc.,
Auct. Her. 4, 18, 25:
qui (Pompeius) cum omnes Caesarem metuebamus ipse eum diligebat, postquam ille metuere coepit, etc.,
Cic. Att. 8, 1, 4:
res per eosdem creditores per quos cum tu aderas agebatur,
id. Fam. 1, 1, 1 (cf.:
Senatus consultum factum est de ambitu in Afranii sententiam quam ego dixeram cum tu adesses,
id. Q. Fr. 2, 9, 3):
Trebellium valde jam diligit: oderat tum cum ille tabulis novis adversabatur,
id. Phil. 6, 4, 11:
non tam id sentiebam cum fruebar, quam tunc cum carebam,
id. Red. Quir. 1, 3:
etenim tunc esset hoc animadvertendum cum classis Syracusis proficiebatur,
id. Verr. 2, 5, 43, § 111 (so 111 times in Cicero, including the instances where the principal predicate is in the perf.):
cum captivis redemptio negabatur, nos vulgo homines laudabant, nunc deteriore condicione sumus, etc.,
Liv. 25, 6, 14; 10, 7, 2; 33, 34, 3; 34, 4, 10; 44, 36, 8; 45, 38, 1; Ov. P. 2, 6, 9; id. M. 13, 473; Val. Max. 6, 3, 1; 4, 1, 10; Mart. 12, 70, 10; Gai Inst. 1, 184; Eum. Grat. Act. 6; cf.: cur eum, cum in consilium iretur, Cluentius et Canutius abesse patiebantur? Cur cum in consilium mittebant, Stajenum judicem qui pecuniam dederant, non requirebant? Cic. Clu. 30, 83 (cum iretur, of the time when the judges retired; cum mittebant, of the previous time, when the parties were asked about the closing of the case; opp. cum iretur).—Poets, even in the class. per., sometimes use the subj. in dependence upon the indic.:
hic subito quantus cum viveret esse solebat, Exit humo,
Ov. M. 13, 441. —(2) The principal predicate denoting a mental act or reflection occasioned by, or accompanying the action of the clause with cum (mostly ante-class. and in Cicero):
desipiebam mentis cum illa scripta mittebam tibi,
Plaut. Ep. 1, 2, 35; id. Aul. 2, 2, 1; id. Ps. 1, 5, 86:
sed tu cum et tuos amicos in provinciam quasi in praedam invitabas, et cum eis praedabare, et... non statuebas tibi rationem esse reddendam?
Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 11, § 29:
illas res tantas cum gerebam, non mihi mors, non exsilium ob oculos versabatur?
id. Sest. 21, 47; id. Cat. 3, 1, 3; 3, 7, 16; id. Verr. 2, 2, 10, § 26; 2, 2, 13, § 33; 2, 2, 35, § 86; 2, 3, 86, § 198; 2, 5, 21, § 54; id. Fl. 1, 1; id. Deiot. 1, 3; 8, 23; id. Pis. 24, 56 and 57; id. Ac. 2, 28, 89; id. Or. 13, 41; id. Tusc. 2, 15, 43; id. Fam. 7, 9, 5 (22 times); Sall. H. 1, 48, 6 Dietsch (cf.:
num P. Decius cum se devoveret, et equo admisso in mediam aciem Latinorum inruebat, aliquid... cogitabat?
Cic. Fin. 2, 19, 61; cum se devoveret explains the circumstances of inruebat; hence acc. to 3. a. b, 2. in subj.; cf. Madv. ad loc., who reads devoverat).—(3) If the predicate after cum has a meaning peculiar to the imperf. indic., which by the use of the subj. would be effaced: quod erat os tuum, cum videbas eos homines, quorum ex bonis istum anulus aureus donabas? (descriptive imperf.) Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 80, § 187; so,
fulgentis gladios hostium videbant Decii, cum in aciem eorum inruebant,
id. Tusc. 2, 24, 59: cum de plebe consulem non accipiebat ( = accipere nolebat, conative imperf.), id. Brut. 14, 55:
cum vim quae esset in sensibus explicabamus, etc.,
id. Ac. 2, 12, 37 (the verbum dicendi refers to a certain stage in the discourse, for which Cicero uses the imperf. indic. in independent sentences, e. g. N. D. 3, 29, 71; 3, 6, 15; de Or. 1, 53, 230; 2, 19, 83; 2, 84, 341); so,
equidem... risum vix tenebam, cum Attico Lysiae Catonem nostrum comparabas,
id. Brut. 8, 293:
cum censebam,
id. de Or. 1, 62, 264:
cum dicebam,
id. Fam. 6, 1, 5:
cum ponebas,
id. Fin. 2, 19, 63; so esp. in Cicero's letters the phrase cum haec scribebam = while I am writing this, to preserve the meaning of an epistolary tense, referring to a state, condition, or action in progress at the time of writing the letter:
res, cum haec scribebam, erat in extremum adducta discrimen,
id. Fam. 12, 6, 2; 3, 12, 2; 5, 12, 2; 6, 4, 1; id. Att. 5, 20, 5 et saep.; cum haec scriberem, scripsissem, scripsi, are not epistolary tenses, but refer to events happening after the letter or part of it was finished, = when I wrote, had written, id. ib. 2, 15, 3; 10, 4, 7; 4, 10, 2; id. Q. Fr. 3, 1, 6, § 19; Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 6, 5; 8, 13, 2;
sometimes cum dabam = cum scribebam,
Cic. Fam. 12, 16, 3 (but cf.:
cum scriberem, as epistolary tense, in oblique discourse,
id. Att. 15, 13, 7).—(4) The coincidence in time of two actions is made emphatic, = eo ipso tempore quo:
tum cum insula Delos... nihil timebat, non modo provinciis sed etiam Appia via jam carebamus,
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 18, 55; id. Phil. 1, 15, 36; 13, 8, 17; id. Sull. 10, 31; id. Tusc. 2, 8, 20; id. Off. 3, 27, 100; id. Dom. 45, 118.—
(β).
The predicate after cum is in the imperf. subj. (1) To impart to the clause a causal, adversative or concessive meaning besides the temporal relation:
antea cum equester ordo judicaret, improbi magistratus in provinciis inserviebant publicanis (a logical consequence),
Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 41, § 94:
sed cum jam honores (Hortensii) et illa senior auctoritas gravius quiddam requireret, remanebat idem (dicendi genus) nec decebat idem,
id. Brut. 95, 327; id. Phil. 1, 1, 1; id. Rosc. Am. 15, 42; 16, 45; id. Pis. 10, 2; Liv. 25, 13, 1; 26, 5, 1.—(2) To indicate circumstances under which the main action took place, and by which it is explained:
Flaminius, cum tripudio auspicaretur, pullarius diem differebat, etc.,
Cic. Div. 1, 35, 77: [p. 493] equidem cum peterem magistratum, solebam in prensando dimittere a me Scaevolam, id. de Or. 1, 24, 112; id. Inv. 2, 17, 52; Liv. 41, 1, 2 (cf. 3. b. b, 3.).—(3) To describe the locality of the main action: quom essem in provincia legatus, quam plures ad praetores et consules vinum honorarium dabant, Cato ap. Isid. Orig. 20, 3, 8:
Zenonem cum Athenis essem audiebam frequenter,
Cic. N. D. 1, 21, 59; 1, 28, 79; id. Tusc. 2, 14, 34; id. Fam. 3, 8, 5; id. Att. 2, 11, 1; 12, 5, 4; 16, 14, 1; id. Verr. 2, 4, 12, § 29; Liv. 5, 54, 3 (cf. 3. b. b, 4.).—(4) To designate the time of the main action as a condition:
cum ageremus vitae supremum diem, scribebamus hoc,
Cic. Fin. 4, 27, 54:
cum jam in exitu annus esset, Q. Marcius... magistratu abiturus erat,
Liv. 39, 23, 1 (cf. 3. b. b, 5.).—
(γ).
If both the clause with cum and the principal predicate denote repeated action, the predicate with cum in class. prose is in the imperf. indic. or subj. according to the rules under a and b; the principal predicate being always in the imperf. indic.; but in ante-class. writers cum has always the imperf. indic. (1) Imperf. indic.:
tum mi aedes quoque arridebant, quom ad te veniebam, tuae,
Plaut. As. 1, 3, 55; id. Am. 1, 1, 45; id. Rud. 4, 7, 25 sqq.; Ter. Eun. 2, 3, 19; Cinc. de Re Mil. ap. Gell. 16, 4, 5; Asell. ap. Gell. 2, 13, 4; Cic. Att. 2, 7, 4; id. Verr. 2, 2, 13, § 34; Caes. B. C. 1, 79, 2; Gai Inst. 2, 101; Pacat. Pan. 9 fin.:
cum a nostro Catone laudabar vel reprehendi me a ceteris facile patiebar,
Cic. Or. 13, 41; so Nep. Att. 9, 6.—To distinguish from adversative relations, as Cic. Rosc. Com. 3, 9; id. Att. 12, 39, 2; id. de Or. 1, 14, 62; Caes. B. C. 3, 44, 6; Gai Inst. 2, 254.—If only the clause with cum, but not the principal predicate, denotes repeated action, the latter is in the perf., the former in imperf. indic., Caes. B. C. 2, 17; Cic. Arch. 5, 10.—(2) Imperf. subj., mostly denoting circumstances to explain the main action: cum dilectus antiquitus fieret... tribunus militaris adigebat, etc., Cinc. de Re Mil. ap. Gell. 16, 4, 2:
Hortensius cum partiretur tecum causas, prorogandi locum semper tibi relinquebat,
Cic. Brut. 51, 190; id. Div. 1, 45, 102; id. de Or. 1, 54, 232; id. Brut. 62, 222; Liv. 3, 66, 2; 5, 25, 12:
ex hoc effectos panes, cum in colloquiis Pompeiani famem nostris objectarent, vulgo in eos jaciebant (causal),
Caes. B. C. 3, 48; Cic. Fin. 2, 19, 62; so,
according to class. usage,
Sen. Ep. 86, 11; Curt. 5, 2, 7; 6, 5, 18; 7, 3, 13; Suet. Caes. 65;
contrary to class. usage,
Val. Max. 3, 6, 6; Sen. Ep. 30, 7; 77, 8; Tac. H. 2, 91; Spart. Had. 18. —
(δ).
In other instances (which are rare), both moods occur, either without any discrimination, or for special reasons. (1) Ante-class.:
nam quom modo exibat foras, ad portum se aibat ire,
Plaut. Rud. 2, 2, 2. —(2) Class.:
ut, cum L. Opimii causam defendebat, C. Carbo nihil de Gracchi nece negabat, sed id jure factum esse dicebat,
Cic. de Or. 2, 25, 106 (cf.:
nuper cum ego C. Sergii Oratae... causam defenderem, nonne omnis nostra in jure versata defensio est?
id. ib. 1, 39, 178; in each of these sentences the clause with cum sustains exactly the same relation to the principal predicate; but the former has the imperf. in the principal sentence, and in this connection Cic. prefers the indic. after cum):
similiter arbitror... illum (oratorem) de toto illo genere non plus quaesiturum esse, quid dicat, quam Polycletum illum, cum Herculem fingebat, quem ad modum pellem aut hydram fingeret (fingebat, for euphony, in view of the foll. fingeret),
id. de Or. 2, 16, 70; cf.:
nec vero ille artifex cum faceret Jovis formam... contemplabatur aliquem, e quo similitudinem duceret,
id. Or. 2, 9.—Without assignable reason:
casu, cum legerem tuas litteras, Hirtius erat apud me,
Cic. Att. 15, 1, 2; cf.:
Hasdrubal tum forte cum haec gerebantur, apud Syphacem erat,
Liv. 29, 31, 1:
cum haec Romae agebantur, Chalcide Antiochus ipse sollicitabat civitatium animos, etc.,
id. 36, 5, 1; cf.:
cum haec in Hispania gererentur, comitiorum jam appetebat dies,
id. 35, 8, 1 (Weissenb. gerebantur):
cum haec agebantur, Chalcide erat Antiochus,
id. 36, 15, 1; cf.:
cum haec agerentur jam consul via Labicana ad fanum Quietis erat,
id. 4, 41, 8; 35, 2, 1.—(3) PostAug. writers almost always use imperf. subj., disregarding the class. usage: ipsa fruebatur arte cum pingeret (cf. a, 2.), Sen. Ep. 9, 7; id. Cons. Marc. 23, 3; Plin. Pan. 34:
tunc erat mendacio locus cum ignota essent externa... nunc vero, etc. (opposition of times),
Sen. Q. N. 4, 2, 24; so id. Ep. 97, 9; Mart. 2, 61, 1; cf. Don. ad Ter. And. 3, 3, 13 (3. a. a, 1. supra):
cum haec proderem habebant et Caesares juvenes sturnum, etc.,
Plin. 10, 41, 59, § 120.—
b.
If the principal predicate denotes a point of time, and the predicate with cum a period of time, the former is in the perf. indic. unless changed by construction; the latter
(α).
In the imperf. indic., according to the rules a. a, except 2. (1) When the time of the cum clause is opposed to other periods of time:
res quom animam agebat tum esse offusam oportuit,
Plaut. Trin. 4, 3, 85; id. Truc. 4, 2, 20; id. Ep. 3, 3, 50 (3, 4, 21); id. Most. 5, 1, 68:
quod cum res agebatur nemo in me dixit, id tot annis post tu es inventus qui diceres?
Cic. Phil. 2, 9, 22; id. Rep. 2, 23, 43; id. Div. 1, 41, 92; 1, 45, 101; id. Ac. 2, 28, 90; id. Quint. 19, 60; 17, 54; 19, 61; id. Verr. 2, 3, 90, § 210 et saep.; Liv. 22, 60, 25; Verg. A. 4, 597; Tib. 1, 10, 8; 1, 10, 19; Prop. 2, 1, 31; 5 (4), 10, 24.—The subj. may be used if the principal action is represented as a consequence or result:
o, Astaphium, haut isto modo solita's me ante appellare, Sed blande, quom illuc quod aput vos nunc est, aput me haberem,
Plaut. Truc. 1, 2, 60 (Lubbert conjectures habebam); Cic. Off. 2, 1, 2 and 3; id. Fin. 4, 27, 54; id. Rosc. Am. 4, 11; id. Verr. 2, 3, 57, § 130; id. Mur. 3, 8; Liv. 5, 53, 9; 10, 6, 9; 43, 21, 1;
44, 39, 7.— Hence the mood may change in co-ordinate clauses: tum, cum haberet haec res publica Luscinos, Calatinos, etc., homines... patientia paupertatis ornatos, et tum, cum erant Catones, Phili, etc., tamen hujusce modi res commissa nemini est (haberet, concessive),
Cic. Agr. 2, 24, 64.—(2) To make emphatic the coincidence of time, = eo ipso tempore (a. a, 4.):
cum is triumphus de Liguribus agebatur, Ligures... coloniam ipsam ceperunt,
Liv. 41, 14, 1; Cic. Sest. 26, 56; id. Phil. 2, 36, 90; id. Div. 2, 1, 3; id. Verr. 2, 5, 37, § 97; id. Att. 1, 4, 1.—(3) To preserve the peculiar force of the imperf. indic. (a. a, 3.): cum iste jam decedebat, ejus modi litteras ad eos misit, etc. (conative imperf.), Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 70, § 172:
cum Africanus censor tribu movebat centurionem... inquit,
id. de Or. 2, 67, 272 (cf.:
cum (censor) M. Antistio equum ademisset,
id. ib. 2, 71, 287).—
(β).
With the imperf. subj. (1) Always when cum means while (time during which): quomque caput caderet, carmen tuba sola peregit et, etc., Enn. ap. Lact. ad Stat. Th. 11, 56 (Ann. v. 508 Vahl.):
magistratus quom ibi adesset, occepta'st agi,
Ter. Eun. prol. 22 (Lubbert conjectures adsedit); Enn. ap. Macr. S. 6, 1 (Ann. v. 106 Vahl.):
Alexandrum uxor sua, cum simul cubaret, occidit,
Cic. Inv. 2, 49, 144:
armati, cum sui utrosque adhortarentur... in medium inter duas acies procedunt,
Liv. 1, 25, 1; Varr. R. R. 2, 81; Auct. Her. 4, 52, 65; Cic. Brut. 3, 10; id. Clu. 62, 175; Caes. B. G. 2, 19; id. B. C. 3, 57; Liv. 1, 30, 8; 10, 30, 3 et saep.—(2) To connect a logical (causal, etc.) relation with the temporal meaning (a. b, 1.):
cum ille Romuli senatus... temptaret ut ipse gereret sine rege rem publicam, populus id non tulit,
Cic. Rep. 2, 12, 23:
an pater familiarissimis suis succensuit cum Sullam et defenderent et laudarent? (causal),
id. Sull. 17, 49:
tum cum bello sociorum tota Italia arderet, homo non acerrimus... C. Norbanus in summo otio fuit (concessive),
id. Verr. 2, 5, 4, § 8:
quibus rebus cum unus in civitate maxime floreret, incidit in eandem invidiam, etc. (adversative),
Nep. Cim. 3, 1:
sed cum jam appropinquantium forma lemborum haud dubia esset... tunc injecta trepidatio est,
Liv. 44, 28, 10; Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 90, § 211; id. Clu. 31, 84; id. Mur. 3, 8; id. Phil. 3, 2, 3; id. Tusc. 1, 2, 4; Auct. Her. 4, 24, 33; Caes. B. C. 2, 7; Liv. 25, 9, 10; 21, 41, 12.—(3) To explain the main fact by circumstances:
quem quidem hercle ego, in exilium quom iret, redduxi domum,
Plaut. Merc. 5, 4, 19:
consule me, cum esset designatus tribunus, obtulit in discrimen vitam suam,
Cic. Sest. 28, 61:
haec epistula est, quam nos, in aedibus Apronii cum litteras conquireremus, invenimus,
id. Verr. 2, 3, 66, § 154: Socrates, cum XXX. tyranni essent, pedem porta non extulit, id. Att. 8, 2, 4:
Brundusii cum loquerer cum Phania, veni in eum sermonem ut dicerem, etc.,
id. Fam. 3, 5, 3:
itaque, cum populum in curias triginta divideret, nomina earum (Sabinarum) curiis imposuit,
Liv. 1, 13, 6:
Ap. Claudius, ovans cum in urbem iniret, decem milia pondo argenti, etc., in aerarium tulit,
id. 41, 28, 6; Cic. Clu. 20, 55; id. Phil. 12, 8, 20; id. Scaur. 47; id. Inv. 2, 31, 96; id. Tusc. 2, 22, 53; id. Div. 1, 52, 119; id. Off. 2, 8, 27; id. Or. 2, 55, 225 sq.; id. Fam. 1, 9, 13; 6, 6, 5; Liv. 1, 39, 4; 3, 63, 6; 4, 53, 11 et saep.—(4) To describe the place of the main action (a. a, 3.):
cum essem in castris ad fluvium Pyramum, redditae mihi sunt uno tempore a te epistulae duae,
Cic. Fam. 3, 11, 1;
so with cum essem (essemus, etc.),
id. ib. 2, 19, 1; 3, 4, 1; 13, 56, 1; id. Att. 1, 10, 1; 14, 19, 1; id. Ac. 1, 1, 1; id. Rep. 1, 39, 61; Varr. R. R. 3, 13; Caes. B. G. 4, 11 et saep.:
Eumenes rex ab Roma cum in regnum rediret... mactatus est ( = on the journey),
Liv. 42, 40, 8:
Agesilaus cum ex Aegypto reverteretur... in morbum implicitus decessit,
Nep. Ages. 8, 6.—The perf. indic. (cum fui, etc.) refers to temporary visits to a place:
Gallo narravi, cum proxime Romae fui, quid audissem,
Cic. Att. 13, 49, 2:
proxime cum in patria mea fui, venit ad me, etc.,
Plin. Ep. 4, 13, 3.—(5) To designate the time by natural occurrences (a. a, 4.):
ipsi comprehensi a me, cum jam dilucesceret, deducuntur,
Cic. Cat. 3, 3, 6:
cum advesperasceret, cum lucesceret,
id. Fam. 15, 4, 8:
cum lux appropinquaret,
id. Tull. 9, 21:
cum dies instaret,
id. Inv. 2, 31, 96:
cum comitiorum tempus adpeteret,
Liv. 28, 10, 1:
cum dies comitiorum adpropinquaret,
id. 3, 34, 7; 10, 13, 2.—But when a date is given as a point of time, the perf. indic. is used:
cum ea dies venit,
Liv. 4, 44, 10; 6, 20, 4.—(6) When the action of the cum clause is interrupted or ended by the main action:
cum hanc jam epistulam complicarem, tabellarii a vobis venerunt, etc.,
Cic. Q. Fr. 3, 1, 5, § 17:
L. Octavius, cum multas jam causas diceret, adulescens est mortuus,
id. Brut. 68, 241:
cum plures jam tribus dicto esse audientem pontifici duumvirum juberent... ultimum de caelo quod comitia turbaret intervenit,
Liv. 40, 42, 10:
cum maxime conquereretur apud patres... repente strepitus ante curiam... auditur,
id. 8, 33, 4:
haec cum maxime dissereret, intervenit Tarquinius,
id. 1, 50, 7;
so with cum maxime,
Cic. Fam. 1, 5, a, 2; Liv. 23, 24, 6; 30, 33, 12.—(7) If the clause with cum has the force of a participial adjunct of the principal predicate (cum diceret = dicens, or dicendo):
Caesarem saepe accusavit, cum adfirmaret illum numquam, dum haec natio viveret, sine cura futurum ( = adfirmans, or adfirmando),
Cic. Sest. 63, 132:
Antigonus in proelio, cum adversus Seleucum dimicaret, occisus est ( = dimicans),
Nep. Reg. 3, 2:
impulit ut cuperem habere, cum diceret,
Varr. R. R. 3, 2, 8; Cic. Q. Fr. 2, 9 (11), 3; id. Clu. 42, 119; 56, 153; id. pro Corn. Maj. Fragm. 16; id. Mil. 5, 12; id. de Or. 1, 57, 243; id. Or. 37, 129; id. Fin. 1, 5, 16; id. Inv. 2, 34, 105; Val. Max. 1, 2, ext. 1; Ov. P. 1, 9, 42.—(8) In the historians, in a summary reference to events already related:
cum haec in Achaia atque apud Dyrrhachium gererentur... Caesar mittit, etc.,
Caes. B. C. 3, 57:
cum civitas in opere ac labore adsiduo reficiendae urbis teneretur, interim Q. Fabio... dicta dies est,
Liv. 6, 1, 6:
cum hic status in Boeotia esset, Perseus... misit,
id. 42, 56, 10; 33, 36, 1; 34, 22, 3; 38, 8, 1; 42, 64, 1; 45, 11, 1.—
(γ).
In all other cases the imperf. subj. is regularly used in class. prose, even if the action of the clause with cum is logically independent of the principal sentence:
illum saepe audivi, hic, cum ego judicare jam aliquid possem, abfuit,
Cic. Brut. 71, 248: senatus consultum est factum de ambitu in Afranii sententiam, in quam ego dixeram, cum tu adesses. id. Q. Fr. 2, 7 (9), 3; so always (class.) with cum maxime, precisely when, just when:
cum maxime haec in senatu agerentur, Canuleius... (ad populum) ita disseruit,
Liv. 4, 3, 1:
cum maxime Capua circumvallaretur, Syracusarum oppugnatio ad finem venit,
id. 25, 23, 1.—In a very few instances the imperf. indic. occurs without apparent reason: an vero cum honos agebatur familiae vestrae... succensuit [p. 494] pater tuus cum Sullam defenderent (probably to distinguish the two cum clauses), Cic. Sull. 17, 49 (cf.:
cum jus amicitiae, societatis, adfinitatis ageretur, cum, etc., eo tempore tu non modo non... retulisti, sed ne ipse quidem, etc.,
id. Quint. 16, 53):
ille versus, qui in te erat collatus cum aedilitatem petebas,
id. Q. Fr. 1, 3, 8:
cum ex oppido exportabatur (Dianae statua) quem conventum mulierum factum esse arbitramini?... Quid hoc tota Sicilia est clarius quam omnes convenisse cum Diana exportaretur ex oppido? etc.,
id. Verr. 2, 4, 35, § 77.—Poets and post-class. writers frequently disregard the class. usage, the former by using either mood instead of the other, the latter by the un-Ciceronian use of the subj.; v. Prop. 2, 9, 15; 5 (4), 4, 10; Tib. 1, 10, 16; Verg. A. 7, 148; 12, 735; Mart. 13, 122; Curt. 8, 12, 16; 9, 2, 24; Quint. 11, 1, 89; Plin. 36, 6, 5, § 46; Dig. 28, 1, 22, § 1; Gell. strangely uses an imperf. indic. where class. writers would use a subj.:
sed ego, homines cum considerabam, alterum fidei, alterum probri plenum, nequaquam adduci potui ad absolvendum,
Gell. 14, 2, 10; cf.:
cum secum reputavit,
Tac. A. 15, 54.
D.
In adverbial clauses denoting identity of action (if the principal sentence and the clause with cum denote not different actions, but one action, which, expressed by the latter clause, is by the principal sentence defined in its meaning and import, the clause with cum always takes the indic., except once or twice post-class., and almost always the same tense as the principal sentence), when, by, in, etc.
1.
The predicate in present:
amice facis Quom me laudas,
Plaut. Most. 3, 2, 31; id. Poen. 3, 2, 12; 3, 5, 15; Ter. And. prol. 18; id. Ad. 1, 2, 16 et saep.:
bene facitis cum venitis,
Auct. Her. 4, 50, 63:
quae cum taces, nulla esse concedis,
Cic. Rosc. Am. 19, 54; 21, 58; id. Clu. 47, 132; Liv. 25, 6, 5 et saep.—
2.
With fut. (rare):
cum igitur proferent aliquid hujusmodi... inventum proferent,
Cic. Inv. 1, 40, 75; id. Fl. 39, 99; Plin. Ep. 7, 24, 9.—
3.
With fut. perf. (rare):
quod cum dederis, illud dederis ut is absolvatur,
Cic. Div. in Caecil. 7, 23; id. Lig. 12, 36; id. Part. Or. 39; Auct. Her. 4, 30, 41.—
4.
With perf.:
fecisti furtum quom istaec flagitia me celavisti et patrem,
Plaut. Bacch. 1, 2, 60; 1, 2, 52; id. Cas. 4, 4, 18 (22); id. Capt. 2, 3, 52; Ter. Phorm. prol. 32 et saep.:
loco ille motus est cum ex urbe est depulsus,
Cic. Cat. 2, 1, 1; id. Verr. 2, 5, 23, § 59; id. Fam. 11, 29, 2; id. Rosc. Am. 14, 39; Liv. 5, 49, 8; 9, 8, 4; Val. Max. 3, 7, ext. 1; Curt. 6, 10, 9; Quint. 1, 10, 47 et saep.—
5.
With histor. pres.:
Orestes cum se defendit, in matrem confert crimen,
Auct. Her. 1, 15, 25.—
6.
With imperf.:
cum grandiorem aetatem ad consulatum constituebant, adulescentiae temeritatem verebantur,
Cic. Phil. 5, 17, 47; 14, 10, 28; id. Fl. 33, 83; id. Lig. 6, 18; id. Fam. 6, 1, 3; id. Off. 3, 10, 40; id. Sen. 6, 15 et saep.—
7.
Imperf. with perf. ( poet. and post-class.;
very rare): quid quod et ominibus certis prohibebar amori Indulgere meo, tum cum mihi ferre jubenti Excidit et fecit spes nostras cera caducas,
Ov. M. 9, 595 sq.; Val. Max. 9, 1, 5.—
8.
With pluperf. (very rare):
exspectationem nobis non parvam attuleras cum scripseras, etc.,
Cic. Att. 3, 18, 1; id. Sest. 16, 37.—
* 9.
Pluperf. and imperf.:
quod quidem tibi ostenderam cum a me Capuam reiciebam,
Cic. Att. 8, 11, D, 5.—
10.
Imperf. subj. (post-class.):
tunc venena edebat bibebatque, cum immensis epulis non delectaretur tantum, sed gloriaretur,
Sen. Cons. Helv. 10, 10.—
11.
Often relatively added to nouns when a relative clause must be supplied:
illa scelera... cum ejus domum evertisti, cujus, etc.,
which you committed when (by), Cic. Pis. 34, 83; id. Imp. Pomp. 12, 33; id. Verr. 2, 5, 13, § 33; Liv. 5, 3, 4; 23, 9, 11; 29, 17, 9.
E.
In relative clauses, = quo tempore, quo, etc.
1.
Dependent on nouns designating time, the mood follows the general rules of relative clauses.
a.
The principal sentence is a formal statement of indefinite time, with the copula (tempus fuit cum, or fuit cum, analogous to sunt qui, etc.); generally with subj., but sometimes indic., when sunt qui would take this mood.
(α).
With pres. or fut. indic.: nunc est profecto (i. e. tempus), interfici quom perpeti me possum (the ante-class. writers construe sunt qui with indic.), Ter. Eun. 3, 5, 3; id. And. 1, 1, 125:
jam aderit tempus quom sese etiam ipse oderit,
Plaut. Bacch. 3, 3, 12; Ter. Hec. 4, 1, 28.—
(β).
With pres. subj.: nunc est ille dies quom gloria maxima sese nobis ostendat, si vivimus, sive morimur, Enn. ap. Prisc. 10, p. 880 P. (Ann. v. 383 Vahl.); so Plaut. Capt. 3, 3, 1:
erit illud profecto tempus et illucescet aliquando dies cum... amicissimi benevolentiam desideres,
Cic. Mil. 25, 69; Val. Max. 6, 2, 9.—
(γ).
With preterites, indic., Plaut. Truc. 2, 4, 29:
fuit quoddam tempus cum in agris homines bestiarum more vagabantur,
Cic. Inv. 1, 2, 2 (cf.:
fuerunt alia genera qui... dicebant,
id. de Or. 3, 17, 62):
fuit cum hoc dici poterat (potuisset would be hypothetical),
Liv. 7, 32, 13.—
(δ).
With preterites, subj., Ter. Heaut. 5, 4, 1:
quod fuit tempus cum rura colerent homines,
Varr. R. R. 3, 1:
ac fuit cum mihi quoque initium requiescendi concessum arbitrarer,
Cic. Or. 1, 1, 1; so id. Brut. 2, 7; Caes. B. G. 6, 24.—
b.
Attributively with nouns denoting time (tempus, dies, etc.), in ordinary sentences.
(α).
With pres. or fut. indic.:
incidunt saepe tempora cum ea commutantur,
Cic. Off. 1, 10, 31:
longum illud tempus cum non ero, etc.,
id. Att. 12, 8, 1; id. Verr. 2, 5, 69, § 177; id. Quint. 2, 8; id. Sen. 23, 84.—With potential subj., Cic. Att. 3, 3.—
(β).
With past tenses, indic., Plaut. Am. prol. 91; id. rud. 2, 6, 12; Ter. And. 5, 3, 12:
atque ille eo tempore paruit cum parere senatui necesse erat,
Cic. Lig. 7, 20:
memini noctis illius cum... pollicebar,
id. Planc. 42, 101; id. Phil. 2, 18, 45; 2, 35, 88; id. Imp. Pomp. 15, 44; id. Sest. 7, 15; 29, 62; id. Sull. 18, 52; id. Fam. 11, 8, 1; 11, 27, 3; id. de Or. 1, 11, 45; Sall. J. 31, 20; Ov. Tr. 4, 10, 6; Prop. 1, 10, 5; 1, 22, 5; Gell. 1, 23, 2 et saep.—So with nouns implying time:
illa pugna quom, etc. ( = in qua),
Plaut. Poen. 2, 26;
Marcellino Consule, cum ego... putabam ( = anno Marcellini, quo, etc.),
Cic. Att. 9, 9, 4:
patrum nostrorum memoria cum exercitus videbatur ( = tempore quo),
Caes. B. G. 1, 40; Cic. Fam. 13, 1, 2; Liv. 6, 40, 17.—
(γ).
With preterites in subj., Ter. Hec. 4, 4, 30:
accepit enim agrum iis temporibus cum jacerent pretia praediorum,
Cic. Rosc. Com. 12, 33; so id. Off. 2, 19, 65:
numerandus est ille annus cum obmutuisset senatus?
id. Pis. 12, 26; so id. Verr. 2, 4, 35, § 77; id. Rep. 2, 37, 62; id. Font. 3, 6; Liv. 3, 65, 8:
haec scripsi postridie ejus diei cum castra haberem Mopsuhestiae (cf. habebam, as epistolary tense),
Cic. Fam. 3, 8, 10.—If the clause does not define the noun, but is a co-ordinate designation of time, it follows the rule of adverbial clauses:
eodem anno, cum omnia infida Romanis essent, Capuae quoque conjurationes factae,
while, Liv. 9, 26, 5; Cic. Rep. 2, 36, 61; id. de Or. 2, 3, 12; Liv. 8, 15, 1; 1, 41, 6.—
c.
Appositively added to temporal adverbs and to dates (heri, hodie, medius, tertius, olim, antea, quondam, nuper, olim, postea) following the rules of adverbial clauses:
Crassus hodie, cum vos non adessetis, posuit idem, etc.,
Cic. de Or. 2, 10, 41:
omnia quae a te nudius tertius dicta sunt, cum docere velles, etc.,
id. N. D. 3, 7, 18; id. Sest. 48, 103; id. Att. 4, 3, 2; id. Inv. 2, 1, 1; id. Rep. 1, 39, 61; Caes. B. C. 2, 17 et saep.—So with dates (always subj.. except with cum haec scribebam, or dabam):
posteaquam Pompeius apud populum ad VIII. Id. Febr., cum pro Milone diceret, clamore convicioque jactatus est,
Cic. Fam. 1, 5, b, 1; 3, 3, 1; 3, 4, 1; 4, 2, 1; id. Att. 14, 19, 1.—
2.
The principal sentence defines a period of time during which the action of the clause has or had lasted, always with indic., and after the words defining the period, = per quod tempus, when, that, during which, while, etc.
a.
With pres., = Engl. pres. perf.
(α).
With cardinal, definite or indefinite. (1) Time in acc. (ante-class.):
hanc domum Jam multos annos est quom possideo,
that I have been the owner, Plaut. Aul. prol. 4; cf. id. Merc. 3, 1, 37.—(2) Time in nom.:
anni sunt octo cum ista causa in ista meditatione versatur,
Cic. Clu. 30, 82; id. Or. 51, 171; id. Fam. 15, 14, 1; id. Div. 2, 36, 76.—
(β).
With ordinals:
vigesimus annus est, cum omnes scelerati me unum petunt,
Cic. Phil. 12, 10, 24; Verg. A. 5, 627; 3, 646.—
(γ).
With diu:
jam diu'st quom ventri victum non datis,
Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 146; Gell. 1, 25, 12.—
b.
Perf. with negation, the principal predicate in pres. or logical perf., = Engl. pres. perf.:
quia septem menses sunt quom in hasce aedes pedem Nemo intro tetulit,
Plaut. Most. 2, 2, 39; id. Men. 3, 1, 3; Prop. 3, 8, 33 (2, 16, 33. —
c.
With pluperf., the principal predicate in imperf.:
permulti jam anni erant cum inter patricios magistratus tribunosque nulla certamina fuerant,
Liv. 9, 33, 3.—
d.
With imperf., the principal predicate in perf. or pluperf.:
dies triginta aut plus in ea navi fui, Quom interea semper mortem exspectabam miser,
Ter. Hec. 3, 4, 7:
unus et alter dies intercesserat, cum res parum certa videbatur,
Cic. Clu. 26, 72.—
3.
The principal sentence specifying a period of time which has or had elapsed since the action took place, = ex ejus tempore, since or after, always with indic.; the principal predicate pres. or logical perf., cum with perf. indic.
a.
With cardinals.
(α).
Time in acc. (ante-class.):
annos factum'st sedecim Quom conspicatus est primo crepusculo Puellam exponi,
Plaut. Cas. prol. 39; so probably id. Pers. 1, 3, 57; id. Trin. 2, 4, 1; id. Merc. 3, 1, 37.—
(β).
With nom.:
nondum centum et decem anni sunt cum de pecuniis repetundis lata lex est,
Cic. Off. 2, 21, 75; id. Fam. 15, 16, 3; id. Att. 9, 11, A, 2.—
b.
With diu or dudum:
nam illi quidem haut sane diu'st quom dentes exciderunt,
Plaut. Merc. 3, 1, 42; id. As. 2, 1, 3; id. Trin. 4, 3, 3.—
c.
Peculiarly, cum referring to an action which was to be done after a period of time, before, at the end of which:
omnino biduum supererat cum exercitui frumentum metiri oporteret,
Caes. B. G. 1, 23. —
4.
In inverted clauses, the principal sentence determining the time of the clause, cum ( = quo tempore) having the force of a relative; cum with the indic. always following the principal sentence; never in oblique discourse; very freq. in class. and post-class. writings (ante-class. only Plaut. Men. 5, 8, 3; Ter. Hec. 1, 2, 40; id. Eun. 4, 2, 5); principal sentence often with jam, vix, vixdum, nondum, tantum quod, and commodum; cum often with subito, repente, sometimes interim, tamen, etiamtum.
a.
Principal sentence defining time by temporal expressions.
(α).
Principal sentence with pluperf. (1) Cum with perf. or histor. pres.:
dies nondum decem intercesserant cum ille alter filius necatur,
Cic. Clu. 9, 28; id. Verr. 1, 2, 36; id. Or. 2, 21, 89; Ov. M. 9, 715; Plin. Pan. 91, 1.—(2) Cum with histor. inf., Sall. J. 98, 2.—
(β).
Principal sentence with imperf. (1) Cum with perf. or histor. pres.:
nondum lucebat cum Ameriae scitum est,
Cic. Rosc. Am. 34, 97; Liv. 21, 59, 5; 41, 26, 2; 22, 1, 1; 9, 33, 3; 9, 37, 5; Verg. G. 2, 340; Curt. 4, 3, 16; 5, 12, 6 al.—(2) Cum with imperf., Curt. 6, 7, 1.—
(γ).
Principal sentence with perf., cum with perf.:
dies haud multi intercesserunt cum ex Leontinis praesidium... venerunt,
Liv. 24, 29, 1; 40, 48, 4.—
b.
Principal sentence not containing expressions of time; most freq. with pluperf. or imperf. in principal sentence, and perf. or histor. pres. in clause with cum, but (far more rarely) many other combinations occur.
(α).
Principal sentence with imperf., cum with perf.:
non dubitabat Minucius quin, etc., cum repente jubetur dicere,
Cic. Verr. 1, 2, 29, § 72:
jamque hoc facere noctu adparabant cum matres familiae repente... procucurrerunt,
Caes. B. G. 7, 26, 3; Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 14, § 36; Liv. 1, 36, 1 (57 times); Verg. A. 1, 36 (26 times); Vell. 2, 28, 2; Sen. Ira, 1, 18, 3; Tac. A. 3, 1 (31 times); Curt. 3, 10, 1 (19 times); Plin. Ep. 6, 24, 2.—
(β).
Principal sentence with pluperf., cum with perf. or histor. pres.:
jam Sora capta erat cum consules prima luce advenere,
Liv. 9, 24, 13 (32 times); Cic. Clu. 9, 28 (14 times); Sall. J. 60, 6; Verg. A. 1, 586 (13 times); Tac. A. 1, 19 (13 times); Curt. 3, 10, 1 (18 times). —And cum with potential subj.:
vix erat hoc plane imperatum cum illum spoliatum... videres,
Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 40, § 86.—
(γ).
Principal sentence with perf., Cic. Sest. 37, 39 (5 times); Liv. 2, 46, 3 (8 times).—
(δ).
Principal sentence with histor. inf., Liv. 5, 46, 1; Tac. A. 1, 11; 11, 16; Curt. 5, 9, 1; 9, 5, 1.—
(ε).
Principal sentence with histor. pres., Liv. 4, 32, 1 (3 times); Ov. M. 4, 695 (5 times).—
(ζ).
Cum with imperf., Cic. Verr. 1, 6, 17 (3 times); Sall. J. 51, 2; Liv. 44, 10, 6; Tac. A. 1, 51; 11, 26.—
(η).
Cum with [p. 495] histor. inf., Liv. 2, 27, 1; Tac. A. 2, 31 (6 times); Curt. 4, 4, 9.—
(θ).
Cum with pluperf., Liv. 2, 46, 3 (3 times); Ov. M. 14, 581; Verg. A. 2, 256 sq.—
(κ).
With logical perf., or logical perf. and pres. (rare):
quam multi enim jam oratores commemorati sunt... cum tamen spisse ad Antonium Crassumque pervenimus,
Cic. Brut. 36, 138:
jamque fuga timidum caput abdidit alte (coluber), Cum medii nexus extremaeque agmina caudae Solvuntur,
Verg. G. 3, 422.—
5.
In clauses added loosely or parenthetically to a preceding clause or to a substantive in it (the mood governed by the rules for relative clauses).
a.
When, on an occasion, on which, etc.
(α).
With perf. indic.:
Hortensium maxime probavi pro Messala dicentem, cum tu abfuisti,
Cic. Brut. 96, 328; id. Phil. 11, 8, 18; id. Dom. 9, 22; 53, 136; id. Fam. 13, 75, 1; Spart. Had. 3; Flor. 1, 18, 9 (1, 13, 19).—
(β).
With imperf. indic.:
num infitiari potes te illo ipso die meis praesidiis circumclusum commovere te non potuisse, cum tu nostra... caede contentum esse dicebas?
Cic. Cat. 1, 3, 7; id. Sest. 63, 131; id. Cael. 24, 59.—
(γ).
Cum with pres. indic., a past tense in principal sentence (mostly poet.):
nox erat et placidum carpebant fessa soporem Corpora... cum medio volvuntur sidera lapsu, Cum tacet omnis ager, etc.,
Verg. A. 4, 522; 8, 407; 12, 114; id. E. 8, 15; Hor. S. 1, 10, 31; Plin. Ep. 6, 16, 22.—
(δ).
Imperf. subj.: qui... accensi nulla deinde vi sustineri potuere, cum compulsi in castra Romani rursus obsiderentur, in consequence of which ( = ita ut), Liv. 3, 5, 8.—
(ε).
So freq. cum quidem, always with indic.:
sed uterque noster cedere cogebatur, cum quidem ille pollicitus est, se quod velletis esse facturum,
Cic. Phil. 9, 4, 9; id. Fl. 22, 53; id. Pis. 9, 21; 34, 83 and 84; id. Leg. 2, 6, 14; id. Sen. 4, 11; Suet. Caes. 50; Spart. Had. 9; id. Ael. Ver. 4.—
b.
Cum tamen, at which time however, and yet, while nevertheless, representing the principal sentence as concessive, analogous to qui tamen (v. tamen).
(α).
With indic., like qui tamen, always, except for particular reasons:
fit gemitus omnium et clamor, cum tamen a praesenti supplicio tuo continuit populus Romanus se, etc.,
Cic. Verr. 1, 5, 29, § 74; id. Pis. 12, 27; Liv. 6, 42, 11; Verg. A. 9, 513; Tac. H. 1, 62; so,
cum nihilo magis,
Nep. Dat. 10, 3; passing over into inverted cum clauses (4. b.), as Sall. J. 98, 2; Liv. 27, 20, 11.—
(β).
With subj., Cic. Phil. 2, 18, 45; id. Fam. 1, 9, 10; Liv. 4, 31, 6 (where the clause with cum is adverbial).—
6.
Cum interea (interim).
a.
Adverbial (rare).
(α).
Temporal with subj.; with subj. imperf., while, Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 25, § 62; with pluperf. subj., after, id. ib. 1, 2, 9, § 25; id. Fam. 15, 43.—
(β).
Adversative, with subj., whereas during this time. (1) Pres.:
simulat se eorum praesidio conflteri, cum interea aliud quiddam jam diu machinetur,
Cic. Verr. 1, 6, 15; Val. Max. 2, 9, 1; Sen. Q. N. 1, prol. 14.—(2) With perf. subj.:
cum tu interim vero numquam significaris sententiam tuam,
Cic. Pis. 4, 9; id. Rosc. Am. 5, 11 dub.; Val. Max. 7, 8, 6.—(3) With imperf. subj., Cic. Sull. 5, 6; Plin. Pan. 76, 1.—
b.
Relative, always with indic., in class. writings always referring to a period during which, belonging,
(α).
To the attributive clauses (v. 2. supra). (1) In pres.:
anni sunt octo... cum interea Cluentianae pecuniae vestigium nullum invenitis,
Cic. Clu. 30, 82; Liv. 5, 54, 5; Plaut. Stich. 1, 1, 33.— (2) In imperf., Ter. Hec. 3, 4, 8 (2. c.).—
(β).
To the inverted clauses (4.):
tanta erat in his locis multitudo cum interim Rufio noster... hominem percussit,
Cic. Att. 5, 2, 2.—So probably: cum interim Gallus quidam processit, Quadrig. ap. Gell. 9, 13, 7; Cic. Fam. 3, 6, 5; id. Pis. 38, 92 sq.; id. Tusc. 4, 3, 6; Sall. J. 12, 5; 49, 4; Liv. 3, 37, 5; Val. Max. 8, 1, 3; 9, 7, 2; Sen. Ira, 2, 33, 4; Tac. H. 1, 60; with indefinite pres. indic. in both terms, Sen. Cons. Marc. 11, 5.—
(γ).
To the additional clauses (5.). (1) With perf. indic., Plaut. Men. 3, 1, 3; Flor. 4, 2, 69; 4, 12, 33; with inf. in oblique discourse, Liv. 4, 51, 4; 6, 27, 6.—(2) Post-Aug., and in Nep., = cum tamen (5. b.), while nevertheless, whereas, with pres. or perf. indic.:
post Leuctricam pugnam Lacedaemonii se numquam refecerunt... cum interim Agesilaus non destitit patriam juvare,
Nep. Ages. 7, 1: cum interim Oedipodis ossa... colis, Val. Max. 5, 3, ext. 3; 3, 4, 5; 4, 4, 1; Quint. 10, 1, 18; 10, 1, 11; 12, 10, 67; Tac. H. 4, 42; Suet. Claud. 6; Flor. 4, 12, 33.
F.
In clauses completing the idea of the governing verb.
1.
After verbs of perception (videre, perspicere, audire, etc.; audivi cum diceres, etc. = audivi te dicentem).
a.
Dependent on verbs of seeing and feeling.
(α).
With indic.:
nam ipsi vident eorum quom auferimus bona ( = nos auferre or auferentes),
Plaut. Truc. 1, 2, 16; id. Poen. 3, 4, 13; id. Am. 5, 1, 19; id. Bacch. 3, 3, 65; id. Mil. 2, 6, 26:
conspectum est cum obiit,
Liv. 5, 25, 3.—
(β).
With subj.:
is... numquam est conspectus cum veniret,
Cic. Sest. 59, 126:
vidi... Cum tu terga dares,
Ov. M. 13, 224.—
b.
After verbs of hearing, always with subj.:
L. Flaccum ego audivi cum diceret Caeciliam exisse, etc.,
Cic. Div. 1, 46, 104; id. Par. 6, 1, 45; id. de Or. 2, 6, 22; 2, 28, 129; 2, 33, 144; 2, 37, 155; 2, 90, 365; id. Brut. 27, 85; id. Fin. 5, 19, 54; id. Fam. 3, 7, 4; Sen. Ben. 5, 24, 1.—
c.
After memini, with indic. (sc. tempus):
memini quom... haud audebat,
Plaut. Capt. 2, 2, 53:
memini cum mihi desipere videbare,
Cic. Fam. 7, 28, 1.—With subj.:
memini cum velles residere ferventissimo sole,
Sen. Ben. 5, 24, 1.—
2.
After verba adfectuum, with the force of quod, always with indic. (mostly ante-class.).
a.
Verbs of thanking:
habeo gratiam tibi Quom copiam istam mi et potestatem facis,
Plaut. Capt. 2, 3, 14; id. Curc. 5, 3, 21; id. As. 3, 2, 2; id. Most. 2, 2, 2; id. Poen. 1, 2, 46; 5, 4, 84 (99); Ter. And. 4, 4, 32; id. Ad. 1, 2, 59:
tibi maximas gratias ago, cum tantum litterae meae potuerunt, ut eis lectis, etc.,
Cic. Fam. 13, 24, 2.—
b.
Of congratulation:
quom tu's aucta liberis... gratulor,
Plaut. Truc. 2, 4, 33; 2, 6, 35: L. Caesar, O mi Cicero, inquit, gratulor tibi cum tantum vales apud Dolabellam, etc., L. Caesar ap. Cic. Fam. 9, 14, 3; and ib. Att. 14, 17, A, 3.—
c.
Of rejoicing and grieving:
quom istaec res tibi ex sententia Pulcre evenit, gaudeo,
Plaut. Rud. 5, 3, 10; id. Poen. 5, 5, 48:
cum vero in C. Matii familiaritatem venisti, non dici potest quam valde gaudeam,
Cic. Fam. 7, 15, 2; Sall. J. 102, 5.—
d.
Dependent on optative sentences:
di tibi bene faciant semper quom advocatus bene mi ades,
Plaut. Mil. 5, 26; id. Poen. 3, 3, 54; 3, 3, 74; Ter. Ad. 5, 7, 19.
G.
Elliptical usages (without predicate).
1.
Cum maxime.
a.
With ut: hanc Bacchidem Amabat, ut quom maxime, tum Pamphilus ( = ut amabat tum quom maxume amabat, as much as he ever did), Ter. Hec. 1, 2, 40:
etiamne ea neglegamus, quae fiunt cum maxime, quae videmus?
Cic. Har. Resp. 15, 32.—Hence,
b.
By abbreviation: nunc cum maxime or cum maxime alone, now especially, just now: tum cum maxime, just then:
nunc cum maxume operis aliquid facere credo,
Ter. Ad. 4, 1, 2; id. Phorm. 1, 4, 26; id. Heaut. 4, 5, 40:
quae multos jam annos et nunc cum maxime filium interfectum cupit,
Cic. Clu. 5, 12:
castra amissa, et tum cum maxime ardere,
Liv. 40, 32, 1; Curt. 3, 2, 17; Sen. Ira, 1, 16, 3; id. Ben. 3, 3, 3; id. Ep. 55, 1; 55, 11; 81, 7; Tac. Or. 16; 37; Eum. pro Schol. 4; Mamert. 2.—With maxime in adverbial clauses, just while, especially when, Cic. Att. 2, 15, 3; id. Off. 1, 13, 41; id. Fam. 1, 5, a, 2; Liv. 1, 50, 7; 2, 59, 7; 3, 25, 4; 3, 31, 3; 4, 3, 1; 8, 33, 4 et saep.—
2.
Similarly with other superlatives (post-class.):
foliis ternis, aut, cum plurimum, quaternis,
at the utmost, Plin. 25, 10, 74, § 121; 18, 7, 10, § 60:
cum tardissime,
id. 18, 7, 10, § 51:
cum longissime,
Suet. Tib. 38.
H.
For co-ordinate clauses with cum... tum, v. tum, I. A. 3.
II.
Causal, since, because, as.
A.
Anteclass., chiefly with indic.
1.
With pres. indic.:
hoc hic quidem homines tam brevem vitam colunt, Quom hasce herbas hujus modi in suom alvom congerunt,
because, Plaut. Ps. 3, 2, 34; id. Truc. 1, 2, 50; 2, 4, 8:
edepol, merito esse iratum arbitror, Quom apud te tam parva'st ei fides,
since, id. Ps. 1, 5, 62; id. Most. 1, 1, 28; id. Truc. 2, 1, 32; Ter. Phorm. 1, 4, 30; id. Hec. 4, 1, 53.—
2.
With perf. indic.:
praesertim quom is me dignum quoi concrederet Habuit, me habere honorem ejus ingenio decet,
Plaut. As. 1, 1, 66; Ter. And. 3, 2, 8.—
3.
With subj.
a.
By construction of principal sentence: adeon, me fuisse fungum ut qui illi crederem, Quom mi ipsum nomen ejus Clamaret, etc., Plaut. Bacch. 2, 3, 51; id. Capt. 1, 2, 37; Ter. Hec. 3, 2, 6; id. Eun. 3, 5, 18; 5, 2, 24.—
b.
Independent of such construction:
jam istoc probior es meo quidem animo quom in amore temperes,
Plaut. Ep. 1, 2, 8 (bracketed by Goetz;
Brix conjectures temperas): nil miror si lubenter tu hic eras, Quom ego servos quando aspicio hunc lacrumem quia dijungimur,
id. Mil. 4, 8, 18 Lorenz (Brix: quin ego... lacrumo; cf.
Lubbert, Grammat. Stud. II. pp. 133, 137): Nam puerum injussu eredo non tollent meo, Praesertim in ea re quom sit mi adjutrix socrus,
Ter. Hec. 4, 4, 82; so id. Ad. 2, 1, 12.
B.
Class. and post-class., always with subj.
1.
With pres. subj.:
cum ista sis auctoritate, non debes arripere maledictum ex trivio,
Cic. Mur. 6, 13:
cum vita sine amicis insidiarum et metus plena sit, ratio ipsa monet amicitias comparare,
id. Fin. 1, 20, 66:
quae cum ita sint, videamus, etc.,
id. Clu. 44, 123:
quod cum ita sit, etc.,
id. Fam. 3, 1, 1; id. Mur. 1, 2; id. Arch. 5, 10; id. Off. 3, 3, 13; id. Rosc. Am. 8, 22; Liv. 7, 9, 5; 21, 21, 5 et saep.—
2.
With perf. subj.:
cum inimicitiae fuerint numquam, opinio injuriae beneficiis sit exstincta... rei publicae providebo,
Cic. Prov. Cons. 20, 47; id. de Or. 1, 49, 214; the perf. subj. is often retained after a principal predicate in a past tense, id. Clu. 60, 167; id. Fam. 3, 8, 4.—
3.
With imperf. subj.
a.
Denoting both cause and coincidence of time:
vacuum fundum, cum ego adessem, possidere non potuisti,
Auct. Her. 4, 29, 40; Cic. Or. 8, 25:
cum tanta multitudo lapides et tela conicerent, in muro consistendi potestas erat nulli,
Caes. B. G. 2, 6; id. B. C. 3, 1; Liv. 39, 31, 3; 4, 8, 3; 25, 11, 1.—
b.
Denoting cause without time:
cum esset egens, sumptuosus, audax... ad omnem fraudem versare suam mentem coepit,
Cic. Clu. 26, 70:
quod oppidum cum esset altissimo et munitissimo loco, ad existimationem imperii arbitratus sum, comprimere eorum audaciam,
id. Fam. 15, 4, 10; Caes. B. C. 3, 37.—
4.
With pluperf. subj.:
Caesar cum constituisset hiemare in continenti, neque multum aestatis superesset, obsides imperat, etc.,
Caes. B. G. 5, 22.
C.
With adverbs of emphasis.
1.
Praesertim cum, or cum praesertim, = especially since, the more so because:
quae cum ita sint, quid est quod de ejus civitate dubitetis, praesertim cum aliis quoque civitatibus fuerit adscriptus?
Cic. Arch. 5, 10:
cur enim tibi hoc non gratificor nescio, praesertim cum his temporibus audacia pro sapientia liceat uti,
id. Fam. 1, 10, 1:
cum praesertim vos alium miseritis,
id. Imp. Pomp. 5, 12; id. Rosc. Am. 8, 22; id. Prov. Cons. 7, 16 (cum praesertim rarely refers to time, with indic., Sen. Ep. 85, 6).—
2.
Quippe cum represents the conclusion as selfevident, since of course, since obviously:
nihil est virtute amabilius, quippe cum propter virtutem etiam eos, quos numquam videmus, quodammodo diligamus,
Cic. Lael. 8, 28:
numquam ego pecunias istorum, etc., in bonis rebus duxi, quippe cum viderem, etc.,
id. Par. 1, 1, 6; id. Leg. 1, 1, 5; 1, 20, 54; id. Fin. 3, 12, 41; 5, 28, 84; Liv. 4, 27, 8; 4, 57, 10.—Sometimes with indic. if cum refers to time, when of course, if, of course: tu vero etiam si reprehenderes... laetarer: quippe cum in reprehensione est prudentia cum eumeneiai, Cic. Att. 16, 11, 2.—In later writers with indic., because when:
omnia experiri necessitas cogebat: quippe cum primas spes fortuna destituit, futura praesentibus videntur esse potiora,
Curt. 4, 1, 29.—
3.
Utpote cum, seeing that, explanatory, with subj.:
me incommoda valetudo qua jam emerseram, utpote cum sine febri laborassem, tenebat Brundusii,
Cic. Att. 5, 8, 1; Cels. 1 prooem.; Sen. Cons. Marc. 21, 2.
III.
Adversative, while, whereas, denoting a logical contrast with the principal sentence.
A.
Ante-class., chiefly,
1.
With indic.:
hei mihi, insanire me aiunt, ultro quom ipsi insaniunt,
Plaut. Men. 5, 2, 80; id. Stich. 1, 37; id. Bacch. 5, 2, 5; Ter. Phorm. prol. 23; 2, 2, 26.—
2.
Subj.
a.
By construction of principal predicate:
tibi obtemperem quom tu mihi nequeas?
Plaut. Most. 4, 2, 16 (4, 1, 50).—
b.
Independent of construction: edepol, Cupido, quom tam pausillus sis, nimis multum vales, Naev. ap. Non. p. 421, 25 (Lubbert conjectures quom [p. 496] tu's tam pausillus):
eo vos madefacitis, quom ego sim hic siccus?
Plaut. Ps. 1, 2, 52.
B.
Class. and post-class., always with subj.
1.
With pres. subj.:
cum de bonis et de caede agatur, testimonium dicturus est is qui et sector est et sicarius,
Cic. Rosc. Am. 36, 103; id. Clu. 24, 65; id. Leg. 1, 7, 22:
et cum tibi, viro, liceat purpura in veste stragula uti, matrem familias tuam purpureum amiculum habere non sines?
Liv. 34, 7, 3; Sen. Prov. 4, 10; id. Clem. 1, 18, 2; id. Ben. 2, 16, 1.—
2.
With perf. subj.: an tu, cum omnem auctoritatem universi ordinis pro pignore putaris, eamque... concideris, me his existimas pignoribus terreri? Crass. ap. Cic. de Or. 3, 1, 4:
indignatur exul aliquid sibi deesse, cum defuerit Scipioni dos?
Sen. Cons. Helv. 12, 7; id. Ira, 3, 12, 7; freq. pres. and perf. subj. retained, if dependent on preterites, Cic. Brut. 71, 250; id. Agr. 3, 2, 5.—
3.
With imperf. subj.:
ita, cum maximis eum rebus liberares, perparvam amicitiae culpam relinquebas,
Cic. Deiot. 3, 10:
hunc Egnatium censores, cum patrem eicerent, retinuerunt,
id. Clu. 48, 135:
eorum erat V. milium numerus, cum ipsi non amplius octingentos equites haberent,
Caes. B. G. 4, 11; Liv. 1, 55, 3; Cic. de Or. 1, 1, 1; 1, 53, 227; 2, 50, 203; id. Clu. 5, 12; id. Ac. 1, 10, 38 sq.; Liv. 39, 49, 1; Val. Max. 1, 6, 11; 3, 2, 10 fin. —
4.
With pluperf. subj.:
Socratis ingenium immortalitati scriptis suis Plato tradidit, cum ipse litteram Socrates nullam reliquisset,
Cic. de Or. 3, 16, 60; id. Ac. 2, 1, 2; id. Prov. Cons. 11, 27; Val. Max. 1, 8, 11.
IV.
Concessive, although, denoting a reason for the contrary of the principal sentence.
A.
Ante-class., mostly with indic.
1.
Indic.:
qui it lavatum In balineas, quom ibi sedulo sua vestimenta servat, Tam subripiuntur,
Plaut. Rud. 2, 3, 52; Ter. Eun. 2, 2, 12; Plaut. Poen. 1, 2, 26; id. Truc. 1, 2, 89 (95); id. Stich. 1, 2, 67.—
2.
With subj.: nihilominus ipsi lucet, quom illi accenderit, Enn. ap. Cic. Off. 1, 16, 51 (Trag. Rel. v. 389 Rib.).
B.
Class. and post-class., always with subj.
1.
Pres. subj.:
testis est Graecia, quae cum eloquentiae studio sit incensa, jamdiuque excellat in ea... tamen omnis artis vetustiores habet,
Cic. Brut. 7, 26:
nam (Druentia) cum aquae vim vehat ingentem, non tamen navium patiens est,
Liv. 21, 31, 11.—
2.
Imperf. subj.:
ego autem, cum consilium tuum probarem, et idem ipse sentirem, nihil proficiebam,
Cic. Fam. 4, 1, 1:
non poterant tamen, cum cuperent, Apronium imitari,
id. Verr. 2, 3, 34, § 78; id. de Or. 1, 28, 126; id. Brut. 7, 28; 91, 314; id. Inv. 2, 31, 97; id. Clu. 40, 110; Caes. B. G. 5, 40; Liv. 5, 38, 5; Nep. Att. 13, 1; so,
quae cum ita essent... tamen,
although this was so, Cic. Clu. 34, 94; id. Fam. 2, 16, 2.—
3.
With pluperf. subj.:
cui cum Cato et Caninius intercessissent, tamen est perscripta,
Cic. Fam. 1, 2, 4:
patrem meum, cum proscriptus non esset, jugulastis,
id. Rosc. Am. 11, 32.
V.
In hypothetical clauses, always with imperf. or pluperf. subj., = si, but defining an assumed or fictitious time.
1.
With imperf. subj.:
quis ex populo, cum Scaevolam dicentem audiret in ea causa, quicquam politius aut elegantius exspectaret?
Cic. Brut. 55, 194:
etiam tum quiesceretis cum rem publicam a facinorosissimis sicariis esse oppressam videretis?
id. Sest. 38, 81; id. Rosc. Am. 31, 86; id. Verr. 2, 1, 10, §§ 28 and 29.—
2.
With pluperf. subj.:
quod esset judicium cum de Verris turpissimo comitatu tres recuperatorum nomine adsedissent?
Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 12, § 30:
mors cum exstinxisset invidiam, res ejus gestae sempiterni nominis glorianiterentur,
id. Balb. 6, 16.

Lewis & Short latin dictionary > Cum2
12 qui [1]

1. quī, quae, quod, I) Pron. interrog., welcher, welche, welches, welch, was für einer -eine, -ein (eig. adjektivisch, öfter aber auch substantivisch, jedoch so, daß qui nach Stand u. Charakter einer Person fragt, quis nach dem Namen), A) in direkter Rede: a) adi.: Th. Quis fuit igitur? Py. Iste Chaerea. Ph. Qui Chaerea? Py. Iste ephebus frater Phaedriae, was für ein Chärea? Ter.: quod te municipium vidit? quis amicus invitavit? qui hospes aspexit? Cic.: qui cantus dulcior inveniri potest? quod carmen aptius? qui actor in imitanda veritate iucundior? Cic.: virgo, quae patria est tua? Plaut. – b) subst.: occiso Sex. Roscio qui primus Ameriam nuntiat? was für einer? Manlius Glaucia, Cic. – B) in indirekter Rede: a) adi.: scribis te velle scire, qui sit rei publicae status, welches die Lage des Staates sei, Cic.: quae cura boum, qui cultus habendo sit pecori... hinc canere incipiam, Verg. – b) subst.: tu te collige et, qui sis et quid facere possis, considera, Cic.: domino navis, qui sit, aperit, Nep.

II) Pron. relat., welcher, welche, welches; der, die, das; wer, was, A) Die grammatische Form richtet sich rücksichtlich des Genus u. Numerus nach dem Worte, auf das es bezogen wird, rücksichtlich des Kasus nach dem zu ihm gehörigen Verbum, mors terribilis est iis, quorum cum vita omnia exstinguuntur, Cic.: luna eam lucem, quam a sole accipit, mittit in terras, Cic. – Häufig wird das Substant., auf das es sich bezieht, wiederholt, itinera duo, quibus itineribus, Caes. – Wenn es sich auf ein demonstr. Pron. bezieht, so steht dieses häufig nach, quod virtute effici debet, id tentatur pecuniā, Cic.: a quo plurimum sperant, ei potissimum inserviunt, Cic.: oder es wird gänzlich weggelassen, qui mentiri solet, peierare consuevit, Cic. – bes. beim Neutr. quod, wodurch es in die prägn. Bedeutung wie viel, so viel wie übergegangen ist, adiutabo, quod potero, Ter.: auch m. Genet., quod operae poneretur, Cic.: quod eius (agri), Liv. – Nicht selten bezieht sich qui auf einen allgemeinen Substantivbegriff, der ausgelassen ist, bes. nach den Verben habere, invenire, reperire, nancisci, quaerere, esse, exsistere, exoriri u.a., zB. non facile est invenire, qui, quod sciat ipse, non tradat alteri, Cic.: sunt, qui discessum animi a corpore putent esse mortem, Cic.

Als Eigentümlichkeit ist zu beachten: a) daß qui das Subjekt od. Objekt des Hauptsatzes in derselben Form, in der es selbst steht, zu sich nimmt, quam quisque norit artem, in hac se exerceat, Cic.: quas res violentissimas natura genuit, earum moderationem nos soli habemus, Cic. – b) daß qui ein substantivisches Attribut des Subjektes od. Objektes des Hauptsatzes zu sich nimmt, Philippus Aetolos desertos ab Romanis, cui uni fidebant auxilio, subegit, Liv.: Cumae, quam Graeci tum urbem tenebant, capiuntur, Liv. – Häufig wird ein solcher mit esse gebildeter Relativsatz, in dem das relat. Pron. mit dem Substantiv im Nominativ ober im Ablativ steht, in einem Hauptsatz eingeschaltet, um den Grund zu der in seinem Prädikat ausgesprochenen Eigenschaft anzugeben, spero, quae tua prudentia et temperantia est, te valere, daß du bei od. infolge deiner Klugheit u. Mäßigkeit dich wohl befindest, Cic.: quā prudentiā es, nihil te fugiet, bei deiner Klugheit wird dir nichts entgehen, Cic. – c) daß qui ein adjekt. Attribut des Subjektes od. Objektes des Hauptsatzes zu sich nimmt, ad suas res revocet, quas aut tulerit acerbas aut timeat, Cic.: eam civitatem, in qua ipse florentissima multum omnibus gloriā praestitisset, Cic. – d) daß qui mit seinem Verbum durch Verschränkung mit einem Nebensatz verbunden wird, u. zwar: α) so, daß es von dem Nebensatze abhängig ist. Dies ist der Fall, αα) wenn es mit einem Partizip zusammensteht, non sunt ea bona dicenda nee habenda, quibus abundantem licet esse miserrimum, bei denen man trotz ihres Übermaßes höchst unglücklich sein kann, Cic.: nullas consequuntur voluptates, quarum potiendi spe inflammati multos labores susceperant, zu deren Erreichung sie sich Hoffnung machten u. deshalb viele Anstrengungen übernommen hatten, Cic.: se auctores habuisse sceleris illius eos viros, quibus e civitate sublatis civitas stare non posset, nach deren Entfernung usw., Cic. – ββ) wenn es mit dem Verbum einen abhängigen Relativsatz oder Fragesatz bildet oder in der Konstruktion des Acc. u. Infin. steht, sunt certa vitia, quae nemo est quin effugere cupiat, denen jedermann entgehen möchte, Cic.: cum dubium est, an merito accusetur, qui an omnino accusetur, incertum est, von dem ungewiß ist, ob er usw., Plin. ep. – β) so, daß es den Nebensatz in sich aufnimmt. In diesem Falle richtet sich die Form des relat. Pronomens nach dem Nebensatz, aberat omnis dolor, qui si adesset, nemo molliter ferret, den, wenn er sich einstellte, niemand leicht ertragen würde, Cic.: non Alpes aliae sunt, quas dum superant, comparare nova possint praesidia, während deren Übersteigung sie sich usw., Liv. – e) daß qui zu Anfang eines neuen Satzes steht, α) kopulativ = und dieser, res loquitur ipsa; quae semper valet plurimum, Cic. – β) adversativ = aber dieser, obsistere ei conati sunt Athenienses et Boeotii ceterique eorum socii apud Coroneam; quos omnes gravi proelio vicit, Nep. – γ) kausal = denn dieser, virtus est una altissimis defixa radicibus; quae numquam ullā vi labefactari potest, Cic. – δ) konsekutiv = daher dieser, hoc spectant leges, hoc volunt, incolumem esse civium coniunctionem; quam qui dirimunt, eos morte, exsilio, vinclis, damno coërcent, Cic.

Als Unregelmäßigkeit ist zu beachten: a) wenn qui in einem anderen Genus steht, als das vorausgehende Substant. erwarten läßt. Dies ist der Fall, α) wenn es sich nach dessen Begriffe, nicht nach der grammatischen Form richtet, illa furia (sc. Clodius), qui etc., Cic. – β) wenn es sich nach dem Prädikatsnomen des Relativsatzes oder des Hauptsatzes richtet, patres C. Mucio agrum dono dedere, quae postea sunt Mucia prata appellata, Liv.: Helvetii continentur flumine Rheno latissimo atque altissimo, qui agrum Helvetium a Germanis dividit, Caes. – γ) wenn es mehr auf den allgemein gefaßten Begriff des vorhergehenden Wortes als auf dessen konkrete Bedeutung hinweist, testarum suffragia, quod illi ostracismum vocant, Nep.: quae utilitates ex rebus iis, quae sunt inanima, percipiantur, Cic. – dah. steht es auch im Neutr., wenn auf den Inhalt des ganzen Satzes hingewiesen wird, Lacedaemonii Agin regem, quod numquam antea apud eos accĭderat, necaverunt, Cic.: obsides, quod nulli antea, Persae ei dederunt, Eutr.: meist mit dem demonstr. id, wie: Timoleon, id quod difficilius putatur, multo sapientius tulit secundam quam adversam fortunam, Nep. – b) wenn qui in einem anderen Numerus steht, als das vorhergehende Substantiv erwarten läßt. Dies ist der Fall, α) wenn es nach einem Kollektivbegriff im Plural steht, Caesar equitatum omnem praemittit, qui videant, Caes.: bes. in der Wendung ex eo numero qui, zB. unus ex eo numero, qui ad caedem parati erant, Sall. – β) wenn der relative Satz allgemeiner gefaßt wird als der Hauptsatz, si tempus est ullum iure hominis necandi, quae multa sunt, Cic. – Dies ist bes. der Fall, wenn das relat. Pron. auf ein demonstr. im Neutr. sich bezieht, Caesar pollicetur, ut, quod quisque eorum in bello amiserit, quae sint penes milites suos, iis, qui amiserint, restituatur, Caes. – Auffälliger ist der Sing. nach einem Substant. im Plur., wie Sall. Cat. 56, 5. – c) wenn qui in einem anderen Kasus steht, als das Verbum des relat. Satzes erwarten läßt. Dies ist der Fall, α) wenn es durch Attraktion den Kasus des vorhergegangenen Substant. annimmt, nos hoc confirmamus illo augurio, quo diximus, Cic.: in iis coloribus, quibus modo dixisti, denominandis, Gell. – Dies geschieht am häufigsten, wenn zu dem relat. Satze ein Verbum aus dem Hauptsatze ergänzt werden muß, quibus poterat sauciis ductis secum, Liv.: cum aliquid agas eorum, quorum consuesti, gaudeo, Cic. – β) wenn es bei Verbindung mehrerer relativen Satzglieder in dem zweiten in einem anderen Kasus hinzu ergänzt werden muß, als es im ersten steht, huius tyranni quem armis oppressa pertulit civitas paretque cum maxime mortuo, interitus declarat, Cic.

B) Der Modus ist 1) der Indicat., wenn das durch den relat. Satz dargestellte Attribut als ein wahrgenommenes oder faktisches hingestellt werden soll. Daher steht auch der Indikat. a) in der oratio obliqua, wenn durch das Rel. ein Subjekt oder Objekt umschrieben wird oder der Redende den Inhalt des Relativsatzes als seine Wahrnehmung hinstellt, constituunt, ut ii, qui valetudine aut aetate inutiles sunt bello, oppido excedant, Caes. – b) wenn der Inhalt des Relativsatzes als etwas Faktisches das Prädikat des Hauptsatzes erklären od. bedingen soll, o fortunata mors, quae naturae debita pro patria est potissimum reddita, Cic.: ista quidem sententia ea est, quae neque amicos parat neque inimicos tollit, Liv.: daher auch, wenn es durch quippe, utpote, ut verstärkt wird, quippe quibus aegre ad undecimum lapidem occursum est, Liv.

2) der Coniunctiv, u. zwar: a) in der oratio obliqua, apud Hypanim fluvium Aristoteles ait bestiolas quasdam nasci, quae unum diem vivant, Cic. – b) wenn der Inhalt des Relativsatzes nach der Vorstellung des Redenden nur als möglich hingestellt wird, homines imperiti facilius, quod stulte dixeris, reprehendere, quam quod sapienter tacueris, laudare possunt, Cic. – c) wenn der Inhalt des Relativsatzes als beabsichtigt hingestellt wird, deutsch auf daß, damit, od. um zu mit Infin., sunt multi, qui eripiunt aliis, quod aliis largiantur, Cic. – d) wenn der Inhalt des Relativsatzes den Grund zu der im Hauptsatze ausgesprochenen Erscheinung darstellen soll, deutsch da, da ja, recte Socrates exsecrari eum solebat, qui primus utilitatem a iure seiunxisset, Cic.: Caninius fuit mirificā vigilantiā, qui suo toto consulatu somnum non viderit, Cic.: neque est boni neque liberalis parentis, quem procrearis et eduxeris, eum non et vestire et ornare, Cic. – e) wenn der Inhalt des Relativsatzes als aus der Beschaffenheit des Subjektes im Hauptsatze erfolgend dargestellt werden soll, sapientia est una, quae maestitiam pellat ex animis, quae nos exhorrescere metu non sinat, Cic. – Dies ist bes. der Fall, α) wenn im Hauptsatze die Beschaffenheit angedeutet wird entweder durch die demonstrativen Wörter is, talis, eiusmodi, tam, tantus od. durch die Adjektive aptus, idoneus, dignus, indignus u.a., beutsch daß od. um zu mit Infin., ego is sum, qui nihil fecerim, Cic.: nulla acies humani ingenii tanta est, quae penetrare in caelum, terram intrare possit, Cic.: Livianae fabulae non satis dignae, quae iterum legantur, Cic.: solum censebant idoneum, cui crederetur, Cic. – β) wenn sich der Relativsatz auf ein allgemeines u. unbestimmtes Subjekt oder Objekt bezieht, bes. nach den Verben habere, reperire, invenire, nancisci, quaerere, esse, exsistere, exoriri u. nach den Verbindungen nemo est, nullus est, nihil est, quis est, quotus quis que est u.a., nactus sum, qui Xenophontis similem esse se cuperet, Cic.: est aliquid, quod non oporteat, etiamsi licet, Cic.: quis est, qui dicere audeat, Cic.: nihil est, quod tam miseros faciat, quam impietas et scelus, Cic. – γ) wenn nach einem Komparativ ein mit dem Relativum gebildeter Vergleichungssatz gebraucht wird, Campani maiora in defectione deliquerant, quam quibus ignosci posset, als daß ihnen usw., Liv.

III) Pron. indefin., qui, quae u. qua, quod, a) adi. irgend ein, -eine, -ein, etwa ein, eine, -ein, nisi qui deus subvenerit, wenn nicht etwa ein Gott usw., Cic.: si qui rex, si qua civitas exterarum gentium, si qua natio fecit aliquid in cives Romanos eius modi, Cic.: si qui etiam inferis sensus est, Cic.: ut ne quae pars naturae neglegatur, Cic.: ne qua esset armorum causa, Caes.: quaeritur, num quod officium aliud alio maius sit, Cic. – b) subst. irgendeiner, jemand, irgend etwas, si qui rem neglegentius gessisset, Cic.: si qui Romae esset demortuus, Cic.: si quae contra naturam sunt, wenn eins oder das andere usw., Cic.

/ Alte Formen: Genet. quoius, Plaut.: Dat. quoi, Plaut., u. quo, Varro: Abl. qui mit der Praep. cum in quicum = quocum (meist mit Beziehung auf eine unbestimmte Person, quocum auf eine bestimmte, nach W. Müller Cic. Lael. 77. p. 472), Cic. u.a.; selten = quacum, wie Verg. Aen. 11, 822. – Plur., Dat. queis, Tragic. vett., Lucr. u. Verg. u. quīs, Sall. Hor. u.a.: Abl. queis, Catull. 63, 46. – Vgl. auch 2. qui, u. qua, quo s. bes.

lateinisch-deutsches > qui [1]
13 qui

1. quī, quae, quod, I) Pron. interrog., welcher, welche, welches, welch, was für einer -eine, -ein (eig. adjektivisch, öfter aber auch substantivisch, jedoch so, daß qui nach Stand u. Charakter einer Person fragt, quis nach dem Namen), A) in direkter Rede: a) adi.: Th. Quis fuit igitur? Py. Iste Chaerea. Ph. Qui Chaerea? Py. Iste ephebus frater Phaedriae, was für ein Chärea? Ter.: quod te municipium vidit? quis amicus invitavit? qui hospes aspexit? Cic.: qui cantus dulcior inveniri potest? quod carmen aptius? qui actor in imitanda veritate iucundior? Cic.: virgo, quae patria est tua? Plaut. – b) subst.: occiso Sex. Roscio qui primus Ameriam nuntiat? was für einer? Manlius Glaucia, Cic. – B) in indirekter Rede: a) adi.: scribis te velle scire, qui sit rei publicae status, welches die Lage des Staates sei, Cic.: quae cura boum, qui cultus habendo sit pecori... hinc canere incipiam, Verg. – b) subst.: tu te collige et, qui sis et quid facere possis, considera, Cic.: domino navis, qui sit, aperit, Nep.

II) Pron. relat., welcher, welche, welches; der, die, das; wer, was, A) Die grammatische Form richtet sich rücksichtlich des Genus u. Numerus nach dem Worte, auf das es bezogen wird, rücksichtlich des Kasus nach dem zu ihm gehörigen Verbum, mors terribilis est iis, quorum cum vita omnia exstinguuntur, Cic.: luna eam lucem, quam a sole ac-

————

cipit, mittit in terras, Cic. – Häufig wird das Substant., auf das es sich bezieht, wiederholt, itinera duo, quibus itineribus, Caes. – Wenn es sich auf ein demonstr. Pron. bezieht, so steht dieses häufig nach, quod virtute effici debet, id tentatur pecuniā, Cic.: a quo plurimum sperant, ei potissimum inserviunt, Cic.: oder es wird gänzlich weggelassen, qui mentiri solet, peierare consuevit, Cic. – bes. beim Neutr. quod, wodurch es in die prägn. Bedeutung wie viel, so viel wie übergegangen ist, adiutabo, quod potero, Ter.: auch m. Genet., quod operae poneretur, Cic.: quod eius (agri), Liv. – Nicht selten bezieht sich qui auf einen allgemeinen Substantivbegriff, der ausgelassen ist, bes. nach den Verben habere, invenire, reperire, nancisci, quaerere, esse, exsistere, exoriri u.a., zB. non facile est invenire, qui, quod sciat ipse, non tradat alteri, Cic.: sunt, qui discessum animi a corpore putent esse mortem, Cic.

Als Eigentümlichkeit ist zu beachten: a) daß qui das Subjekt od. Objekt des Hauptsatzes in derselben Form, in der es selbst steht, zu sich nimmt, quam quisque norit artem, in hac se exerceat, Cic.: quas res violentissimas natura genuit, earum moderationem nos soli habemus, Cic. – b) daß qui ein substantivisches Attribut des Subjektes od. Objektes des Hauptsatzes zu sich nimmt, Philippus Aetolos desertos ab Romanis, cui uni fidebant auxilio, subegit, Liv.:

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Cumae, quam Graeci tum urbem tenebant, capiuntur, Liv. – Häufig wird ein solcher mit esse gebildeter Relativsatz, in dem das relat. Pron. mit dem Substantiv im Nominativ ober im Ablativ steht, in einem Hauptsatz eingeschaltet, um den Grund zu der in seinem Prädikat ausgesprochenen Eigenschaft anzugeben, spero, quae tua prudentia et temperantia est, te valere, daß du bei od. infolge deiner Klugheit u. Mäßigkeit dich wohl befindest, Cic.: quā prudentiā es, nihil te fugiet, bei deiner Klugheit wird dir nichts entgehen, Cic. – c) daß qui ein adjekt. Attribut des Subjektes od. Objektes des Hauptsatzes zu sich nimmt, ad suas res revocet, quas aut tulerit acerbas aut timeat, Cic.: eam civitatem, in qua ipse florentissima multum omnibus gloriā praestitisset, Cic. – d) daß qui mit seinem Verbum durch Verschränkung mit einem Nebensatz verbunden wird, u. zwar: α) so, daß es von dem Nebensatze abhängig ist. Dies ist der Fall, αα) wenn es mit einem Partizip zusammensteht, non sunt ea bona dicenda nee habenda, quibus abundantem licet esse miserrimum, bei denen man trotz ihres Übermaßes höchst unglücklich sein kann, Cic.: nullas consequuntur voluptates, quarum potiendi spe inflammati multos labores susceperant, zu deren Erreichung sie sich Hoffnung machten u. deshalb viele Anstrengungen übernommen hatten, Cic.: se auctores habuisse sceleris illius eos viros, quibus e ci-

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vitate sublatis civitas stare non posset, nach deren Entfernung usw., Cic. – ββ) wenn es mit dem Verbum einen abhängigen Relativsatz oder Fragesatz bildet oder in der Konstruktion des Acc. u. Infin. steht, sunt certa vitia, quae nemo est quin effugere cupiat, denen jedermann entgehen möchte, Cic.: cum dubium est, an merito accusetur, qui an omnino accusetur, incertum est, von dem ungewiß ist, ob er usw., Plin. ep. – β) so, daß es den Nebensatz in sich aufnimmt. In diesem Falle richtet sich die Form des relat. Pronomens nach dem Nebensatz, aberat omnis dolor, qui si adesset, nemo molliter ferret, den, wenn er sich einstellte, niemand leicht ertragen würde, Cic.: non Alpes aliae sunt, quas dum superant, comparare nova possint praesidia, während deren Übersteigung sie sich usw., Liv. – e) daß qui zu Anfang eines neuen Satzes steht, α) kopulativ = und dieser, res loquitur ipsa; quae semper valet plurimum, Cic. – β) adversativ = aber dieser, obsistere ei conati sunt Athenienses et Boeotii ceterique eorum socii apud Coroneam; quos omnes gravi proelio vicit, Nep. – γ) kausal = denn dieser, virtus est una altissimis defixa radicibus; quae numquam ullā vi labefactari potest, Cic. – δ) konsekutiv = daher dieser, hoc spectant leges, hoc volunt, incolumem esse civium coniunctionem; quam qui dirimunt, eos morte, exsilio, vinclis, damno coërcent, Cic.

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Als Unregelmäßigkeit ist zu beachten: a) wenn qui in einem anderen Genus steht, als das vorausgehende Substant. erwarten läßt. Dies ist der Fall, α) wenn es sich nach dessen Begriffe, nicht nach der grammatischen Form richtet, illa furia (sc. Clodius), qui etc., Cic. – β) wenn es sich nach dem Prädikatsnomen des Relativsatzes oder des Hauptsatzes richtet, patres C. Mucio agrum dono dedere, quae postea sunt Mucia prata appellata, Liv.: Helvetii continentur flumine Rheno latissimo atque altissimo, qui agrum Helvetium a Germanis dividit, Caes. – γ) wenn es mehr auf den allgemein gefaßten Begriff des vorhergehenden Wortes als auf dessen konkrete Bedeutung hinweist, testarum suffragia, quod illi ostracismum vocant, Nep.: quae utilitates ex rebus iis, quae sunt inanima, percipiantur, Cic. – dah. steht es auch im Neutr., wenn auf den Inhalt des ganzen Satzes hingewiesen wird, Lacedaemonii Agin regem, quod numquam antea apud eos accĭderat, necaverunt, Cic.: obsides, quod nulli antea, Persae ei dederunt, Eutr.: meist mit dem demonstr. id, wie: Timoleon, id quod difficilius putatur, multo sapientius tulit secundam quam adversam fortunam, Nep. – b) wenn qui in einem anderen Numerus steht, als das vorhergehende Substantiv erwarten läßt. Dies ist der Fall, α) wenn es nach einem Kollektivbegriff im Plural steht, Caesar equitatum omnem praemittit, qui videant,

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Caes.: bes. in der Wendung ex eo numero qui, zB. unus ex eo numero, qui ad caedem parati erant, Sall. – β) wenn der relative Satz allgemeiner gefaßt wird als der Hauptsatz, si tempus est ullum iure hominis necandi, quae multa sunt, Cic. – Dies ist bes. der Fall, wenn das relat. Pron. auf ein demonstr. im Neutr. sich bezieht, Caesar pollicetur, ut, quod quisque eorum in bello amiserit, quae sint penes milites suos, iis, qui amiserint, restituatur, Caes. – Auffälliger ist der Sing. nach einem Substant. im Plur., wie Sall. Cat. 56, 5. – c) wenn qui in einem anderen Kasus steht, als das Verbum des relat. Satzes erwarten läßt. Dies ist der Fall, α) wenn es durch Attraktion den Kasus des vorhergegangenen Substant. annimmt, nos hoc confirmamus illo augurio, quo diximus, Cic.: in iis coloribus, quibus modo dixisti, denominandis, Gell. – Dies geschieht am häufigsten, wenn zu dem relat. Satze ein Verbum aus dem Hauptsatze ergänzt werden muß, quibus poterat sauciis ductis secum, Liv.: cum aliquid agas eorum, quorum consuesti, gaudeo, Cic. – β) wenn es bei Verbindung mehrerer relativen Satzglieder in dem zweiten in einem anderen Kasus hinzu ergänzt werden muß, als es im ersten steht, huius tyranni quem armis oppressa pertulit civitas paretque cum maxime mortuo, interitus declarat, Cic.

B) Der Modus ist 1) der Indicat., wenn das durch

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den relat. Satz dargestellte Attribut als ein wahrgenommenes oder faktisches hingestellt werden soll. Daher steht auch der Indikat. a) in der oratio obliqua, wenn durch das Rel. ein Subjekt oder Objekt umschrieben wird oder der Redende den Inhalt des Relativsatzes als seine Wahrnehmung hinstellt, constituunt, ut ii, qui valetudine aut aetate inutiles sunt bello, oppido excedant, Caes. – b) wenn der Inhalt des Relativsatzes als etwas Faktisches das Prädikat des Hauptsatzes erklären od. bedingen soll, o fortunata mors, quae naturae debita pro patria est potissimum reddita, Cic.: ista quidem sententia ea est, quae neque amicos parat neque inimicos tollit, Liv.: daher auch, wenn es durch quippe, utpote, ut verstärkt wird, quippe quibus aegre ad undecimum lapidem occursum est, Liv.

2) der Coniunctiv, u. zwar: a) in der oratio obliqua, apud Hypanim fluvium Aristoteles ait bestiolas quasdam nasci, quae unum diem vivant, Cic. – b) wenn der Inhalt des Relativsatzes nach der Vorstellung des Redenden nur als möglich hingestellt wird, homines imperiti facilius, quod stulte dixeris, reprehendere, quam quod sapienter tacueris, laudare possunt, Cic. – c) wenn der Inhalt des Relativsatzes als beabsichtigt hingestellt wird, deutsch auf daß, damit, od. um zu mit Infin., sunt multi, qui eripiunt aliis, quod aliis largiantur, Cic. – d) wenn der Inhalt

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des Relativsatzes den Grund zu der im Hauptsatze ausgesprochenen Erscheinung darstellen soll, deutsch da, da ja, recte Socrates exsecrari eum solebat, qui primus utilitatem a iure seiunxisset, Cic.: Caninius fuit mirificā vigilantiā, qui suo toto consulatu somnum non viderit, Cic.: neque est boni neque liberalis parentis, quem procrearis et eduxeris, eum non et vestire et ornare, Cic. – e) wenn der Inhalt des Relativsatzes als aus der Beschaffenheit des Subjektes im Hauptsatze erfolgend dargestellt werden soll, sapientia est una, quae maestitiam pellat ex animis, quae nos exhorrescere metu non sinat, Cic. – Dies ist bes. der Fall, α) wenn im Hauptsatze die Beschaffenheit angedeutet wird entweder durch die demonstrativen Wörter is, talis, eiusmodi, tam, tantus od. durch die Adjektive aptus, idoneus, dignus, indignus u.a., beutsch daß od. um zu mit Infin., ego is sum, qui nihil fecerim, Cic.: nulla acies humani ingenii tanta est, quae penetrare in caelum, terram intrare possit, Cic.: Livianae fabulae non satis dignae, quae iterum legantur, Cic.: solum censebant idoneum, cui crederetur, Cic. – β) wenn sich der Relativsatz auf ein allgemeines u. unbestimmtes Subjekt oder Objekt bezieht, bes. nach den Verben habere, reperire, invenire, nancisci, quaerere, esse, exsistere, exoriri u. nach den Verbindungen nemo est, nullus est, nihil est, quis est, quotus quis que est u.a., nactus sum, qui

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Xenophontis similem esse se cuperet, Cic.: est aliquid, quod non oporteat, etiamsi licet, Cic.: quis est, qui dicere audeat, Cic.: nihil est, quod tam miseros faciat, quam impietas et scelus, Cic. – γ) wenn nach einem Komparativ ein mit dem Relativum gebildeter Vergleichungssatz gebraucht wird, Campani maiora in defectione deliquerant, quam quibus ignosci posset, als daß ihnen usw., Liv.

III) Pron. indefin., qui, quae u. qua, quod, a) adi. irgend ein, -eine, -ein, etwa ein, eine, -ein, nisi qui deus subvenerit, wenn nicht etwa ein Gott usw., Cic.: si qui rex, si qua civitas exterarum gentium, si qua natio fecit aliquid in cives Romanos eius modi, Cic.: si qui etiam inferis sensus est, Cic.: ut ne quae pars naturae neglegatur, Cic.: ne qua esset armorum causa, Caes.: quaeritur, num quod officium aliud alio maius sit, Cic. – b) subst. irgendeiner, jemand, irgend etwas, si qui rem neglegentius gessisset, Cic.: si qui Romae esset demortuus, Cic.: si quae contra naturam sunt, wenn eins oder das andere usw., Cic.

⇒ Alte Formen: Genet. quoius, Plaut.: Dat. quoi, Plaut., u. quo, Varro: Abl. qui mit der Praep. cum in quicum = quocum (meist mit Beziehung auf eine unbestimmte Person, quocum auf eine bestimmte, nach W. Müller Cic. Lael. 77. p. 472), Cic. u.a.; selten = quacum, wie Verg. Aen. 11, 822. – Plur., Dat. queis, Tragic. vett., Lucr. u. Verg. u. quīs, Sall. Hor. u.a.:

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Abl. queis, Catull. 63, 46. – Vgl. auch 2. qui, u. qua, quo s. bes.

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2. quī (eig. alte Ablativform v. 1. qui, wie in quicum etc., s. 1. qui ⇒), I) relat. wodurch, wovon, ut det, qui fiamus liberi, Plaut.: in tanta paupertate decessit, ut, qui efferretur, vix reliquerit, wovon er begraben werden konnte, Nep.: habeo, qui utar, Cic. – II) interrog.: A) in direkter Frage: 1) in welcher Beziehung? wie doch? wie denn? wieso denn? (s. Brix Plaut. mil. 277. Fritzsche Hor. sat. 1, 3, 128), So. Quia enim sero advenimus. Am. Qui? Plaut.: qui fit, Maecenas etc.? Hor.: qui potest esse in eiusmodi trunco sapientia? Cic.: deum nisi sempiternum intellegere qui possumus? Cic.: qui possum tot? Hor.: qui? cedo, ei, wieso? Ter. – so auch quidum? zB. Pa. Tum mihi sunt manus inquinatae. Sc. Quidum? Pa. Quia ludo luto, Plaut, (s. Brix Plaut. mil. 277). – 2) aus welchem Grunde? warum? wie? qui non? Plaut.: Si. Non potest. Pa. qui? Si. Quia habet etc., Ter. – B) in indirekter Frage: 1) wie, nimis demiror, qui illaec illi me donatum esse paterā sciat, Plaut.: nec qui hoc mihi eveniat scio, Ter. – 2) wie = wie hoch, wie teuer, indica, minimo daturus qui sis, qui duci queat, sag' den geringsten Preis, für den man sie bekommen kann, Plaut.: qui datur, tanti indica, Plaut. – III) indefin, irgendwie, in Wunschformeln, qui te Iuppiter dique omnes perduint! Plaut. Men. 933 Sch.: u. so Plaut. trin. 923. Ter. Phorm. 123. – ellipt., qui illi di irati

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(sc. sint)! Cic. ad Att. 4, 7, 1.

Ausführliches Lateinisch-deutsches Handwörterbuch > qui
14 in

1.
in (old forms endŏ and indŭ, freq. in ante-class. poets; cf. Enn. ap. Gell. 12, 4; id. ap. Macr. S. 6, 2; Lucil. ap. Lact. 5, 9, 20; Lucr. 2, 1096; 5, 102; 6, 890 et saep.), prep. with abl. and acc. [kindr. with Sanscr. an; Greek en, en-tha, en-then, eis, i. e. en-s, ana; Goth. ana; Germ. in], denotes either rest or motion within or into a place or thing; opp. to ex; in, within, on, upon, among, at; into, to, towards.
I.
With abl.
A.
In space.
1.
Lit., in (with abl. of the place or thing in which):
aliorum fructus in terra est, aliorum et extra,
Plin. 19, 4, 22, § 61:
alii in corde, alii in cerebro dixerunt animi esse sedem et locum,
Cic. Tusc. 1, 9, 19:
eo in rostris sedente suasit Serviliam legem Crassus,
id. Brut. 43, 161:
qui sunt cives in eadem re publica,
id. Rep. 1, 32 fin.:
facillimam in ea re publica esse concordiam, in qua idem conducat omnibus,
id. ib.:
T. Labienus ex loco superiore, quae res in nostris castris gererentur, conspicatus,
Caes. B. G. 2, 26, 4:
quod si in scaena, id est in contione verum valet, etc.,
Cic. Lael. 26, 97:
in foro palam Syracusis,
id. Verr. 2, 2, 33, § 81:
plures in eo loco sine vulnere quam in proelio aut fuga intereunt,
Caes. B. C. 2, 35:
tulit de caede, quae in Appia via facta esset,
Cic. Mil. 6, 15:
in via fornicata,
Liv. 22, 36:
vigebat in illa domo mos patrius et disciplina,
Cic. de Sen. 11, 37:
in domo furtum factum ab eo qui domi fuit,
Quint. 5, 10, 16:
nupta in domo,
Liv. 6, 34, 9:
copias in castris continent,
in, within, Caes. B. C. 1, 66:
cum in angusto quodam pulpito stans diceret,
Quint. 11, 3, 130:
se ac suos in vehiculo conspici,
Liv. 5, 40, 10:
malo in illa tua sedecula sedere, quam in istorum sella curuli,
Cic. Att. 4, 10:
sedere in solio,
id. Fin. 2, 21, 66:
Albae constiterant, in urbe opportuna,
id. Phil. 4, 2, 6. —
Sometimes, also, with names of places: omnes se ultro sectari in Epheso memorat mulieres,
Plaut. Mil. 3, 1, 182:
heri aliquot adolescentuli coiimus in Piraeo,
Ter. Eun. 3, 4, 1:
navis et in Cajeta est parata nobis et Brundisii,
Cic. Att. 8, 3, 6:
complures (naves) in Hispali faciendas curavit,
Caes. B. C. 2, 18:
caesos in Marathone ac Salamine,
Quint. 12, 10, 24:
in Berenice urbe Troglodytarum,
Plin. 2, 73, 75, § 183.—
2.
In indicating a multitude or number, of, in, or among which a person or thing is, in, among (= gen. part.):
in his poeta hic nomen profitetur suum,
Ter. Eun. prol. 3:
Thales, qui sapientissimus in septem fuit,
Cic. Leg. 2, 11, 26:
peto ut eum complectare, diligas, in tuis habeas,
id. Fam. 13, 78, 2; cf.:
in perditis et desperatis,
id. ib. 13, 56, 1:
omnia quae secundum naturam fiunt, sunt habenda in bonis,
id. de Sen. 19, 71:
dolor in maximis malis ducitur,
id. Leg. 1, 11, 31:
justissimus unus in Teucris,
Verg. A. 2, 426:
cecidere in pugna ad duo milia... in his quatuor Romani centuriones,
Liv. 27, 12, 16:
in diis et feminae sunt,
Lact. 1, 16, 17.—
3.
Of analogous relations of place or position:
sedere in equo,
on horseback, id. Verr. 2, 5, 10:
quid legati in equis,
id. Pis. 25, 60:
sedere in leone,
Plin. 35, 10, 36, § 109:
in eo flumine pons erat,
on, over, Caes. B. G. 2, 5:
in herboso Apidano,
on the banks of, Prop. 1, 3, 6:
in digitis,
on tiptoe, Val. Fl. 4, 267:
castra in limite locat,
on the rampart, Tac. A. 1, 50:
ipse coronam habebat unam in capite, alteram in collo,
on, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 11, § 27:
oleae in arbore,
Cels. 2, 24:
Caesaris in barbaris erat nomen obscurius,
among, Caes. B. C. 1, 61:
in ceteris nationibus, Cels. praef. 1: qui in Brutiis praeerat,
Liv. 25, 16, 7:
in juvenibus,
Quint. 11, 1, 32:
nutus in mutis pro sermone est,
id. 11, 3, 66.—Of dress, like cum, q. v.:
in veste candida,
Liv. 45, 20, 5; 34, 7, 3:
in calceis,
id. 24, 38, 2:
in insignibus,
id. 5, 41, 2:
in tunicis albis,
Plin. Ep. 7, 27, 13:
in Persico et vulgari habitu,
Curt. 3, 3, 4:
in lugubri veste,
id. 10, 5, 17:
in Tyriis,
Ov. A. A. 2, 297:
in Cois,
id. ib. v. 298; cf.:
homines in catenis Romam mittere,
Liv. 29, 21, 12; 32, 1, 8: quis multa te in rosa urget, etc., Hor C. 1, 5, 1; so, in viola aut in rosa, Cic. Tusc. [p. 912] 5, 26, 73.—So of arms:
duas legiones in armis,
Caes. B. G. 7, 11, 6; cf. Verg. A. 3, 395:
in armis hostis,
under arms, Ov. M. 12,65:
quae in ore atque in oculis provinciae gesta sunt (= coram),
Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 33, § 81; so,
in oculis provinciae,
id. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 2:
in oculis omnium,
id. ib. 1, 3, 7:
divitiae, decus, gloria in oculis sita sunt,
Sall. C. 20, 14; Curt. 4, 13, 1; Liv. 22, 12, 6:
Julianus in ore ejus (Vitellii) jugulatur,
Tac. H. 3, 77; Sen. Ben. 7, 19, 7.—Of a passage in any writing (but when the author is named, by meton., for his works, apud is used, Krebs, Antibarb. p. 561):
in populorum institutis aut legibus,
Cic. Leg. 1, 15, 42:
in illis libris qui sunt de natura deorum,
id. Fat. 1, 1:
in Timaeo dicit,
id. N. D. 1, 12, 30:
epistula, in qua omnia perscripta erant,
Nep. Pelop. 3, 2:
perscribit in litteris, hostes ab se discessisse,
Caes. B. G. 5, 49; but in is also used with an author's name when, not a place in his book, but a feature of his style, etc., is referred to:
in Thucydide orbem modo orationis desidero,
Cic. Or. 71, 234:
in Herodoto omnia leniter fluunt,
Quint. 9, 4, 18.—Of books:
libri oratorii diu in manibus fuerunt,
Cic. Att. 4, 13, 2; id. Lael. 25, 96; but more freq. trop.: in manibus habere, tenere, etc., to be engaged, occupied with, to have under control or within reach:
philosophi quamcunque rem habent in manibus,
id. Tusc. 5, 7, 18:
quam spem nunc habeat in manibus, exponam,
id. Verr. 1, 6, 16:
rem habere in manibus,
id. Att. 6, 3, 1; cf.:
neque mihi in manu fuit Jugurtha qualis foret,
in my power, Sall. J. 14, 4:
postquam nihil esse in manu sua respondebatur,
Liv. 32, 24, 2:
quod ipsorum in manu sit,... bellum an pacem malint,
Tac. A. 2, 46; but, cum tantum belli in manibus esset, was in hand, busied (cf.:
inter manus),
Liv. 4, 57, 1; so,
quorum epistulas in manu teneo,
Cic. Phil. 12, 4, 9; cf. id. Att. 2, 2, 2:
in manu poculum tenens,
id. Tusc. 1, 29, 71:
coronati et lauream in manu tenentes,
Liv. 40, 37, 3; Suet. Claud. 15 fin. —Of that which is thought of as existing in the mind, memory, character, etc.:
in animo esse,
Cic. Fam. 14, 11:
in animo habere,
id. Rosc. Am. 18, 52:
lex est ratio insita in natura,
id. Leg. 1, 6, 18:
in memoria sedere,
id. de Or. 2, 28, 122; cf.:
tacito mutos volvunt in pectore questus,
Luc. 1, 247:
quanta auctoritas fuit in C. Metello!
Cic. de Sen. 17, 61. —So freq. of a person's qualities of mind or character:
erat in eo summa eloquentia, summa fides,
Cic. Mur. 28, 58; cf.:
in omni animante est summum aliquid atque optimum, ut in equis,
id. Fin. 4, 41, 37:
si quid artis in medicis est,
Curt. 3, 5, 13; cf.:
nibil esse in morte timendum,
Lucr. 3, 866.— Esp., in eo loco, in that state or condition:
in eo enim loco res sunt nostrae, ut, etc.,
Liv. 7, 35, 7: si vos in eo loco essetis, quid aliud fecissetis? Cat. ap. Quint. 9, 2, 21; so,
quo in loco, etc.: cum ex equitum et calonum fuga, quo in loco res essent, cognovissent,
Caes. B. G. 2, 26:
videtis, quo in loco res haec siet, Ter Phorm. 2, 4, 6: quod ipse, si in eodem loco esset, facturus fuerit,
Liv. 37, 14, 5.—Hence, without loco, in eo esse ut, etc., to be in such a condition, etc.:
non in eo esse Carthaginiensium res, ut Galliam armis obtineant,
Liv. 30, 19, 3:
cum res non in eo esset, ut Cyprum tentaret,
id. 33, 41, 9; 8, 27, 3; 2, 17, 5; Nep. Mil. 7, 3; id. Paus. 5, 1 (cf. I. C. 1. infra).—
B.
In time, indicating its duration, in, during, in the course of:
feci ego istaec itidem in adulescentia,
in my youth, when I was young, Plaut. Bacch. 3, 3, 6:
in tempore hoc,
Ter. And. 4, 5, 24:
in hoc tempore,
Tac. A. 13, 47:
in tali tempore,
Sall. C. 48, 5; Liv. 22, 35; 24, 28 al.:
in diebus paucis,
Ter. And. 1, 1, 77:
in brevi spatio,
id. Heaut. 5, 2, 2; Suet. Vesp. 4:
in qua aetate,
Cic. Brut. 43 fin.:
in ea aetate,
Liv. 1, 57:
in omni aetate,
Cic. de Sen. 3, 9:
in aetate, qua jam Alexander orbem terrarum subegisset,
Suet. Caes. 7:
qua (sc. Iphigenia) nihil erat in eo quidem anno natum pulchrius,
in the course of, during the year, Cic. Off. 3, 25, 95 (al. eo quidem anno):
nihil in vita se simile fecisse,
id. Verr. 2, 3, 91: nihil in vita vidit calamitatis A. Cluentius. id. Clu. 6, 18:
in tota vita inconstans,
id. Tusc. 4, 13, 29.—
b.
In tempore, at the right or proper time, in time (Cic. uses only tempore; v. tempus): eccum ipsum video in tempore huc se recipere, Ter. Phorm. 2, 4, 24:
ni pedites equitesque in tempore subvenissent,
Liv. 33, 5:
spreta in tempore gloria interdum cumulatior redit,
id. 2, 47:
rebellaturi,
Tac. A. 12, 50:
atque adeo in ipso tempore eccum ipsum obviam,
Ter. And. 3, 2, 52: in tempore, opportune. Nos sine praepositione dicimus tempore et tempori, Don. ad Ter. And. 4, 4, 19.—
c.
In praesentia and in praesenti, at present, now, at this moment, under these circumstances:
sic enim mihi in praesentia occurrit,
Cic. Tusc. 1, 8, 14:
vestrae quidem cenae non solum in praesentia, sed etiam postero die jucundae sunt,
id. ib. 5, 35, 100:
id quod unum maxime in praesentia desiderabatur,
Liv. 21, 37:
haec ad te in praesenti scripsi, ut, etc.,
for the present, Cic. Fam. 2, 10, 4.—
d.
With gerunds and fut. pass. participles, to indicate duration of time, in:
fit, ut distrahatur in deliberando animus,
Cic. Off. 1, 3, 9; id. Fam. 2, 6, 2:
vitiosum esse in dividendo partem in genere numerare,
id. Fin. 2, 9, 26:
quod in litteris dandis praeter consuetudinem proxima nocte vigilarat,
id. Cat. 3, 3, 6:
ne in quaerendis suis pugnandi tempus dimitteret,
Caes. B. G. 2, 21:
in agris vastandis incendiisque faciendis hostibus,
in laying waste, id. ib. 5, 19:
in excidenda Numantia,
Cic. Off. 1, 22, 76:
cum in immolanda Iphigenia tristis Calchas esset,
id. Or. 21, 74.—
C.
In other relations, where a person or thing is thought of as in a certain condition, situation, or relation, in:
qui magno in aere alieno majores etiam possessiones habent,
Cic. Cat. 2, 8, 18:
se in insperatis repentinisque pecuniis jactare,
id. Cat. 2, 9, 20:
Larinum in summo timore omnium cum armatis advolavit,
id. Clu. 8, 25.—
So freq., of qualities or states of mind: summa in sollicitudine ac timore Parthici belli,
Caes. B. C. 3, 31:
torpescentne dextrae in amentia illa?
Liv. 23, 9, 7:
hunc diem perpetuum in laetitia degere,
Ter. Ad. 4, 1, 5; Cic. Cat. 4, 1, 2:
in metu,
Tac. A. 14, 43:
in voluptate,
Cic. Fin. 1, 19, 62:
alicui in amore esse,
beloved, id. Verr. 2, 4, 1, § 3:
alicui in amoribus esse,
id. Att. 6, 1, 12:
res in invidia erat,
Sall. J. 25, 5; Liv. 29, 37, 17: sum in expectatione omnium rerum, Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 4, 10:
num... Diogenem Stoicum coegit in suis studiis obmutescere senectus?
in his studies, Cic. de Sen. 7, 21:
mirificam cepi voluptatem ex tua diligentia: quod in summis tuis occupationibus mihi tamen rei publicae statum per te notum esse voluisti,
even in, notwithstanding your great occupations, id. Fam. 3, 11, 4.—
So freq., of business, employment, occupations, etc.: in aliqua re versari,
Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 47, § 105:
similia iis, quae in consilio dixerat,
Curt. 5, 5, 23:
in certamine armorum atque in omni palaestra quid satis recte cavetur,
Quint. 9, 4, 8:
agi in judiciis,
id. 11, 1, 78:
tum vos mihi essetis in consilio,
Cic. Rep. 3, 18, 28:
in actione... dicere,
Quint. 8, 2, 2.—Of an office, magistracy:
in quo tum magistratu forte Brutus erat,
Liv. 1, 59, 7; 4, 17, 1:
in eo magistratu pari diligentia se praebuit,
Nep. Han. 7, 5 (cf. B. 1. supra):
in ea ipsa causa fuit eloquentissimus,
Cic. Brut, 43, 160:
qui non defendit nec obsistit, si potest, injuriae, tam est in vitio, quam, etc.,
is in the wrong, acts wrongly, id. Off. 1, 7, 23:
etsi hoc quidem est in vitio, dissolutionem naturae tam valde perhorrescere,
is wrong, id. Fin. 5, 11, 31:
non sunt in eo genere tantae commoditates corporis,
id. ib. 4, 12, 29; cf.:
an omnino nulla sit in eo genere distinctio,
id. Or. 61, 205:
Drusus erat de praevaricatione absolutus in summa quatuor sententiis,
on the whole, Cic. Q. Fr. 2, 16; cf.:
et in omni summa, ut mones, valde me ad otium pacemque converto,
id. ib. 3, 5, 5;
but, in summa, sic maxime judex credit, etc.,
in a word, in fine, Quint. 9, 2, 72; Auct. B. Alex. 71; Just. 37, 1, 8:
horum (juvenum) inductio in parte simulacrum decurrentis exercitus erat: ex parte elegantioris exercitii quam militaris artis,
in part, Liv. 44, 9, 5; cf.:
quod mihi in parte verum videtur,
Quint. 2, 8, 6:
patronorum in parte expeditior, in parte difficilior interrogatio est,
id. 5, 7, 22:
hoc facere in eo homine consueverunt,
in the case of, Caes. B. G. 7, 21:
in furibus aerarii,
Sall. C. 52, 12:
Achilles talis in hoste fuit,
Verg. A. 2, 540:
in hoc homine saepe a me quaeris, etc.,
in the case of, Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 3, § 6: in nominibus impiis, Sall. C. 51, 15:
suspectus et in morte matris fuit,
Suet. Vit. 14:
qui praesentes metuunt, in absentia hostes erunt, = absentes,
Curt. 6, 3, 8 (cf. I. B. c. supra).—Of the meaning of words, etc.:
non solum in eodem sensu, sed etiam in diverso, eadem verba contra,
Quint. 9, 3, 36:
aliter voces aut eaedem in diversa significatione ponuntur,
id. 9, 3, 69:
Sallustius in significatione ista non superesse sed superare dicit,
Gell. 1, 22, 15:
stips non dicitur in significatione trunci,
Charis. 1, 18, 39:
semper in significatione ea hortus,
Plin. 19, 4, 19, § 50. —
2.
In with abl. of adjj. is used with the verbs esse and habere to express quality:
cum exitus haud in facili essent, i. e. haud faciles,
Liv. 3, 8, 9:
adeo moderatio tuendae libertatis in difficili est,
id. 3, 8, 11; 3, 65, 11; but mostly with adjj. of the first and second declension:
in obscuro esse, Liv. praef. § 3: in dubio esse,
id. 2, 3, 1; 3, 19, 8; Ov. H. 19, 174:
dum in dubiost animus,
Ter. And. 1, 5, 31; 2, 2, 10:
in integro esse,
Cic. Fam. 15, 16, 3; id. Att. 11, 15, 4:
in incerto esse,
Liv. 5, 28, 5:
in obvio esse,
id. 37, 23, 1:
in tuto esse,
id. 38, 4, 10; cf.:
videre te in tuto,
Cat. 30, 6:
in aequo esse,
Liv. 39, 37, 14; Tac. A. 2, 44:
in expedito esse,
Curt. 4, 2, 22:
in proximo esse,
Quint. 1, 3, 4:
in aperto esse,
Sall. C. 5, 3:
in promisco esse,
Liv. 7, 17, 7:
in augusto esse,
Cels. 5, 27, 2:
in incerto haberi,
Sall. J. 46, 8; Tac. A. 15, 17:
in levi habitum,
id. H. 2, 21; cf.:
in incerto relinquere,
Liv. 5, 28, 5; Tac. H. 2, 83.
II.
With acc.
A.
In space, with verbs of motion, into or to a place or thing (rarely with names of towns and small islands;
v. Zumpt, Gram. § 398): influxit non tenuis quidam e Graecia rivulus in hanc urbem,
Cic. Rep. 2, 19:
in Ephesum advenit,
Plaut. Mil. 2, 1, 35:
in Epirum venire,
Cic. Att. 13, 25, 3:
ibo in Piraeeum, visamque, ecquae advenerit in portum ex Epheso navis mercatoria,
Plaut. Bacch. 2, 3, 2: venio ad Piraeea, in quo magis reprehendendus sum, quod... Piraeea scripserim, non Piraeeum, quam in quod addiderim;
non enim hoc ut oppido praeposui, sed ut loco,
Cic. Att. 7, 3, 10:
se contulisse Tarquinios, in urbem Etruriae florentissimam,
id. Rep. 2, 19:
remigrare in domum veterem e nova,
id. Ac. 1, 4, 13:
cum in sua rura venerunt,
id. Tusc. 5, 35, 102:
a te ipso missi in ultimas gentes,
id. Fam. 15, 9:
in Ubios legatos mittere,
Caes. B. G. 4, 11:
dein Thalam pervenit, in oppidum magnum et opulentum,
Sall. J. 75, 1:
Regillum antiquam in patriam se contulerat,
Liv. 3, 58, 1:
abire in exercitum,
Plaut. Am. prol. 102.— With nuntio:
cum id Zmyrnam in contionem nuntiatum est,
Tac. A. 4, 56:
nuntiatur in castra,
Lact. Most. Pers. 46; cf.:
allatis in castra nuntiis,
Tac. H. 4, 32: in manus sumere, tradere, etc., into one's hands:
iste unumquodque vas in manus sumere,
Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 27, § 63:
Falerios se in manus Romanis tradidisse,
Liv. 5, 27, 3.—Rarely with the verbs ponere, collocare, etc. (pregn., i. e. to bring into... and place there):
in crimen populo ponere,
Plaut. Trin. 3, 3, 10:
ut liberos, uxores suaque omnia in silvas deponerent,
Caes. B. G. 4, 19:
duplam pecuniam in thesauros reponi,
Liv. 29, 19, 7:
prius me collocavi in arborem,
Plaut. Aul. 4, 8, 6:
sororem et propinquas suas nuptum in alias civitates collocasse,
Caes. B. G. 1, 18.— Motion in any direction, up to, to, into, down to:
in caelum ascendere,
Cic. Lael. 23 fin.:
filium ipse paene in umeros suos extulisset,
id. de Or. 1, 53, 228:
tamquam in aram confugitis ad deum,
up to the altar, id. Tusc. 3, 10, 25:
Saturno tenebrosa in Tartara misso,
Ov. M. 1, 113:
in flumen deicere,
Cic. Rosc. Am. 25, 70; Nep. Chab. 4, 3.—
2.
Denoting mere direction towards a place or thing, and hence sometimes joined with versus, towards:
quid nunc supina sursum in caelum conspicis,
Plaut. Cist. 2, 3, 78:
si in latus aut dextrum aut sinistrum, ut ipsi in usu est, cubat,
Cels. 2, 3:
Belgae spectant in septentriones et orientem solem,
Caes. B. G. 1, 1:
in orientem Germaniae, in occidentem Hispaniae obtenditur, Gallis in meridiem etiam inspicitur,
Tac. Agr. 10:
in laevum prona nixus sedet Inachus urna,
Stat. Th. 2, 218.—With versus:
castra ex Biturigibus movet in Arvernos versus,
towards, Caes. B. G. 7, 8 fin.:
in Galliam versus movere,
Sall. C. 56, 4: in [p. 913] ltaliam versus, Front. Strat. 1, 4, 11:
si in urbem versus venturi erant,
Plin. Ep. 10, 82. —
3.
So of that which is thought of as entering into the mind, memory, etc. (cf. I. A. 2. fin.):
in memoriam reducere,
Cic. Inv 1, 52, 98:
in animum inducere,
Liv. 27, 9:
in mentem venire,
Cic. Fam. 7, 3:
frequens imitatio transit in mores,
Quint. 1, 11, 3. —
Or into a writing or speech: in illam Metellinam orationem addidi quaedam,
Cic. Att. 1, 13, 5.—
B.
In time, into, till, for:
dormiet in lucem,
into the daylight, till broad day, Hor. Ep. 1, 18, 34:
statim e somno, quem plerumque in diem extrahunt, lavantur,
Tac. G. 22: sermonem in multam noctem produximus, deep into the night, Cic. Rep. Fragm. ap. Arus. Mess. p. 239 Lindem.:
in multam noctem luxit,
Suet. Tib. 74:
si febris in noctem augetur,
Cels. 7, 27:
dixit in noctem atque etiam nocte illatis lucernis,
Plin. Ep. 4, 9, 14:
indutias in triginta annos impetraverunt,
for thirty years, Liv. 9, 37, 12; 7, 20, 8:
nisi id verbum in omne tempus perdidissem,
forever, Cic. Fam. 5, 15, 1:
ad cenam hominem in hortos invitavit in posterum diem,
for the following day, id. Off. 3, 14, 58:
audistis auctionem constitutam in mensem Januarium,
id. Agr. 1, 2, 4:
subito reliquit annum suum seque in annum proximum transtulit,
id. Mil. 9, 24:
solis defectiones itemque lunae praedicuntur in multos annos,
for many years, id. Div. 2, 6, 17:
postero die Romani ab sole orto in multum diei stetere in acie,
Liv. 27, 2:
qui ab matutino tempore duraverunt in occasum,
Plin. 2, 31, 31, § 99:
seritur (semen lini) a Kalendis Octobribus in ortum aquilae,
Col. 2, 10, 17.—With usque:
neque illi didicerunt haec usque in senectutem,
Quint. 12, 11, 20:
in illum usque diem servati,
id. 8, 3, 68:
in serum usque patente cubiculo,
Suet. Oth. 11:
regnum trahat usque in tempora fati,
Sil. 11, 392: in posterum (posteritatem) or in futurum, in future, for the future: in praesens, for the present: in perpetuum or in aeternum, forever:
sancit in posterum, ne quis, etc.,
Cic. Cat. 4, 5, 10:
res dilata est in posterum,
id. Fam. 10, 12, 3:
video quanta tempestas invidiae nobis, si minus in praesens, at in posteritatem impendeat,
id. Cat. 1, 9, 22:
id aegre et in praesentia hi passi et in futurum etiam metum ceperunt,
Liv. 34, 27, 10; cf.:
ingenti omnium et in praesens laetitia et in futurum spe,
id. 30, 17, 1:
effugis in futurum,
Tac. H. 1, 71:
quod eum tibi quaestoris in loco constitueras, idcirco tibi amicum in perpetuum fore putasti?
Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 30; cf.:
oppidum omni periculo in perpetuum liberavit,
id. Fam. 13, 4, 2:
quae (leges) non in tempus aliquod, sed perpetuae utilitatis causa in aeternum latae sunt,
Liv. 34, 6, 4: in tempus, for a while, for a short time, for the occasion (postAug.):
sensit miles in tempus conficta,
Tac. A. 1, 37:
ne urbs sine imperio esset, in tempus deligebatur, qui jus redderet,
id. ib. 6, 11:
scaena in tempus structa,
id. ib. 14, 20. —So in diem, for the day, to meet the day's want:
nihil ex raptis in diem commeatibus superabat,
Liv. 22, 40, 8:
rapto in diem frumento,
id. 4, 10, 1;
but, cum illa fundum emisset in diem,
i. e. a fixed day of payment, Nep. Att. 9, 5: in singulos dies, or simply in dies, with comparatives and verbs denoting increase, from day to day, daily:
vitium in dies crescit,
Vell. 2, 5, 2:
in dies singulos breviores litteras ad te mitto,
Cic. Att. 5, 7:
qui senescat in dies,
Liv. 22, 39, 15: in diem, daily:
nos in diem vivimus,
Cic. Tusc. 5, 11, 33:
in diem et horam,
Hor. S. 2, 6, 47;
and in horas,
hourly, id. C. 2, 13, 14; id. S. 2, 7, 10.—
C.
In other relations, in which an aiming at, an inclining or striving towards a thing, is conceivable, on, about, respecting; towards, against; for, as; in, to; into:
id, quod apud Platonem est in philosophos dictum,
about the philosophers, Cic. Off. 1, 9, 28:
Callimachi epigramma in Ambraciotam Cleombrotum est,
id. Tusc. 1, 34, 84; cf.:
cum cenaret Simonides apud Scopam cecinissetque id car men, quod in eum scripsisset, etc.,
id. de Or. 2, 86, 352:
quo amore tandem inflammati esse debemus in ejus modi patriam,
towards, id. ib. 1, 44, 196:
in liberos nostros indulgentia,
id. ib. 2, 40, 168:
de suis meritis in rem publicam aggressus est dicere,
id. Or. 38, 133: ita ad impietatem in deos, in homines adjunxit injuriam, against, id. N. D. 3, 34 fin.:
in dominum quaeri,
to be examined as a witness against, id. Mil. 22, 60:
in eos impetum facere,
id. Att. 2, 22, 1:
invehi in Thebanos,
Nep. Epam. 6, 1; id. Tim. 5, 3:
quaecumque est hominis definitio, una in omnes valet,
id. Leg. 1, 10, 29:
num etiam in deos immortales inauspicatam legem valuisse?
Liv. 7, 6, 11:
vereor coram in os te laudare amplius,
to your face, Ter. Ad. 2, 4, 5:
si in me exerciturus (pugnos), quaeso, in parietem ut primum domes,
Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 168:
in puppim rediere rates,
Luc. 3, 545 Burm. (cf.:
sic equi dicuntur in frena redire, pulsi in terga recedere, Sulp. ad loc.): Cumis eam vidi: venerat enim in funus: cui funeri ego quoque operam dedi,
to the funeral, to take charge of the funeral, Cic. Att. 15, 1, B:
se quisque eum optabat, quem fortuna in id certamen legeret,
Liv. 21, 42, 2:
quodsi in nullius mercedem negotia eant, pauciora fore,
Tac. A. 11, 6:
haec civitas mulieri redimiculum praebeat, haec in collum, haec in crines,
Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 33:
Rhegium quondam in praesidium missa legio,
Liv. 28, 28; so,
datae in praesidium cohortes,
Tac. H. 4, 35: hoc idem significat Graecus ille in eam sententiam versus, to this effect or purport, Cic. Div. 2, 10, 25; cf. id. Fam. 9, 15, 4:
haec et in eam sententiam cum multa dixisset,
id. Att. 2, 22:
qui omnia sic exaequaverunt, ut in utramque partem ita paria redderent, uti nulla selectione uterentur,
id. Fin. 3, 4, 12:
in utramque partem disputat,
on both sides, for and against, id. Off. 3, 23, 89: te rogo, me tibi in omnes partes defendendum putes, Vatin. ap. Cic. Fam. 5, 10 fin.:
facillime et in optimam partem cognoscuntur adulescentes, qui se ad claros et sapientes viros contulerunt,
id. Off. 2, 13, 46:
cives Romani servilem in modum cruciati et necati,
in the manner of slaves, Cic. Verr. 1, 5, 13; cf.:
miserandum in modum milites populi Romani capti, necati sunt,
id. Prov. Cons. 3, 5:
senior quidam Veiens vaticinantis in modum cecinit,
Liv. 5, 15, 4;
also: domus et villae in urbium modum aedificatae,
Sall. C. 12, 3:
perinde ac si in hanc formulam omnia judicia legitima sint,
Cic. Rosc. Com. 5, 15:
judicium quin acciperet in ea ipsa verba quae Naevius edebat, non recusasse,
id. Quint. 20, 63; cf.:
senatusconsultum in haec verba factum,
Liv. 30, 43, 9:
pax data Philippo in has leges est,
id. 33, 30:
Gallia omnis divisa est in partes tres,
Caes. B. G. 1, 1; cf.:
quae quidem in confirmationem et reprehensionem dividuntur,
Cic. Part. Or. 9, 33: describebat censores binos in singulas civitates, i. e. for or over each state, id. Verr. 2, 2, 53; cf. id. ib. 2, 4, 26:
itaque Titurium Tolosae quaternos denarios in singulas vini amphoras portorii nomine exegisse,
id. Font. 5, 9:
extulit eum plebs sextantibus collatis in capita,
a head, for each person, Liv. 2, 33 fin.:
Macedonibus treceni nummi in capita statutum est pretium,
id. 32, 17, 2; cf.:
Thracia in Rhoemetalcen filium... inque liberos Cotyis dividitur (i. e. inter),
Tac. A. 2, 67.—
2.
Of the object or end in view, regarded also as the motive of action or effect:
non te in me illiberalem, sed me in se neglegentem putabit,
Cic. Fam. 13, 1, 16:
neglegentior in patrem,
Just. 32, 3, 1:
in quem omnes intenderat curas,
Curt. 3, 1, 21:
quos ardere in proelia vidi,
Verg. A. 2, 347:
in bellum ardentes,
Manil. 4, 220:
nutante in fugam exercitu,
Flor. 3, 10, 4:
in hanc tam opimam mercedem agite ( = ut eam vobis paretis, Weissenb. ad loc.),
Liv. 21, 43, 7:
certa praemia, in quorum spem pugnarent,
id. 21, 45, 4:
in id sors dejecta,
id. 21, 42, 2:
in id fide accepta,
id. 28, 17, 9:
in spem pacis solutis animis,
id. 6, 11, 5 et saep.:
ingrata misero vita ducenda est in hoc, ut, etc.,
Hor. Epod. 17, 63:
nec in hoc adhibetur, ut, etc.,
Sen. Ep. 16, 3:
alius non in hoc, ut offenderet, facit, id. de Ira, 2, 26, 3: in quod tum missi?
Just. 38, 3, 4.—So, like ad, with words expressing affections or inclination of the mind:
in obsequium plus aequo pronus,
Hor. Ep. 1, 18, 10:
paratus in res novas,
Tac. H. 4, 32:
in utrumque paratus,
Verg. A. 2, 61.—
3.
Of the result of an act or effort:
denique in familiae luctum atque in privignorum funus nupsit,
Cic. Clu. 66, 188:
paratusque miles, ut ordo agminis in aciem adsisteret,
Tac. A. 2, 16: excisum Euboicae latus ingens rupis in antrum, Verg. A. 6, 42:
portus ab Euroo fluctu curvatus in arcum,
id. ib. 3, 533:
populum in obsequia principum formavit,
Just. 3, 2, 9:
omnium partium decus in mercedem conruptum erat,
Sall. H. 1, 13 Dietsch:
commutari ex veris in falsa,
Cic. Fat. 9, 17; 9, 18:
in sollicitudinem versa fiducia est,
Curt. 3, 8, 20.—
4.
Esp. in the phrase: in gratiam or in honorem, alicujus, in kindness, to show favor, out of good feeling, to show honor, etc., to any one (first in Liv.; cf. Weissenb. ad Liv. 28, 21, 4;
Krebs, Antibarb. p. 562): in gratiam levium sociorum injuriam facere,
Liv. 39, 26, 12:
pugnaturi in gratiam ducis,
id. 28, 21, 4:
quorum in gratiam Saguntum deleverat Hannibal,
id. 28, 39, 13; cf. id. 35, 2, 6; 26, 6, 16:
oratio habita in sexus honorem,
Quint. 1, 1, 6:
convivium in honorem victoriae,
id. 11, 2, 12:
in honorem Quadratillae,
Plin. Ep. 7, 24, 7:
in honorem tuum,
Sen. Ep. 20, 7; 79, 2; 92, 1; Vell. 2, 41 al.—
5.
In the phrase, in rem esse, to be useful, to avail (cf.: e re esse;
opp.: contra rem esse): ut aequom est, quod in rem esse utrique arbitremur,
Plaut. Aul. 2, 1, 10:
si in rem est Bacchidis,
Ter. Hec. 1, 2, 27; 2, 2, 7:
hortatur, imperat, quae in rem sunt,
Liv. 26, 44, 7:
cetera, quae cognosse in rem erat,
id. 22, 3, 2; 44, 19, 3:
in rem fore credens universos adpellare,
Sall. C. 20, 1; cf.:
in duas res magnas id usui fore,
Liv. 37, 15, 7:
in hos usus,
Verg. A. 4, 647.—
6.
To form adverbial expressions:
non nominatim, qui Capuae, sed in universum qui usquam coissent, etc.,
in general, Liv. 9, 26, 8; cf.:
terra etsi aliquanto specie differt, in universum tamen aut silvis horrida aut paludibus foeda,
Tac. G. 5:
in universum aestimanti, etc.,
id. ib. 6:
aestate in totum, si fieri potest, abstinendum est (Venere),
wholly, entirely, Cels. 1, 3 fin.; cf. Col. 2, 1, 2:
in plenum dici potest, etc.,
fully, Plin. 16, 40, 79, § 217:
Marii virtutem in majus celebrare,
beyond due bounds, Sall. J. 73, 5:
aliter se corpus habere atque consuevit, neque in pejus tantum, sed etiam in melius,
for the worse, for the better, Cels. 2, 2:
in deterius,
Tac. A. 14, 43:
in mollius,
id. ib. 14, 39:
quid enim est iracundia in supervacuum tumultuante frigidius? Sen. de Ira, 2, 11: civitas saepta muris neque in barbarum corrupta (v. barbarus),
Tac. A. 6, 42; cf.:
aucto in barbarum cognomento,
id. H. 5, 2:
priusquam id sors cerneret, in incertum, ne quid gratia momenti faceret, in utramque provinciam decerni,
while the matter was uncertain, Liv. 43, 12, 2:
nec puer Iliaca quisquam de gente Latinos In tantum spe tollet avos,
so much, Verg. A. 6, 876:
in tantum suam felicitatem virtutemque enituisse,
Liv. 22, 27, 4; cf.:
quaedam (aquae) fervent in tantum, ut non possint esse usui,
Sen. Q. N. 3, 24:
viri in tantum boni, in quantum humana simplicitas intellegi potest,
Vell. 2, 43, 4:
quippe pedum digitos, in quantum quaeque secuta est, Traxit,
Ov. M. 11, 71:
meliore in omnia ingenio animoque quam fortuna usus,
in all respects, Vell. 2, 13:
ut simul in omnia paremur,
Quint. 11, 3, 25:
in antecessum dare,
beforehand, Sen. Ep. 118.—
7.
Sometimes with esse, habere, etc., in is followed by the acc. (constr. pregn.), to indicate a direction, aim, purpose, etc. (but v. Madvig. Gram. § 230, obs. 2, note, who regards these accusatives as originating in errors of pronunciation); so, esse in potestatem alicujus, to come into and remain in one ' s power: esse in mentem alicui, to come into and be in one ' s mind: esse in conspectum, to appear to and be in sight: esse in usum, to come into use, be used, etc.:
quod, qui illam partem urbis tenerent, in eorum potestatem portum futurum intellegebant,
Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 38:
ut portus in potestatem Locrensium esset,
Liv. 24, 1, 13; 2, 14, 4:
eam optimam rem publicam esse duco, quae sit in potestatem optimorum,
Cic. Leg. 3, 17:
neque enim sunt motus in nostram potestatem,
Quint. 6, 2, 29:
numero mihi in mentem fuit,
Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 25; cf.:
ecquid in mentem est tibi?
id. Bacch. 1, 2, 53:
nec prius surrexisse ac militibus in conspectum fuisse, quam, etc.,
Suet. Aug. 16:
quod satis in usum fuit, sublato, ceterum omne incensum est,
Liv. 22, 20, 6: ab hospitibus clientibusque suis, ab exteris nationibus, quae in amicitiam populi Romani dicionemque essent, injurias propulsare, Cic. Div. ap. Caecil. 20, 66: adesse in senatum [p. 914] jussit a. d. XIII. Kal. Octobr., id. Phil. 5, 7, 19.—Less freq. with habere: facito in memoriam habeas tuam majorem filiam mihi te despondisse, call or bring to mind, Plaut. Poen. 5, 4, 108:
M. Minucium magistrum equitum, ne quid rei bellicae gereret, prope in custodiam habitum,
put in prison, kept in prison, Liv. 22, 25, 6:
reliquos in custodiam habitos,
Tac. H. 1, 87.—So rarely with other verbs:
pollicetur se provinciam Galliam retenturum in senatus populique Romani potestatem,
Cic. Phil. 3, 4, 8. —
III.
In composition, n regularly becomes assimilated to a foll. l, m, or r, and is changed before the labials into m: illabor, immitto, irrumpo, imbibo, impello.—As to its meaning, according as it is connected with a verb of rest or motion, it conveys the idea of existence in a place or thing, or of motion, direction, or inclination into or to a place or thing: inesse; inhibere, inferre, impellere, etc. See Hand, Turs. III. pp. 243- 356.
2.
in (before b and p, im; before l, m, and r, the n assimilates itself to these consonants), an inseparable particle [kindred with Sanscr. a-, an-; Gr. a-, an; Goth. and Germ. un-], which negatives the meaning of the noun or participle with which it is connected; Engl. un-, in-, not: impar, unequal: intolerabilis, unbearable, intolerable: immitis, not mild, rude, etc.

Lewis & Short latin dictionary > in
15 tempestas

tempestās, ātis, f. (tempus), I) der Zeitpunkt, Zeitabschnitt, die Frist, Periode, ut mensis, ut dies, ut nox, hora, tempestas, Cic.: sol occasus suprema tempestas esto, XII tabb. fr.: eā tempestate, Plaut., Sall. u.a.: eādem tempestate, Cic.: quā tempestate, Tac.: cis (innerhalb) paucas tempestates, Plaut.: multis tempestatibus, Pacuv. fr. u. Sall.: multis post Ilium captum tempestatibus, Gell.: in paucis tempestatibus, Sall.: multis ante tempestatibus, Liv. – II) das Wetter, die Witterung, A) im allg.: bona et certa, Cic.: serena, Enn. fr.: clara, Verg.: certa, Cic.: liquida, Plaut.: liquidissima caeli, Lucr.: turbida, Plaut.: saeva, Plaut.: turbulenta, Cic.: ventosa, Colum.: atrox, foeda, Liv.: horrida, Hor.: perfrigida, Cic.: Plur., tempestates (die verschiedene Witterung) ac temporum varietates, Cic. de nat. deor. 1, 4. – B) prägn., übles, stürmisches Wetter, Sturm, 1) eig.: tempestas maritima, Eutr.: nocturna, Liv.; immoderatae tempestates, Cic.: si tempestas nocuerit, Wetter, Sturm, üble Witterung, Cic.: tempestate deici ad Baleares (v. einer Flotte), Liv.: et saevior et infestioribus locis tempestas adorta disiecit classem, Liv.: dum reliquum ternpestatis exsaeviret, Liv. – 2) bildl., der Sturm, das Ungewitter, der Ungestüm, ungestüme Andrang, telorum, Verg.: invidiae, Cic.: querelaram, Cic.: periculi, Nep.: t. popularis, Cic.: horrenda, schrecklicher Unfall, Vell.: in tempestate populi iactari et fluctibus, Cic.: tempestatem evitare, Nep.: huic tantae tempestati se offerre, Liv.: sustinere pertinaciā tantam tempestatem, Liv.: ingentem illam tempestatem Punici belli subterfugisse, Liv.: omnem illam tempestatem, cui cesserim, Caesare impulsore atque auctore esse excitatam (dicit), Cic.: haud ignari, quanta invidiae impenderet tempestas, Liv. – v. Pers., Siculorum t., v. Verres, Cic.: turbo ac t. pacis, Störer, v. Klodius, Cic.: t. macelli, v. einem Fresser, Hor.: t. comitiorum, v. Volke, Cic. – C) personif., Tempestates, die Wettergöttinnen, Wetter, Corp. inscr. Lat. 1, 32. – / Genet. Plur. tempestatium, Vitr. 9, 6 (7), 3. Sen. ad Marc. 17, 4 G. Plin. 16, 175 u. 17, 226. Corp. inscr. Lat. 8, 2609 u. 2610.

lateinisch-deutsches > tempestas
16 ratio

rătĭo, ōnis, f. [reor, ratus]    - voir l'article ratio de Gaffiot. [st1]1 [-] calcul.    - digitis rationem computare, Plaut. Mil. 204: compter sur ses doigts.    - rationem puta, Plaut. Most. 297: compte, calcule.    - ratione inita, Caes. BG. 7, 71, 4: le calcul fait, tout compte fait.    - au fig. vix ratio iniri potest... Caes. BG. 7, 24, 4 ; Liv. 29, 17, 19: c'est à peine possible de calculer (de déterminer)...    - au fig. subducta utilitatis ratione, Cic. Fin. 2, 78: en faisant le calcul de l'intérêt.    - rationem ducere, Cic. Verr. 2, 129: calculer, supputer.    - au plur. rationibus subductis, Cic. Fam. 1, 9, 10: après avoir établi mes calculs.    - au fig. periculi sui rationes, Cic. Verr. 5, 105: les calculs de ses risques. [st1]2 [-] résultat du calcul, évaluation, chiffre.    - istaec ratio maxumast, Plaut. Trin. 413: c'est là le plus gros chiffre.    - ad mensurae exiguam rationem, Cic. Verr. 3, 215: selon une faible évaluation de la mesure, selon une mesure chichement établie.    - ad nostrorum annalium rationem, Cic. Br. 49: par rapport à l'évaluation de nos annales, par rapport au chiffre de nos années d'existence historique (cf. ut populi Romani aetas est, Cic. Br. 39: par rapport à l'âge du peuple romain).    - pro ratione pecuniae, Cic. Att. 6, 35: vu l'évaluation de la somme, vu le chiffre.    - au fig. ad meam rationem, Cic. Verr. 4, 13: par rapport à moi.    - ad antiquae religionis rationem, Cic. Verr. 4, 10, par rapport aux scrupules d'autrefois. [st1]3 [-] compte (au pr. et au fig.)    - putatur ratio cum argentario... Plaut. Aul. 527: on fait le compte avec le banquier...    - ubi disputatast ratio cum argentario, Plaut. Aul. 528: quand on s'est mis d'accord sur le compte avec le banquier.    - ratio acceptorum et datorum, Cic. Lael.: les recettes et les dépenses, la balance.    - ratio accepti atque expensi, Plaut.: les recettes et les dépenses, la balance.    - bene ratio accepti atque expensi inter nos convenit, Plaut. Most. 304: nous avons des comptes de recettes et dépenses qui se balancent exactement.    - ut par sit ratio acceptorum et datorum, Cic. Lael. 59: pour que la balance soit égale entre le reçu et le donné.    - rationem et numerum habere, Cic. Verr. 5, 71: avoir le compte et le chiffre exacts.    - rationem habere + gén. ou ut + subj.: tenir compte de, se soucier de, se rendre compte de, prendre en compte.    - ejus absentis rationem habere, Caes. BC. 1: tenir compte de son absence.    - habere rationem posteritatis, Caes. BC. 1, 13: tenir compte de l'avenir.    - salutis suae rationem ducere, Cic.: tenir compte de son salut, songer à son salut.    - habebant rationem quotidie piratarum, Cic. Verr. 5, 71: ils tenaient un compte journalier des pirates, cf. Caes. BG. 6, 19, 2.    - habenda ratio est ut... Cic. Lael. 24, 89: il faut prendre soin de...    - avec sub. inter. habeo rationem quid a populo Romano acceperim, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 14 § 36: je me rends compte de ce que j'ai reçu du peuple romain.    - neque illud rationis habuisti, eam provinciam ad summam stultitiam venisse, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 15: et tu ne t'es pas rendu compte que cette fonction était tombée sur le plus fou des hommes.    - quibus in tabulis nominatim ratio confecta erat, qui numerus domo exisset, Caes. BG. 1, 29, 1: sur ces registres était consigné un compte nominatif de tous ceux qui avaient émigré, cf. Cic. Phil. 5, 16.    - rationem reddere, Plaut. Men. 206; Cic. Verr. 4. 140: rendre un compte, remettre un compte.    - quattuor minae periere, ut ratio redditur, Plaut. Men. 1, 3, 23: les quatre mines sont perdues quand on fait le compte.    - rationem referre, Cic. Verr. 1, 98: rendre un compte, remettre un compte.    - pecuniam in rationem inducere, Cic. Verr. 1, 106: porter une somme en compte.    - septem millia. Py. tantum esse oportet: recte rationem tenes, Plaut. Mil. 1, 1, 47: sept mille. Py. ça doit être tout: tu comptes bien.    - grandem (pecuniam) quemadmodum in rationem inducerent, non videbant, Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 41, 106: ils ne voyaient pas de quelle manière ils pourraient porter en compte une somme considérable.    - digitis rationem computare, Plaut. Mil.: compter sur ses doigts.    - au plur. rationes referre, Cic. Fam. 5, 20, 1; rationes conferre, Cic. Fam. 5, 20, 2 ; rationes conficere, Cic. Att. 6, 7, 2: rendre, remettre des comptes; les rapprocher, les collationner, les dresser; les arrêter d'une manière définitive.    - rationes deponere, Cic. Fam. 5, 20, 2 ; rationes relinquere, Cic. Att. 6, 7, 2: déposer ses comptes (en parl. du magistrat qui quitte sa prov.), les laisser (dans les deux principales villes de la province, Cic. Fam. 5, 20, 2).    - rationes totidem verbis referre ad aerarium, Cic. Fam. 5, 20, 2: remettre au trésor une copie textuelle de ses comptes.    - rationes societatis, Cic. Quinct. 19: les comptes d'une société.    - au fig. rationem reddere alicujus rei, Cic. Caec. 28: rendre compte de qqch.    - rationem reddere de aliqua re, Cic. Verr. 4, 141: rendre compte de qqch.    - uter igitur facilius suae sententiae rationem redderet, isne qui... an ille qui...? Cic. Clu.: qui donc rendrait plus facilement compte de son vote, celui qui... ou celui qui...?    - tibi ego rationem reddam? Plaut. Aul. 1, 1, 6: faut-il que je te rende des comptes?    - ab aliquo rationem reposcere, Caes. BG. 5, 30, 2: réclamer des comptes à qqn.    - ut habere rationem possis, quo loco me... convenias, Cic. Fam. 3, 6, 6: pour que tu puisses calculer l'endroit où me joindre...    - clarorum virorum non minus otii quam negotii rationem exstare oportere, Cic. Planc. 66: (ce mot de Caton) que les grands hommes doivent produire le compte (la justification) aussi bien de leurs loisirs que de leurs occupations.    - petitionis tuae ratio mihi semper fuit explorata, Cic. Fam. 15, 13, 1: j'ai toujours considéré le compte de ta candidature comme réglé (le succès assuré).    - non habet explicatam aut exploratam rationem salutis suae, Cic. Fam. 6, 1: l'affaire de son salut n'est pas mise au net pour lui ni assurée.    - corporis bona facilem quamdam rationem habere censebant, Cic. Fin. 4, 19: les biens du corps, selon eux, comportaient un règlement facile (question facile à résoudre). [st1]4 [-] registre, rôle.    - ratio carceris, Cic. Verr. 5, 147: le registre d'écrou.    - rationes imperii, Suet. Calig. 16.: les comptes de l'empire. [st1]5 [-] compte des opérations que l'on fait avec qqn, relations commerciales, d'intérêts; affaires, intérêts.    - magnae pecuniae rationem habere cum aliquo, Cic. Verr. 2, 187: être en compte avec qqn pour des sommes importantes.    - istos inter se non res, non ratio conjunxit, Cic. Verr. 3, 22: ces individus furent unis entre eux non point par les affaires, non point par les comptes.    - cf. Cic. Verr. 2. 172; 5, 8 ; Plaut. Amp. 4; Plaut. Ps. 626.    - de tota illa ratione atque re Gallicana, Cic. Quinct. 15: sur tout ce qui concernait ces opérations et ces propriétés de Gaule.    - omnes, quibuscum ratio huic aut est aut fuit, Cic. Quinct. 75: tous ceux avec qui il est ou a été en relations d'affaires.    - quae ratio tibi cum eo intercesserat? Cic. Com. 41: quel compte était intervenu entre lui et toi? cf. Cic. Verr. 2, 188.    - magnā ratione cum aliquo contractā, Cic. Sull. 56: un grand compte étant à régler avec qqn.    - haec ratio pecuniarum, Cic. Pomp. 19: ces comptes d'argent, ce mouvement d'argent.    - au fig. agricolae habent rationem cum terra, Cic. CM 51: les laboureurs sont en affaires avec le sol, ont affaire au sol.    - cum omnibus Musis rationem habere, Cic. Att. 2, 5, 2: nouer des relations, entrer en commerce avec toutes les Muses.    - pacis quae potest esse cum eo ratio? Cic. Phil. 4, 14: quels rapports la paix peut-elle avoir avec lui?    - publicani suas rationes et copias in illam provinciam contulerunt, Cic. Pomp. 17: les publicains ont transporté dans cette province leurs intérêts et leurs ressources.    - non est alienum meis rationibus istum... reservari, Cic. Verr. 5, 173: il n'est pas contraire à mes intérêts que cet homme soit réservé à... ; cf. Cic. Fam. 3, 10, 5. [st1]6 [-] calcul, compte, considération, égard.    - rationem alicujus rei ducere, Cic. Amer. 128: tenir compte de qqch, cf. Cic. Caecil. 16 ; Quinct. 53 ; Fam. 7, 3, 1.    - duxi meam rationem, Cic. Att. 8, 11 D, 7: j'ai tenu compte de moi, de mes intérêts, cf. Cic. Verr. 1, 126.    - valetudinis, rei familiaris habere rationem, Cic. Fin. 5, 48: tenir compte de sa santé, de son patrimoine.    - habuit victoriae rationem, habuit humanitatis, Cic. Verr. 4, 120: il tint compte de.. = il fit la part de la victoire, la part de l'humanité.    - sauciorum et aegrorum habitā ratione, Caes. BC. 3, 75, 1: en tenant compte des..., en ayant égard aux blessés et aux malades.    - hanc rationem habere, Cic. Verr. 5, 101 = hujus rei rationem: tenir compte de cela, réfléchir à cela.    - habeo rationem quid... acceperim, Cic. Verr. 5, 36: je me rends compte de la mission que j'ai reçue...    - neque illud rationis habuisti + prop. inf. Cic. Verr. 5, 38: tu n'as pas pris en considération que..., cf. Cic. Verr. 2, 70.    - habuisti rationem, ut mihi consuleres, Cic. Fam. 3, 5, 1: tu as pris en considération (de veiller à mes intérêts) le soin de mes intérêts.    - occurrebat illa ratio: quid Cleomene fiet? Cic. Verr. 5, 104: à sa pensée se présentait ce calcul (ces considérations, réflexions): quel sera le sort de Cléomène?    - similis ratio pudoris, Cic. Caec. 77: la même considération de pudeur.    - praecipere tempestatum rationem et praedonum et locorum, Cic. Mur. 4: enseigner la considération de = recommander d'avoir égard aux tempêtes, aux pirates, aux passages dangereux.    - propter rationem brevitatis, Cic. Verr. 1, 103: en considération de la brièveté.    - propter aerariam rationem, Cic. Quinct. 17: parce qu'il fallait tenir compte de la monnaie (de la différence des monnaies). [st1]7 [-] système, procédé, méthode, plan...    - tua ratio est, ut... Cic. Verr. pr. 34: ta méthode est de..., cf. Cic. de Or. 2, 292.    - inita ratio est, ut... Cic. Rep. 2, 61: on inaugura un nouveau système, à savoir...    - reperta est eadem istius ratio in praesidiis, quae in classibus, Cic. Verr. 5, 87: son système se retrouva le même en fait de garnisons qu'en fait de flottes.    - haec in philosophia ratio contra omnia disserendi, Cic. Nat. 1, 11: cette méthode philosophique d'argumenter contre tout.    - vitae meae rationes ab ineunte aetate susceptae, Cic. Pomp. 1: le plan de conduite que j'ai adopté depuis ma jeunesse.    - novae bellandi rationes, Caes. BC. 3, 50, 1: de nouvelles méthodes de guerroyer.    - magis decernendi ratio quam decertandi fortitudo, Cic. Off. 1, 80: ** la méthode qui consiste à trancher (un conflit)** = le règlement concerté plutôt que le courage placé dans un combat.    - ratio inveniendi officii, Cic. Off. 1, 107 (= inventio officii): la découverte du devoir.    - quae omnia perfacilem rationem habent reprehendendi, Cic. Col. 62: tout cela comporte une critique très facile.    - ratio rogandi, Cic. Inv. 52: le procédé de l'interrogation, l'interrogation.    - ratio disserendi, Cic. Br. 120: l'art d'argumenter, la dialectique.    - praecipiendi ratio, Cic. Q. 1, 1, 18: le ton du précepte. [st1]8 [-] évaluation d'une chose: système, manière d'être, aspect, état, disposition, régime...    - cum duplex ratio sit orationis, Cic. Off. 2, 48: comme la parole (l'éloquence) a deux formes.    - judicia, quorum ratio duplex est, Cic. Off. 2, 49: les affaires judiciaires qui ont une double modalité (l'accusation, la défense), cf. Cic. Off. 2, 52.    - explicare rationes rerum civilium, Cic. Rep. 1, 13: exposer les systèmes, les organisations, les régimes politiques.    - ratio comitiorum, Cic. Mur. 35: le régime des comices, des élections.    - propter rationem Gallici belli, Cic. Prov. 19: à cause du caractère particulier de la guerre contre les Gaulois.    - tripartita ab iis inducitur ratio bonorum, Cic. Ac. 1, 21: ils présentent trois espèces de biens.    - castrensis ratio, Cic. Col. 11: la manière des camps, la vie des camps.    - ad novos casus temporum novorum consiliorum rationes accommodare, Cic. Pomp. 60: à des conjonctures nouvelles approprier un système de mesures nouvelles.    - hoc genus inest in ratione rerum, Cic. de Or. 2, 47: ce genre est dans la nature des choses.    - rerum ratio, verborum ratio, Cic. de Or. 2, 63: l'économie des faits, des mots, disposition des faits, des mots.    - mentis ratio perfecta, Cic. Fin. 5, 40: un parfait état de l'intelligence.    - ratio atque inclinatio temporum, Cic. Verr. 5, 177: l'état des circonstances et le sens où elles inclinent.    - mei rationem officii confido esse persolutam, Cic. Verr. 5, 177, j'ai la conviction que tout ce que comporte mon devoir est accompli.    - quemadmodum esset ei ratio totius belli descripta, edocui, Cic. Cat. 2, 13: j'ai montré comment le plan de toute la guerre était arrêté pour lui.    - ratio ordoque agminis, Caes. BG. 2, 19, 1: la disposition et l'ordre de la colonne.    - rationem pontis hanc instituit, Caes. BG. 4, 17, 3: il fixa pour le pont la disposition suivante.    - instituta ratio, Cic. Or. 162: plan fixé.    - ratio judiciorum, Cic Br. 306: organisation, fonctionnement des tribunaux.    - ratio rerum civilium, Cic. Rep. 2, 52: une organisation politique.    - rationes civitatum, Cic. Rep. 2, 22: des organisations politiques.    - haec eadem est nostrae rationis regio et via, Cic. Verr. 5, 181: voilà également la direction et la voie (**de mon système, de mon plan de vie**), que ma vie se propose.    - eadem ratione, Cic. Cat. 3, 11: de la même manière.    - eadem ratione, qua pridie... Caes. BG. 5, 40, 3: de la même manière que la veille.    - longe alia ratione... atque... Caes. BG. 7, 14, 2: d'une tout autre manière que...    - omni ratione, Caes. BC. 1, 65, 5: par tous les moyens.    - nulla ratione, Caes. BC. 1, 70: par aucun moyen, cf. Caes. BC 3, 85, 2 ; Cic. Balb. 62.    - quibus rationibus, Caes. BC. 3, 83, 4: par quels moyens, cf. Caes. BC. 3, 18; 3, 58; Cic. CM 6 ; etc.    - honestis rationibus, Cic. R. Post. 38: par des moyens honorables. [st1]9 [-] évaluation de ce que comporte, de ce qu'embrasse une chose: son champ, son domaine, sa sphère, son cadre; parti (politique).    - in rationem utilitatis cadere, Cic. Off. 1, 9: rentrer dans le calcul de l'utile = se rapporter à l'utile, au domaine, au chapitre de l'utile.    - haec res non solum ex domestica est ratione, attingit etiam bellicam, Cic. Off. 1, 76: cet acte n'est pas seulement de l'ordre des faits civils, il touche aussi à l'ordre des faits guerriers.    - in dissimili ratione, Cic. Cat. 2, 9: dans une autre sphère, dans un ordre de choses différent.    - in eam rationem loqui, Cic. Verr. 1, 69, parler dans cet ordre d'idées, dans ce sens.    - epistolis tuis in eamdem rationem scriptis, Cic. Att. 1, 11, 1: tes lettres étant écrites dans le même sens.    - popularis ratio, Cic. Sest. 101: démocratie, parti démocratique, cf. Cic. Balb. 58. [st1]10 [-] faculté de calculer, de raisonner, raison, jugement, intelligence; manière de faire raisonnable, judicieuse.    - homo, quod rationis est particeps, Cic. Off. 1, 11: l'homme, parce qu'il a en partage la raison.    - recta ratio, absoluta ratio, Cic. Tusc 4, 34; 5, 39: droite raison, raison parfaite.    - minari ratio non erat, Cic Verr. pr. 24: il n'était pas raisonnable de menacer.    - nulla ratio est amittere... Cic. Caec. 15: ce n'est pas du tout raisonnable de laisser échapper...    - ratione voluptatem sequi, Cic. Fin. 1, 32: rechercher le plaisir judicieusement.    - ratione facere, Cic. Att. 12, 4, 3: agir judicieusement.    - intervallis pro rata parte ratione distinctis, Cic. Rep. 6, 18: avec des intervalles calculés suivant des proportions judicieuses.    - declinatio, cum ratione fiet... Cic. Tusc. 4, 13: quand on se détournera du mal par des moyens raisonnables... [st1]11 [-] explication qui rend compte d'une chose, explication, raison.    - causa et ratio efficiens magnos viros, Cic. Off. 1, 67: la cause et la raison qui produisent les grandes âmes.    - quorum omnium causas si a Chrysippo quaeram, numquam illa dicet facta fortuito naturalemque rationem omnium reddet, Cic. Div. 2, 61: si je demande à Chrysippe la cause de tous ces phénomènes, jamais il ne dira qu'ils sont l'effet du hasard, il donnera de tous une explication naturelle.    - quorum omnium una ratio est, Cic. Div. 2, 60: pour tous ces phénomènes, il n'y a qu'une seule explication.    - tempestates saepe improviso nulla ex certa ratione, obscura aliqua ex causa concitantur, Cic. Mur 36: les tempêtes souvent s'élèvent à l'improviste sans que rien de précis les explique, par on ne sait quelle cause obscure.    - facti si non bonam, at aliquam rationem adferre, Cic. Verr. 3, 195: donner d'une action une raison sinon bonne du moins existante.    - mei consilii causa ratioque, Cic. Caecil. 1: la cause et la raison de ma détermination. [st1]12 [-] raison, considération, raisonnement; argumentation; ce qui est fondé sur la raison.    - aliquid confirmare argumentis ac rationibus, Cic. de Or. 2, 80: prouver qqch par des arguments et des raisonnements, cf. Cic. Or. 44.    - rationibus conquisitis, Cic. Fin. 1, 31: avec des considérations bien choisies, cf. Cic. Tusc. 1, 116, Rep. 1, 4, etc.    - bonae tuae istae rationes, Ter. Ad. 836: ces belles considérations que tu débites.    - causae ratio, Cic. Inv. 1, 18: le raisonnement sur lequel repose une cause.    - nihil rationis adfers, quamobrem adimi civitas possit, Cic. Caec. 96: tu n'apportes aucune raison qui justifie qu'on puisse enlever le droit de cité, cf. Cic. Verr. 2, 115.    - rationem concludere, Cic. Nat. 2, 22: conclure un raisonnement, cf. Cic. Nat. 3, 23; Div. 2, 25; etc.    - necessaria mathematicorum ratione concludere, Cic. Fin. 5, 9: arriver à des conclusions par la rigueur d'un raisonnement mathématique.    - quae ratione docentur et via, Cic. Or. 116, ce que l'on enseigne d'une façon rationnelle et méthodique, cf. Cic. Or. 10; Fin 1, 29.    - ratione et numero moveri, Cic. Nat. 2, 43: avoir des mouvements rationnels et rythmés. [st1]13 [-] théorie, principes théoriques, doctrine, système scientifique, art.    - sine ulla arte aut ratione, quae sint in artibus ac rationibus recta ac prava, dijudicant, Cic. de Or. 3, 195: sans posséder aucune science particulière, aucune connaissance théorique, ils savent discerner dans les réalisations des sciences et des théories ce qui est bien et mal.    - de ratione Latine loquendi scripsit, Cic. Br. 253: il écrivit sur la théorie du pur langage latin.    - rei militaris ratio et ordo, Caes. BG. 2, 22, 1: les règles théoriques et le dispositif que fixe l'art militaire, cf. Caes. BG 4, 23, 5.    - ratio atque usus belli, Caes. BG. 4, 1, 6: la théorie et la pratique de la guerre, cf. Cic. de Or. 3, 80.    - Epicuri ratio, Cic. Fin. 1, 13: la théorie d'Epicure.    - Cynicorum ratio, Cic. Off. 1, 148: la doctrine des Cyniques.    - (si est in me) hujus rei ratio aliqua, Cic. Arch. 1: si j'ai en la matière quelques connaissances théoriques.    - mea sic est ratio, Ter. Ad. 60: voici ma théorie, ma doctrine, cf. Cic. Fin. 5, 12; Tusc. 5, 108, etc.    - oratio quidem ipsa propria est hujus unius rationis, de qua quaerimus, Cic. de Or, 1, 49: en tout cas le style lui-même appartient uniquement à cet art sur lequel porte notre enquête.    - ratio dicendi: (souvent) art oratoire, cf. Cic. de Or. 1, 4 ; 1, 12, etc.
* * *
rătĭo, ōnis, f. [reor, ratus]    - voir l'article ratio de Gaffiot. [st1]1 [-] calcul.    - digitis rationem computare, Plaut. Mil. 204: compter sur ses doigts.    - rationem puta, Plaut. Most. 297: compte, calcule.    - ratione inita, Caes. BG. 7, 71, 4: le calcul fait, tout compte fait.    - au fig. vix ratio iniri potest... Caes. BG. 7, 24, 4 ; Liv. 29, 17, 19: c'est à peine possible de calculer (de déterminer)...    - au fig. subducta utilitatis ratione, Cic. Fin. 2, 78: en faisant le calcul de l'intérêt.    - rationem ducere, Cic. Verr. 2, 129: calculer, supputer.    - au plur. rationibus subductis, Cic. Fam. 1, 9, 10: après avoir établi mes calculs.    - au fig. periculi sui rationes, Cic. Verr. 5, 105: les calculs de ses risques. [st1]2 [-] résultat du calcul, évaluation, chiffre.    - istaec ratio maxumast, Plaut. Trin. 413: c'est là le plus gros chiffre.    - ad mensurae exiguam rationem, Cic. Verr. 3, 215: selon une faible évaluation de la mesure, selon une mesure chichement établie.    - ad nostrorum annalium rationem, Cic. Br. 49: par rapport à l'évaluation de nos annales, par rapport au chiffre de nos années d'existence historique (cf. ut populi Romani aetas est, Cic. Br. 39: par rapport à l'âge du peuple romain).    - pro ratione pecuniae, Cic. Att. 6, 35: vu l'évaluation de la somme, vu le chiffre.    - au fig. ad meam rationem, Cic. Verr. 4, 13: par rapport à moi.    - ad antiquae religionis rationem, Cic. Verr. 4, 10, par rapport aux scrupules d'autrefois. [st1]3 [-] compte (au pr. et au fig.)    - putatur ratio cum argentario... Plaut. Aul. 527: on fait le compte avec le banquier...    - ubi disputatast ratio cum argentario, Plaut. Aul. 528: quand on s'est mis d'accord sur le compte avec le banquier.    - ratio acceptorum et datorum, Cic. Lael.: les recettes et les dépenses, la balance.    - ratio accepti atque expensi, Plaut.: les recettes et les dépenses, la balance.    - bene ratio accepti atque expensi inter nos convenit, Plaut. Most. 304: nous avons des comptes de recettes et dépenses qui se balancent exactement.    - ut par sit ratio acceptorum et datorum, Cic. Lael. 59: pour que la balance soit égale entre le reçu et le donné.    - rationem et numerum habere, Cic. Verr. 5, 71: avoir le compte et le chiffre exacts.    - rationem habere + gén. ou ut + subj.: tenir compte de, se soucier de, se rendre compte de, prendre en compte.    - ejus absentis rationem habere, Caes. BC. 1: tenir compte de son absence.    - habere rationem posteritatis, Caes. BC. 1, 13: tenir compte de l'avenir.    - salutis suae rationem ducere, Cic.: tenir compte de son salut, songer à son salut.    - habebant rationem quotidie piratarum, Cic. Verr. 5, 71: ils tenaient un compte journalier des pirates, cf. Caes. BG. 6, 19, 2.    - habenda ratio est ut... Cic. Lael. 24, 89: il faut prendre soin de...    - avec sub. inter. habeo rationem quid a populo Romano acceperim, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 14 § 36: je me rends compte de ce que j'ai reçu du peuple romain.    - neque illud rationis habuisti, eam provinciam ad summam stultitiam venisse, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 15: et tu ne t'es pas rendu compte que cette fonction était tombée sur le plus fou des hommes.    - quibus in tabulis nominatim ratio confecta erat, qui numerus domo exisset, Caes. BG. 1, 29, 1: sur ces registres était consigné un compte nominatif de tous ceux qui avaient émigré, cf. Cic. Phil. 5, 16.    - rationem reddere, Plaut. Men. 206; Cic. Verr. 4. 140: rendre un compte, remettre un compte.    - quattuor minae periere, ut ratio redditur, Plaut. Men. 1, 3, 23: les quatre mines sont perdues quand on fait le compte.    - rationem referre, Cic. Verr. 1, 98: rendre un compte, remettre un compte.    - pecuniam in rationem inducere, Cic. Verr. 1, 106: porter une somme en compte.    - septem millia. Py. tantum esse oportet: recte rationem tenes, Plaut. Mil. 1, 1, 47: sept mille. Py. ça doit être tout: tu comptes bien.    - grandem (pecuniam) quemadmodum in rationem inducerent, non videbant, Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 41, 106: ils ne voyaient pas de quelle manière ils pourraient porter en compte une somme considérable.    - digitis rationem computare, Plaut. Mil.: compter sur ses doigts.    - au plur. rationes referre, Cic. Fam. 5, 20, 1; rationes conferre, Cic. Fam. 5, 20, 2 ; rationes conficere, Cic. Att. 6, 7, 2: rendre, remettre des comptes; les rapprocher, les collationner, les dresser; les arrêter d'une manière définitive.    - rationes deponere, Cic. Fam. 5, 20, 2 ; rationes relinquere, Cic. Att. 6, 7, 2: déposer ses comptes (en parl. du magistrat qui quitte sa prov.), les laisser (dans les deux principales villes de la province, Cic. Fam. 5, 20, 2).    - rationes totidem verbis referre ad aerarium, Cic. Fam. 5, 20, 2: remettre au trésor une copie textuelle de ses comptes.    - rationes societatis, Cic. Quinct. 19: les comptes d'une société.    - au fig. rationem reddere alicujus rei, Cic. Caec. 28: rendre compte de qqch.    - rationem reddere de aliqua re, Cic. Verr. 4, 141: rendre compte de qqch.    - uter igitur facilius suae sententiae rationem redderet, isne qui... an ille qui...? Cic. Clu.: qui donc rendrait plus facilement compte de son vote, celui qui... ou celui qui...?    - tibi ego rationem reddam? Plaut. Aul. 1, 1, 6: faut-il que je te rende des comptes?    - ab aliquo rationem reposcere, Caes. BG. 5, 30, 2: réclamer des comptes à qqn.    - ut habere rationem possis, quo loco me... convenias, Cic. Fam. 3, 6, 6: pour que tu puisses calculer l'endroit où me joindre...    - clarorum virorum non minus otii quam negotii rationem exstare oportere, Cic. Planc. 66: (ce mot de Caton) que les grands hommes doivent produire le compte (la justification) aussi bien de leurs loisirs que de leurs occupations.    - petitionis tuae ratio mihi semper fuit explorata, Cic. Fam. 15, 13, 1: j'ai toujours considéré le compte de ta candidature comme réglé (le succès assuré).    - non habet explicatam aut exploratam rationem salutis suae, Cic. Fam. 6, 1: l'affaire de son salut n'est pas mise au net pour lui ni assurée.    - corporis bona facilem quamdam rationem habere censebant, Cic. Fin. 4, 19: les biens du corps, selon eux, comportaient un règlement facile (question facile à résoudre). [st1]4 [-] registre, rôle.    - ratio carceris, Cic. Verr. 5, 147: le registre d'écrou.    - rationes imperii, Suet. Calig. 16.: les comptes de l'empire. [st1]5 [-] compte des opérations que l'on fait avec qqn, relations commerciales, d'intérêts; affaires, intérêts.    - magnae pecuniae rationem habere cum aliquo, Cic. Verr. 2, 187: être en compte avec qqn pour des sommes importantes.    - istos inter se non res, non ratio conjunxit, Cic. Verr. 3, 22: ces individus furent unis entre eux non point par les affaires, non point par les comptes.    - cf. Cic. Verr. 2. 172; 5, 8 ; Plaut. Amp. 4; Plaut. Ps. 626.    - de tota illa ratione atque re Gallicana, Cic. Quinct. 15: sur tout ce qui concernait ces opérations et ces propriétés de Gaule.    - omnes, quibuscum ratio huic aut est aut fuit, Cic. Quinct. 75: tous ceux avec qui il est ou a été en relations d'affaires.    - quae ratio tibi cum eo intercesserat? Cic. Com. 41: quel compte était intervenu entre lui et toi? cf. Cic. Verr. 2, 188.    - magnā ratione cum aliquo contractā, Cic. Sull. 56: un grand compte étant à régler avec qqn.    - haec ratio pecuniarum, Cic. Pomp. 19: ces comptes d'argent, ce mouvement d'argent.    - au fig. agricolae habent rationem cum terra, Cic. CM 51: les laboureurs sont en affaires avec le sol, ont affaire au sol.    - cum omnibus Musis rationem habere, Cic. Att. 2, 5, 2: nouer des relations, entrer en commerce avec toutes les Muses.    - pacis quae potest esse cum eo ratio? Cic. Phil. 4, 14: quels rapports la paix peut-elle avoir avec lui?    - publicani suas rationes et copias in illam provinciam contulerunt, Cic. Pomp. 17: les publicains ont transporté dans cette province leurs intérêts et leurs ressources.    - non est alienum meis rationibus istum... reservari, Cic. Verr. 5, 173: il n'est pas contraire à mes intérêts que cet homme soit réservé à... ; cf. Cic. Fam. 3, 10, 5. [st1]6 [-] calcul, compte, considération, égard.    - rationem alicujus rei ducere, Cic. Amer. 128: tenir compte de qqch, cf. Cic. Caecil. 16 ; Quinct. 53 ; Fam. 7, 3, 1.    - duxi meam rationem, Cic. Att. 8, 11 D, 7: j'ai tenu compte de moi, de mes intérêts, cf. Cic. Verr. 1, 126.    - valetudinis, rei familiaris habere rationem, Cic. Fin. 5, 48: tenir compte de sa santé, de son patrimoine.    - habuit victoriae rationem, habuit humanitatis, Cic. Verr. 4, 120: il tint compte de.. = il fit la part de la victoire, la part de l'humanité.    - sauciorum et aegrorum habitā ratione, Caes. BC. 3, 75, 1: en tenant compte des..., en ayant égard aux blessés et aux malades.    - hanc rationem habere, Cic. Verr. 5, 101 = hujus rei rationem: tenir compte de cela, réfléchir à cela.    - habeo rationem quid... acceperim, Cic. Verr. 5, 36: je me rends compte de la mission que j'ai reçue...    - neque illud rationis habuisti + prop. inf. Cic. Verr. 5, 38: tu n'as pas pris en considération que..., cf. Cic. Verr. 2, 70.    - habuisti rationem, ut mihi consuleres, Cic. Fam. 3, 5, 1: tu as pris en considération (de veiller à mes intérêts) le soin de mes intérêts.    - occurrebat illa ratio: quid Cleomene fiet? Cic. Verr. 5, 104: à sa pensée se présentait ce calcul (ces considérations, réflexions): quel sera le sort de Cléomène?    - similis ratio pudoris, Cic. Caec. 77: la même considération de pudeur.    - praecipere tempestatum rationem et praedonum et locorum, Cic. Mur. 4: enseigner la considération de = recommander d'avoir égard aux tempêtes, aux pirates, aux passages dangereux.    - propter rationem brevitatis, Cic. Verr. 1, 103: en considération de la brièveté.    - propter aerariam rationem, Cic. Quinct. 17: parce qu'il fallait tenir compte de la monnaie (de la différence des monnaies). [st1]7 [-] système, procédé, méthode, plan...    - tua ratio est, ut... Cic. Verr. pr. 34: ta méthode est de..., cf. Cic. de Or. 2, 292.    - inita ratio est, ut... Cic. Rep. 2, 61: on inaugura un nouveau système, à savoir...    - reperta est eadem istius ratio in praesidiis, quae in classibus, Cic. Verr. 5, 87: son système se retrouva le même en fait de garnisons qu'en fait de flottes.    - haec in philosophia ratio contra omnia disserendi, Cic. Nat. 1, 11: cette méthode philosophique d'argumenter contre tout.    - vitae meae rationes ab ineunte aetate susceptae, Cic. Pomp. 1: le plan de conduite que j'ai adopté depuis ma jeunesse.    - novae bellandi rationes, Caes. BC. 3, 50, 1: de nouvelles méthodes de guerroyer.    - magis decernendi ratio quam decertandi fortitudo, Cic. Off. 1, 80: ** la méthode qui consiste à trancher (un conflit)** = le règlement concerté plutôt que le courage placé dans un combat.    - ratio inveniendi officii, Cic. Off. 1, 107 (= inventio officii): la découverte du devoir.    - quae omnia perfacilem rationem habent reprehendendi, Cic. Col. 62: tout cela comporte une critique très facile.    - ratio rogandi, Cic. Inv. 52: le procédé de l'interrogation, l'interrogation.    - ratio disserendi, Cic. Br. 120: l'art d'argumenter, la dialectique.    - praecipiendi ratio, Cic. Q. 1, 1, 18: le ton du précepte. [st1]8 [-] évaluation d'une chose: système, manière d'être, aspect, état, disposition, régime...    - cum duplex ratio sit orationis, Cic. Off. 2, 48: comme la parole (l'éloquence) a deux formes.    - judicia, quorum ratio duplex est, Cic. Off. 2, 49: les affaires judiciaires qui ont une double modalité (l'accusation, la défense), cf. Cic. Off. 2, 52.    - explicare rationes rerum civilium, Cic. Rep. 1, 13: exposer les systèmes, les organisations, les régimes politiques.    - ratio comitiorum, Cic. Mur. 35: le régime des comices, des élections.    - propter rationem Gallici belli, Cic. Prov. 19: à cause du caractère particulier de la guerre contre les Gaulois.    - tripartita ab iis inducitur ratio bonorum, Cic. Ac. 1, 21: ils présentent trois espèces de biens.    - castrensis ratio, Cic. Col. 11: la manière des camps, la vie des camps.    - ad novos casus temporum novorum consiliorum rationes accommodare, Cic. Pomp. 60: à des conjonctures nouvelles approprier un système de mesures nouvelles.    - hoc genus inest in ratione rerum, Cic. de Or. 2, 47: ce genre est dans la nature des choses.    - rerum ratio, verborum ratio, Cic. de Or. 2, 63: l'économie des faits, des mots, disposition des faits, des mots.    - mentis ratio perfecta, Cic. Fin. 5, 40: un parfait état de l'intelligence.    - ratio atque inclinatio temporum, Cic. Verr. 5, 177: l'état des circonstances et le sens où elles inclinent.    - mei rationem officii confido esse persolutam, Cic. Verr. 5, 177, j'ai la conviction que tout ce que comporte mon devoir est accompli.    - quemadmodum esset ei ratio totius belli descripta, edocui, Cic. Cat. 2, 13: j'ai montré comment le plan de toute la guerre était arrêté pour lui.    - ratio ordoque agminis, Caes. BG. 2, 19, 1: la disposition et l'ordre de la colonne.    - rationem pontis hanc instituit, Caes. BG. 4, 17, 3: il fixa pour le pont la disposition suivante.    - instituta ratio, Cic. Or. 162: plan fixé.    - ratio judiciorum, Cic Br. 306: organisation, fonctionnement des tribunaux.    - ratio rerum civilium, Cic. Rep. 2, 52: une organisation politique.    - rationes civitatum, Cic. Rep. 2, 22: des organisations politiques.    - haec eadem est nostrae rationis regio et via, Cic. Verr. 5, 181: voilà également la direction et la voie (**de mon système, de mon plan de vie**), que ma vie se propose.    - eadem ratione, Cic. Cat. 3, 11: de la même manière.    - eadem ratione, qua pridie... Caes. BG. 5, 40, 3: de la même manière que la veille.    - longe alia ratione... atque... Caes. BG. 7, 14, 2: d'une tout autre manière que...    - omni ratione, Caes. BC. 1, 65, 5: par tous les moyens.    - nulla ratione, Caes. BC. 1, 70: par aucun moyen, cf. Caes. BC 3, 85, 2 ; Cic. Balb. 62.    - quibus rationibus, Caes. BC. 3, 83, 4: par quels moyens, cf. Caes. BC. 3, 18; 3, 58; Cic. CM 6 ; etc.    - honestis rationibus, Cic. R. Post. 38: par des moyens honorables. [st1]9 [-] évaluation de ce que comporte, de ce qu'embrasse une chose: son champ, son domaine, sa sphère, son cadre; parti (politique).    - in rationem utilitatis cadere, Cic. Off. 1, 9: rentrer dans le calcul de l'utile = se rapporter à l'utile, au domaine, au chapitre de l'utile.    - haec res non solum ex domestica est ratione, attingit etiam bellicam, Cic. Off. 1, 76: cet acte n'est pas seulement de l'ordre des faits civils, il touche aussi à l'ordre des faits guerriers.    - in dissimili ratione, Cic. Cat. 2, 9: dans une autre sphère, dans un ordre de choses différent.    - in eam rationem loqui, Cic. Verr. 1, 69, parler dans cet ordre d'idées, dans ce sens.    - epistolis tuis in eamdem rationem scriptis, Cic. Att. 1, 11, 1: tes lettres étant écrites dans le même sens.    - popularis ratio, Cic. Sest. 101: démocratie, parti démocratique, cf. Cic. Balb. 58. [st1]10 [-] faculté de calculer, de raisonner, raison, jugement, intelligence; manière de faire raisonnable, judicieuse.    - homo, quod rationis est particeps, Cic. Off. 1, 11: l'homme, parce qu'il a en partage la raison.    - recta ratio, absoluta ratio, Cic. Tusc 4, 34; 5, 39: droite raison, raison parfaite.    - minari ratio non erat, Cic Verr. pr. 24: il n'était pas raisonnable de menacer.    - nulla ratio est amittere... Cic. Caec. 15: ce n'est pas du tout raisonnable de laisser échapper...    - ratione voluptatem sequi, Cic. Fin. 1, 32: rechercher le plaisir judicieusement.    - ratione facere, Cic. Att. 12, 4, 3: agir judicieusement.    - intervallis pro rata parte ratione distinctis, Cic. Rep. 6, 18: avec des intervalles calculés suivant des proportions judicieuses.    - declinatio, cum ratione fiet... Cic. Tusc. 4, 13: quand on se détournera du mal par des moyens raisonnables... [st1]11 [-] explication qui rend compte d'une chose, explication, raison.    - causa et ratio efficiens magnos viros, Cic. Off. 1, 67: la cause et la raison qui produisent les grandes âmes.    - quorum omnium causas si a Chrysippo quaeram, numquam illa dicet facta fortuito naturalemque rationem omnium reddet, Cic. Div. 2, 61: si je demande à Chrysippe la cause de tous ces phénomènes, jamais il ne dira qu'ils sont l'effet du hasard, il donnera de tous une explication naturelle.    - quorum omnium una ratio est, Cic. Div. 2, 60: pour tous ces phénomènes, il n'y a qu'une seule explication.    - tempestates saepe improviso nulla ex certa ratione, obscura aliqua ex causa concitantur, Cic. Mur 36: les tempêtes souvent s'élèvent à l'improviste sans que rien de précis les explique, par on ne sait quelle cause obscure.    - facti si non bonam, at aliquam rationem adferre, Cic. Verr. 3, 195: donner d'une action une raison sinon bonne du moins existante.    - mei consilii causa ratioque, Cic. Caecil. 1: la cause et la raison de ma détermination. [st1]12 [-] raison, considération, raisonnement; argumentation; ce qui est fondé sur la raison.    - aliquid confirmare argumentis ac rationibus, Cic. de Or. 2, 80: prouver qqch par des arguments et des raisonnements, cf. Cic. Or. 44.    - rationibus conquisitis, Cic. Fin. 1, 31: avec des considérations bien choisies, cf. Cic. Tusc. 1, 116, Rep. 1, 4, etc.    - bonae tuae istae rationes, Ter. Ad. 836: ces belles considérations que tu débites.    - causae ratio, Cic. Inv. 1, 18: le raisonnement sur lequel repose une cause.    - nihil rationis adfers, quamobrem adimi civitas possit, Cic. Caec. 96: tu n'apportes aucune raison qui justifie qu'on puisse enlever le droit de cité, cf. Cic. Verr. 2, 115.    - rationem concludere, Cic. Nat. 2, 22: conclure un raisonnement, cf. Cic. Nat. 3, 23; Div. 2, 25; etc.    - necessaria mathematicorum ratione concludere, Cic. Fin. 5, 9: arriver à des conclusions par la rigueur d'un raisonnement mathématique.    - quae ratione docentur et via, Cic. Or. 116, ce que l'on enseigne d'une façon rationnelle et méthodique, cf. Cic. Or. 10; Fin 1, 29.    - ratione et numero moveri, Cic. Nat. 2, 43: avoir des mouvements rationnels et rythmés. [st1]13 [-] théorie, principes théoriques, doctrine, système scientifique, art.    - sine ulla arte aut ratione, quae sint in artibus ac rationibus recta ac prava, dijudicant, Cic. de Or. 3, 195: sans posséder aucune science particulière, aucune connaissance théorique, ils savent discerner dans les réalisations des sciences et des théories ce qui est bien et mal.    - de ratione Latine loquendi scripsit, Cic. Br. 253: il écrivit sur la théorie du pur langage latin.    - rei militaris ratio et ordo, Caes. BG. 2, 22, 1: les règles théoriques et le dispositif que fixe l'art militaire, cf. Caes. BG 4, 23, 5.    - ratio atque usus belli, Caes. BG. 4, 1, 6: la théorie et la pratique de la guerre, cf. Cic. de Or. 3, 80.    - Epicuri ratio, Cic. Fin. 1, 13: la théorie d'Epicure.    - Cynicorum ratio, Cic. Off. 1, 148: la doctrine des Cyniques.    - (si est in me) hujus rei ratio aliqua, Cic. Arch. 1: si j'ai en la matière quelques connaissances théoriques.    - mea sic est ratio, Ter. Ad. 60: voici ma théorie, ma doctrine, cf. Cic. Fin. 5, 12; Tusc. 5, 108, etc.    - oratio quidem ipsa propria est hujus unius rationis, de qua quaerimus, Cic. de Or, 1, 49: en tout cas le style lui-même appartient uniquement à cet art sur lequel porte notre enquête.    - ratio dicendi: (souvent) art oratoire, cf. Cic. de Or. 1, 4 ; 1, 12, etc.
* * *

    Ratio, rationis, f. g. A supino Ratum. Cic. Raison.

\

    Homines rationis egentes. Ouid. Desraisonnables.

\

    Habenda est ratio rei familiaris. Cic. Il fault avoir esgard aux affaires domestiques, ou prendre garde.

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    Morum quidem in his haud dubie prior ratio est. Quintil. C'est le premier et principal esgard qu'il fault avoir.

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    Rationem commodi ducere. Cic. Avoir esgard à son prouffit.

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    Neque illud rationis habuisti, si forte expergefacere te posses. Cic. Tu n'as pas eu cest advisement.

\

    Rationem habere cum aliquo. Cic. Avoir à faire avec luy.

\

    Habent rationem cum terra. Cic. Ils labourent la terre, Ils ont à faire avec la terre.

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    Cum omnibus Musis rationem habere cogito. Cic. Je me delibere de me mettre du tout à l'estude.

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    Propter rationem belli quinque dies moratus. Cic. A cause de la guerre.

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    Quantum belli ratio postulabat. Caesar. L'estat.

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    Minari diuisoribus ratio non erat. Cic. Il n'y avoit point de cause, ne de raison.

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    Tenuissimo solo vitiarium facere minime rationis est. Colum. Il n'y a point de raison.

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    Operta ratio. Ouid. Obscure et difficile.

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    Rationem ostendam, qua tanta ista fugiatis. Sallustius. Le moyen, La maniere.

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    Negat se alia ratione facturum. Cic. Autrement.

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    Multis rationibus prouisum. Cic. En beaucoup de manieres.

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    Ad nostrorum temporum rationem vetus. Cic. A la comparaison.

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    A quo mea longissime ratio, voluntasque abhorrebat. Cic. Ma fantasie, conseil et advis, Entreprinse.

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    Tua ratio est vt secundum binos ludos mihi respondere incipias. Cic. Ta deliberation et entreprinse est que, etc.

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    Mea est sic ratio, et sic animum induco meum. Terent. J'ay ceste fantasie, et suis de cest advis que, etc. Je fay mon compte que, etc.

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    Vestram nequeo mirari satis rationem. Terentius. Je ne me scauroye assez esbahir de vostre maniere de faire.

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    Augere rem bonis et honestis rationibus. Cic. Augmenter ses biens par bons et honnestes moyens.

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    Dicere rationem. Plautus. Dire pourquoy, ou la raison.

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    Dicere bona ratione. Plaut. A la bonne foy.

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    Vt rationem te dictare intelligo. Plaut. A ton compte.

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    Ad rationem antiquae religionis exquirere facta alicuius. Cic. Selon la reigle.

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    Facere ratione. Cic. Faire quelque chose pour cause.

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    Mala ratione facere rem. Horat. S'enrichir par mauvais moyens et illicites.

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    Improba nauigii ratio tum caeca iacebat. Lucret. On ignoroit, et ne tenoit on compte de la maniere de naviger, On ne scavoit encore que c'estoit.

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    Inire rationem. Terent. Trouver moyen.

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    Ratione aliquid inire. Terent. Penser à quelque chose, et y regarder devant que de la commencer.

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    Ratione bene subducta esse ad vitam. Terentius, Nunquam ita quisquam bene subducta ratione ad vitam fuit, Quin, etc. Jamais personne n'advisa si bien à sa vie, Jamais personne ne fut si advisé, que, etc.

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    Ratio, Compte qu'on fait de quelque chose que ce soit.

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    Supputatur ratio cum argentario. Plautus. On fait compte avec, etc.

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    Eratosthenis ratione. Plin. Selon que compte Eratosthenes.

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    Is calculus quem posuimus, Graecini rationem continet. Colum. Ce compte que nous venons de faire est celuy de Grecin.

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    Imposito calculo perfecti operis rationem computant. Colum. Ils jectent et comptent combien a cousté l'edifice à faire.

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    Conficere rationem. Cic. Faire registres de ce qui a esté faict.

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    Habeo rationem quid a Pop. Romano acceperim. Cic. J'ay esgard, etc.

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    Inferre rationibus. Sueton. Mettre, coucher, ou escrire parmi ses comptes.

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    Rationem cum Orco ponere. Varro. Se deliberer de mourir.

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    Putare rationes cum aliquo. Cic. Rendre ou ouir un compte, Compter avec aucun.

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    Putare rationem vinariam, frumentariam, argentariam, etc. Cato. Ouir le compte du vin, etc.

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    Rationes ad aerarium et Quaestores et Imperatores exercituum ex prouinciis decedentes referre dicebantur. Cic. Rendre leurs comptes.

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    Rationem vitae et magistratus gesti reposcere. Cic. Demander compte de son administration.

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    Rationibus referre. Tranquillus. En tenir compte et faire recepte.

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    Rationes Galliae procurare. Plin. Gouverner la France et l'administrer.

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    Pro ratione fructuum. Cato. Selon la quantité des fruicts.

Dictionarium latinogallicum > ratio
17 tempestas

tempestās, ātis, f. (tempus), I) der Zeitpunkt, Zeitabschnitt, die Frist, Periode, ut mensis, ut dies, ut nox, hora, tempestas, Cic.: sol occasus suprema tempestas esto, XII tabb. fr.: eā tempestate, Plaut., Sall. u.a.: eādem tempestate, Cic.: quā tempestate, Tac.: cis (innerhalb) paucas tempestates, Plaut.: multis tempestatibus, Pacuv. fr. u. Sall.: multis post Ilium captum tempestatibus, Gell.: in paucis tempestatibus, Sall.: multis ante tempestatibus, Liv. – II) das Wetter, die Witterung, A) im allg.: bona et certa, Cic.: serena, Enn. fr.: clara, Verg.: certa, Cic.: liquida, Plaut.: liquidissima caeli, Lucr.: turbida, Plaut.: saeva, Plaut.: turbulenta, Cic.: ventosa, Colum.: atrox, foeda, Liv.: horrida, Hor.: perfrigida, Cic.: Plur., tempestates (die verschiedene Witterung) ac temporum varietates, Cic. de nat. deor. 1, 4. – B) prägn., übles, stürmisches Wetter, Sturm, 1) eig.: tempestas maritima, Eutr.: nocturna, Liv.; immoderatae tempestates, Cic.: si tempestas nocuerit, Wetter, Sturm, üble Witterung, Cic.: tempestate deici ad Baleares (v. einer Flotte), Liv.: et saevior et infestioribus locis tempestas adorta disiecit classem, Liv.: dum reliquum ternpestatis exsaeviret, Liv. – 2) bildl., der Sturm, das Ungewitter, der Ungestüm, ungestüme Andrang, telorum, Verg.: invidiae, Cic.: querelaram, Cic.: periculi, Nep.: t. popularis, Cic.: horrenda,

————

schrecklicher Unfall, Vell.: in tempestate populi iactari et fluctibus, Cic.: tempestatem evitare, Nep.: huic tantae tempestati se offerre, Liv.: sustinere pertinaciā tantam tempestatem, Liv.: ingentem illam tempestatem Punici belli subterfugisse, Liv.: omnem illam tempestatem, cui cesserim, Caesare impulsore atque auctore esse excitatam (dicit), Cic.: haud ignari, quanta invidiae impenderet tempestas, Liv. – v. Pers., Siculorum t., v. Verres, Cic.: turbo ac t. pacis, Störer, v. Klodius, Cic.: t. macelli, v. einem Fresser, Hor.: t. comitiorum, v. Volke, Cic. – C) personif., Tempestates, die Wettergöttinnen, Wetter, Corp. inscr. Lat. 1, 32. – ⇒ Genet. Plur. tempestatium, Vitr. 9, 6 (7), 3. Sen. ad Marc. 17, 4 G. Plin. 16, 175 u. 17, 226. Corp. inscr. Lat. 8, 2609 u. 2610.

Ausführliches Lateinisch-deutsches Handwörterbuch > tempestas
18 tempora

tempus, ŏris ( abl. temp. tempori or temperi; v. infra), n. [etym. dub.; perh. root tem-; Gr. temnô; prop. a section; hence, in partic., of time].
I.
Lit., a portion or period of time, a time:
tempus diei,
daytime, Ter. Heaut. 1, 2, 38; 1, 1, 116:
extremum diei,
Cic. de Or. 1, 7, 26; cf.:
matutina tempora,
morning hours, id. Fam. 7, 1, 1:
anni tempora,
the seasons, Lucr. 2, 33; 5, 1396; cf.:
quam (Ennam) circa sunt laetissimi flores omni tempore anni,
Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 48, § 107:
maturius paulo, quam tempus anni postulabat, in hiberna exercitum deduxit,
Caes. B. G. 1, 54:
erat hibernum tempus anni,
Cic. Rep. 1, 12, 18; Auct. B. Alex. 43, 1.—
2.
Esp. of the time intervening between two events, etc., an interval, period, time:
longo post tempore,
Verg. E. 1, 68:
magno post tempore,
Just. 13, 4, 25; 16, 1, 1:
brevi post tempore,
id. 1, 7, 19; 4, 4, 4; 12, 2, 6:
parvo post tempore,
Val. Max. 8, 6, 1. — Plur.:
longis temporibus ante,
Cic. Rep. 2, 34, 5.—
B.
Transf., time, in general.
1.
Lit.
a.
In gen.:
tempus est, id quo nunc utimur (nam ipsum quidem generaliter definire difficile est), pars quaedam aeternitatis cum alicujus annui, menstrui, diurni nocturnive spatii certā significatione,
Cic. Inv. 1, 26, 39:
tempus esse dicunt intervallum mundi motus: id divisum in partes aliquot, maxime ab solis et lunae cursu: itaque ab eorum tenore temperato tempus dictum,
Varr. L. L. 6, § 2 Müll.: hos siderum errores id ipsum esse, quod rite dicitur tempus, Cic. Univ. 9 fin.:
neque ut celari posset, tempus spatium ullum dabat,
Ter. Hec. 3, 3, 14; cf.:
nisi tempus et spatium datum sit,
Cic. Quint. 1, 4:
vix huic tantulae epistulae tempus habui,
id. Att. 1, 14, 1:
egeo tempore,
id. Q. Fr. 3, 5, 4:
unius horae tempus,
Liv. 44, 9, 4:
aliquot dierum tempus amisit,
Lact. Mort. Pers. 45, 5:
tempus duorum mensium petere ad delectus habendos,
Liv. 29, 5, 7:
triginta dierum tempus petens, ut, etc.,
id. 38, 37, 10:
tempus, pacis an belli, festinationis an otii,
Cic. de Or. 3, 55, 211:
ut tempora postulabant belli,
Liv. 24, 8, 7:
nec belli tantum temporibus, sed etiam in pace,
id. 35, 28, 1:
temporibus Punici belli,
Just. 30, 3, 1; 43, 4, 11:
mihi vero omne tempus est ad meos libros vacuum,
Cic. Rep. 1, 9, 14:
erit, erit illud profecto tempus et illucescet ille aliquando dies, cum, etc.,
id. Mil. 26, 69:
ex quo tempore tu me diligere coepisti,
id. Fam. 3, 4, 2:
eo tempore, quo promulgatum de multā ejus traditur,
Liv. 6, 38, 12; 23, 10, 13:
tempore, quo in homine non ut nunc omnia consentientia,
id. 2, 32, 9:
privatum eo tempore Quinctium fuisse, cum sacramento adacti sint,
id. 3, 20, 4:
per idem tempus,
Cic. Brut. 83, 286:
quos ad me id temporis venturos esse praedixeram,
at that time, id. Cat. 1, 4, 10:
scripta in aliquod tempus reponantur,
Quint. 10, 4, 2:
non tantulum Umquam intermittit tempus, quin, etc.,
Plaut. Bacch. 2, 2, 32:
uno et eodem temporis puncto nati... nascendi tempus,
Cic. Div. 2, 45, 95; cf.:
alienum tempus est mihi tecum expostulandi,
id. Fam. 3, 10, 6:
dare tempus exponendi de aliquā re,
id. ib. 1, 9, 3:
committendi proelii,
Caes. B. G. 2, 19:
edendi,
Hor. Ep. 1, 16, 22:
curandi,
id. ib. 1, 2, 39:
tyranno ad consultandum tempus datum est,
Liv. 34, 33, 5:
datum cum iis conloquendi tempus,
id. 26, 22, 11; 45, 24, 11.—In plur.:
id certis temporibus futurum,
Cic. Rep. 1, 15, 23:
si Athenienses quibusdam temporibus nihil nisi, etc., agebant,
id. ib. 1, 27, 43:
superioribus temporibus ad te nullas litteras misi,
id. Fam. 5, 17, 1:
illis temporibus,
id. Lael. 1, 5:
temporibus illis,
id. Arch. 3, 6. —
b.
In partic., the time, i. e. the fitting or appointed time, the right season, proper period, opportunity, = kairos:
nunc occasio est et tempus,
Plaut. Ps. 4, 2, 3:
tempus maximum est, ut, etc.,
id. Mil. 4, 3, 9:
spero ego, mihi quoque Tempus tale eventurum, ut tibi gratiam referam parem,
id. Merc. 5, 4, 39; cf.:
tempus habes tale, quale nemo habuit umquam,
Cic. Phil. 7, 9, 27:
dicas: tempus maxumum esse ut eat domum,
Plaut. Mil. 4, 3, 8:
nunc hora, viri, nunc tempus: adeste,
Sil. 11, 194:
consul paulisper addubitavit, an consurgendi jam triariis tempus esset,
Liv. 8, 10, 1:
cum jam moriendi tempus urgueret,
was close at hand, Cic. Tusc. 1, 43, 103; Varr. R. R. 3, 16, 20:
verno inserentis tempus urguet,
Plin. 17, 14, 24, § 113: tempus est, with inf.:
sed jam tempus est, ad id quod instituimus accedere,
Cic. Top. 1, 5:
dicere aliquid de ordine argumentorum,
id. de Or. 2, 42, 181:
conari etiam majora,
Liv. 6, 18, 12:
nunc corpora curare tempus est,
id. 21, 54, 2:
tibi abire,
Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 215:
jam tempus agi res,
Verg. A. 5, 638:
tempus est jam hinc abire me,
Cic. Tusc. 1, 41, 99:
suo tempore,
at a fitting time, id. Lael. 3, 11; cf. id. Phil. 14, 6, 15; id. Verr. 2, 3, 60, § 139; Plin. 18, 6, 8, § 44.—
(β).
tempŏra, um (less freq. in the sing. tempus), after the Gr. ta kairia (prop. the right place, the fatal spot), the temples of the head; plur.:
duae suturae super aures tempora a superiore capitis parte discernunt,
Cels. 8, 1; Plin. 20, 6, 23, § 54; Lucr. 1, 930; 4, 5; 6, 1194; Tib. 2, 2, 7; Verg. A. 5, 416; Hor. C. 1, 7, 23; 3, 25, 20; 4, 1, 32; 4, 8, 33 et saep.— Sing.:
contorquet brachium et Graccho percutit tempus,
Auct. Her. 4, 55, 68; Verg. A. 9, 418; Sil. 12, 414; Stat. Th. 10, 110; Vitr. 9, 6; Flor. 4, 12, 44 Duk. N. cr.; Vulg. Judic. 4, 21; 5, 26.— Poet., transf., the face, visage in gen., Prop. 2, 24 (3, 18), 3; 2, 18, 32 (3, 11, 10).— The head:
jacuit pulsus tria tempora ramo Cacus,
upon his three heads, Prop. 4 (5), 9, 15.— Sing.:
tremulum movens Cana tempus anilitas Omnia omnibus annuit,
Cat. 61, 162. —
2.
Transf.
a.
The time in its moral aspects; the state of the times, position, state, condition; in plur., the times, circumstances (esp. freq. of dangerous or distressful cir cumstances):
si ad tuum tempus perduci tur, facilis gubernatio est,
time of administration, consulship, Cic. Fam. 10, 1, 2:
omne meum tempus amicorum temporibus transmittendum putavi... et meus labor in privatorum periculis versatus,
id. Imp. Pomp. 1, 1:
quid a me cujusque tempus poscat,
id. Planc. 32, 79:
tempori meo defuerunt,
my necessity, id. Sest. 58, 123; cf.:
qui tot annos ita vivo, ut a nullius umquam me tempore aut commodo aut otium meum abstraxerit aut, etc.,
id. Arch. 6, 12:
tempori cedere, id est necessitati parere, semper sapientis est habitum,
id. Fam. 4, 9, 2:
nisi forte temporis causā nobis adsentiebare,
id. Tusc. 4, 4, 8:
neque poëtae tempori meo defuerunt,
id. Sest. 58, 123; cf.:
suscipere onus laboris atque officii ex necessariorum tempore,
id. Div. in Caecil. 2, 5:
in summo et periculosissimo rei publicae tempore,
id. Fl. 3, 6:
tempore summo rei publicae,
id. Phil. 5, 17, 46; id. Verr. 1, 1, 1; cf.:
pecuniam conferre in rei publicae magnum aliquod tempus,
id. Off. 3, 24, 93:
pro tempore atque periculo exercitum conparare,
Sall. C. 30, 5:
o saepe mecum tempus in ultimum Deducte,
to the last extremity, Hor. C. 2, 7, 1:
eae (res) contra nos faciunt in hoc tempore,
at the present time, under the present circumstances, Cic. Quint. 1, 1; cf.:
nec miserae prodesse in tali tempore quibat,
Lucr. 1, 93:
indignatus, dici ea in tali tempore audirique,
Liv. 30, 37, 8; v. Zumpt, Gram. § 475.—In plur.:
incidunt saepe tempora, cum ea, etc.,
Cic. Off. 1, 10, 31:
omnes illae orationes causarum ac temporum sunt,
id. Clu. 50, 139:
tempora rei publicae, qualia futura sint, quis scit? mihi quidem turbulenta videntur fore,
id. Fam. 2, 18, 3:
scripsi versibus tres libros de temporibus meis,
id. ib. 1, 9, 23; cf. id. ib. §
11: dubia formidolosaque tempora,
id. Verr. 2, 5, 1, § 1:
cedere temporibus,
id. Mil. 1, 2:
animus secundis Temporibus dubiisque rectus,
Hor. C. 4, 9, 36:
Madates erat regionis praefectus, haud sane temporum homo,
Curt. 5, 3, 4.—
b.
Time in poetry and rhetoric, i. e. measure, quantity:
idem facit in trochaeo, qui temporibus et intervallis est par iambo,
Cic. Or. 57, 194; cf.:
tempora certa modique,
Hor. S. 1, 4, 58:
rhythmi spatio temporum constant,
Quint. 9, 4, 46 sq. —
c.
In gram., a tense of a verb, Varr. L. L. 9, § 32; 95 sq.; 10, § 47 Müll.; Quint. 1, 5, 47; 9, 1, 11; 9, 3, 11 et saep.—
II.
Adverb. phrases.
A.
tempŏrē, and more freq in adverb. form, tempŏrī or tempĕrī, at the right or fitting time, at the appointed time, in time, betimes, timely, seasonably:
rogat, satisne tempori opera sient confecta,
Cato, R. R. 2, 1; 3, 4; cf.:
qui vult sua tempori conficere officia,
Plaut. Rud. 4, 2, 16: reddere aliquid tempori, Titin. ap. Non. 369, 22:
sequimini, ut, quod imperatum est, veniam advorsum temperi,
Plaut. Men. 2, 3, 90; cf.:
temperi huic anteveni,
id. Trin. 4, 2, 66:
temperi ego faxo scies,
id. Ps. 1, 3, 153:
ut cenam coqueret temperi,
id. Stich. 5, 2, 6; id. Cas. 2, 6, 60.—In a punning allusion to the meaning temple (v. supra): Eu. Coquite, facite, festinate nunc jam, quantum lubet. Co. Temperi:
postquam implevisti fusti fissorum caput,
Plaut. Aul. 3, 3, 6:
ego renovabo commendationem, sed tempore,
Cic. Fam. 7, 18, 1:
temporis ars medicina fere est: data tempore prosunt, Et data non apto tempore vina nocent,
Ov. R. Am. 131 sq.:
tempore abest,
id. H. 4, 109.— Comp.:
memini te mihi Phameae cenam narrare: temperius fiat: cetera eodem modo,
Cic. Fam. 9, 16, 8:
modo surgis Eoo Temperius caelo, modo serius incidis undis,
more betimes, earlier, Ov. M. 4, 198:
ut propter cibi spem temporius ad officinam redeant,
Col. 8, 4, 3; 2, 8, 12; App.M. 9, p. 229, 22.—
B.
Form tempore, in time, with the progress of time, gradually:
tempore ruricolae patiens fit taurus aratri,... Tempore paret equus habenis,
Ov. Tr. 4, 6, 1 sqq. —
C.
Ad tempus.
1.
At the right or appointed time, in time:
ad tempus redire,
Cic. Att. 13, 45, 2:
ad tempus venire,
Liv. 38, 25:
ad tempus ei mendacium vestrum accommodavistis,
Cic. Cael. 7, 17.—
2.
For some time, for the time being, for a while, for the moment:
quae (perturbatio animi) plerumque brevis est et ad tempus,
Cic. Off. 1, 8, 27:
coli ad tempus,
id. Lael. 15, 53: [p. 1852] dux ad tempus lectus, Liv. 28, 42, 5; Tac. A. 1, 1; cf.:
ad breve (sc. tempus),
Suet. Tib. 68. —
D.
Ante tempus, before the right time, too soon:
ante tempus mori miserum esse,
Cic. Tusc. 1, 39, 93; id. Lael. 3, 11:
ante tempus domo digressus,
Sall. J. 79, 7; Suet. Aug. 26; cf.:
sero post tempus venis,
Plaut. Capt. 4, 2, 90.—
E.
Ex tempore, instantaneously, forthwith, on the spur of the moment, extempore:
versus fundere ex tempore,
Cic. de Or. 3, 50, 194:
magnum numerum optimorum versuum dicere ex tempore,
id. Arch. 8, 18:
scribere,
Quint. 10, 3, 17; Sen. Contr. 3, praef.—
2.
According to circumstances:
expedire rem et consilium ex tempore capere posse,
Cic. Off. 2, 9, 33:
haec melius ex re et ex tempore constitues,
id. Fam. 12, 19, 2.—
F.
In tempore, at the right, proper, or appropriate time, in time:
in tempore ad eam veni,
Ter. Heaut. 2, 3, 123:
in ipso tempore eccum ipsum,
in the nick of time, id. And. 3, 2, 52:
ni pedites equitesque in tempore subvenissent,
Liv. 33, 5, 2:
in tempore memorare,
Tac. A. 1, 58 fin. —
G.
In tempus, for a time, temporarily:
scena in tempus structa,
Tac. A. 14, 20; cf.:
in omne tempus,
forever, Cic. Fam. 5, 15, 1.—
H.
Per tempus, at the right time, in time:
non potuisti magis per tempus mihi advenire quam advenis,
Plaut. Men. 1, 2, 30; cf.:
per tempus subvenistis mihi,
id. Truc. 1, 2, 85.—
K.
Pro tempore, according to circumstances:
consilium pro tempore et pro re capere,
Caes. B. G. 5, 8:
pauca pro tempore milites hortatus,
Sall. J. 49, 6; Verg. E. 7, 35; Ov. Tr. 4, 2, 23.

Lewis & Short latin dictionary > tempora
19 tempore

tempus, ŏris ( abl. temp. tempori or temperi; v. infra), n. [etym. dub.; perh. root tem-; Gr. temnô; prop. a section; hence, in partic., of time].
I.
Lit., a portion or period of time, a time:
tempus diei,
daytime, Ter. Heaut. 1, 2, 38; 1, 1, 116:
extremum diei,
Cic. de Or. 1, 7, 26; cf.:
matutina tempora,
morning hours, id. Fam. 7, 1, 1:
anni tempora,
the seasons, Lucr. 2, 33; 5, 1396; cf.:
quam (Ennam) circa sunt laetissimi flores omni tempore anni,
Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 48, § 107:
maturius paulo, quam tempus anni postulabat, in hiberna exercitum deduxit,
Caes. B. G. 1, 54:
erat hibernum tempus anni,
Cic. Rep. 1, 12, 18; Auct. B. Alex. 43, 1.—
2.
Esp. of the time intervening between two events, etc., an interval, period, time:
longo post tempore,
Verg. E. 1, 68:
magno post tempore,
Just. 13, 4, 25; 16, 1, 1:
brevi post tempore,
id. 1, 7, 19; 4, 4, 4; 12, 2, 6:
parvo post tempore,
Val. Max. 8, 6, 1. — Plur.:
longis temporibus ante,
Cic. Rep. 2, 34, 5.—
B.
Transf., time, in general.
1.
Lit.
a.
In gen.:
tempus est, id quo nunc utimur (nam ipsum quidem generaliter definire difficile est), pars quaedam aeternitatis cum alicujus annui, menstrui, diurni nocturnive spatii certā significatione,
Cic. Inv. 1, 26, 39:
tempus esse dicunt intervallum mundi motus: id divisum in partes aliquot, maxime ab solis et lunae cursu: itaque ab eorum tenore temperato tempus dictum,
Varr. L. L. 6, § 2 Müll.: hos siderum errores id ipsum esse, quod rite dicitur tempus, Cic. Univ. 9 fin.:
neque ut celari posset, tempus spatium ullum dabat,
Ter. Hec. 3, 3, 14; cf.:
nisi tempus et spatium datum sit,
Cic. Quint. 1, 4:
vix huic tantulae epistulae tempus habui,
id. Att. 1, 14, 1:
egeo tempore,
id. Q. Fr. 3, 5, 4:
unius horae tempus,
Liv. 44, 9, 4:
aliquot dierum tempus amisit,
Lact. Mort. Pers. 45, 5:
tempus duorum mensium petere ad delectus habendos,
Liv. 29, 5, 7:
triginta dierum tempus petens, ut, etc.,
id. 38, 37, 10:
tempus, pacis an belli, festinationis an otii,
Cic. de Or. 3, 55, 211:
ut tempora postulabant belli,
Liv. 24, 8, 7:
nec belli tantum temporibus, sed etiam in pace,
id. 35, 28, 1:
temporibus Punici belli,
Just. 30, 3, 1; 43, 4, 11:
mihi vero omne tempus est ad meos libros vacuum,
Cic. Rep. 1, 9, 14:
erit, erit illud profecto tempus et illucescet ille aliquando dies, cum, etc.,
id. Mil. 26, 69:
ex quo tempore tu me diligere coepisti,
id. Fam. 3, 4, 2:
eo tempore, quo promulgatum de multā ejus traditur,
Liv. 6, 38, 12; 23, 10, 13:
tempore, quo in homine non ut nunc omnia consentientia,
id. 2, 32, 9:
privatum eo tempore Quinctium fuisse, cum sacramento adacti sint,
id. 3, 20, 4:
per idem tempus,
Cic. Brut. 83, 286:
quos ad me id temporis venturos esse praedixeram,
at that time, id. Cat. 1, 4, 10:
scripta in aliquod tempus reponantur,
Quint. 10, 4, 2:
non tantulum Umquam intermittit tempus, quin, etc.,
Plaut. Bacch. 2, 2, 32:
uno et eodem temporis puncto nati... nascendi tempus,
Cic. Div. 2, 45, 95; cf.:
alienum tempus est mihi tecum expostulandi,
id. Fam. 3, 10, 6:
dare tempus exponendi de aliquā re,
id. ib. 1, 9, 3:
committendi proelii,
Caes. B. G. 2, 19:
edendi,
Hor. Ep. 1, 16, 22:
curandi,
id. ib. 1, 2, 39:
tyranno ad consultandum tempus datum est,
Liv. 34, 33, 5:
datum cum iis conloquendi tempus,
id. 26, 22, 11; 45, 24, 11.—In plur.:
id certis temporibus futurum,
Cic. Rep. 1, 15, 23:
si Athenienses quibusdam temporibus nihil nisi, etc., agebant,
id. ib. 1, 27, 43:
superioribus temporibus ad te nullas litteras misi,
id. Fam. 5, 17, 1:
illis temporibus,
id. Lael. 1, 5:
temporibus illis,
id. Arch. 3, 6. —
b.
In partic., the time, i. e. the fitting or appointed time, the right season, proper period, opportunity, = kairos:
nunc occasio est et tempus,
Plaut. Ps. 4, 2, 3:
tempus maximum est, ut, etc.,
id. Mil. 4, 3, 9:
spero ego, mihi quoque Tempus tale eventurum, ut tibi gratiam referam parem,
id. Merc. 5, 4, 39; cf.:
tempus habes tale, quale nemo habuit umquam,
Cic. Phil. 7, 9, 27:
dicas: tempus maxumum esse ut eat domum,
Plaut. Mil. 4, 3, 8:
nunc hora, viri, nunc tempus: adeste,
Sil. 11, 194:
consul paulisper addubitavit, an consurgendi jam triariis tempus esset,
Liv. 8, 10, 1:
cum jam moriendi tempus urgueret,
was close at hand, Cic. Tusc. 1, 43, 103; Varr. R. R. 3, 16, 20:
verno inserentis tempus urguet,
Plin. 17, 14, 24, § 113: tempus est, with inf.:
sed jam tempus est, ad id quod instituimus accedere,
Cic. Top. 1, 5:
dicere aliquid de ordine argumentorum,
id. de Or. 2, 42, 181:
conari etiam majora,
Liv. 6, 18, 12:
nunc corpora curare tempus est,
id. 21, 54, 2:
tibi abire,
Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 215:
jam tempus agi res,
Verg. A. 5, 638:
tempus est jam hinc abire me,
Cic. Tusc. 1, 41, 99:
suo tempore,
at a fitting time, id. Lael. 3, 11; cf. id. Phil. 14, 6, 15; id. Verr. 2, 3, 60, § 139; Plin. 18, 6, 8, § 44.—
(β).
tempŏra, um (less freq. in the sing. tempus), after the Gr. ta kairia (prop. the right place, the fatal spot), the temples of the head; plur.:
duae suturae super aures tempora a superiore capitis parte discernunt,
Cels. 8, 1; Plin. 20, 6, 23, § 54; Lucr. 1, 930; 4, 5; 6, 1194; Tib. 2, 2, 7; Verg. A. 5, 416; Hor. C. 1, 7, 23; 3, 25, 20; 4, 1, 32; 4, 8, 33 et saep.— Sing.:
contorquet brachium et Graccho percutit tempus,
Auct. Her. 4, 55, 68; Verg. A. 9, 418; Sil. 12, 414; Stat. Th. 10, 110; Vitr. 9, 6; Flor. 4, 12, 44 Duk. N. cr.; Vulg. Judic. 4, 21; 5, 26.— Poet., transf., the face, visage in gen., Prop. 2, 24 (3, 18), 3; 2, 18, 32 (3, 11, 10).— The head:
jacuit pulsus tria tempora ramo Cacus,
upon his three heads, Prop. 4 (5), 9, 15.— Sing.:
tremulum movens Cana tempus anilitas Omnia omnibus annuit,
Cat. 61, 162. —
2.
Transf.
a.
The time in its moral aspects; the state of the times, position, state, condition; in plur., the times, circumstances (esp. freq. of dangerous or distressful cir cumstances):
si ad tuum tempus perduci tur, facilis gubernatio est,
time of administration, consulship, Cic. Fam. 10, 1, 2:
omne meum tempus amicorum temporibus transmittendum putavi... et meus labor in privatorum periculis versatus,
id. Imp. Pomp. 1, 1:
quid a me cujusque tempus poscat,
id. Planc. 32, 79:
tempori meo defuerunt,
my necessity, id. Sest. 58, 123; cf.:
qui tot annos ita vivo, ut a nullius umquam me tempore aut commodo aut otium meum abstraxerit aut, etc.,
id. Arch. 6, 12:
tempori cedere, id est necessitati parere, semper sapientis est habitum,
id. Fam. 4, 9, 2:
nisi forte temporis causā nobis adsentiebare,
id. Tusc. 4, 4, 8:
neque poëtae tempori meo defuerunt,
id. Sest. 58, 123; cf.:
suscipere onus laboris atque officii ex necessariorum tempore,
id. Div. in Caecil. 2, 5:
in summo et periculosissimo rei publicae tempore,
id. Fl. 3, 6:
tempore summo rei publicae,
id. Phil. 5, 17, 46; id. Verr. 1, 1, 1; cf.:
pecuniam conferre in rei publicae magnum aliquod tempus,
id. Off. 3, 24, 93:
pro tempore atque periculo exercitum conparare,
Sall. C. 30, 5:
o saepe mecum tempus in ultimum Deducte,
to the last extremity, Hor. C. 2, 7, 1:
eae (res) contra nos faciunt in hoc tempore,
at the present time, under the present circumstances, Cic. Quint. 1, 1; cf.:
nec miserae prodesse in tali tempore quibat,
Lucr. 1, 93:
indignatus, dici ea in tali tempore audirique,
Liv. 30, 37, 8; v. Zumpt, Gram. § 475.—In plur.:
incidunt saepe tempora, cum ea, etc.,
Cic. Off. 1, 10, 31:
omnes illae orationes causarum ac temporum sunt,
id. Clu. 50, 139:
tempora rei publicae, qualia futura sint, quis scit? mihi quidem turbulenta videntur fore,
id. Fam. 2, 18, 3:
scripsi versibus tres libros de temporibus meis,
id. ib. 1, 9, 23; cf. id. ib. §
11: dubia formidolosaque tempora,
id. Verr. 2, 5, 1, § 1:
cedere temporibus,
id. Mil. 1, 2:
animus secundis Temporibus dubiisque rectus,
Hor. C. 4, 9, 36:
Madates erat regionis praefectus, haud sane temporum homo,
Curt. 5, 3, 4.—
b.
Time in poetry and rhetoric, i. e. measure, quantity:
idem facit in trochaeo, qui temporibus et intervallis est par iambo,
Cic. Or. 57, 194; cf.:
tempora certa modique,
Hor. S. 1, 4, 58:
rhythmi spatio temporum constant,
Quint. 9, 4, 46 sq. —
c.
In gram., a tense of a verb, Varr. L. L. 9, § 32; 95 sq.; 10, § 47 Müll.; Quint. 1, 5, 47; 9, 1, 11; 9, 3, 11 et saep.—
II.
Adverb. phrases.
A.
tempŏrē, and more freq in adverb. form, tempŏrī or tempĕrī, at the right or fitting time, at the appointed time, in time, betimes, timely, seasonably:
rogat, satisne tempori opera sient confecta,
Cato, R. R. 2, 1; 3, 4; cf.:
qui vult sua tempori conficere officia,
Plaut. Rud. 4, 2, 16: reddere aliquid tempori, Titin. ap. Non. 369, 22:
sequimini, ut, quod imperatum est, veniam advorsum temperi,
Plaut. Men. 2, 3, 90; cf.:
temperi huic anteveni,
id. Trin. 4, 2, 66:
temperi ego faxo scies,
id. Ps. 1, 3, 153:
ut cenam coqueret temperi,
id. Stich. 5, 2, 6; id. Cas. 2, 6, 60.—In a punning allusion to the meaning temple (v. supra): Eu. Coquite, facite, festinate nunc jam, quantum lubet. Co. Temperi:
postquam implevisti fusti fissorum caput,
Plaut. Aul. 3, 3, 6:
ego renovabo commendationem, sed tempore,
Cic. Fam. 7, 18, 1:
temporis ars medicina fere est: data tempore prosunt, Et data non apto tempore vina nocent,
Ov. R. Am. 131 sq.:
tempore abest,
id. H. 4, 109.— Comp.:
memini te mihi Phameae cenam narrare: temperius fiat: cetera eodem modo,
Cic. Fam. 9, 16, 8:
modo surgis Eoo Temperius caelo, modo serius incidis undis,
more betimes, earlier, Ov. M. 4, 198:
ut propter cibi spem temporius ad officinam redeant,
Col. 8, 4, 3; 2, 8, 12; App.M. 9, p. 229, 22.—
B.
Form tempore, in time, with the progress of time, gradually:
tempore ruricolae patiens fit taurus aratri,... Tempore paret equus habenis,
Ov. Tr. 4, 6, 1 sqq. —
C.
Ad tempus.
1.
At the right or appointed time, in time:
ad tempus redire,
Cic. Att. 13, 45, 2:
ad tempus venire,
Liv. 38, 25:
ad tempus ei mendacium vestrum accommodavistis,
Cic. Cael. 7, 17.—
2.
For some time, for the time being, for a while, for the moment:
quae (perturbatio animi) plerumque brevis est et ad tempus,
Cic. Off. 1, 8, 27:
coli ad tempus,
id. Lael. 15, 53: [p. 1852] dux ad tempus lectus, Liv. 28, 42, 5; Tac. A. 1, 1; cf.:
ad breve (sc. tempus),
Suet. Tib. 68. —
D.
Ante tempus, before the right time, too soon:
ante tempus mori miserum esse,
Cic. Tusc. 1, 39, 93; id. Lael. 3, 11:
ante tempus domo digressus,
Sall. J. 79, 7; Suet. Aug. 26; cf.:
sero post tempus venis,
Plaut. Capt. 4, 2, 90.—
E.
Ex tempore, instantaneously, forthwith, on the spur of the moment, extempore:
versus fundere ex tempore,
Cic. de Or. 3, 50, 194:
magnum numerum optimorum versuum dicere ex tempore,
id. Arch. 8, 18:
scribere,
Quint. 10, 3, 17; Sen. Contr. 3, praef.—
2.
According to circumstances:
expedire rem et consilium ex tempore capere posse,
Cic. Off. 2, 9, 33:
haec melius ex re et ex tempore constitues,
id. Fam. 12, 19, 2.—
F.
In tempore, at the right, proper, or appropriate time, in time:
in tempore ad eam veni,
Ter. Heaut. 2, 3, 123:
in ipso tempore eccum ipsum,
in the nick of time, id. And. 3, 2, 52:
ni pedites equitesque in tempore subvenissent,
Liv. 33, 5, 2:
in tempore memorare,
Tac. A. 1, 58 fin. —
G.
In tempus, for a time, temporarily:
scena in tempus structa,
Tac. A. 14, 20; cf.:
in omne tempus,
forever, Cic. Fam. 5, 15, 1.—
H.
Per tempus, at the right time, in time:
non potuisti magis per tempus mihi advenire quam advenis,
Plaut. Men. 1, 2, 30; cf.:
per tempus subvenistis mihi,
id. Truc. 1, 2, 85.—
K.
Pro tempore, according to circumstances:
consilium pro tempore et pro re capere,
Caes. B. G. 5, 8:
pauca pro tempore milites hortatus,
Sall. J. 49, 6; Verg. E. 7, 35; Ov. Tr. 4, 2, 23.

Lewis & Short latin dictionary > tempore
20 tempus

tempus, ŏris ( abl. temp. tempori or temperi; v. infra), n. [etym. dub.; perh. root tem-; Gr. temnô; prop. a section; hence, in partic., of time].
I.
Lit., a portion or period of time, a time:
tempus diei,
daytime, Ter. Heaut. 1, 2, 38; 1, 1, 116:
extremum diei,
Cic. de Or. 1, 7, 26; cf.:
matutina tempora,
morning hours, id. Fam. 7, 1, 1:
anni tempora,
the seasons, Lucr. 2, 33; 5, 1396; cf.:
quam (Ennam) circa sunt laetissimi flores omni tempore anni,
Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 48, § 107:
maturius paulo, quam tempus anni postulabat, in hiberna exercitum deduxit,
Caes. B. G. 1, 54:
erat hibernum tempus anni,
Cic. Rep. 1, 12, 18; Auct. B. Alex. 43, 1.—
2.
Esp. of the time intervening between two events, etc., an interval, period, time:
longo post tempore,
Verg. E. 1, 68:
magno post tempore,
Just. 13, 4, 25; 16, 1, 1:
brevi post tempore,
id. 1, 7, 19; 4, 4, 4; 12, 2, 6:
parvo post tempore,
Val. Max. 8, 6, 1. — Plur.:
longis temporibus ante,
Cic. Rep. 2, 34, 5.—
B.
Transf., time, in general.
1.
Lit.
a.
In gen.:
tempus est, id quo nunc utimur (nam ipsum quidem generaliter definire difficile est), pars quaedam aeternitatis cum alicujus annui, menstrui, diurni nocturnive spatii certā significatione,
Cic. Inv. 1, 26, 39:
tempus esse dicunt intervallum mundi motus: id divisum in partes aliquot, maxime ab solis et lunae cursu: itaque ab eorum tenore temperato tempus dictum,
Varr. L. L. 6, § 2 Müll.: hos siderum errores id ipsum esse, quod rite dicitur tempus, Cic. Univ. 9 fin.:
neque ut celari posset, tempus spatium ullum dabat,
Ter. Hec. 3, 3, 14; cf.:
nisi tempus et spatium datum sit,
Cic. Quint. 1, 4:
vix huic tantulae epistulae tempus habui,
id. Att. 1, 14, 1:
egeo tempore,
id. Q. Fr. 3, 5, 4:
unius horae tempus,
Liv. 44, 9, 4:
aliquot dierum tempus amisit,
Lact. Mort. Pers. 45, 5:
tempus duorum mensium petere ad delectus habendos,
Liv. 29, 5, 7:
triginta dierum tempus petens, ut, etc.,
id. 38, 37, 10:
tempus, pacis an belli, festinationis an otii,
Cic. de Or. 3, 55, 211:
ut tempora postulabant belli,
Liv. 24, 8, 7:
nec belli tantum temporibus, sed etiam in pace,
id. 35, 28, 1:
temporibus Punici belli,
Just. 30, 3, 1; 43, 4, 11:
mihi vero omne tempus est ad meos libros vacuum,
Cic. Rep. 1, 9, 14:
erit, erit illud profecto tempus et illucescet ille aliquando dies, cum, etc.,
id. Mil. 26, 69:
ex quo tempore tu me diligere coepisti,
id. Fam. 3, 4, 2:
eo tempore, quo promulgatum de multā ejus traditur,
Liv. 6, 38, 12; 23, 10, 13:
tempore, quo in homine non ut nunc omnia consentientia,
id. 2, 32, 9:
privatum eo tempore Quinctium fuisse, cum sacramento adacti sint,
id. 3, 20, 4:
per idem tempus,
Cic. Brut. 83, 286:
quos ad me id temporis venturos esse praedixeram,
at that time, id. Cat. 1, 4, 10:
scripta in aliquod tempus reponantur,
Quint. 10, 4, 2:
non tantulum Umquam intermittit tempus, quin, etc.,
Plaut. Bacch. 2, 2, 32:
uno et eodem temporis puncto nati... nascendi tempus,
Cic. Div. 2, 45, 95; cf.:
alienum tempus est mihi tecum expostulandi,
id. Fam. 3, 10, 6:
dare tempus exponendi de aliquā re,
id. ib. 1, 9, 3:
committendi proelii,
Caes. B. G. 2, 19:
edendi,
Hor. Ep. 1, 16, 22:
curandi,
id. ib. 1, 2, 39:
tyranno ad consultandum tempus datum est,
Liv. 34, 33, 5:
datum cum iis conloquendi tempus,
id. 26, 22, 11; 45, 24, 11.—In plur.:
id certis temporibus futurum,
Cic. Rep. 1, 15, 23:
si Athenienses quibusdam temporibus nihil nisi, etc., agebant,
id. ib. 1, 27, 43:
superioribus temporibus ad te nullas litteras misi,
id. Fam. 5, 17, 1:
illis temporibus,
id. Lael. 1, 5:
temporibus illis,
id. Arch. 3, 6. —
b.
In partic., the time, i. e. the fitting or appointed time, the right season, proper period, opportunity, = kairos:
nunc occasio est et tempus,
Plaut. Ps. 4, 2, 3:
tempus maximum est, ut, etc.,
id. Mil. 4, 3, 9:
spero ego, mihi quoque Tempus tale eventurum, ut tibi gratiam referam parem,
id. Merc. 5, 4, 39; cf.:
tempus habes tale, quale nemo habuit umquam,
Cic. Phil. 7, 9, 27:
dicas: tempus maxumum esse ut eat domum,
Plaut. Mil. 4, 3, 8:
nunc hora, viri, nunc tempus: adeste,
Sil. 11, 194:
consul paulisper addubitavit, an consurgendi jam triariis tempus esset,
Liv. 8, 10, 1:
cum jam moriendi tempus urgueret,
was close at hand, Cic. Tusc. 1, 43, 103; Varr. R. R. 3, 16, 20:
verno inserentis tempus urguet,
Plin. 17, 14, 24, § 113: tempus est, with inf.:
sed jam tempus est, ad id quod instituimus accedere,
Cic. Top. 1, 5:
dicere aliquid de ordine argumentorum,
id. de Or. 2, 42, 181:
conari etiam majora,
Liv. 6, 18, 12:
nunc corpora curare tempus est,
id. 21, 54, 2:
tibi abire,
Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 215:
jam tempus agi res,
Verg. A. 5, 638:
tempus est jam hinc abire me,
Cic. Tusc. 1, 41, 99:
suo tempore,
at a fitting time, id. Lael. 3, 11; cf. id. Phil. 14, 6, 15; id. Verr. 2, 3, 60, § 139; Plin. 18, 6, 8, § 44.—
(β).
tempŏra, um (less freq. in the sing. tempus), after the Gr. ta kairia (prop. the right place, the fatal spot), the temples of the head; plur.:
duae suturae super aures tempora a superiore capitis parte discernunt,
Cels. 8, 1; Plin. 20, 6, 23, § 54; Lucr. 1, 930; 4, 5; 6, 1194; Tib. 2, 2, 7; Verg. A. 5, 416; Hor. C. 1, 7, 23; 3, 25, 20; 4, 1, 32; 4, 8, 33 et saep.— Sing.:
contorquet brachium et Graccho percutit tempus,
Auct. Her. 4, 55, 68; Verg. A. 9, 418; Sil. 12, 414; Stat. Th. 10, 110; Vitr. 9, 6; Flor. 4, 12, 44 Duk. N. cr.; Vulg. Judic. 4, 21; 5, 26.— Poet., transf., the face, visage in gen., Prop. 2, 24 (3, 18), 3; 2, 18, 32 (3, 11, 10).— The head:
jacuit pulsus tria tempora ramo Cacus,
upon his three heads, Prop. 4 (5), 9, 15.— Sing.:
tremulum movens Cana tempus anilitas Omnia omnibus annuit,
Cat. 61, 162. —
2.
Transf.
a.
The time in its moral aspects; the state of the times, position, state, condition; in plur., the times, circumstances (esp. freq. of dangerous or distressful cir cumstances):
si ad tuum tempus perduci tur, facilis gubernatio est,
time of administration, consulship, Cic. Fam. 10, 1, 2:
omne meum tempus amicorum temporibus transmittendum putavi... et meus labor in privatorum periculis versatus,
id. Imp. Pomp. 1, 1:
quid a me cujusque tempus poscat,
id. Planc. 32, 79:
tempori meo defuerunt,
my necessity, id. Sest. 58, 123; cf.:
qui tot annos ita vivo, ut a nullius umquam me tempore aut commodo aut otium meum abstraxerit aut, etc.,
id. Arch. 6, 12:
tempori cedere, id est necessitati parere, semper sapientis est habitum,
id. Fam. 4, 9, 2:
nisi forte temporis causā nobis adsentiebare,
id. Tusc. 4, 4, 8:
neque poëtae tempori meo defuerunt,
id. Sest. 58, 123; cf.:
suscipere onus laboris atque officii ex necessariorum tempore,
id. Div. in Caecil. 2, 5:
in summo et periculosissimo rei publicae tempore,
id. Fl. 3, 6:
tempore summo rei publicae,
id. Phil. 5, 17, 46; id. Verr. 1, 1, 1; cf.:
pecuniam conferre in rei publicae magnum aliquod tempus,
id. Off. 3, 24, 93:
pro tempore atque periculo exercitum conparare,
Sall. C. 30, 5:
o saepe mecum tempus in ultimum Deducte,
to the last extremity, Hor. C. 2, 7, 1:
eae (res) contra nos faciunt in hoc tempore,
at the present time, under the present circumstances, Cic. Quint. 1, 1; cf.:
nec miserae prodesse in tali tempore quibat,
Lucr. 1, 93:
indignatus, dici ea in tali tempore audirique,
Liv. 30, 37, 8; v. Zumpt, Gram. § 475.—In plur.:
incidunt saepe tempora, cum ea, etc.,
Cic. Off. 1, 10, 31:
omnes illae orationes causarum ac temporum sunt,
id. Clu. 50, 139:
tempora rei publicae, qualia futura sint, quis scit? mihi quidem turbulenta videntur fore,
id. Fam. 2, 18, 3:
scripsi versibus tres libros de temporibus meis,
id. ib. 1, 9, 23; cf. id. ib. §
11: dubia formidolosaque tempora,
id. Verr. 2, 5, 1, § 1:
cedere temporibus,
id. Mil. 1, 2:
animus secundis Temporibus dubiisque rectus,
Hor. C. 4, 9, 36:
Madates erat regionis praefectus, haud sane temporum homo,
Curt. 5, 3, 4.—
b.
Time in poetry and rhetoric, i. e. measure, quantity:
idem facit in trochaeo, qui temporibus et intervallis est par iambo,
Cic. Or. 57, 194; cf.:
tempora certa modique,
Hor. S. 1, 4, 58:
rhythmi spatio temporum constant,
Quint. 9, 4, 46 sq. —
c.
In gram., a tense of a verb, Varr. L. L. 9, § 32; 95 sq.; 10, § 47 Müll.; Quint. 1, 5, 47; 9, 1, 11; 9, 3, 11 et saep.—
II.
Adverb. phrases.
A.
tempŏrē, and more freq in adverb. form, tempŏrī or tempĕrī, at the right or fitting time, at the appointed time, in time, betimes, timely, seasonably:
rogat, satisne tempori opera sient confecta,
Cato, R. R. 2, 1; 3, 4; cf.:
qui vult sua tempori conficere officia,
Plaut. Rud. 4, 2, 16: reddere aliquid tempori, Titin. ap. Non. 369, 22:
sequimini, ut, quod imperatum est, veniam advorsum temperi,
Plaut. Men. 2, 3, 90; cf.:
temperi huic anteveni,
id. Trin. 4, 2, 66:
temperi ego faxo scies,
id. Ps. 1, 3, 153:
ut cenam coqueret temperi,
id. Stich. 5, 2, 6; id. Cas. 2, 6, 60.—In a punning allusion to the meaning temple (v. supra): Eu. Coquite, facite, festinate nunc jam, quantum lubet. Co. Temperi:
postquam implevisti fusti fissorum caput,
Plaut. Aul. 3, 3, 6:
ego renovabo commendationem, sed tempore,
Cic. Fam. 7, 18, 1:
temporis ars medicina fere est: data tempore prosunt, Et data non apto tempore vina nocent,
Ov. R. Am. 131 sq.:
tempore abest,
id. H. 4, 109.— Comp.:
memini te mihi Phameae cenam narrare: temperius fiat: cetera eodem modo,
Cic. Fam. 9, 16, 8:
modo surgis Eoo Temperius caelo, modo serius incidis undis,
more betimes, earlier, Ov. M. 4, 198:
ut propter cibi spem temporius ad officinam redeant,
Col. 8, 4, 3; 2, 8, 12; App.M. 9, p. 229, 22.—
B.
Form tempore, in time, with the progress of time, gradually:
tempore ruricolae patiens fit taurus aratri,... Tempore paret equus habenis,
Ov. Tr. 4, 6, 1 sqq. —
C.
Ad tempus.
1.
At the right or appointed time, in time:
ad tempus redire,
Cic. Att. 13, 45, 2:
ad tempus venire,
Liv. 38, 25:
ad tempus ei mendacium vestrum accommodavistis,
Cic. Cael. 7, 17.—
2.
For some time, for the time being, for a while, for the moment:
quae (perturbatio animi) plerumque brevis est et ad tempus,
Cic. Off. 1, 8, 27:
coli ad tempus,
id. Lael. 15, 53: [p. 1852] dux ad tempus lectus, Liv. 28, 42, 5; Tac. A. 1, 1; cf.:
ad breve (sc. tempus),
Suet. Tib. 68. —
D.
Ante tempus, before the right time, too soon:
ante tempus mori miserum esse,
Cic. Tusc. 1, 39, 93; id. Lael. 3, 11:
ante tempus domo digressus,
Sall. J. 79, 7; Suet. Aug. 26; cf.:
sero post tempus venis,
Plaut. Capt. 4, 2, 90.—
E.
Ex tempore, instantaneously, forthwith, on the spur of the moment, extempore:
versus fundere ex tempore,
Cic. de Or. 3, 50, 194:
magnum numerum optimorum versuum dicere ex tempore,
id. Arch. 8, 18:
scribere,
Quint. 10, 3, 17; Sen. Contr. 3, praef.—
2.
According to circumstances:
expedire rem et consilium ex tempore capere posse,
Cic. Off. 2, 9, 33:
haec melius ex re et ex tempore constitues,
id. Fam. 12, 19, 2.—
F.
In tempore, at the right, proper, or appropriate time, in time:
in tempore ad eam veni,
Ter. Heaut. 2, 3, 123:
in ipso tempore eccum ipsum,
in the nick of time, id. And. 3, 2, 52:
ni pedites equitesque in tempore subvenissent,
Liv. 33, 5, 2:
in tempore memorare,
Tac. A. 1, 58 fin. —
G.
In tempus, for a time, temporarily:
scena in tempus structa,
Tac. A. 14, 20; cf.:
in omne tempus,
forever, Cic. Fam. 5, 15, 1.—
H.
Per tempus, at the right time, in time:
non potuisti magis per tempus mihi advenire quam advenis,
Plaut. Men. 1, 2, 30; cf.:
per tempus subvenistis mihi,
id. Truc. 1, 2, 85.—
K.
Pro tempore, according to circumstances:
consilium pro tempore et pro re capere,
Caes. B. G. 5, 8:
pauca pro tempore milites hortatus,
Sall. J. 49, 6; Verg. E. 7, 35; Ov. Tr. 4, 2, 23.

Lewis & Short latin dictionary > tempus

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