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  • 101 ought

    ❢ In virtually all cases, ought is translated by the conditional tense of devoir: you ought to go now = tu devrais partir maintenant ; they ought to arrive tomorrow ils devraient arriver demain.
    The past ought to have done/seen etc is translated by the past conditional of devoir: he ought to have been more polite = il aurait dû être plus poli. For further examples, including negative sentences, see the entry below.
    The French verb devoir is irregular. For its conjugation see the French verb tables. modal aux
    1 (expressing probability, expectation) that ought to fix it ça devrait arranger les choses ; things ought to improve by next week la situation devrait s'améliorer d'ici la semaine prochaine ; the train ought not to have left yet le train ne devrait pas encore être parti ; he ought to be back by now il devrait être rentré depuis longtemps maintenant ;
    2 ( making polite but firm suggestion) oughtn't we to consult them first? ne devrions-nous pas les consulter d'abord? ; you ought to be in bed tu devrais être au lit ; she ought to see a doctor elle devrait consulter un médecin ;
    3 ( indicating moral obligation) we really ought to say something nous devrions vraiment dire quelque chose ; you ought not to say things like that tu ne devrais pas dire des choses pareilles ; someone ought to have accompanied her quelqu'un aurait dû l'accompagner ; I ought not to have been so direct je n'aurais pas dû être aussi direct ; he felt he ought not to be wasting time il se disait qu'il n'avait pas de temps à perdre ;
    4 ( when prefacing important point) I ought to say perhaps that je devrais peut-être préciser que ; I think you ought to know that je pense qu'il vaudrait mieux que tu saches que.

    Big English-French dictionary > ought

  • 102 out

    out
    ❢ Out is used after many verbs in English to alter or reinforce the meaning of the verb ( hold out, wipe out, filter out etc). Very often in French, a verb alone will be used to translate these combinations. For translations you should consult the appropriate verb entry (hold, wipe, filter etc).
    When out is used as an adverb meaning outside, it often adds little to the sense of the phrase: they're out in the garden = they're in the garden. In such cases out will not usually be translated: ils sont dans le jardin. out is used as an adverb to mean absent or not at home. In this case she's out really means she's gone out and the French translation is elle est sortie.
    For the phrase out of see C in the entry below. For examples of the above and other uses, see the entry below.
    A vtr révéler l'homosexualité de [person] ; ⇒ come out (come).
    B adv
    1 ( outside) dehors ; to stand out in the rain rester (dehors) sous la pluie ; to be out in the garden être dans le jardin ; out there dehors ; out here ici ;
    2 ( from within) to go ou walk out sortir ; to pull/take sth out retirer/sortir qch ; I couldn't find my way out je ne trouvais pas la sortie ; ‘Out’ ( exit) ‘Sortie’ ; (get) out! dehors! ;
    3 (away from land, base) out in China/Australia en Chine/Australie ; two days out from port/camp à deux jours du port/camp ; when the tide is out à marée basse ; further out plus loin ;
    4 ( in the world at large) there are a lot of people out there looking for work il y a beaucoup de gens qui cherchent du travail en ce moment ;
    5 ( absent) to be out gen être sorti ; [strikers] être en grève ; while you were out pendant que tu étais sorti ; she's out shopping elle est sortie faire les courses ;
    6 ( in slogans) ‘Tories out!’ ‘les conservateurs dehors!’ ;
    7 ( for social activity) to invite sb out to dinner inviter qn au restaurant ; a day out at the seaside une journée au bord de la mer ; let's have an evening out this week si on sortait un soir de la semaine? ;
    8 (published, now public) to be out [book, exam results] être publié ; my secret is out mon secret est révélé ; truth will out la vérité éclatera ;
    9 ( in bloom) to be out [tree, shrub] être en fleurs ; to be fully out [flower] être épanoui ;
    10 ( in view) to be out [sun, moon, stars] briller ;
    11 ( extinguished) to be out [fire, light] être éteint ; lights out at 10.30 pm extinction des feux à 22 h 30 ;
    12 Sport, Games to be out [player] être éliminé ; ‘out!’ ( of ball) ‘out!’ ;
    13 ( unconscious) to be out (cold) ○ gen être dans les pommes ○ ; [boxer] être K.O. ;
    14 (over, finished) before the week is out avant la fin de la semaine ;
    15 GB ( incorrect) to be out in one's calculations s'être trompé dans ses calculs ; to be three degrees out se tromper de trois degrés ; my watch is two minutes out ( slow) ma montre retarde de deux minutes ; ( fast) ma montre avance de deux minutes ;
    16 ○ ( not possible) no that option is out non cette solution est exclue ;
    17 ○ ( actively in search of) to be out to do sth être bien décidé à faire qch ; to be out for revenge ou to get sb être bien décidé à se venger de qn ; he's just out for what he can get péj il ne rate aucune occasion ○ ;
    18 ○ ( not in fashion) to be out [style, colour] être passé de mode ;
    19 ○ ( in holes) trousers with the knees out pantalon troué aux genoux ;
    20 ○ GB ( ever) he's the kindest/stupidest person out c'est la personne la plus gentille/stupide qui soit.
    1 ( from) to go ou walk ou come out of the house sortir de la maison ; get out of here! sors d'ici! ; to jump out of bed/of the window sauter hors du lit/par la fenêtre ; to tear a page out of a book arracher une page d'un livre ; to take sth out of a box/of a drawer retirer qch d'une boîte/d'un tiroir ; to take sth out of one's bag/one's pocket prendre qch dans son sac/sa poche ;
    2 ( expressing ratio) sur ; two out of every three people deux personnes sur trois ;
    3 ( part of whole) a paragraph out of a book un paragraphe tiré d'un livre ; like something out of a horror movie comme quelque chose qui sort tout droit d'un film d'horreur ;
    4 Jur to be out [jury] être en délibération ;
    5 ( beyond defined limits) hors de [reach, sight, water] ; en dehors de [city, compound] ;
    6 ( free from confinement) to be out of hospital/of prison être sorti de l'hôpital/de prison ;
    7 ( expressing shelter) à l'abri de [sun, rain] ;
    8 ( lacking) to be (right) out of ne plus avoir de [item, commodity] ;
    9 ( made from) en [wood, plasticine, metal] ;
    10 ( due to) par [malice, respect etc] ;
    11 Equit, Turf ( lineage of horse) Rapido out of Lightning Rapido par Lightning.
    I want out ○ ! je ne marche plus avec vous/eux etc ○ ; I'm out of here ○ je me casse ◑, je pars ; go on, out with it ○ ! allez, accouche ○ !, allez, dis ce que tu as à dire ; to be on the outs ○ with sb US être brouillé avec qn ; to be out and about gen sortir ; ( after illness) être à nouveau sur pied ; to be out of it ○ être dans les vapes ○ ; to feel out of it se sentir exclu ; you're well out of it tu fais bien de ne pas t'en mêler.

    Big English-French dictionary > out

  • 103 reference

    A n
    1 (mention, allusion) référence f (to à), allusion f (to à) ; in a pointed reference to recent events dans une allusion claire aux événements récents ; there are three references to his son in the article son fils est mentionné trois fois dans l'article ; few references are made to peu d'allusions sont faites à ;
    2 ( consultation) to do sth without reference to sb/sth faire qch sans consulter qn/qch ; ‘for reference only’ ( on library book) ‘consultation sur place’ ; I'll keep this leaflet for future reference je garde ce prospectus: il pourra me servir plus tard ; for future reference, dogs are not allowed pour information, je vous signale que les chiens sont interdits ici ; for easy reference, we recommend the pocket edition nous recommandons l'édition de poche comme ouvrage facile à consulter ;
    3 ( consideration) without reference to sans tenir compte de [cases, statistics, objectives, needs] ;
    4 ( allusion) allusion f (to à) ; to make reference to sb/sth faire allusion à qn/qch ;
    5 Print ( in book) référence f ;
    6 ( also reference mark) renvoi m ;
    7 Comm (on letter, memo) référence f ; please quote this reference prière de rappeler cette référence ;
    8 ( testimonial) a reference des références fpl ; to write ou give sb a reference fournir des références à qn ;
    9 ( referee) personne f pouvant fournir des références ;
    10 Ling référence f ;
    11 Geog map references coordonnées fpl.
    B with reference to prep phr en ce qui concerne, quant à ; with particular/specific reference to particulièrement/spécifiquement en ce qui concerne ; with reference to your letter/request suite à votre lettre/demande.
    C vtr fournir les sources de [book, article] ; the book is not well referenced le livre n'indique pas suffisamment ses sources.

    Big English-French dictionary > reference

  • 104 report

    A n
    1 ( written account) rapport m (on sur) ; (verbal account, minutes) compte rendu m ;
    2 ( notification) have you had any reports of lost dogs this evening? est-ce qu'on a signalé des chiens perdus ce soir? ;
    3 Admin ( published findings) rapport m ; ( of enquiry) rapport m d'enquête ; to prepare/publish a report préparer/publier un rapport ; the chairman's/committee's report le rapport présidentiel/de la commission ; the Warren commission's report le rapport d'enquête de la commission Warren ;
    4 Journ, Radio, TV communiqué m ; ( longer) reportage m ; and now a report from our Moscow correspondent et maintenant un communiqué de notre envoyé spécial à Moscou ; we bring you this special report voici un communiqué spécial ;
    5 GB Sch bulletin m scolaire ;
    6 US Sch ( review) critique f ; to write a report faire une critique ;
    7 ( noise) détonation f.
    B reports npl Journ, Radio, TV, gen ( unsubstantiated news) we are getting reports of heavy fighting des combats intensifs auraient lieu ; there have been reports of understaffing in prisons les prisons manqueraient de gardiens ; according to reports, the divorce is imminent selon certaines sources, le divorce serait imminent ; I've heard reports that the headmaster is taking early retirement j'ai entendu dire que le directeur va partir en préretraite.
    C vtr
    1 ( relay) signaler [fact, occurrence] ; I have nothing to report je n'ai rien à signaler ; to report sth to sb transmettre qch à qn [result, decision, news] ; the Union reported the vote to the management le syndicat a transmis le résultat du vote à la direction ; did she have anything of interest to report? avait-elle quelque chose d'intéressant à raconter? ; my friend reported that my parents are well mon ami m'a dit que mes parents vont bien ;
    2 Journ, TV, Radio ( give account of) faire le compte rendu de [debate] ; Peter Jenkins is in Washington to report the latest developments Peter Jenkins est à Washington pour nous tenir au courant des dernières nouvelles ; only one paper reported their presence in Paris un seul journal a fait état de leur présence à Paris ; the French press has reported that the tunnel is behind schedule selon la presse française il y aurait du retard dans la construction du tunnel ;
    3 Admin ( notify authorities) signaler, déclarer [theft, death, accident, case] ; 15 new cases of cholera were reported this week on a signalé 15 nouveaux cas de choléra cette semaine ; five people are reported dead on signale cinq morts ; no casualties have been reported on ne signale pas de victimes ; three people were reported missing after the explosion trois personnes ont été portées disparues après l'explosion ;
    4 ( allege) it is reported that il paraît que ; she is reported to have changed her mind elle aurait (paraît-il) changé d'avis, il paraît qu'elle a changé d'avis ;
    5 ( make complaint about) signaler [person] ; péj dénoncer [person] ; I shall report you to your headmaster je vais te signaler à ton directeur ; your insubordination will be reported votre insubordination sera signalée ; you will be reported to the boss le directeur sera mis au courant ; the residents reported the noise to the police les habitants se sont plaints du bruit au commissariat.
    D vi
    1 ( give account) to report on faire un compte rendu sur [talks, progress] ; Journ faire un reportage sur [event] ; he will report to Parliament on the negotiations il fera un compte rendu des négociations au parlement ;
    2 ( present findings) [committee, group] faire son rapport (on sur) ; the committee will report in June le comité fera son rapport en juin ;
    3 ( present oneself) se présenter ; report to reception/to the captain présentez-vous à la réception/au capitaine ; to report for duty prendre son service ; to report sick se faire porter malade ; to report to one's unit Mil rejoindre son unité ;
    4 Admin ( have as immediate superior) to report to être sous les ordres (directs) de [superior] ; she reports to me elle est sous mes ordres.
    1 ( after absence) [employee] se présenter ;
    2 ( present findings) [committee, representative] présenter un rapport (about, on sur).

    Big English-French dictionary > report

  • 105 toll

    A n
    1 ( number) the toll of le nombre de [victims, incidents, cases] ; death toll nombre m de victimes (from de) ; accident toll nombre m d'accidentés ;
    2 ( levy) (on road, bridge) gen, Transp péage m ; to pay a toll acquitter un péage ; to collect tolls percevoir le péage ;
    3 ( of bell) gen son m ; ( for funeral) glas m ;
    4 US Telecom taxe f d'appel.
    B vtr sonner [bell].
    C vi sonner ; the bell tolled for the dead le glas sonnait pour les morts.
    to take a heavy toll ( on lives) faire beaucoup de victimes ; (on industry, environment) causer beaucoup de dégâts ; to take its ou their toll [earthquake, disease, economic factors] faire des ravages ; the trip/the experience took its toll on them le voyage/l'expérience les a rudement mis à l'épreuve.

    Big English-French dictionary > toll

  • 106 where

    ❢ Where is generally translated by où: where are the plates? = où sont les assiettes? ; do you know where he's going? = est-ce que tu sais où il va? ; I don't know where the knives are = je ne sais pas où sont les couteaux.
    Note that in questions où on its own requires inversion of the verb: where are you going? = où allez-vous? but où followed by est-ce que needs no inversion: où est-ce que vous allez?
    A pron
    1 ( with prepositions) où ; from where? d'où? ; near where? près d'où? ; to go up to where sb is standing s'approcher de qn ; to go past where sb is standing passer devant qn ; not from where I'm standing lit pas de là où je suis ; fig ce n'est pas mon avis ;
    2 ( the place or point where) là que ; this is where it happened c'est là que c'est arrivé ; this is where we're at c'est là que nous en sommes ; that is where he's mistaken c'est là qu'il se trompe ; so that's where I put them c'était là que je les avais mis ; here's where we learn the truth voilà enfin la vérité ; France is where you'll find good wine c'est en France que vous trouverez du bon vin.
    B adv
    1 ( as interrogative) où (est-ce que) ; where is my coat/do you work? où est mon manteau/est-ce que tu travailles? ; where would I be if…? où est-ce que je serais si…? ; where does Martin figure in all this? qu'est-ce que Martin vient faire dans tout ça? ; where's the harm? quel mal y a-t-il à ça? ; where's the problem? je ne vois pas le problème ; where have you got to in your book? où est-ce que vous en êtes dans votre lecture? ;
    2 ( as indirect interrogative) où ; ask him/I wonder where he's going demande-lui/je me demande où il va ; I told him where he could put them lit je lui ai dit où les mettre ; ◑ fig je lui ai dit qu'il pouvait se les mettre où je pense ◑ ; to know where one is going savoir où on va ; fig savoir ce qu'on veut ; you don't know where it's been! tu ne sais pas où ça a traîné! ; I forget exactly where it is j'ai oublié où c'est exactement ;
    3 ( as relative) où ; the village where we live le village où nous habitons ; at the spot where he died à l'endroit où il est mort ; up there where there's a branch là-haut à l'endroit où il y a une branche ; near where she lived près de l'endroit où or près de là où elle habitait ; to lead to a situation where aboutir à une situation où ; to reach the stage where arriver au stade où ; in several cases where dans plusieurs cas où ;
    4 (here where, there where) stay/go where it's dry reste/mets-toi à l'abri ; it's cold where we live il fait froid là où nous habitons ; it's where the Indre meets the Loire c'est au confluent de l'Indre et de la Loire ; it's not where you said ( not there) ça n'y est pas ; ( found elsewhere) ce n'est pas là où tu crois ;
    5 ( wherever) où ; put them/go where you want mets-les/va où tu veux ;
    6 ( whenever) quand ; where necessary si nécessaire ; she's stupid where he's concerned elle se conduit toujours de façon stupide quand il s'agit de lui ; where children are at risk quand les enfants sont menacés de violence ; where there's a scandal there's a reporter dès qu'il y a un scandale il y a des journalistes ; where possible dans la mesure du possible.

    Big English-French dictionary > where

  • 107 British regions and counties

    The names of British regions and counties usually have the definite article in French, except when used with the preposition en.
    In, to and from somewhere
    Most counties and regions are masculine ; with these, in and to are translated by dans le, and from by du:
    to live in Sussex
    = vivre dans le Sussex
    to go to Sussex
    = aller dans le Sussex
    to come from Sussex
    = venir du Sussex
    Note however:
    Cornwall
    = la Cornouailles
    to live in Cornwall
    = vivre en Cornouailles
    to go to Cornwall
    = aller en Cornouailles
    to come from Cornwall
    = venir de la Cornouailles
    Uses with nouns
    There are rarely French equivalents for English forms like Cornishmen, and it is always safe to use de with the definite article:
    Cornishmen
    = les habitants mpl de la Cornouailles
    Lancastrians
    = les habitants du Lancashire
    In other cases, du is often possible:
    a Somerset accent
    = un accent du Somerset
    the Yorkshire countryside
    = les paysages du Yorkshire
    but it is usually safe to use du comté de:
    the towns of Fife
    = les villes du comté de Fife
    the rivers of Merioneth
    = les rivières du comté de Merioneth
    or de la région de:
    Grampian cattle
    = le bétail de la région des Grampians

    Big English-French dictionary > British regions and counties

  • 108 The clock

    What time is it?
    In timetables etc., the twenty-four hour clock is used, so that 4 pm is seize heures. In ordinary usage, one says quatre heures (de l’après-midi).
    what time is it?
    = quelle heure est-il?
    my watch says five o’clock
    = il est cinq heures à ma montre
    could you tell me the time?
    = pouvez-vous me donner l’heure?
    it’s exactly four o’clock
    = il est quatre heures juste or il est exactement quatre heures
    it’s about four
    = il est environ quatre heures
    it’s almost three o’clock
    = il est presque trois heures
    it’s just before six o’clock
    = il va être six heures
    it’s just after five o’clock
    = il est à peine plus de cinq heures
    it’s gone five
    = il est cinq heures passées
    When?
    French never drops the word heures: at five is à cinq heures and so on.
    French always uses à, whether or not English includes the word at. The only exception is when there is another preposition present, as in vers cinq heures (towards five o’clock), avant cinq heures (before five o’clock) etc.
    what time did it happen?
    = à quelle heure cela s’est-il passé?
    what time will he come at?
    = à quelle heure va-t-il venir?
    it happened at two o’clock
    = c’est arrivé à deux heures
    he’ll come at four
    = il viendra à quatre heures
    at ten past four
    = à quatre heures dix
    at half past eight
    = à huit heures et demie
    at three o’clock exactly
    = à trois heures précises
    at about five
    = vers cinq heures or à cinq heures environ
    at five at the latest
    = à cinq heures au plus tard
    a little after nine
    = un peu après neuf heures
    it must be ready by ten
    = il faut que ce soit prêt avant dix heures
    I’ll be here until 6 pm
    = je serai là jusqu’à six heures du soir
    I won’t be here until 6 pm
    = je ne serai pas là avant six heures du soir
    it lasts from seven till nine
    = cela dure de sept à neuf heures
    closed from 1 to 2 pm
    = fermé entre treize et quatorze heures
    every hour on the hour
    = toutes les heures à l’heure juste
    at ten past every hour
    = toutes les heures à dix
    † This fuller form is possible in all similar cases in this list. It is used only in ‘official’ styles.
    ‡ Quatre heures et quart sounds less official than quatre heures quinze ( and similarly et demie and moins le quart are the less official forms). The demie and quart forms are not used with the 24-hour clock.
    § Demi agrees when it follows its noun, but not when it comes before the noun to which it is hyphenated, e.g. quatre heures et demie but les demi-heures etc. Note that midi and minuit are masculine, so midi et demi and minuit et demi.

    Big English-French dictionary > The clock

  • 109 Forms of address

    Only those forms of address in frequent use are included here ; titles of members of the nobility or of church dignitaries are not covered ; for the use of military ranks as titles ⇒ Military ranks and titles.
    Speaking to someone
    Where English puts the surname after the title, French normally uses the title alone (note that when speaking to someone, French does not use a capital letter for monsieur, madame and mademoiselle, unlike English Mr etc., nor for titles such as docteur).
    good morning, Mr Johnson
    = bonjour, monsieur
    good evening, Mrs Jones
    = bonsoir, madame
    goodbye, Miss Smith
    = au revoir, mademoiselle
    The French monsieur and madame tend to be used more often than the English Mr X or Mrs Y. Also, in English, people often say simply Good morning or Excuse me ; in the equivalent situation in French, they might say Bonjour, monsieur or Pardon, madame. However, the French are slower than the British, and much slower than the Americans, to use someone’s first name, so hi there, Peter! to a colleague may well be simply bonjour!, or bonjour, monsieur ; bonjour, cher ami ; bonjour, mon vieux etc., depending on the degree of familiarity that exists.
    In both languages, other titles are also used, e.g.:
    hallo, Dr. Brown or hallo, Doctor
    = bonjour, docteur
    In some cases where titles are not used in English, they are used in French, e.g. bonjour, Monsieur le directeur or bonjour, Madame la directrice to a head teacher, or bonjour, maître to a lawyer of either sex. Other titles, such as professeur ( in the sense of professor), are used much less than their English equivalents in direct address. Where in English one might say Good morning, Professor, in French one would probably say Bonjour, monsieur or Bonjour, madame.
    Titles of important positions are used in direct forms of address, preceded by Monsieur le or Madame le or Madame la, as in:
    yes, Chair
    = oui, Monsieur le président or (to a woman) oui, Madame la présidente
    yes, Minister
    = oui, Monsieur le ministre or (to a woman) oui, Madame le ministre
    Note the use of Madame le when the noun in question, like ministre here, or professeur and other titles, has no feminine form, or no acceptable feminine. A woman Member of Parliament is addressed as Madame le député, a woman Senator Madame le sénateur, a woman judge Madame le juge and a woman mayor Madame le maire. Women often prefer the masculine word even when a feminine form does exist, as in Madame l’ambassadeur to a woman ambassador, Madame l’ambassadrice being reserved for the wife of an ambassador.
    Speaking about someone
    Mr Smith is here
    = monsieur Smith est là
    Mrs Jones phoned
    = madame Jones a téléphoné
    Miss Black has arrived
    = mademoiselle Black est arrivée
    Ms Brown has left
    = madame Brown or (as appropriate) mademoiselle Brown est partie
    (French has no equivalent of Ms.)
    When the title accompanies someone’s name, the definite article must be used in French:
    Dr Blake has arrived
    = le docteur Blake est arrivé
    Professor Jones spoke
    = le professeur Jones a parlé
    This is true of all titles:
    Prince Charles
    = le prince Charles
    Princess Marie
    = la princesse Marie
    Note that with royal etc. titles, only 1er is spoken as an ordinal number (premier) in French ; unlike English, all the others are spoken as cardinal numbers (deux, trois, and so on).
    King Richard I
    = le roi Richard 1er ( say Richard premier)
    Queen Elizabeth II
    = la reine Elizabeth II ( say Elizabeth deux)
    Pope John XXIII
    = le pape Jean XXIII ( say Jean vingt-trois)

    Big English-French dictionary > Forms of address

  • 110 Swiss cantons

    All names of cantons are masculine, and the definite article is normally used:
    Ticino
    = le Tessin
    Valais
    = le Valais
    Graubünden
    = les Grisons
    So:
    I like Ticino
    = j’aime le Tessin
    the Valais is beautiful
    = le Valais est beau
    do you know Graubünden?
    = connaissez-vous les Grisons?
    Many cantons have names which are also names of towns. If you are not sure of the name in French, le canton de X is usually safe, and in some cases this is the only form available, as, for instance, le canton de Vaud ( because le Vaud sounds like le veau = the calf). Similarly it is usual to say le canton de Lucerne, le canton de Berne, le canton de Fribourg to distinguish them from the towns bearing those names).
    In, to and from somewhere
    For in and to, use dans le or dans les, and for from use du or des:
    to live in the Valais
    = vivre dans le Valais
    to go to the Valais
    = aller dans le Valais
    to come from the Valais
    = venir du Valais
    to live in Graubünden
    = vivre dans les Grisons
    to go to Graubünden
    = aller dans les Grisons
    to come from Graubünden
    = venir des Grisons
    to live in the Vaud
    = vivre dans le canton de Vaud
    to go to the Vaud
    = aller dans le canton de Vaud
    to come from the Vaud
    = venir du canton de Vaud
    Uses with other nouns
    There are a number of words used as adjectives and as nouns referring to the people of the canton, e.g.: bernois, valaisan, vaudois. When nouns, these start with a capital letter.
    However, it is always safe to make a phrase with du, de l’ or des:
    a Valais accent
    = un accent du Valais
    the Graubünden area
    = la région des Grisons
    the Vaud countryside
    = les paysages du canton de Vaud

    Big English-French dictionary > Swiss cantons

  • 111 Towns and cities

    Occasionally the gender of a town is clear because the name includes the definite article, e.g. Le Havre or La Rochelle. In most other cases, there is some hesitation, and it is always safer to avoid the problem by using la ville de:
    Toulouse is beautiful
    = la ville de Toulouse est belle
    In, to and from somewhere
    For in and to with the name of a town, use à in French ; if the French name includes the definite article, à will become au, à la, à l’ or aux:
    to live in Toulouse
    = vivre à Toulouse
    to go to Toulouse
    = aller à Toulouse
    to live in Le Havre
    = vivre au Havre
    to go to Le Havre
    = aller au Havre
    to live in La Rochelle
    = vivre à La Rochelle
    to go to La Rochelle
    = aller à La Rochelle
    to live in Les Arcs
    = vivre aux Arcs
    to go to Les Arcs
    = aller aux Arcs
    Similarly, from is de, becoming du, de la, de l’ or des when it combines with the definite article in town names:
    to come from Toulouse
    = venir de Toulouse
    to come from Le Havre
    = venir du Havre
    to come from La Rochelle
    = venir de La Rochelle
    to come from Les Arcs
    = venir des Arcs
    Belonging to a town or city
    English sometimes has specific words for people of a certain city or town, such as Londoners, New Yorkers or Parisians, but mostly we talk of the people of Leeds or the inhabitants of San Francisco. On the other hand, most towns in French-speaking countries have a corresponding adjective and noun, and a list of the best-known of these is given at the end of this note.
    The noun forms, spelt with a capital letter, mean a person from X:
    the inhabitants of Bordeaux
    = les Bordelais mpl
    the people of Strasbourg
    = les Strasbourgeois mpl
    The adjective forms, spelt with a small letter, are often used where in English the town name is used as an adjective:
    Paris shops
    = les magasins parisiens
    However, some of these French words are fairly rare, and it is always safe to say les habitants de X, or, for the adjective, simply de X. Here are examples of this, using some of the nouns that commonly combine with the names of towns:
    a Bordeaux accent
    = un accent de Bordeaux
    Toulouse airport
    = l’aéroport de Toulouse
    the La Rochelle area
    = la région de La Rochelle
    Limoges buses
    = les autobus de Limoges
    the Le Havre City Council
    = le conseil municipal du Havre
    Lille representatives
    = les représentants de Lille
    Les Arcs restaurants
    = les restaurants des Arcs
    the Geneva road
    = la route de Genève
    Brussels streets
    = les rues de Bruxelles
    the Angers team
    = l’équipe d’Angers
    the Avignon train
    = le train d’Avignon
    but note
    Orleans traffic
    = la circulation à Orléans
    Names of cities and towns in French-speaking countries and their adjectives
    Remember that when these adjectives are used as nouns, meaning a person from X or the people of X, they are spelt with capital letters.
    Aix-en-Provence = aixois(e)
    Alger = algérois(e)
    Angers = angevin(e)
    Arles = arlésien(ne)
    Auxerre = auxerrois(e)
    Avignon = avignonnais(e)
    Bastia = bastiais(e)
    Bayonne = bayonnais(e)
    Belfort = belfortain(e)
    Berne = bernois(e)
    Besançon = bisontin(e)
    Béziers = biterrois(e)
    Biarritz = biarrot(e)
    Bordeaux = bordelais(e)
    Boulogne-sur-Mer = boulonnais(e)
    Bourges = berruyer(-ère)
    Brest = brestois(e)
    Bruges = brugeois(e)
    Bruxelles = bruxellois(e)
    Calais = calaisien(ne)
    Cannes = cannais(e)
    Carcassonne = carcassonnais(e)
    Chambéry = chambérien(ne)
    Chamonix = chamoniard(e)
    Clermont-Ferrand = clermontois(e)
    Die = diois(e)
    Dieppe = dieppois(e)
    Dijon = dijonnais(e)
    Dunkerque = dunkerquois(e)
    Fontainebleau = bellifontain(e)
    Gap = gapençais(e)
    Genève = genevois(e)
    Grenoble = grenoblois(e)
    Havre, Le = havrais(e)
    Lens = lensois(e)
    Liège = liégeois(e)
    Lille = lillois(e)
    Lourdes = lourdais(e)
    Luxembourg = luxembourgeois(e)
    Lyon = lyonnais(e)
    Mâcon = mâconnais(e)
    Marseille = marseillais(e) or phocéen(ne)
    Metz = messin(e)
    Modane = modanais(e)
    Montpellier = montpelliérain(e)
    Montréal = montréalais(e)
    Moulins = moulinois(e)
    Mulhouse = mulhousien(ne)
    Nancy = nancéien(ne)
    Nantes = nantais(e)
    Narbonne = narbonnais(e)
    Nevers = nivernais(e)
    Nice = niçois(e)
    Nîmes = nîmois(e)
    Orléans = orléanais(e)
    Paris = parisien(ne)
    Pau = palois(e)
    Périgueux = périgourdin(e)
    Perpignan = perpignanais(e)
    Poitiers = poitevin(e)
    Pont-à-Mousson = mussipontain(e)
    Québec = québécois(e)
    Reims = rémois(e)
    Rennes = rennais(e)
    Roanne = roannais(e)
    Rouen = rouennais(e)
    Saint-Étienne = stéphanois(e)
    Saint-Malo = malouin(e)
    Saint-Tropez = tropézien(ne)
    Sancerre = sancerrois(e)
    Sète = sétois(e)
    Sochaux = sochalien(ne)
    Strasbourg = strasbourgeois(e)
    Tarascon = tarasconnais(e)
    Tarbes = tarbais(e)
    Toulon = toulonnais(e)
    Toulouse = toulousain(e)
    Tours = tourangeau(-elle)
    Tunis = tunisois(e)
    Valence = valentinois(e)
    Valenciennes = valenciennois(e)
    Versailles = versaillais(e)
    Vichy = vichyssois(e)

    Big English-French dictionary > Towns and cities

  • 112 Usage note : a

    The determiner or indefinite article a or an is translated by un + masculine noun and by une + feminine noun:
    a tree
    = un arbre
    a chair
    = une chaise
    There are, however, some cases where the article is not translated:
    with professions and trades:
    her mother is a teacher
    = sa mère est professeur
    with other nouns used in apposition:
    he’s a widower
    = il est veuf
    with what a:
    what a pretty house!
    = quelle jolie maison!
    For translations of a few, a little, a lot, a great many see the entries few, little, lot, many.
    When expressing prices in relation to weight, the definite article le/la is used in French:
    ten euros a kilo
    = dix euros le kilo
    In other expressions where a/an means per, the French translation is usually par:
    twice a day
    = deux fois par jour
    For translations of all other expressions using the indefinite article such as to make a noise, to make a fortune, at a blow etc. consult the appropriate noun entry (noise, fortune, blow etc.).

    Big English-French dictionary > Usage note : a

  • 113 Usage note : before

    When before is used as a preposition in expressions of time or order of sequence or importance, it is translated by avant:
    before the meeting
    = avant la réunion
    she left before me
    = elle est partie avant moi
    For more examples and particular usages, see A1, 2, 3 in the entry before.
    When before is used as a preposition meaning in front of (when you are talking about physical space) or in the presence of, it is translated by devant:
    before our eyes
    = devant nos yeux
    he declared before his mother that …
    = il a déclaré devant sa mère que …
    When before is used as an adjective after a noun, it is translated by précédent/-e:
    the time before
    = la fois précédente
    the one before is translated by le précédent or la précédente:
    no, I’m not talking about that meeting but the one before
    = non, je ne parle pas de cette réunion-là mais de la précédente
    For particular usages see B in the entry before.
    When before is used as an adverb meaning beforehand, it is translated by avant in statements about the present or future:
    I’ll try to talk to her before
    = j’essaierai de lui en parler avant
    you could have told me before
    = tu aurais pu me le dire avant
    When before means previously in statements about the past, it is translated by auparavant:
    I had met her two or three times before
    = je l’avais rencontrée deux ou trois fois auparavant
    When before means already it is translated by déjà:
    I’ve met her before
    = je l’ai déjà rencontrée
    you’ve asked me that question before
    = tu m’as déjà posé cette question
    In negative sentences before is often used in English simply to reinforce the negative. In such cases it is not translated at all:
    I’d never eaten snails before
    = je n’avais jamais mangé d’escargots
    you’ve never told me that before
    = tu ne m’as jamais dit ça
    For particular usages see C in the entry before.
    When before is used as a conjunction, it is translated by avant de + infinitive where the two verbs have the same subject:
    before he saw her he recognized her voice
    = il a reconnu sa voix avant de la voir
    before I cook dinner I’m going to phone my mother
    = avant de préparer le dîner je vais appeler ma mère
    Where the two verbs have different subjects, the translation is avant que + subjunctive:
    Tom wants to see her before she leaves
    = Tom veut la voir avant qu’elle parte
    Some speakers and writers add ne before the verb: Tom veut la voir avant qu’elle ne parte, but this is simply a slightly precious effect of style and is never obligatory. For particular usages see D in the entry before.

    Big English-French dictionary > Usage note : before

  • 114 Usage note : have

    When used as an auxiliary in present perfect, future perfect and past perfect tenses, have is normally translated by avoir:
    I have seen
    = j’ai vu
    I had seen
    = j’avais vu
    However, some verbs in French, especially verbs of movement and change of state (e.g. aller, venir, descendre, mourir), take être rather than avoir in these tenses:
    he has left
    = il est parti
    In this case, remember the past participle agrees with the subject of the verb:
    she has gone
    = elle est allée
    Reflexive verbs (e.g. se lever, se coucher) always conjugate with être:
    she has fainted
    = elle s’est évanouie
    For translations of time expressions using for or since (he has been in London for six months, he has been in London since June), see the entries for and since.
    For translations of time expressions using just (I have just finished my essay, he has just gone), see the entry just1.
    to have to meaning must is translated by either devoir or the impersonal construction il faut que + subjunctive:
    I have to leave now
    = il faut que je parte maintenant or je dois partir maintenant
    In negative sentences, not to have to is generally translated by ne pas être obligé de e.g.
    you don’t have to go
    = tu n’es pas obligé d’y aller
    For examples and particular usages see the entry have.
    When have is used as a straightforward transitive verb meaning possess, have (or have got) can generally be translated by avoir, e.g.
    I have (got) a car
    = j’ai une voiture
    she has a good memory
    = elle a une bonne mémoire
    they have (got) problems
    = ils ont des problèmes
    For examples and particular usages see entry ; see also got.
    have is also used with certain noun objects where the whole expression is equivalent to a verb:
    to have dinner = to dine
    to have a try = to try
    to have a walk = to walk
    In such cases the phrase is very often translated by the equivalent verb in French (dîner, essayer, se promener). For translations consult the appropriate noun entry (dinner, try, walk).
    had is used in English at the beginning of a clause to replace an expression with if. Such expressions are generally translated by si + past perfect tense, e.g.
    had I taken the train, this would never have happened
    = si j’avais pris le train, ce ne serait jamais arrivé
    had there been a fire, we would all have been killed
    = s’il y avait eu un incendie, nous serions tous morts
    For examples of the above and all other uses of have see the entry.

    Big English-French dictionary > Usage note : have

  • 115 Usage note : might

    Although usage shows that may and might are interchangeable in many contexts, might indicates a more remote possibility than may. French generally translates this element of possibility using peut-être with the appropriate verb tense:
    it might snow
    = il va peut-être neiger
    (It is also possible to translate this more formally using il se peut + subjunctive: il se peut qu’il neige). For particular examples see might1 1.
    It is possible to translate might differently depending on the nature of the context and the speaker’s point of view:
    he might not come
    = il risque de ne pas venir
    implies that this is not a desirable outcome for the speaker ;
    he might not come
    = il pourrait ne pas venir or il se peut qu’il ne vienne pas
    however, is neutral in tone. Where there is the idea of a possibility in the past which has not in fact occurred (see might1 2), French uses the past conditional of the verb (which is often pouvoir):
    it might have been serious (but wasn’t in fact)
    = ça aurait pu être grave
    This is also the case where something which could have taken place did not, thus causing annoyance:
    you might have said thanks!
    = tu aurais pu dire merci!
    (see might1 7).
    might, as the past tense of may, will automatically occur in instances of reported speech:
    he said you might be hurt
    = il a dit que tu serais peut-être blessé
    For more examples see the entry might1 and bear in mind the rules for the agreement of tenses.
    Where there is a choice between may and might in making requests, might is more formal and even rather dated. French uses inversion (je peux = puis-je?) in this context and puis-je me permettre de…? (= might I…?) is extremely formal.
    Might can be used to polite effect - to soften direct statements: you might imagine that…or to offer advice tactfully: it might be wise to…In both cases, French uses the conditional tense of the verb: on pourrait penser que… ; ce serait peut-être une bonne idée de… The use of well in phrases such as he might well be right etc. implies a greater degree of likelihood.
    For translations of might well, may well, see B2 in the entry well1.
    For translations of the phrase might as well ( we might as well go home), see well1 B2.

    Big English-French dictionary > Usage note : might

  • 116 Usage note : the

    In French, determiners agree in gender and number with the noun they precede ; the is translated by le + masculine singular noun ( le chien), by la + feminine singular noun ( la chaise), by l’ + masculine or feminine singular noun beginning with a vowel or mute ‘h’ (l’auteur, l’homme, l’absence, l’histoire) and by les + plural noun (les hommes, les femmes).
    When the is used after a preposition in English, the two words (prep + the) are often translated by one word in French. If the preposition would normally be translated by de in French (of, about, from etc.) the prep + the is translated by du + masculine noun ( du chien), by de la + feminine noun ( de la femme), by de l’ + singular noun beginning with a vowel or mute ‘h ’ (de l’auteur, de l’histoire) and by des + plural noun (des hommes, des femmes). If the preposition would usually be translated by à (at, to etc.) the prep + the is translated according to the number and gender of the noun, by au ( au chien), à la ( à la femme), à l’ (à l’enfant), aux (aux hommes, aux femmes).
    Other than this, there are few problems in translating the into French.
    The following cases are, however, worth remembering as not following exactly the pattern of the English:
    the good, the poor etc.
    = les bons, les pauvres etc.
    Charles the First, Elizabeth the Second etc.
    = Charles Premier, Elizabeth Deux etc.
    she’s THE violinist of the century
    = c’est LA violoniste du siècle or c’est la plus grande violoniste du siècle
    the Tudors, the Batemans etc.
    = les Tudor, les Bateman etc.
    For expressions such as the more, the better, see the entry the.
    This dictionary contains usage notes on such topics as weight measurement, days of the week, rivers, illnesses, aches and pains, the human body, and musical instruments, many of which use the.
    For other particular usages of the see the entry the.

    Big English-French dictionary > Usage note : the

  • 117 attorney

    attorney [ə'tɜ:nɪ] (pl attorneys)
    (a) (representative) mandataire mf, représentant(e) m,f
    (b) American (solicitor → for documents, sales etc) notaire m; (→ for court cases) avocat(e) m,f; (barrister) avocat(e) m,f
    ►► Attorney General (in England, Wales and Northern Ireland) = principal avocat de la couronne; (in US) ≃ ministre m de la Justice; (in Canada) procureur m général

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > attorney

  • 118 concentration

    concentration [‚kɒnsən'treɪʃən]
    (a) (mental) concentration f, application f;
    ∎ to lose one's concentration se déconcentrer;
    ∎ the work requires concentration le travail demande de la concentration;
    ∎ concentration span concentration f;
    ∎ he has a poor concentration span il n'arrive pas à se concentrer très longtemps
    (b) (specializing) spécialisation f;
    ∎ in view of their recent concentration on other areas of the market étant donné qu'ils se sont récemment concentrés sur d'autres secteurs du marché
    (c) (grouping → of troops etc) concentration f;
    ∎ there was a concentration of cases of food poisoning in the area il y a eu plusieurs cas d'intoxication alimentaire dans le quartier;
    ∎ concentration of effort convergence f des efforts;
    ∎ Chemistry (degree of) concentration (of acid) titre m;
    ∎ the large urban concentrations les grandes agglomérations fpl urbaines
    ►► concentration camp camp m de concentration;
    concentration camp victim victime f des camps de concentration

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > concentration

  • 119 course

    course [kɔ:s]
    route ⇒ 1 (a) ligne de conduite ⇒ 1 (b) cours ⇒ 1 (c), 1 (d) plat ⇒ 1 (f) terrain ⇒ 1 (g) au cours de ⇒ 4 bien sûr ⇒ 5
    1 noun
    (a) (path, route → of ship, plane) route f; (→ of river) cours m;
    ∎ what is our course? quelle est notre route?;
    ∎ to change course (ship, plane) changer de cap; figurative (argument, discussion) changer de direction, dévier; (company) changer de cap;
    ∎ to be on course (ship, plane) suivre le cap fixé; figurative être en bonne voie;
    ∎ figurative the company is on course to achieve a record profit la société est bien partie pour atteindre des bénéfices record;
    ∎ to be off course (ship, plane) dévier de son cap;
    ∎ you're a long way off course (walking, driving) vous n'êtes pas du tout dans la bonne direction ou sur la bonne route; (with project, workflow) vous êtes en mauvaise voie;
    ∎ to set a course for Marseilles (ship, plane) mettre le cap sur Marseille
    ∎ course (of action) ligne f (de conduite);
    ∎ what is the recommended course of action in such cases? quelle est la ligne de conduite conseillée dans de tels cas?;
    ∎ what other course is open to us? quelle autre solution avons-nous?;
    ∎ your best course of action is to sue la meilleure chose que vous ayez à faire est d'intenter un procès;
    ∎ proverb the course of true love never runs smooth les grandes amours sont toujours orageuses
    (c) (development, progress → of history, war) cours m;
    ∎ the law must take its course la loi doit suivre son cours;
    ∎ the illness takes or runs its course la maladie suit son cours;
    ∎ in the course of time avec le temps;
    ∎ in the course of time he became a very wealthy man il a fini par devenir très riche;
    ∎ you will forget him in the course of time tu finiras par l'oublier, avec le temps tu l'oublieras;
    ∎ in the normal or ordinary course of events normalement, en temps normal;
    ∎ a building in the course of construction/demolition un bâtiment en cours de construction/démolition
    (d) School & University cours mpl;
    ∎ a geography/music course des cours mpl de géographie/musique;
    ∎ he's giving a course of lectures on romanticism this term ce trimestre il fait un cours sur le romantisme;
    ∎ it's a five-year course c'est un enseignement sur cinq ans;
    ∎ we offer courses in a number of subjects nous offrons ou proposons des cours dans plusieurs domaines;
    ∎ he has published a French course il a publié une méthode de français;
    ∎ to go on a (training) course faire un stage;
    ∎ I'm taking or doing a computer course je suis des cours ou un stage d'informatique;
    ∎ what are the other people on the course like? comment sont les autres personnes qui suivent les cours?
    ∎ a course of injections une série de piqûres;
    ∎ a course of pills un traitement à base de comprimés;
    (f) (in meal) plat m;
    ∎ first course entrée f;
    ∎ they were halfway through the second course when the telephone rang ils en étaient au plat principal lorsque le téléphone sonna;
    ∎ there's a cheese course as well il y a aussi du fromage
    (g) Golf terrain m; Horseracing champ m de courses; (in athletics) parcours m;
    ∎ figurative to stay the course tenir le coup
    ∎ tears coursed down his cheeks les larmes ruisselaient sur ses joues;
    ∎ I could feel the blood coursing through my veins je sentais le sang bouillonner dans mes veines
    (b) Hunting (hunt rabbits, hares) chasser (surtout le lièvre)
    familiar (of course) bien sûr□ ;
    ∎ course I believe you bien sûr que je te crois
    au cours de;
    ∎ in the course of the next few weeks dans le courant des semaines qui viennent
    bien sûr;
    ∎ of course I believe you/she loves you bien sûr que je te crois/qu'elle t'aime;
    ∎ no one believed me, of course évidemment ou bien sûr, personne ne m'a cru;
    ∎ ironic I don't matter, of course évidemment ou naturellement, moi, je ne compte pas;
    ∎ of course I'll tell you il va de soi que je vous le dirai;
    ∎ may I use your phone? - of course! puis-je utiliser votre téléphone? - mais bien sûr!;
    ∎ was there much damage? - of course! y a-t-il eu beaucoup de dégâts? - tu parles!;
    ∎ of course not! bien sûr que non!

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > course

  • 120 creak

    creak [kri:k]
    (chair, floorboard, person's joints) craquer; (door hinge) grincer; (shoes) crisser; figurative (plot etc) être boiteux;
    ∎ the chair creaked under his weight la chaise a craqué sous son poids;
    ∎ figurative to creak with age donner des signes de vieillesse;
    ∎ figurative the legal system is creaking under the weight of untried cases le système juridique craque sous le poids des affaires en suspens
    2 noun
    (of chair, floorboard, person's joints) craquement m; (of door hinge) grincement m; (of shoes) crissement m;
    ∎ to give a creak (of chair, floorboard, person's joints) craquer; (of door hinge) grincer; (of shoes) crisser

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > creak

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