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carry+out+transportation

  • 1 осуществлять перевозку

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > осуществлять перевозку

  • 2 перенос

    carry вчт., ( на другую строку) folding, ( слова) hyphenation, junction хим., (клеток, вируса) passage, ( материала при трении) pickup, transfer, transference, ( заряда) transit, translation, transport, transportation, ( членов равенства) transposition
    * * *
    перено́с м.
    1. ( кинетические явления) transfer, transport
    2. мат., вчт. carry
    блоки́ровать перено́с вчт.suppress carry
    перено́с в какой-л. разря́д вчт.carry into a digit place
    перено́с возника́ет вчт.a carry is generated
    перено́с из какого-л. разря́да вчт. — carry out of [from] a digit place
    перено́с из ста́ршего разря́да добавля́ется к мла́дшему разря́ду вчт. — the carry out of the most significant position [digit] is added into the least signifiant position [digit]
    произвести́ перено́с вчт. — forward [execute] a carry
    перено́с вещества́ — mass transfer, mass transport
    перено́с ви́хря (ско́рости) — vorticity transfer
    группово́й перено́с вчт.block carry
    двои́чный перено́с — binary carry
    десяти́чный перено́с — decimal carry
    диффузио́нный перено́с
    1. физ. diffusive transfer
    2. кфт. transfer diffusion, image transfer by diffusion
    заде́ржанный перено́с вчт.delayed carry
    перено́с заря́да — charge transfer
    перено́с заря́да, эстафе́тный — relay-race charge transfer
    перено́с излуче́ния — radiative transport, radiation transfer
    каска́дный перено́с — cascaded [step-by-step] carry
    перено́с ко́пии полигр.laying
    перено́с ко́пии, мо́крый полигр.wet laying
    перено́с ко́пии, сухо́й полигр.dry laying
    лучи́стый перено́с — radiative transport, radiation transfer
    перено́с ма́ссы — mass transfer, mass transport
    перено́с материа́ла ( при трении твёрдых тел) — transfer of material
    межфа́зный перено́с — interphase transfer
    перено́с мета́лла — metal transfer
    молекуля́рный перено́с — molecular transport
    одновреме́нный перено́с — simultaneous carry
    перено́с осе́й (координа́т) — translation or (coordinate) axes
    перено́с радиоакти́вности — radioactivity transport
    сквозно́й перено́с вчт.ripple-through carry
    сквозно́й перено́с че́рез девя́тки ( в десятичной системе) — standing-on-nines carry
    сквозно́й перено́с че́рез едини́цы ( в двоичной системе) — standing-on-ones carry
    перено́с тепла́ — heat transfer, heat transport
    перено́с фотографи́ческого изображе́ния (на другу́ю подло́жку) — transfer process
    цикли́ческий перено́с вчт.end-around carry
    части́чный перено́с — partial carry
    перено́с частоты́ ( в другой диапазон) свз.frequency translation
    перено́с эне́ргии — transfer of energy
    перено́с эне́ргии, диффузио́нный — energy transfer by (a) diffusion (mechanism)
    перено́с эне́ргии, индукти́вно-резона́нсный — energy transfer by (an) inductive resonance (mechanism)
    перено́с эне́ргии, эксито́нный — energy transfer by excitons [by an exciton mechanism]

    Русско-английский политехнический словарь > перенос

  • 3 транспортное обеспечение персонала Олимпийских маркетинг-партнеров

    1. transportation for Olympic marketing partners' staff

     

    транспортное обеспечение персонала Олимпийских маркетинг-партнеров
    В тех случаях, когда это будет возможно, целесообразно и одобрено МОК, Оргкомитет «Сочи-2014» бесплатно предоставит соответствующим маркетинг-партнерам Игр приоритетные возможности парковки для обслуживания концессий или осуществления технической поддержки в отношении согласованного количества соответствующих транспортных средств маркетинг-партнеров Игр применительно ко всем объектам Игр, включая те, где расположены концессии маркетинг-партнеров Игр и работает их технический персонал.
    [Департамент лингвистических услуг Оргкомитета «Сочи 2014». Глоссарий терминов]

    EN

    transportation for Olympic marketing partners' staff
    available and appropriate, and as approved by the IOC, Sochi 2014 shall provide relevant Games marketing partners with priority parking privileges for servicing concessions or providing technical support, at no cost to relevant Games marketing partners, for an agreed number of relevant Games marketing partners' vehicles at all venues, including those of its concessions and technical staff necessary to carry out their duties.
    [Департамент лингвистических услуг Оргкомитета «Сочи 2014». Глоссарий терминов]

    Тематики

    EN

    Русско-английский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > транспортное обеспечение персонала Олимпийских маркетинг-партнеров

  • 4 машинное оборудование

    1. machinery

     

    машинное оборудование
    термин " машинное оборудование" означает:
    - сборочную единицу, состоящую из соединенных частей или компонентов, по крайней мере, одна из которых находится в движении, имеет соответствующие приводы, схему управления, цепь питания, и т.д., соединенные вместе с целью специального применения, в частности, для производства, обработки, перемещения или упаковки материала;
    - группу машин, которые для достижения той же цели организованы и управляется таким образом, что они функционируют как единое целое;
    - взаимозаменяемое оборудование, модифицирующее функции машины, которое отдельно поставляется на рынок и предназначено для установки на машине или на серии различных машин или на приводном устройстве самим оператором, при условии, что данное оборудование не является запасной частью или инструментом.
    [Директива 98/37/ЕЭС по машинному оборудованию]

    EN

    machinery
    ‘machinery’ means:
    — an assembly of linked parts or components, at least one of which moves, with the appropriate
    actuators, control and power circuits, etc., joined together for a specific application, in particular
    for the processing, treatment, moving or packaging of a material,
    — an assembly of machines which, in order to achieve the same end, are arranged and controlled so that they function as an integral whole,
    — interchangeable equipment modifying the function of a machine, which is placed on the market for the purpose of being assembled with a machine or a series of different machines or with a tractor by the operator himself in so far as this equipment is not a spare part or a tool
    [DIRECTIVE 98/37/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL]

    Параллельные тексты EN-RU

    3. The following are excluded from the scope of this Directive:

    3. Из области применения данной Директивы исключаются:

    — machinery whose only power source is directly applied manual effort, unless it is a machine used for lifting or lowering loads,

    - машинное оборудование, для которых источником энергии является исключительно непосредственное применение ручной силы, за исключением механизмов для подъема и опускания грузов;

    — machinery for medical use used in direct contact with patients,

    - медицинские приборы;

    — special equipment for use in fairgrounds and/or amusement parks,

    - специальное оборудование для использования в аттракционах и/или парках для развлечений;

    — steam boilers, tanks and pressure vessels,

    - паровые котлы, резервуары и сосуды под давлением;

    — machinery specially designed or put into service for nuclear purposes which, in the event of failure, may result in an emission of radioactivity,

    - машинное оборудование, специально сконструированное или используемое в атомной отрасли, которые в случае аварии могут привести к выделению радиоактивных веществ;

    — radioactive sources forming part of a machine,

    - радиоактивные источники, составляющие часть машин;

    — firearms,

    - стрелковое оружие;

    — storage tanks and pipelines for petrol, diesel fuel, inflammable liquids and dangerous substances,

    - емкости для хранения или трубопроводы для бензина, дизельного топлива, огнеопасных жидкостей и опасных веществ;

    — means of transport, i.e. vehicles and their trailers intended solely for transporting passengers by air or on road, rail or water networks, as well as means of transport in so far as such means are designed for transporting goods by air, on public road or rail networks or on water. Vehicles used in the mineral extraction industry shall not be excluded,

    - транспортные средства, т.е. средства перевозки и их прицепы, предназначенные исключительно для перевозки пассажиров по воздуху, автодороге, железной дороге, или водными путями, а также транспортные средства, сконструированные для транспортировки грузов по воздуху, по общедоступным дорогам, железным дорогам или водным путям. Средства транспортировки, используемые в горнодобывающей промышленности, не исключаются из области применения настоящей Директивы;

    — seagoing vessels and mobile offshore units together with equipment on board such vessels or units,

    - морские суда и мобильные береговые агрегаты вместе с оборудованием на борту, такие как танки или установки;

    — cableways, including funicular railways, for the public or private transportation of persons,

    - канатные дороги, включая фуникулерные железные дороги для общественного или частного пользования, предназначенные для транспортировки людей;

    — agricultural and forestry tractors, as defined in Article 1(1) of Directive 74/150/EEC (1),

    (1) Council Directive 74/150/EEC of 4 March 1974 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to the type-approval of wheeled agricultural or forestry tractors (OJ L 84, 28.3.1974, p. 10). Directive as last amended by Decision 95/1/EC, Euratom, ECSC (OJ L 1.1.1995, p. 1).

    -сельскохозяйственные и лесные тракторы, подпадающие под определение статьи 1 (1) Директивы Совета 74/150/ЕЭС(1);

    (1) Директива Совета 74/150/ЕЭС от 4 марта 1974 г. по сближению законодательных актов Государств-членов, относящихся к одобрению типов колесных сельскохозяйственных или лесных тракторов (Официальный журнал Европейских сообществ № L 84, 28.3.1974 г., стр.10). Директива, измененная последний раз Решением 95/1/ЕЭС, Евроатом, ECSC (Официальный журнал Европейских сообществ № L 1/1/1995 г., стр 1)

    — machines specially designed and constructed for military or police purposes,

    - машины, специально сконструированные и созданные для военных и полицейских целей;

    — lifts which permanently serve specific levels of buildings and constructions, having a car moving between guides which are rigid and inclined at an angle of more than 15 degrees to the horizontal and designed for the transport of:
    (i) persons;
    (ii) persons and goods;
    (iii) goods alone if the car is accessible, that is to say, a person may enter it without difficulty, and fitted with controls situated inside the car or within reach of a person inside,

    - лифты и подъемные устройства, постоянно обслуживающие определенные уровни зданий и конструкций, имеющие транспортную тележку, движущуюся между жесткими направляющими, которые имеют угол наклона более 15 градусов к горизонтальной поверхности и сконструированы для транспортировки:
    (i) людей;
    (ii) людей и имущества;
    (iii) только имущества, в том случае, если кабина лифта открыта, т.е. человек может легко войти в такое транспортное средство и манипулировать средствами управления, находящимися внутри кабины или в пределах досягаемости для человека;

    — means of transport of persons using rack and pinion rail mounted vehicles,

    - транспортные средства для перевозки людей, с использованием зубчатых или реечных рельс, по которым перемещается транспортные средства;

    — mine winding gear,

    - шахтные канатные подъемные устройства;

    — theatre elevators,

    - театральные подъемники;

    — construction site hoists intended for lifting persons or persons and goods.

    - строительные подъемники, предназначенные для подъема людей или людей и грузов.

    4. Where, for machinery or safety components, the risks referred to in this Directive are wholly or partly covered by specific Community Directives, this Directive shall not apply, or shall cease to apply, in the case of such machinery or safety components and of such risks on the implementation of these specific Directives.

    4. Когда для машинного оборудования и компонентов безопасности риски, определенные в настоящей Директиве, полностью или частично покрываются специальными Директивами Сообщества, настоящая Директива не применяется или прекращает свое действие, такое машинное оборудование и компоненты безопасности и такие риски подпадают под действие этих специальных Директив.

    5. Where, for machinery, the risks are mainly of electrical origin, such machinery shall be covered exclusively by Directive 73/23/EEC (2).

    (2) Council Directive 73/23/EEC of 19 February 1973 on the harmonisation of the laws of Member States relating to electrical equipment designed for use within certain voltage limits (OJ L 77, 26.3.1973, p. 29). Directive as last amended by Directive 93/68/EEC (OJ L 220, 30.8.1993, p. 1).

    5. Когда риски применения машинного оборудования связаны с электрическими источниками, то такое оборудование охватываются исключительно Директивой 73/23/ЕЭС(2).

    (2) Директива Совета 73/23/ЕЭС/ от 19 февраля 1973 года о гармонизации законов Государств-Участников в отношении электрооборудования, предназначенного для использования в условиях определенных пределов напряжения (Официальный журнал Европейских сообществ № L 77, 26.03.1973, стр. 29). Директива с последней поправкой Директивой 93/68/ЕЭС (Официальный журнал Европейских сообществ № L 220, 30.08.1993, стр.1).

    Article 2
    1. Member States shall take all appropriate measures to ensure that machinery or safety components covered by this Directive may be placed on the market and put into service only if they do not endanger the health or safety of persons and, where appropriate, domestic animals or property, when properly installed and maintained and used for their intended purpose.

    Статья 2
    1. Государства - члены должны предпринимать все необходимые меры для обеспечения того, чтобы машинное оборудование или компоненты безопасности, попадающие под действие настоящей Директивы, поставлялись на рынок и вводились в эксплуатацию, только если они не составляют угрозу для здоровья и безопасности людей и домашних животных, или имуществу при условии надлежащей установки и обслуживания, а также использования по прямому назначению.

    2. This Directive shall not affect Member States’ entitlement to lay down, in due observance of the Treaty, such requirements as they may deem necessary to ensure that persons and in particular workers are protected when using the machinery or safety components in question, provided that this does not mean that the machinery or safety components are modified in a way not specified in the Directive.

    2. Настоящая Директива не ограничивает права Государств - членов устанавливать при должном соблюдении Договора такие требования, которые они посчитают необходимыми для обеспечения защиты людей, особенно работников, при использовании машинного оборудования или компонентов безопасности, при условии, что модификация такого машинного оборудования и компонентов безопасности была произведена в соответствии с положениями настоящей Директивы.

    3. At trade fairs, exhibitions, demonstrations, etc., Member States shall not prevent the showing of machinery or safety components which do not conform to the provisions of this Directive, provided that a visible sign clearly indicates that such machinery or safety components do not conform and that they are not for sale until they have been brought into conformity by the manufacturer or his authorised representative established in the Community. During demonstrations, adequate safety measures shall be taken to ensure the protection of persons.

    3. На торговых ярмарках, выставках, демонстрациях и т.п. Государства - члены не должны препятствовать демонстрации машинного оборудования или компонентов безопасности, которые не соответствуют положениям настоящей Директивы, при условии, что видимый знак четко указывает, что такое машинное оборудование или компоненты безопасности не соответствуют данной Директиве, и что они не предназначаются для продажи до тех пор, пока изготовитель или его уполномоченный представитель в Сообществе не приведет их в полное соответствие с Директивой. Во время демонстраций должны приниматься адекватные меры для обеспечения безопасности граждан.

    Article 3
    Machinery and safety components covered by this Directive shall satisfy the essential health and safety requirements set out in Annex I.

    Статья 3
    Машинное оборудование, а также компоненты безопасности, относящиеся к области действия настоящей Директивы, должны полностью удовлетворять основным требованиям по обеспечению здоровья и безопасности, изложенным в Приложении 1.

    Article 4
    1. Member States shall not prohibit, restrict or impede the placing on the market and putting into service in their territory of machinery and safety components which comply with this Directive.

    Статья 4
    1. Государства - члены не должны запрещать, ограничивать или препятствовать поставке на рынок машинного оборудования, а также компонентов безопасности, которые соответствуют
    требованиям настоящей Директивы.

    2. Member States shall not prohibit, restrict or impede the placing on the market of machinery where the manufacturer or his authorised representative established in the Community declares in accordance with point B of Annex II that it is intended to be incorporated into machinery or assembled with other machinery to constitute machinery covered by this Directive, except where it can function independently.

    ‘Interchangeable equipment’, as referred to in the third indent of Article 1(2)(a), must in all cases bear the CE marking and be accompanied by the EC declaration of conformity referred to in Annex II, point A.

    2. Государства - члены не должны запрещать, ограничивать или препятствовать поставке на рынок машинного оборудования, если изготовитель или его уполномоченный представитель в Сообществе заявляет в соответствии с Приложением II B, что они предназначены для включения в машинное оборудование или компоноваться с другим оборудованием, так, что в соединении они составят машинное оборудование, отвечающее требованиям настоящей Директивы, за исключением тех случаев, когда они могут функционировать независимо.

    "Взаимозаменяемое оборудование" в смысле третьего абзаца с черточкой в Статье 1 (2) (a) должно во всех случаях иметь маркировку "СЕ" и сопровождаться декларацией соответствия, определенной в Приложении II, пункте А.

    3. Member States may not prohibit, restrict or impede the placing on the market of safety components as defined in Article 1(2) where they are accompanied by an EC declaration of conformity by the manufacturer or his authorised representative established in the Community as referred to in Annex II, point C.

    3. Государства - члены не имеют права запрещать, ограничивать или препятствовать распространению на рынке компонентов безопасности, определенных Статьей 1 (2), если эти компоненты сопровождаются декларацией соответствия ЕС, заявленной изготовителем или его уполномоченным представителем в Сообществе, как определено в Приложении II, пункте С.

    Article 5
    1. Member States shall regard the following as conforming to all the provisions of this Directive, including the procedures for checking the conformity provided for in Chapter II:
    — machinery bearing the CE marking and accompanied by the EC declaration of conformity referred to in Annex II, point A,
    — safety components accompanied by the EC declaration of conformity referred to in Annex II, point C.

    Статья 5
    1. Государства - члены должны считать нижеследующее соответствующим всем положениям настоящей Директивы, включая процедуры проверки соответствия, предусмотренной в Главе II:
    - машинное оборудование, имеющее маркировку "СЕ" и сопровождаемое декларацией соответствия ЕС, как указано в Приложении II, пункте A;
    - компоненты безопасности, сопровождаемые декларацией соответствия ЕС, как указано в Приложении II, пункте C.

    При отсутствии гармонизированных стандартов Государства - члены должны предпринимать любые меры, которые они сочтут необходимыми, для привлечения внимания заинтересованных сторон к существующим национальным техническим стандартам и спецификациям, которые считаются важными или относятся к выполнению основных требований по обеспечению здоровья и безопасности в соответствии с Приложением 1.

    2. Where a national standard transposing a harmonised standard, the reference for which has been published in the Official Journal of the European Communities, covers one or more of the essential safety requirements, machinery or safety components constructed in accordance with this standard shall be presumed to comply with the relevant essential requirements.
    Member States shall publish the references of national standards transposing harmonised standards.

    2. В тех случаях, когда национальный стандарт, заменяющий гармонизированный стандарт, ссылка на который была опубликована в Официальном журнале Европейских сообществ, покрывает одно или несколько основных требований безопасности, машинное оборудование или компоненты безопасности, сконструированные в соответствии с таким стандартом, должны считаться соответствующими основным требованиям.
    Государства - члены должны публиковать ссылки на национальные стандарты, заменяющие гармонизированные стандарты.

    3. Member States shall ensure that appropriate measures are taken to enable the social partners to have an influence at national level on the process of preparing and monitoring the harmonised standards.

    3. Государства - члены должны обеспечивать принятие необходимых мер для того, чтобы их социальные партнеры получали возможность влиять на национальном уровне на процессы подготовки и отслеживания гармонизированных стандартов.

    Article 6
    1. Where a Member State or the Commission considers that the harmonised standards referred to in Article 5(2) do not entirely satisfy the essential requirements referred to in Article 3, the Commission or the Member State concerned shall bring the matter before the committee set up under Directive 83/189/EEC, giving the reasons therefor. The committee shall deliver an opinion without delay.
    Upon receipt of the committee’s opinion, the Commission shall inform the Member States whether or not it is necessary to withdraw those standards from the published information referred to in Article 5(2).

    Статья 6
    1. В случае, если Государство - член или Комиссия считают, что гармонизированные стандарты, рассмотренные в Статье 5 (2), не полностью соответствуют основным требованиям, определенным в Статье 3, Комиссия или заинтересованное Государство - член должны поставить этот вопрос на рассмотрение комитета, созданного в соответствии с Директивой 83/189/ЕЭС, обосновав причины такого обращения. Комитет должен безотлагательно вынести решение.
    После получения такого решения комитета Комиссия должна информировать Государства – члены, необходимо или нет отозвать эти стандарты из опубликованной информации, определенной в Статье 5 (2).

    2. A standing committee shall be set up, consisting of representatives appointed by the Member States and chaired by a representative of the Commission.

    The standing committee shall draw up its own rules of procedure.

    Any matter relating to the implementation and practical application of this Directive may be brought before the standing committee, in accordance with the following procedure:

    The representative of the Commission shall submit to the committee a draft of the measures to be taken. The committee shall deliver its opinion on the draft, within a time limit which the chairman may lay down according to the urgency of the matter, if necessary by taking a vote.

    The opinion shall be recorded in the minutes; in addition, each Member State shall have the right to ask to have its position recorded in the minutes.
    The Commission shall take the utmost account of the opinion delivered by the committee.
    It shall inform the committee of the manner in which its opinion has been taken into account.

    2. Должен быть создан постоянно действующий комитет, состоящий из представителей, назначенных Государствами – членами, и возглавляемый представителем Комиссии.

    Постоянно действующий комитет будет сам устанавливать порядок действий и процедуры.

    Любой вопрос, относящийся к выполнению и практическому применению настоящей Директивы, может быть поставлен на рассмотрение постоянно действующего комитета, в соответствии со следующими правилами:

    Представитель Комиссии должен представить комитету проект предполагаемых к принятию мер. Комитет должен выразить свое мнение по проекту за время, установленное председателем в соответствии со срочностью вопроса, при необходимости определяемого путем голосования.

    Это мнение должно быть зафиксировано в протоколе; кроме того, каждое Государство - член имеет право потребовать отразить свою позицию в протоколе. Комиссия должна максимально учитывать мнение, вынесенное комитетом.
    Она должна проинформировать комитет, каким образом было учтено его мнение.

    Article 7
    1. Where a Member State ascertains that:
    — machinery bearing the CE marking, or
    — safety components accompanied by the EC declaration of conformity, used in accordance with their intended purpose are liable to endanger the safety of persons, and, where appropriate, domestic animals or property, it shall take all appropriate measures to withdraw such machinery or safety components from the market, to prohibit the placing on the market, putting into service or use thereof, or to restrict free movement thereof.

    Member States shall immediately inform the Commission of any such measure, indicating the reason for its decision and, in particular, whether non-conformity is due to:
    (a) failure to satisfy the essential requirements referred to in Article 3;
    (b) incorrect application of the standards referred to in Article 5(2);
    (c) shortcomings in the standards themselves referred to in Article 5(2).

    Статья 7
    1. Если Государство - член устанавливает, что:
    - машинное оборудование, имеющее маркировку "СЕ", либо
    - компоненты безопасности, сопровождаемые декларацией соответствия ЕС, используемые в соответствии с их назначением, могут нести угрозу безопасности людям, и, если это имеет место, домашним животным или собственности, оно должно принять все необходимые меры для изъятия такого машинного оборудования, либо компонентов безопасности с рынка, запретить их поставку на рынок, ввод в эксплуатацию или использование, либо ограничить их свободное обращение.

    Государства - члены должны немедленно информировать Комиссию о любых подобных мерах, указать причины такого решения и, в особенности, информировать о том, явилось ли это несоответствие результатом:
    a) неспособности удовлетворить основным требованиям, определенным в Статье 3;
    b) неправильного применения стандартов, определенных в Статье 5 (п.2);
    c) недостатков самих стандартов, определенных в Статье 5 (п. 2).

    2. The Commission shall enter into consultation with the parties concerned without delay. Where the Commission considers, after this consultation, that the measure is justified, it shall immediately so inform the Member State which took the initiative and the other Member States. Where the Commission considers, after this consultation, that the action is unjustified, it shall immediately so inform the Member State which took the initiative and the manufacturer or his authorised representative established within the Community.

    Where the decision referred to in paragraph 1 is based on a shortcoming in the standards, and where the Member State at the origin of the decision maintains its position, the Commission shall immediately inform the committee in order to initiate the procedures referred to in Article 6(1).

    2. Комиссия должна безотлагательно провести консультацию с заинтересованными сторонами. В случае, если после проведения такой консультации, Комиссия полагает, что такая мера обоснована, она должна немедленно информировать об этом Государство - член, которое выдвинуло эту инициативу, а также остальные Государства - члены. Если Комиссия после проведения такой консультации полагает, что действия не были обоснованными, она немедленно извещает об этом Государство - член, проявившее инициативу, и изготовителя, либо его уполномоченного представителя в Сообществе.

    Если решение, указанное в параграфе 1, основано на недостатках в стандартах, и если Государство - член на основании такого решения сохраняет свои позиции, то Комиссия должна немедленно информировать комитет для того, чтобы начать процедуры, описанные в Статье 6 (п. 1).

    3. Where:
    — machinery which does not comply bears the CE marking,
    — a safety component which does not comply is accompanied by an EC declaration of conformity,
    the competent Member State shall take appropriate action against whom so ever has affixed the marking or drawn up the declaration and shall so inform the Commission and other Member States.

    3. Если:
    - машинное оборудование, не соответствующие требованиям, имеют маркировку "СЕ",
    - компоненты безопасности, не соответствующие требованиям, имеют декларацию соответствия ЕС,
    компетентное Государство - член должно начать соответствующие действия против любого, кто поставил маркировку, или составил декларацию, и должно проинформировать об этом Комиссию и другие Государства - члены.

    4. The Commission shall ensure that Member States are kept informed of the progress and outcome of this procedure.

    4. Комиссия должна обеспечить, чтобы Государства – члены были постоянно информированы о ходе и результатах данной процедуры.

    CHAPTER II
    CONFORMITY ASSESSMENT PROCEDURES
    Article 8

    1. The manufacturer or his authorised representative established in the Community must, in order to certify that machinery and safety components are in conformity with this Directive, draw up for all machinery or safety components manufactured an EC declaration of conformity based on the model given in Annex II, point A or C as appropriate.

    In addition, for machinery alone, the manufacturer or his authorised representatives established in the Community must affix to the machine the CE marking.

    Глава II
    Процедуры оценки соответствия
    Статья 8

    1. Для подтверждения того, что машинное оборудование, а также компоненты безопасности соответствуют положениям настоящей Директивы, изготовитель или его уполномоченный представитель в Сообществе должен составить декларацию ЕС о соответствии на произведенное машинное оборудование и компоненты безопасности по образцу, приведенному в Приложении II, соответственно пунктам A или C.

    Корме того, на машинное оборудование изготовитель или его уполномоченный представитель в Сообществе должен нанести маркировку "СЕ" в соответствии со Статьей 10.

    2. Before placing on the market, the manufacturer, or his authorised representative established in the Community, shall:
    (a) if the machinery is not referred to in Annex IV, draw up the file provided for in Annex V;
    (b) if the machinery is referred to in Annex IV and its manufacturer does not comply, or only partly complies, with the standards referred to in Article 5(2) or if there are no such standards, submit an example of the machinery for the EC type-examination referred to in Annex VI;
    (c) if the machinery is referred to in Annex IV and is manufactured in accordance with the standards referred to in Article 5(2):
    — either draw up the file referred to in Annex VI and forward it to a notified body, which will acknowledge receipt of the file as soon as possible and keep it,
    — submit the file referred to in Annex VI to the notified body, which will simply verify that the standards referred to in Article 5(2) have been correctly applied and will draw up a certificate of adequacy for the file,
    — or submit the example of the machinery for the EC type-examination referred to in Annex VI.

    2. Перед поставкой на рынок изготовитель или его уполномоченный представитель в Сообществе должен:
    (a) в случае, если машинное оборудование не указано в Приложении IV, составить документацию, предусмотренную Приложением V;
    (b) если машинное оборудование указано в Приложении IV, и их изготовитель не выполняет, либо выполняет лишь частично требования стандартов, упомянутых в Статье 5 (2), либо, если таких стандартов не существует, то представить образец машинного оборудования для его испытания ЕС, определенного в Приложении VI;
    (c) если машинное оборудование указано в Приложении IV и изготовлено в соответствии со стандартами, определенными в Статье 5 (п. 2):
    - либо составить документацию, указанную в Приложении VI, и передать ее нотифицированному органу, который подтверждает получение документации в возможно короткие сроки, а также сохраняет ее;
    - представить документацию, указанную в Приложении VI, нотифицированному органу, который просто проверит, что стандарты, упомянутые в Статье 5 (2), были применены правильно и составит сертификат соответствия по этой документации;
    - либо представить образец машинного оборудования для испытания ЕС типового образца, определенного в Приложении VI.

    3. Where the first indent of paragraph 2(c) of this Article applies, the provisions of the first sentence of paragraphs 5 and 7 of Annex VI shall also apply.

    Where the second indent of paragraph 2(c) of this Article applies, the provisions of paragraphs 5, 6 and 7 of Annex VI shall also apply.

    3. В тех случаях, когда может быть применен первый абзац параграфа 2 (с) этой Статьи должны также применяться положения первого предложения параграфов 5 и 7 Приложения VI.

    В тех случаях, когда может быть применен второй абзац пункта 2 (с), должны также применяться положения параграфов 5, 6 и 7 Приложения VI.

    4. Where paragraph 2(a) and the first and second indents of paragraph 2(c) apply, the EC declaration of conformity shall solely state conformity with the essential requirements of the Directive.

    Where paragraph 2(b) and the third indent of paragraph 2(c) apply, the EC declaration of conformity shall state conformity with the example that underwent EC type-examination.

    4. В тех случаях, когда применяется параграф 2 (а) и первый и второй абзацы параграфа 2 (c), декларация ЕС о соответствии должна удостоверить соответствие основным требованиям настоящей Директивы.

    В случае, когда применяется параграф 2 (b) и третий абзац параграфа 2 (c), декларация ЕС о соответствии должна удостоверить соответствие образцу, прошедшему испытание ЕС типового образца.

    5. Safety components shall be subject to the certification procedures applicable to machinery pursuant to paragraphs 2, 3 and 4. Furthermore, during EC type-examination, the notified body shall verify the suitability of the safety component for fulfilling the safety functions declared by the manufacturer.

    5.Компоненты безопасности должны подвергаться процедурам сертификации, применимым к машинному оборудованию в соответствии с параграфами 2, 3, 4. Более того, во время испытания ЕС типового образца нотифицированный орган должен проверить пригодность компонентов безопасности для выполнения тех функций безопасности, которые заявлены изготовителем.

    6. (a) Where the machinery is subject to other Directives concerning other aspects and which also provide for the affixing of the CE marking, the latter shall indicate that the machinery is also presumed to conform to the provisions of those other Directives.
    (b) However, where one or more of those Directives allow the manufacturer, during a transitional period, to choose which arrangements to apply, the CE marking shall indicate conformity only to the Directives applied by the manufacturer. In this case, particulars of the Directives applied, as published in the Official Journal of the European Communities, must be given in the documents, notices or instructions required by the directives and accompanying such machinery.

    6. (a) В тех случаях, когда машинное оборудование подпадает под действие Директив по другим аспектам, которые также предусматривают нанесение маркировки "СЕ", последняя указывает, что такое машинное оборудование соответствуют положениям этих прочих директив.
    (b) Тем не менее, когда одна или несколько таких Директив позволяют изготовителям в течение переходного периода выбирать, какие из положений применить, маркировка "СЕ" будет указывать на соответствие только тем Директивам, которые применялись изготовителем. В этом случае подробная информация о примененных Директивах, опубликованных в Официальном журнале Европейских сообществ, должен приводиться в документах, аннотациях или инструкциях, требуемых в соответствии с Директивами, и сопровождать такое машинное оборудование.

    7. Where neither the manufacturer nor his authorised representative established in the Community fulfils the obligations of paragraphs 1 to 6, these obligations shall fall to any person placing the machinery or safety component on the market in the Community. The same obligations shall apply to any person assembling machinery or parts thereof or safety components of various origins or constructing machinery or safety components for his own use.

    7. Если ни изготовитель, ни его уполномоченный представитель в Сообществе не выполнят своих обязательств по предыдущим параграфам, то эти обязательства должны быть выполнены любыми лицами, поставляющими машинное оборудование или компоненты безопасности на рынок Сообщества. Такие же обязательства возлагаются на любые лица, осуществляющие сборку машинного оборудования, либо его частей или компонентов безопасности различного происхождения, либо создающие машинное оборудование или компоненты безопасности для собственного пользования.

    8. The obligations referred to in paragraph 7 shall not apply to persons who assemble with a machine or tractor interchangeable equipment as provided for in Article 1, provided that the parts are compatible and each of the constituent parts of the assembled machine bears the CE marking and is accompanied by the EC declaration of conformity.

    8. Обязательства, изложенные в параграфе 7, не применяются к лицам, которые собирают с машиной, механизмом или транспортным средством взаимозаменяемое оборудование, указанное в Статье 1, при условии, что эти части совместимы, и каждая из частей машины в сборе имеет маркировку "СЕ" и Декларацию ЕС о соответствии.

    Article 9
    1. Member States shall notify the Commission and the other Member States of the approved bodies which they have appointed to carry out the procedures referred to in Article 8 together with the specific tasks which these bodies have been appointed to carry out and the identification numbers assigned to them beforehand by the Commission.
    The Commission shall publish in the Official Journal of the European Communities a list of the notified bodies and their identification numbers and the tasks for which they have been notified. The Commission shall ensure that this list is kept up to date.

    Статья 9
    1. Государства - члены должны уведомить Комиссию и другие Государства - члены об утвержденных органах, которые назначаются для выполнения процедур, описанных в Статье 8, также как и для различных особых задач, которые этим органам предназначено выполнять, и об идентификационных номерах, предварительно присвоенных им Комиссией.

    В Официальном журнале Европейских сообществ Комиссия должна публиковать список таких нотифицированных органов и их идентификационные номера, а также задачи, для решения которых они предназначены. Комиссия должна обеспечить своевременность обновления списка.

    2. Member States shall apply the criteria laid down in Annex VII in assessing the bodies to be indicated in such notification. Bodies meeting the assessment criteria laid down in the relevant harmonised standards shall be presumed to fulfil those criteria.

    2. Государства - члены должны применять критерии, изложенные в Приложении VII, для определения органов, которые будут указаны в таких назначениях. Органы, удовлетворяющие критериям, изложенным в соответствующих гармонизированных стандартах, считаются соответствующими критериям.

    3. A Member State which has approved a body must withdraw its notification if it finds that the body no longer meets the criteria referred to in Annex VII. It shall immediately inform the Commission and the other Member States accordingly.

    3. Государство - член, утвердившее такой орган, должно отменить его назначение, если оно обнаружит, что он больше не соответствует критериям, изложенным в Приложении VII. Государство - член должно немедленно известить об этом Комиссию и другие Государства - члены.

    CHAPTER III
    CE MARKING
    Article 10
    1. The CE conformity marking shall consist of the initials ‘CE’. The form of the marking to be used is shown in Annex III.

    ГЛАВА III
    МАРКИРОВКА "СЕ"
    Статья 10
    1. Маркировка "СЕ" состоит из заглавных букв "СЕ". Форма маркировки, которая будет использоваться, указана в Приложении III.

    2. The CE marking shall be affixed to machinery distinctly and visibly in accordance with point 1.7.3 of Annex I.

    2. Маркировка "СЕ" должна наноситься на машинное оборудование четко, на видном месте в соответствии с пунктом 1.7.3. Приложения I.

    3. The affixing of markings on the machinery which are likely to deceive third parties as to the meaning and form of the CE marking shall be prohibited. Any other marking may be affixed to the machinery provided that the visibility and legibility of the CE marking is not thereby reduced.

    3. Нанесение маркировок на машинное оборудование таким образом, что это может ввести в заблуждение относительно значения и формы маркировки "СЕ", запрещено. Любые другие маркировки могут быть нанесены на машинное оборудование таким образом, чтобы не мешать видимости и различимости маркировки "СЕ".

    4. Without prejudice to Article 7:
    (a) where a Member State establishes that the CE marking has been affixed unduly, the manufacturer or his authorised representative established within the Community shall be obliged to make the product conform as regards the provisions concerning the CE marking and to end the infringement under the conditions imposed by the Member State;

    (b) where non-conformity continues, the Member State must take all appropriate measures to restrict or prohibit the placing on the market of the product in question or to ensure that it is withdrawn from the market in accordance with the procedure laid down in Article 7.

    4. Без ограничения применения Статьи 7:
    (a) если Государство - член устанавливает, что маркировка "СЕ" была нанесена неправильно, изготовитель или его уполномоченный представитель в Сообществе будет обязан привести продукцию в соответствии с положениями, касающимися маркировки "СЕ" и положить конец нарушениям на условиях, установленных Государством - членом;

    (b) если такое несоответствие будет продолжаться, то Государство - член должно принять все соответствующие меры для ограничения или запрещения поставки на рынок такой продукции, либо обеспечить изъятие ее с рынка в соответствии с процедурами, изложенными в Статье 7.

    CHAPTER IV
    FINAL PROVISIONS
    Article 11

    Any decision taken pursuant to this Directive which restricts the placing on the market and putting into service of machinery or a safety component shall state the exact grounds on which it is based. Such a decision shall be notified as soon as possible to the party concerned, who shall at the same time be informed of the legal remedies available to him under the laws in force in the Member State concerned and of the time limits to which such remedies are subject.

    ГЛАВА IV
    ЗАКЛЮЧИТЕЛЬНЫЕ ПОЛОЖЕНИЯ
    Статья 11

    Любое решение, принятое в исполнение настоящей Директивы, ограничивающее поставку на рынок и ввод в эксплуатацию машинного оборудования или компонентов безопасности, должно указывать точные причины, на которых оно основано. Такое решение должно быть по возможности быстро доведено до сведения заинтересованных сторон, их также следует проинформировать о законных мерах, которые могут быть предприняты по действующему законодательству в соответствующем Государстве - члене и о сроках, в которые данные меры применяются.

    Article 12
    The Commission will take the necessary steps to have information on all the relevant decisions relating to the management of this Directive made available.

    Статья 12
    Комиссия предпримет все необходимые шаги для получения информации по всем соответствующим решениям, касающимся применения и распространения настоящей Директивы.

    Article 13
    1. Member States shall communicate to the Commission the texts of the provisions of national law which they adopt in the field governed by this Directive.

    2. The Commission shall, before 1 January 1994, examine the progress made in the standardisation work relating to this Directive and propose any appropriate measures.

    Статья 13
    1. Государства - члены должны передать Комиссии тексты положений национальных законодательных актов, принимаемых в сфере, определяемой настоящей Директивой.

    2. Комиссия должна до 1 января 1994 г. изучить развитие работ по стандартизации, относящиеся к области действия настоящей Директивы и предложить любые целесообразные меры.

    Тематики

    EN

    Русско-английский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > машинное оборудование

  • 5 ministero

    m ministry
    ( gabinetto) government, ministry
    * * *
    ministero s.m.
    1 (ufficio, funzione) office, function; (eccl.) ministry: un alto ministero, a high office; svolgere un ministero di pace, to carry out a mission of peace // il sacro ministero, the (sacred) ministry
    2 (ministero, dipartimento amministrativo dello Stato) Ministry, Office, Board; (negli Stati Uniti) Department // ministero dell'aeronautica, (GB) Air Ministry, (USA) Department of the Air Force // ministero degli (affari) esteri, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, (GB) Foreign Office, (USA) Department of State // ministero degli (affari) interni, Ministry of the Interior, (GB) Home Office, (USA) Department of the Interior // ministero per gli affari sociali, (in Italia) Ministry for Social Affairs // ministero dell'agricoltura e foreste, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, (GB) Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, (USA) Department of Agriculture // ministero dell'ambiente, Ministry of the Environment, (GB) Department of the Environment // ministero per le aree urbane, (in Italia) Ministry for Urban Development and Rehabilitation // ministero dei beni culturali, (in Italia) Ministry for Arts and Culture // ministero del bilancio, Ministry of the Budget, (GB) the Treasury, (USA) Office of Management and Budget // ministero del commercio con l'estero, Ministry of Foreign Trade, (GB) Overseas Trade Ministry, (USA) US International Trade Commission // ministero della difesa, Ministry of Defence, (USA) Department of Defense // ministero delle finanze, Ministry of Finance, (GB) Exchequer (o Ministry of Finance), (USA) Department of the Treasury // ministero della funzione pubblica, (in Italia) Ministry for the Civil Service // ministero di grazia e giustizia, Ministry of Justice, (USA) Department of Justice // ministero della guerra, Ministry of War, (GB) War Office, (USA) Department of War // ministero dell'industria, commercio e artigianato, Ministry of Industry and Trade, (GB) Department of Trade and Industry, (USA) Department of Commerce // ministero del lavoro e della previdenza sociale, Ministry of Labour and Social Security, (GB) Department of Employment, (USA) Department of Labor // ministero dei lavori pubblici, (in Italia) Ministry of Public Works // ministero della Marina, Ministry of the Navy, (GB) Admiralty, (USA) Department of the Navy // ministero della marina mercantile, Ministry of the Merchant Marine, (GB) Marine Division of the Department of Trade, (USA) Maritime Administration of the Department of Commerce // ministero delle partecipazioni statali, Ministry of State Investment, (GB) National Enterprise Board // ministero per le politiche comunitarie, (nei paesi della CEE) Ministry for EEC Policy // ministero delle poste e telecomunicazioni, Ministry of Post and Telecommunications, (GB) Post Office Board, (USA) Post Office Department // ministero della protezione civile, Ministry for Civil Defence, (USA) (a livello nazionale, ma non in qualità di ministero) Federal Emergency Board // ministero della pubblica istruzione, Ministry of Education, (GB) Department of Education and Science, (USA) Department of Health, Education and Welfare // ministero per i rapporti col parlamento, (in Italia) Ministry for Parliamentary Affairs // ministero della ricerca scientifica e tecnologica, (in Italia) Ministry of Scientific Research and Technology // ministero della sanità, della salute, Ministry of Health, (GB) Department of Health, (USA) Department of Health, Education and Welfare // ministero del tesoro, Ministry of the Treasury, (GB) the Treasury, (USA) Department of the Treasury // ministero dei trasporti e dell'aviazione civile, Ministry of Transport and Civil Aviation, (GB) Department of Transport and Civil Aviation Authority, (USA) Department of Transportation // ministero del turismo e dello spettacolo, Ministry of Tourism and Culture, (GB) British Tourist Authority, (USA) United States Travel Service (of the Department of Commerce)
    3 (Consiglio dei Ministri, governo) government, ministry; (Gabinetto) Cabinet: ministero radicale, radical government; fece parte del ministero Crispi, he served in Crispi's ministry; formare un ministero, to form a government (o a ministry o a Cabinet)
    4 (dir.) pubblico ministero, Public Prosecutor; (amer.) Prosecuting Attorney; District Attorney: la difesa e il pubblico ministero, the Defence and the Prosecution.
    * * *
    [minis'tɛro]
    sostantivo maschile
    1) pol. (governo) ministry, government
    2) pol. (dicastero, edificio) ministry; (in GB) Office, Department; (negli USA) Department
    3) dir.

    pubblico ministeropublic prosecutor BE, prosecuting attorney AE

    4) relig.

    ministero dell'ambiente (in GB) Department o Ministry of the Environment

    ministero per i beni culturali e ambientali — = ministry of cultural heritage and environmental conservation

    ministero della difesa (in GB) Ministry of Defence; (negli USA) Department of Defense

    ministero degli (affari) esteri — = foreign ministry, ministry of foreign affairs

    ministero delle finanze — = finance ministry

    ministero di grazia e giustizia — = ministry of Justice; (negli USA) Justice Department

    ministero dell'interno (in GB) Home Office; (negli USA) Department of the Interior

    ministero del lavoro — = ministry of Employment; (negli USA) Labor Department

    ministero delle poste e telecomunicazioni — = postal and telecommunications ministry

    ministero della pubblica istruzione — = ministry of education

    ministero della sanità (in GB) Department of Health; (negli USA) Department of Health and Human Services

    ministero del tesoro (in GB) Treasury; (negli USA) Treasury Department

    ministero dei trasporti (in GB) Ministry of Transport; (negli USA) Department of Transportation

    ministero dell'università e della ricerca scientifica e tecnologica — = ministry of university and of scientific and technological research

    * * *
    ministero
    /minis'tεro/
    sostantivo m.
     1 pol. (governo) ministry, government
     2 pol. (dicastero, edificio) ministry; (in GB) Office, Department; (negli USA) Department
     3 dir. pubblico ministero public prosecutor BE, prosecuting attorney AE
     4 relig. ministero sacerdotale ministry
    ministero dell'ambiente (in GB) Department o Ministry of the Environment; ministero per i beni culturali e ambientali = ministry of cultural heritage and environmental conservation; ministero della difesa (in GB) Ministry of Defence; (negli USA) Department of Defense; ministero degli (affari) esteri = foreign ministry, ministry of foreign affairs; ministero delle finanze = finance ministry; ministero di grazia e giustizia = ministry of Justice; (negli USA) Justice Department; ministero dell'interno (in GB) Home Office; (negli USA) Department of the Interior; ministero del lavoro = ministry of Employment; (negli USA) Labor Department; ministero delle poste e telecomunicazioni = postal and telecommunications ministry; ministero della pubblica istruzione = ministry of education; ministero della sanità (in GB) Department of Health; (negli USA) Department of Health and Human Services; ministero del tesoro (in GB) Treasury; (negli USA) Treasury Department; ministero dei trasporti (in GB) Ministry of Transport; (negli USA) Department of Transportation; ministero dell'università e della ricerca scientifica e tecnologica = ministry of university and of scientific and technological research.

    Dizionario Italiano-Inglese > ministero

  • 6 движение

    flow гидр., motion, movement, moving
    * * *
    движе́ние с.
    1. мех., физ. motion
    без движе́ния — idle, stationary
    дви́гатель нахо́дится без движе́ния в тече́ние до́лгого вре́мени — the engine is stationary [idle] for a long period
    движе́ние прекраща́ется — the motion (of smth.) ceases [stops]
    приводи́ть в движе́ние — set in motion
    при движе́нии за́дним хо́дом — when moving in reverse …, when backing out …
    разлага́ть движе́ние на составля́ющие — resolve a motion into component motions [components]
    скла́дывать движе́ния (напр. геометрически) — combine motions
    соверша́ть движе́ние — be in [have] motion; (напр. о звеньях механизмов) carry out movements
    2. (перемещение элементов машин, механизмов) movement, motion, travel
    3. (приведение в движение, напр. самолётов, судов) propulsion; ( транспорта) traffic
    направля́ть движе́ние в объе́зд — divert traffic
    организо́вывать движе́ние — arrange traffic
    перекрыва́ть движе́ние — block off traffic
    абсолю́тное движе́ние — absolute motion
    апериоди́ческое движе́ние — aperiodic motion
    апсида́льное движе́ние — apsidal motion
    безвихрево́е движе́ние — vortex-fee [stream-line, steady] flow
    движе́ние без проска́льзывания — positive motion
    беспоря́дочное движе́ние — random motion
    боково́е движе́ние — lateral motion
    бро́уновское движе́ние — Brownian motion
    движе́ние вверх — movement upward, upward movement; ( поршня) upstroke
    ви́димое движе́ние — apparent motion
    винтово́е движе́ние — helical [screw] motion
    вихрево́е движе́ние — vortex [swirl] motion, eddy
    движе́ние вниз — movement downward, downward movement; ( поршня) downstroke
    при движе́нии вниз, по́ршень … — in its movement downward [downward movement], the piston …
    внутригородско́е движе́ние — intertown traffic
    внутримолекуля́рное движе́ние — intramolecular motion
    возвра́тно-поступательное́ движе́ние — reciprocating motion
    соверша́ть возвра́тно-поступа́тельное движе́ние — reciprocate
    возду́шное движе́ние — air traffic
    возмущё́нное движе́ние — perturbed motion
    движе́ние в перехо́дном режи́ме — transient motion
    движе́ние в простра́нстве — spatial [three-dimensional] motion
    враща́тельное движе́ние — rotary motion
    встре́чное движе́ние — opposing traffic
    гармони́ческое движе́ние — harmonic motion
    движе́ние грани́ц доме́нов — domain wall motion
    грузово́е движе́ние — goods [freight] traffic
    гужево́е движе́ние — horse-drawn traffic
    двусторо́ннее движе́ние — two-way traffic
    двухпу́тное движе́ние — two-way traffic
    двухря́дное движе́ние — two-lane traffic
    железнодоро́жное движе́ние — railway traffic
    движе́ние жи́дкости — flow
    за́городное движе́ние — suburban traffic
    заме́дленное движе́ние — decelerated [retarded] motion
    затуха́ющее движе́ние — damped motion
    движе́ние звёзд — stellar motions
    движе́ние Земли́ — Earth's motion
    и́мпульсное движе́ние — impulsive motion
    интенси́вное движе́ние — heavy traffic
    и́стинное движе́ние — proper motion
    ка́жущееся движе́ние — apparent motion
    капилля́рное движе́ние — capillary flow
    кача́тельное движе́ние — wobbling [swinging] motion
    квазипериоди́ческое движе́ние — quasi-periodic motion
    колеба́тельное движе́ние — oscillatory motion
    коловра́тное движе́ние — gyration
    конвекцио́нное движе́ние — convective motion
    коррели́рованное движе́ние — correlated motion
    косо́е движе́ние — inclined motion
    криволине́йное движе́ние — curvilinear motion
    кругово́е движе́ние — circular movement
    круговраща́тельное движе́ние — gyration
    кругообра́зное движе́ние — circular motion
    ламина́рное движе́ние — laminar flow
    левосторо́ннее движе́ние ( транспорта) — left driving
    лине́йное движе́ние — linear motion
    движе́ние Луны́ — Moon's motion
    магистра́льное движе́ние — main-line [trunk-line] traffic
    макроскопи́ческое движе́ние — macroscopic motion
    ма́ятниковое движе́ние — pendular [pendulum] motion
    мгнове́нное движе́ние — instantaneous motion
    молекуля́рное движе́ние — molecular motion
    напо́рное движе́ние (экскаватора, бульдозера и т. п.) — crowding motion
    напра́вленное движе́ние — ordered motion
    направля́ющие движе́ния — direction parameters of motion
    движе́ние на я́дерной тя́ге — nuclear propulsion
    неорганизо́ванное движе́ние физ.commotion
    непреры́вное движе́ние — continuous motion
    неравноме́рное движе́ние — irregular motion, non-uniform movement
    движе́ние несвобо́дного те́ла — forced motion
    несвобо́дное движе́ние — forced motion
    неустанови́вшееся движе́ние — unsteady motion
    неусто́йчивое движе́ние — unstable motion
    нисходя́щее движе́ние — downward motion
    обра́тное движе́ние
    1. мех. inverse [reverse] motion
    2. астр. retrograde motion
    одноме́рное движе́ние — one-dimensional motion
    однопу́тное движе́ние — one-way traffic
    одноря́дное движе́ние — single-lane traffic
    односторо́ннее движе́ние — one-way traffic
    орбита́льное движе́ние — orbital motion
    относи́тельное движе́ние — relative motion
    параллакти́ческое движе́ние — parallactic motion
    пассажи́рское движе́ние — passenger traffic
    пекуля́рное движе́ние астр.peculiar motion
    переме́нное движе́ние — variable motion
    переносно́е движе́ние — transportation (motion)
    периоди́ческое движе́ние — periodic motion
    пешехо́дное движе́ние — pedestrian traffic
    движе́ния плане́т — planetary motions, planetary movement
    пло́ское движе́ние — plane motion
    плоскопаралле́льное движе́ние — plane-parallel motion
    движе́ние по вертика́ли — vertical motion
    движе́ние по горизонта́ли — horizontal motion
    движе́ние пода́чи на глубину́ — depth feed motion
    движе́ние поездо́в — train operation, train movement
    движе́ние по телегра́фному соглаше́нию — telegraph block system
    движе́ние по ине́рции — coasting
    движе́ние по каса́тельной — tangential motion
    по́лное движе́ние мат.general motion
    движе́ние по́люсов (Земли́) — polar motion, polar wandering
    движе́ние по о́си X, Y, Zmotion in the X, Y, Z coordinate, X, Y, Z -motion
    попере́чное движе́ние — lateral [transverse] motion
    попя́тное движе́ние астр. — retrograde motion, backward movement
    движе́ние порожняко́м — empty traffic
    движе́ние по спира́ли — helical [spiral] motion
    поступа́тельное движе́ние — translational motion
    потенциа́льное движе́ние — potential motion; ( жидкости) irrotational motion
    движе́ние по часово́й стре́лке — clockwise motion
    правосторо́ннее движе́ние ( транспорта) — right driving
    преры́вистое движе́ние — intermittent motion
    при́городное движе́ние — commuter traffic
    про́бное движе́ние ( в градиентных методах оптимизации) — exploratory move
    продо́льное движе́ние — longitudinal motion
    просто́е движе́ние — simple motion
    простра́нственное движе́ние — three-dimensional motion
    движе́ние про́тив часово́й стре́лки — counter-clockwise motion
    прямо́е движе́ние астр.direct motion
    прямолине́йное движе́ние — straight-line [rectilinear] motion
    равноме́рное движе́ние — uniform motion
    равноме́рно заме́дленное движе́ние — uniformly retarded [decelerated] motion
    равноме́рно-переме́нное движе́ние — uniformly variable motion
    равноме́рное уско́ренное движе́ние — uniformly accelerated motion
    раке́тное движе́ние — rocket propulsion
    реакти́вное движе́ние — jet [reaction] propulsion
    реакти́вное движе́ние с испо́льзованием пла́змы — plasma propulsion
    реакти́вное движе́ние с испо́льзованием хими́ческих то́плив — chemical propulsion
    регуля́рное движе́ние — regular traffic, regular service
    движе́ние ре́зания — cutting motion
    движе́ние свобо́дного те́ла — free motion
    свобо́дное движе́ние — free [unrestricted, unbounded] motion
    скачкообра́зное движе́ние ( в теории машин и механизмов) — stick-slip motion
    сло́жное движе́ние — compound [combined] motion
    со́бственное движе́ние астр.proper motion
    движе́ние Со́лнца — Solar motion
    составля́ющее движе́ние — component motion
    движе́ние сплошно́й среды́ — motion of continuum
    стациона́рное движе́ние — stationary motion
    движе́ние сте́нок доме́нов — domain wall motion
    стру́йное движе́ние — stream-line motion
    су́точное движе́ние астр. — diurnal, [daily] motion
    теплово́е движе́ние — thermal motion
    движе́ние толчка́ми — jogging motion
    транзи́тное движе́ние — transit [through] traffic
    трансляцио́нное движе́ние — translational motion
    турбуле́нтное движе́ние — turbulent motion
    упоря́доченное движе́ние — ordered motion
    уско́ренное движе́ние — accelerated motion
    установи́вшееся движе́ние — steady-state motion
    усто́йчивое движе́ние — steady motion
    хаоти́ческое движе́ние — random motion
    движе́ние це́нтра тя́жести — centre-of-gravity motion
    * * *

    Русско-английский политехнический словарь > движение

  • 7 Port Wine

       Portugal's most famous wine and leading export takes its name from the city of Oporto or porto, which means "port" or "harbor" in Portuguese. Sometimes described as "the Englishman's wine," port is only one of the many wines produced in continental Portugal and the Atlantic islands. Another noted dessert wine is Madeira wine, which is produced on the island of Madeira. Port wine's history is about as long as that of Madeira wine, but the wine's development is recent compared to that of older table wines and the wines Greeks and Romans enjoyed in ancient Lusitania. During the Roman occupation of the land (ca. 210 BCE-300 CE), wine was being made from vines cultivated in the upper Douro River valley. Favorable climate and soils (schist with granite outcropping) and convenient transportation (on ships down the Douro River to Oporto) were factors that combined with increased wine production in the late 17th century to assist in the birth of port wine as a new product. Earlier names for port wine ( vinho do porto) were descriptive of location ("Wine of the Douro Bank") and how it was transported ("Wine of [Ship] Embarkation").
       Port wine, a sweet, fortified (with brandy) aperitif or dessert wine that was designed as a valuable export product for the English market, was developed first in the 1670s by a unique combination of circumstances and the action of interested parties. Several substantial English merchants who visited Oporto "discovered" that a local Douro wine was much improved when brandy ( aguardente) was added. Fortification prevented the wine from spoiling in a variety of temperatures and on the arduous sea voyages from Oporto to Great Britain. Soon port wine became a major industry of the Douro region; it involved an uneasy alliance between the English merchant-shippers at Oporto and Vila Nova de Gaia, the town across the river from Oporto, where the wine was stored and aged, and the Portuguese wine growers.
       In the 18th century, port wine became a significant element of Britain's foreign imports and of the country's establishment tastes in beverages. Port wine drinking became a hallowed tradition in Britain's elite Oxford and Cambridge Universities' colleges, which all kept port wine cellars. For Portugal, the port wine market in Britain, and later in France, Belgium, and other European countries, became a vital element in the national economy. Trade in port wine and British woolens became the key elements in the 1703 Methuen Treaty between England and Portugal.
       To lessen Portugal's growing economic dependence on Britain, regulate the production and export of the precious sweet wine, and protect the public from poor quality, the Marquis of Pombal instituted various measures for the industry. In 1756, Pombal established the General Company of Viticulture of the Upper Douro to carry out these measures. That same year, he ordered the creation of the first demarcated wine-producing region in the world, the port-wine producing Douro region. Other wine-producing countries later followed this Portuguese initiative and created demarcated wine regions to protect the quality of wine produced and to ensure national economic interests.
       The upper Douro valley region (from Barca d'Alva in Portugal to Barqueiros on the Spanish frontier) produces a variety of wines; only 40 percent of its wines are port wine, whereas 60 percent are table wines. Port wine's alcohol content varies usually between 19 and 22 percent, and, depending on the type, the wine is aged in wooden casks from two to six years and then bottled. Related to port wine's history is the history of Portuguese cork. Beginning in the 17th century, Portuguese cork, which comes from cork trees, began to be used to seal wine bottles to prevent wine from spoiling. This innovation in Portugal helped lead to the development of the cork industry. By the early 20th century, Portugal was the world's largest exporter of cork.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Port Wine

  • 8 Kosten

    Kosten I pl 1. GEN, RW cost (amount of money needed to pay for a thing, value in alternative uses); costs (money that must be spent regularly, e.g. running costs –laufende Kosten– for labour or energy); expenditure (Ausgaben; action of spending); expense, expenses (Ausgaben, Aufwand; money spent on a specific task, e.g. travel expenses); outlay (Auslagen, Barausgaben); charges (Aufwendungen, Nebenkosten); 2. WIWI cost auf Kosten und Gefahr von RECHT, VERSICH, IMP/EXP on account and risk of die Kosten steigen auf Milliardenhöhe GEN costs are running into billions die Kosten tragen GEN bear the costs, defray the costs, meet the costs die Kosten übernehmen GEN assume the expenses, meet the expenses, settle the expenses für die Kosten aufkommen RW meet costs, defray costs, settle costs Kosten auf bestimmten Konten verrechnen RW allocate costs to certain accounts Kosten auf die entsprechenden Konten umlegen RW allocate costs to the appropriate accounts Kosten auffangen FIN, RW absorb cost Kosten aufgliedern FIN, RW break down expenses, itemize costs (Kosten aufschlüsseln) Kosten bestimmten Konten zuordnen RW allocate costs to certain accounts Kosten bewerten RW cost Kosten, die für jmdn. steuerpflichtig sind STEUER costs taxable to sb Kosten kontrollieren GEN control costs Kosten per Nachnahme zu erheben GEN, LOGIS charges forward, ch. fwd (Lieferklausel) Kosten sind per Nachnahme zu erheben GEN charge forward, Ch Fwd Kosten umlegen RW assign costs, allocate costs Kosten verrechnen RW allocate costs Kosten (zeitlich) verteilen RW spread costs Kosten zuweisen RW allocate costs ohne Kosten RECHT, VERSICH no charges sich an den Kosten beteiligen GEN, MGT share (in) the expenses Kosten II pl, Versicherung f und Fracht f (CI&F) GEN, IMP/EXP, LOGIS, VERSICH cost, insurance and freight, CI&F (Lieferklausel)
    * * *
    pl 1. < Geschäft> charge, cost, costs, expenditure, expense, expenses; 2. <Vw> costs ■ die Kosten steigen auf Milliardenhöhe < Geschäft> costs are running into billions ■ die Kosten tragen < Geschäft> bear the costs, defray the costs, meet the costs ■ die Kosten übernehmen < Geschäft> assume the expenses, meet the expenses, settle the expenses ■ für die Kosten aufkommen < Rechnung> meet costs, defray costs, settle costs ■ Kosten auf bestimmten Konten verrechnen < Rechnung> allocate costs to certain accounts ■ Kosten auf die geeigneten Konten umlegen < Rechnung> allocate costs to the appropriate accounts ■ Kosten aufschlüsseln <Finanz, Rechnung> break down expenses ■ Kosten bestimmten Konten zuordnen < Rechnung> allocate costs to certain accounts ■ Kosten kontrollieren < Geschäft> control costs ■ Kosten per Nachnahme zu erheben <Geschäft, Transp> Lieferklausel charges forward (ch. fwd) ■ Kosten sind per Nachnahme zu erheben < Geschäft> charge forward (Ch Fwd) ■ Kosten umlegen < Rechnung> assign costs, allocate costs ■ Kosten verrechnen < Rechnung> allocate costs
    * * *
    bedenken, Kosten
    to think of the cost;
    j. testamentarisch (in seinem Testament) bedenken to remember (include) s. o. in one’s will.
    Kosten
    cost[s], (Auslagen) expense[s], expenditure, outlay, (Gebühren) charges, fees, (Preis) price, cost, (Spesen) charge[s];
    abzüglich der Kosten charges deducted, after deduction of charges (costs), less expenses (charges);
    alle Kosten eingeschlossen including all charges;
    auf eigene Kosten at one’s own expense;
    auf gemeinsame Kosten at joint expense, dividing [the] expenses;
    auf meine Kosten to my cost, at my expense;
    auf Kosten von at the expense of, to the derogation;
    auf Kosten der Allgemeinheit at public expense;
    auf Kosten des Gastwirts on the house;
    auf Kosten und Gefahr des Eigners at owner's expense and risk;
    auf Kosten der Qualität at the expense of quality;
    auf Kosten der Reederei at ship’s expenses;
    auf Kosten des Staates at public expense;
    aufgrund der Kosten owing to the expenses;
    ausschließlich der Kosten exclusive of costs;
    einschließlich der Kosten including costs;
    einschließlich Kosten, Versicherung und Fracht cost, insurance, freight (cif);
    frei von den Kosten free of charges, cost-free;
    gegen Erstattung der baren Kosten with out-of-pocket expense;
    mit Einschluss aller Kosten all expenses included;
    mit großen (hohen) Kosten verbunden at great cost, cost-effective;
    mit Kosten verknüpft involving expense;
    mit Rücksicht auf die Kosten in deference to cost;
    nach Abzug aller Kosten all charges paid, all expenses deducted;
    ohne Kosten no charge, (Protest) no protest, (Wechselaufdruck) no expense [to be incurred], without expenses;
    ohne Rücksicht auf die Kosten without regard to cost;
    ohne zusätzliche Kosten for no extra fare;
    unter Auferlegung der Kosten awarding (on payment of) the costs;
    unter Einschluss sämtlicher Kosten all costs included;
    unter Nachnahme der Kosten charges forwarded, expenses charged forward;
    unter Tragung der Kosten on payment of costs;
    zur Deckung der Kosten to cover the cost, in order to cover our expenses;
    zuzüglich der Kosten expenses not included (to be added);
    abnehmende Kosten decreasing costs;
    abschreibbare Kosten depreciable costs;
    abschreibungsfähige Kosten service cost;
    [steuerlich] absetzbare (abzugsfähige) Kosten (Einkommensteuererklärung) charges to be deducted, permissible (tax) expenses, deductible charges;
    abzurechnende Kosten off charges;
    aktivierte Kosten capitalized expenses (costs);
    allgemeine Kosten overhead [charges], operating (indirect, overhead) expenses, factory cost, burden, oncost (Br.);
    alternative Kosten opportunity costs;
    nicht in bar anfallende Kosten non-cash costs;
    gemeinsame anfallende Kosten (Fracht- und Passagierdienst) common expense;
    zukünftig anfallende Kosten future costs;
    im Gewerbebetrieb zwangsläufig anfallende Kosten expenses wholly and exclusively laid out for the purpose of the trade;
    angefallene Kosten costs incurred;
    bei der Versilberung tatsächlich angefallene Kosten actual expenses of realization of the assets;
    steil ansteigende Kosten skyrocketing (soaring) costs;
    anteilige Kosten proportional (proratable) cost;
    auferlegte Kosten taxable costs;
    aufgelaufene Kosten accrued (accumulated) charges, costs incurred (accrued), accrued costs;
    außergerichtliche Kosten extrajudicial costs;
    außerordentliche Kosten extra charges;
    außerordentliche und betriebsfremde Kosten extraordinary and outside expenditure;
    außerplanmäßige Kosten expenditure not budgeted for;
    bare Kosten out-of-pocket expenses;
    beeinflussbare Kosten controllable costs;
    von der Kostenstelle nicht beeinflussbare Kosten uncontrollable expenses;
    beitreibbare Kosten recoverable costs;
    nicht beitreibbare Kosten irrecoverable expense;
    auf die Lebensdauer eines Erzeugnisses berechnete Kosten life-cycle costs;
    besondere Kosten special charges;
    beträchtliche Kosten considerable costs, heavy expenses (costs);
    betriebsfixe Kosten standing expenses;
    bleibende Kosten basic expenditure;
    degressive Kosten regressive costs;
    direkte Kosten direct cost (expenses), traceable cost;
    diverse Kosten promiscuous charges, sundries;
    durchlaufende Kosten transit costs;
    durchschnittliche Kosten average expenses;
    effektive Kosten primary cost, actual cost (price);
    eingegangene Kosten expenses involved;
    einmalige Kosten non-recurrent costs (expenses, expenditure);
    eintreibbare Kosten recoverable costs;
    entstandene Kosten costs incurred (accrued), accrued charges (costs), expenditure occasioned, expenses accrued (incurred);
    bei der Konkursabwehr entstandene Kosten costs of resisting the bankruptcy proceedings;
    entstehende Kosten accruing costs;
    daraus entstehende Kosten costs arising from it;
    bei der Geschäftsführung notwendigerweise entstehende Kosten costs necessarily incurred in the conduct of business;
    nicht erfasste Kosten imputed cost;
    innerhalb von vier Tagen zu erstattende Kosten (Kostentabelle) four-day costs;
    erstattete Kosten reimbursed expenses;
    nicht anderseitig erstattete Kosten expenses not otherwise received;
    erstattungsfähige Kosten (Prozess) party and party (taxable) costs;
    nicht erstattungsfähige Kosten untaxable costs;
    erwachsende Kosten expenses incurred, accruing costs;
    daraus erwachsende Kosten costs attendant on;
    nicht faktorbezogene Kosten non-factor costs;
    fallende Kosten decreasing (declining) costs;
    fällige Kosten outstanding costs;
    feste (fixe) Kosten fixed charges (costs), constant (unavoidable) cost, standby costs, standing (overhead) expenses, overheads;
    [noch] nicht festgesetzte Kosten (Gericht) untaxable cost;
    feststehende (fixe) Kosten fixed (standby, assured) cost[s], expenses covered;
    festzusetzende Kosten costs to be taxed;
    generelle Kosten indirect cost;
    geschätzte Kosten estimated cost;
    in Rechnung gestellte Kosten billed costs;
    gleich bleibende Kosten constant costs, expense constants;
    große (hohe) Kosten heavy expenses, large overhead (US);
    indirekte Kosten indirect costs (expenses);
    individuelle Kosten private costs;
    kalkulatorische (kalkulierte) Kosten imputed cost, imputations;
    kapitalisierte Kosten capitalized costs (expenses);
    kleine Kosten petty expense, petties;
    komparative Kosten comparative costs;
    konstante Kosten constant (standing, standard) costs;
    kurzfristige Kosten short-run costs;
    laufende Kosten running (standing, general) charges, running (current, standing) expenses, economic (running) cost, cost in carrying business;
    leistungsabhängige Kosten direct (variable) costs;
    an der Grenze der Wirtschaftlichkeit (Rentabilität) liegende Kosten marginal (incremental) costs;
    mittelbare Kosten indirect costs;
    nachkalkulierte Kosten post-mortem cost;
    nicht nachprüfbare Kosten non-controllable costs;
    notwendige Kosten related cost;
    pauschalierte Kosten bunched cost;
    personelle Kosten employment costs;
    private Kosten internal effects, private cost;
    progressive Kosten progressive costs;
    proportionale Kosten proportional costs;
    nicht relevante Kosten sunk cost;
    rückläufige Kosten decreasing (declining) costs;
    sämtliche Kosten full costs;
    steil in die Höhe schießende Kosten skyrocketing costs;
    sonstige Kosten sundry expenses, sundries;
    spezifische (spezifizierte) Kosten special (direct) costs;
    nahe der Rentabilitätsgrenze stehende Kosten marginal (incremental) costs;
    in keinem Verhältnis stehende Kosten disproportionate expenses;
    steigende Kosten rising (increasing) costs, advancing prices;
    stellvertretende Kosten (Seeversicherung) substituted expenses;
    tatsächliche Kosten actual costs;
    übermäßige (überhöhte) Kosten excessive costs;
    auf Kapitalkonto übernommene Kosten capitalized costs;
    übliche Kosten usual charges;
    nicht umgelegte Kosten unapplied costs;
    auf den Tageswert umgerechnete Kosten adjusted costs;
    unerhebliche Kosten insignificant expenses;
    unerschwingliche Kosten enormous costs;
    ungewisse Kosten variable cost;
    unproduktive Kosten incidental expenses of production;
    untragbare Kosten prohibitive cost;
    unveränderliche Kosten constant costs;
    variable (veränderliche) Kosten variable (out-of-pocket) costs;
    proportionale variable Kosten average variable costs;
    veranschlagte Kosten estimated costs;
    verbundene Kosten composite costs;
    damit verbundene Kosten expense involved;
    mit der Anschaffung verbundene Kosten purchase-related costs;
    vereinbarte Kosten agreed costs;
    vermeidbare Kosten escapable cost;
    verschiedene Kosten sundry (miscellaneous) expenses, sundries;
    verzerrte Kosten distorted costs;
    volkswirtschaftliche Kosten external costs;
    voraussichtliche Kosten prospective costs;
    im Etat vorgesehene Kosten expenses provided for in the budget;
    vorkalkulierte Kosten standard (predetermined, scheduled, target) costs;
    wachsende Kosten growing expenditure;
    wechselnde Kosten variable cost (expenses);
    wirkliche Kosten actual cost (expense);
    zunehmende Kosten increasing (rising) cost;
    zusammengefasste Kosten pool cost;
    zusätzliche Kosten additional charges (expenses, costs), added costs, extra charges;
    Kosten der Abschreibung depreciation charges;
    Kosten nach Abschreibungen amortized cost;
    Kosten des Abtransportes transportation inland costs;
    Kosten vor Abzug des Bardiskonts billed cost;
    Kosten der Agenturunterhaltung agency costs;
    Kosten des Anlagevermögens asset costs;
    Kosten vor Anlauf der Fertigung starting-load cost;
    Kosten der Anschlusseinrichtung (telecom.) installation charges;
    Kosten für weitere Ausbildung advancement costs (US);
    Kosten und Auslagen charges, costs and expenses;
    Kosten des Beklagten defendant’s costs;
    Kosten der Bergung salvage cost (charges);
    Kosten bei voller Betriebsausnutzung capacity costs;
    Kosten für Betriebsbauten plant construction costs;
    Kosten der Betriebseinstellung (Betriebsstilllegung) shutdown costs;
    Kosten der Betriebsführung operating costs;
    Kosten der Buchführung (Buchhaltung) accounting (bookkeeping) costs;
    Kosten zum Buchwert amortized cost;
    Kosten der Bürounterhaltung office expenses;
    Kosten der Ernteeinbringung harvesting expenses;
    Kosten der Erstellung des Jahresberichts annual report costs;
    immaterielle Kosten und Erträge non-pecuniary costs and benefits;
    Kosten pro Exemplar per-copy costs;
    Kosten der Fabrikation work-in-process burden;
    Kosten für Fahrten zwischen Wohnung und Betrieb cost of travel between home and work;
    Kosten der Gebäudeerrichtung cost of a structure;
    Kosten der Geldbeschaffung cost of money;
    Kosten eines Gerichtsverfahrens costs of going to court;
    Kosten der Geschäftsführung executive expenses;
    laufende Kosten der Geschäftsführung expenses in carrying on business;
    Kosten der Geschäftsstelle agency cost;
    Kosten der staatlichen Gesundheitsfürsorge national health-care bill;
    Kosten der Gesundheitsvorsorge health-care costs;
    Kosten der Haushaltsführung (Haushaltung) household operating costs, household expenditure;
    Kosten der Instandhaltung cost of maintenance;
    Kosten der Kapitalausstattung capital equipment cost;
    Kosten des Konkursverfahrens cost of preserving and administering the bankrupt’s estate, bankruptcy costs, costs of adjudication;
    Kosten der Konkursverwaltung administration (official receiver’s) expenses;
    Kosten pro Kopf der Bevölkerung per capita costs;
    Kosten der Lagerhaltung holding costs, outlays for inventories, house charges (US);
    Kosten der Lebenshaltung cost of living;
    Kosten für Leichterung lighterage charges;
    Kosten des Liquidators liquidator’s expenses;
    Kosten des Löschens charges for unloading;
    Kosten der Luftfrachtbeförderung airfreight expenses;
    Kosten der Montage cost of erection, assembly costs;
    Kosten der Nachlassverwaltung expenses of administration;
    Kosten einer Projektdurchführung running costs of a project;
    Kosten für das Rangieren switching charges;
    erstattungsfähige Kosten eines Rechtsstreites costs as between party and party;
    Kosten der Rechtsverfolgung law costs;
    Kosten zum anderthalbfachen Satz double costs (cash);
    Kosten der Testamentserrichtung testamentary expenses;
    Kosten für den Umtausch (Währung) conversion costs;
    Kosten des Unterhalts eines Lastkraftwagens motor-van expenses (Br.);
    Kosten der Unterhaltung eines Kraftfahrzeuges automobile operating (maintenance) costs;
    Kosten zuzüglich Verdienstspanne cost-plus (US);
    Kosten der Vermögensverwaltung (Treuhänder) administration expenses;
    Kosten der Verpackung packaging costs;
    Kosten, Versicherung und Fracht cost, insurance and freight (cif);
    Kosten des Vertriebs marketing cost;
    Kosten der Verwaltung administrative expenditure;
    Kosten der gesamten Warenlieferung costs of goods sold;
    Kosten für immaterielle Werte intangible costs;
    Kosten der Wiederbeschaffung replacement cost;
    Kosten einer Wohnung housing price;
    Kosten der Zentrale head-office expense;
    Kosten der Zollabfertigung cost of customs clearance;
    Kosten sparend cost-saving (-cutting);
    Kosten abbremsen to put a stop to expenses;
    als Kosten abbuchen to enter as expenses;
    seine Kosten abrechnen (abziehen) to deduct one’s expenses;
    Kosten steuerlich absetzen to deduct costs;
    Kosten der Büromiete steuerlich absetzen to claim the cost of rent of premises as a deduction;
    Kosten abwälzen to pass costs on;
    Kosten auf die Kunden abwälzen to switch costs to the customer;
    für Kosten und Logis arbeiten to work for one’s board;
    jem. die Kosten aufbrummen to land s. o. with the costs;
    Kosten der Staatskasse aufbürden to award the costs against the state;
    Kosten auferlegen to allocate (order to bear, award) the costs;
    Kosten aufgliedern to itemize costs;
    Kosten gegeneinander aufheben to divide the costs between the parties;
    für die Kosten aufkommen to bear (meet, pay) the expenses;
    Kosten aufschlüsseln to break down expenses;
    Kosten aufteilen to apportion costs, to lump the expenses;
    sich die voraussichtlich entstehenden Kosten ausrechnen to reckon the probable costs;
    Kosten im Griff behalten to keep track of costs;
    zu den Kosten beitragen to contribute towards the costs;
    Kosten auferlegt bekommen to be condemned in (ordered to pay) the costs;
    Kosten in den Griff bekommen to control costs;
    Konto mit sämtlichen Kosten belasten to charge an account with all the expenses;
    Kosten berechnen to count (figure up, calculate, compute) the costs, to figure out (calculate) the expenses;
    sich auf jds. Kosten bereichern to get rich at s. one’s expense;
    Kosten berücksichtigen to consider the expense;
    Kosten bestreiten to bear the costs (expenses), to cover (meet, defray) the expenses;
    sich an den Kosten gleichmäßig beteiligen to contribute equally to the expense;
    sich an den Kosten schlüsselmäßig beteiligen to pool the expenses;
    Kosten bezahlen to quit costs;
    entstandene Kosten bezahlen to pay the costs incurred;
    für Kosten in Abzug bringen to allow for costs;
    als Kosten buchen to enter as expenses;
    Kosten über ein Konto buchen to charge an expense to an account;
    Kosten decken to cover (reimburse) the expenses;
    seine Kosten decken to get back one’s expenses, to pay its way, to get out without a loss;
    nicht einmal seine Kosten decken (hereinbekommen) not to clear one’s expenses;
    Kosten einrechnen to include expenses;
    Kosten einsparen to cut back on costs;
    über die Kosten entscheiden (Urteil) to carry costs;
    Kosten ermitteln to ascertain the costs;
    Kosten ersetzen to refund the costs;
    Kosten erstatten to refund (reimburse) the expenses;
    entstandene Kosten erstatten to reimburse the expenses incurred;
    Kosten festsetzen to fix (determine) the costs;
    beträchtliche Kosten aufgewandt haben to have gone to considerable expense;
    für Kosten aufzukommen haben to be liable for expenses;
    Kosten für Subventionen zu tragen haben to foot the subsidy bill;
    Kosten niedrig halten to hold (keep) down costs (expenses), to keep costs in line (a lid on costs), to control the expenditure;
    Kosten kalkulieren to cost-account;
    auf seine Kosten kommen to cover one’s expenses, to pay one’s way, to have a run for one’s money;
    Kosten nicht mehr verkraften können to run one’s costs through the roof;
    Kosten raketenartig ansteigen lassen to rocket costs;
    Kosten anwachsen lassen to pile on the expense;
    auf jds. Kosten leben to live at s. one’s expense, to sponge on s. o. (coll.);
    Kosten machen to be an (go to) expense, to involve expenses;
    jem. Kosten machen to put s. o. to expense;
    Kosten nachgehen to keep track of costs;
    Kosten nachprüfen to tax costs;
    Kosten niederschlagen to cancel the costs;
    Kosten reduzieren to cut costs;
    Kosten drastisch reduzieren to slash costs;
    Kosten scheuen to balk at an expense (fam.);
    keine Kosten scheuen to spare no expense (costs);
    mit weiteren (zusätzlichen) Kosten verbunden sein to involve additional charges;
    zu den Kosten verurteilt sein to be cast to pay the costs;
    Kosten senken to reduce (drive down) expenses (costs);
    Kosten sparen to save expenses;
    Kosten steigern to run up the costs;
    sich in Kosten stürzen to launch out [into expense], to put o. s. to charge, to go to expense;
    sich in große Kosten stürzen to go to great expense;
    sich mit jem. die Kosten teilen to go halves (share the expenses) with s. o.;
    sich in die Kosten von etw. mit jem. teilen to go shares with s. o. in the expense of s. th., to share with s. o. in the costs;
    Kosten tragen to defray the expense (charges), to pay for [the shot], to meet the expenses, to foot the bill, to pay the piper;
    alle Kosten für j. tragen to carry all expenses for s. o.;
    Kosten übernehmen to pay costs (expenses);
    entstandene Kosten übernehmen to pay the costs incurred;
    Hälfte der Kosten übernehmen to go halves with s. o.;
    gesamte Kosten einer Pensionsregelung übernehmen to pick up the entire cost of a pension plan;
    Kosten einer Reise übernehmen to defray the expenses of a trip;
    Kosten auf die Staatskasse übernehmen to charge an expense to the public debt;
    Kosten teilweise übernehmen to go halves with s. o.;
    Kosten eines Unternehmens übernehmen to bear the cost of an undertaking;
    Kosten umlegen to allocate (apportion) the costs, to divide expenses in equal proportions;
    Kosten auf die Vereinsmitglieder umlegen to assess members of a society for expenses;
    Kosten veranschlagen to evaluate (estimate) expenses, to figure up the costs;
    im Zeitpunkt der Entstehung als Kosten verbuchen to book expenses in the year of occurence;
    Kosten vergüten to reimburse expenses;
    überflüssige Kosten vermeiden to economize;
    Kosten unmittelbar auf die Abteilung verrechnen to charge cost directly to the department;
    Kosten verringern to reduce (cut down) costs;
    Kosten verteilen to spread the costs;
    Kosten über drei Jahre verteilen to amortize costs over a period of three years;
    Kosten verursachen to go to expense;
    große (hohe) Kosten verursachen to put to great (involve much) expense, to entail large expenditure;
    jem. große Kosten verursachen to put s. o. to great expense;
    zu den Kosten verurteilen to order (cast) to pay the costs;
    gestiegene Kosten ohne Verschlechterung der Wettbewerbssituation weitergeben to pass on rising cost without becoming uncompetitive;
    auf Kosten der Allgemeinheit unterhalten werden to be maintained at public expense;
    auf gemeinsame Kosten von Verleger und Autor veröffentlicht werden to be published at joint expense of publisher and author;
    zu den Kosten verurteilt werden to be ordered to pay the costs;
    Kosten nach sich ziehen to carry costs;
    hohe Kosten nach sich ziehen to involve great expense;
    Kosten zurückerstatten to refund (reimburse) expenses;
    Kosten gehen zulasten von costs to be borne by;
    Kosten spielen keine Rolle expense is no object.
    Kosten, Versicherung und Fracht
    cost, insurance and freight (cif)

    Business german-english dictionary > Kosten

  • 9 kosten

    Kosten I pl 1. GEN, RW cost (amount of money needed to pay for a thing, value in alternative uses); costs (money that must be spent regularly, e.g. running costs –laufende Kosten– for labour or energy); expenditure (Ausgaben; action of spending); expense, expenses (Ausgaben, Aufwand; money spent on a specific task, e.g. travel expenses); outlay (Auslagen, Barausgaben); charges (Aufwendungen, Nebenkosten); 2. WIWI cost auf Kosten und Gefahr von RECHT, VERSICH, IMP/EXP on account and risk of die Kosten steigen auf Milliardenhöhe GEN costs are running into billions die Kosten tragen GEN bear the costs, defray the costs, meet the costs die Kosten übernehmen GEN assume the expenses, meet the expenses, settle the expenses für die Kosten aufkommen RW meet costs, defray costs, settle costs Kosten auf bestimmten Konten verrechnen RW allocate costs to certain accounts Kosten auf die entsprechenden Konten umlegen RW allocate costs to the appropriate accounts Kosten auffangen FIN, RW absorb cost Kosten aufgliedern FIN, RW break down expenses, itemize costs (Kosten aufschlüsseln) Kosten bestimmten Konten zuordnen RW allocate costs to certain accounts Kosten bewerten RW cost Kosten, die für jmdn. steuerpflichtig sind STEUER costs taxable to sb Kosten kontrollieren GEN control costs Kosten per Nachnahme zu erheben GEN, LOGIS charges forward, ch. fwd (Lieferklausel) Kosten sind per Nachnahme zu erheben GEN charge forward, Ch Fwd Kosten umlegen RW assign costs, allocate costs Kosten verrechnen RW allocate costs Kosten (zeitlich) verteilen RW spread costs Kosten zuweisen RW allocate costs ohne Kosten RECHT, VERSICH no charges sich an den Kosten beteiligen GEN, MGT share (in) the expenses Kosten II pl, Versicherung f und Fracht f (CI&F) GEN, IMP/EXP, LOGIS, VERSICH cost, insurance and freight, CI&F (Lieferklausel)
    * * *
    v < Geschäft> cost
    * * *
    bedenken, Kosten
    to think of the cost;
    j. testamentarisch (in seinem Testament) bedenken to remember (include) s. o. in one’s will.
    Kosten
    cost[s], (Auslagen) expense[s], expenditure, outlay, (Gebühren) charges, fees, (Preis) price, cost, (Spesen) charge[s];
    abzüglich der Kosten charges deducted, after deduction of charges (costs), less expenses (charges);
    alle Kosten eingeschlossen including all charges;
    auf eigene Kosten at one’s own expense;
    auf gemeinsame Kosten at joint expense, dividing [the] expenses;
    auf meine Kosten to my cost, at my expense;
    auf Kosten von at the expense of, to the derogation;
    auf Kosten der Allgemeinheit at public expense;
    auf Kosten des Gastwirts on the house;
    auf Kosten und Gefahr des Eigners at owner's expense and risk;
    auf Kosten der Qualität at the expense of quality;
    auf Kosten der Reederei at ship’s expenses;
    auf Kosten des Staates at public expense;
    aufgrund der Kosten owing to the expenses;
    ausschließlich der Kosten exclusive of costs;
    einschließlich der Kosten including costs;
    einschließlich Kosten, Versicherung und Fracht cost, insurance, freight (cif);
    frei von den Kosten free of charges, cost-free;
    gegen Erstattung der baren Kosten with out-of-pocket expense;
    mit Einschluss aller Kosten all expenses included;
    mit großen (hohen) Kosten verbunden at great cost, cost-effective;
    mit Kosten verknüpft involving expense;
    mit Rücksicht auf die Kosten in deference to cost;
    nach Abzug aller Kosten all charges paid, all expenses deducted;
    ohne Kosten no charge, (Protest) no protest, (Wechselaufdruck) no expense [to be incurred], without expenses;
    ohne Rücksicht auf die Kosten without regard to cost;
    ohne zusätzliche Kosten for no extra fare;
    unter Auferlegung der Kosten awarding (on payment of) the costs;
    unter Einschluss sämtlicher Kosten all costs included;
    unter Nachnahme der Kosten charges forwarded, expenses charged forward;
    unter Tragung der Kosten on payment of costs;
    zur Deckung der Kosten to cover the cost, in order to cover our expenses;
    zuzüglich der Kosten expenses not included (to be added);
    abnehmende Kosten decreasing costs;
    abschreibbare Kosten depreciable costs;
    abschreibungsfähige Kosten service cost;
    [steuerlich] absetzbare (abzugsfähige) Kosten (Einkommensteuererklärung) charges to be deducted, permissible (tax) expenses, deductible charges;
    abzurechnende Kosten off charges;
    aktivierte Kosten capitalized expenses (costs);
    allgemeine Kosten overhead [charges], operating (indirect, overhead) expenses, factory cost, burden, oncost (Br.);
    alternative Kosten opportunity costs;
    nicht in bar anfallende Kosten non-cash costs;
    gemeinsame anfallende Kosten (Fracht- und Passagierdienst) common expense;
    zukünftig anfallende Kosten future costs;
    im Gewerbebetrieb zwangsläufig anfallende Kosten expenses wholly and exclusively laid out for the purpose of the trade;
    angefallene Kosten costs incurred;
    bei der Versilberung tatsächlich angefallene Kosten actual expenses of realization of the assets;
    steil ansteigende Kosten skyrocketing (soaring) costs;
    anteilige Kosten proportional (proratable) cost;
    auferlegte Kosten taxable costs;
    aufgelaufene Kosten accrued (accumulated) charges, costs incurred (accrued), accrued costs;
    außergerichtliche Kosten extrajudicial costs;
    außerordentliche Kosten extra charges;
    außerordentliche und betriebsfremde Kosten extraordinary and outside expenditure;
    außerplanmäßige Kosten expenditure not budgeted for;
    bare Kosten out-of-pocket expenses;
    beeinflussbare Kosten controllable costs;
    von der Kostenstelle nicht beeinflussbare Kosten uncontrollable expenses;
    beitreibbare Kosten recoverable costs;
    nicht beitreibbare Kosten irrecoverable expense;
    auf die Lebensdauer eines Erzeugnisses berechnete Kosten life-cycle costs;
    besondere Kosten special charges;
    beträchtliche Kosten considerable costs, heavy expenses (costs);
    betriebsfixe Kosten standing expenses;
    bleibende Kosten basic expenditure;
    degressive Kosten regressive costs;
    direkte Kosten direct cost (expenses), traceable cost;
    diverse Kosten promiscuous charges, sundries;
    durchlaufende Kosten transit costs;
    durchschnittliche Kosten average expenses;
    effektive Kosten primary cost, actual cost (price);
    eingegangene Kosten expenses involved;
    einmalige Kosten non-recurrent costs (expenses, expenditure);
    eintreibbare Kosten recoverable costs;
    entstandene Kosten costs incurred (accrued), accrued charges (costs), expenditure occasioned, expenses accrued (incurred);
    bei der Konkursabwehr entstandene Kosten costs of resisting the bankruptcy proceedings;
    entstehende Kosten accruing costs;
    daraus entstehende Kosten costs arising from it;
    bei der Geschäftsführung notwendigerweise entstehende Kosten costs necessarily incurred in the conduct of business;
    nicht erfasste Kosten imputed cost;
    innerhalb von vier Tagen zu erstattende Kosten (Kostentabelle) four-day costs;
    erstattete Kosten reimbursed expenses;
    nicht anderseitig erstattete Kosten expenses not otherwise received;
    erstattungsfähige Kosten (Prozess) party and party (taxable) costs;
    nicht erstattungsfähige Kosten untaxable costs;
    erwachsende Kosten expenses incurred, accruing costs;
    daraus erwachsende Kosten costs attendant on;
    nicht faktorbezogene Kosten non-factor costs;
    fallende Kosten decreasing (declining) costs;
    fällige Kosten outstanding costs;
    feste (fixe) Kosten fixed charges (costs), constant (unavoidable) cost, standby costs, standing (overhead) expenses, overheads;
    [noch] nicht festgesetzte Kosten (Gericht) untaxable cost;
    feststehende (fixe) Kosten fixed (standby, assured) cost[s], expenses covered;
    festzusetzende Kosten costs to be taxed;
    generelle Kosten indirect cost;
    geschätzte Kosten estimated cost;
    in Rechnung gestellte Kosten billed costs;
    gleich bleibende Kosten constant costs, expense constants;
    große (hohe) Kosten heavy expenses, large overhead (US);
    indirekte Kosten indirect costs (expenses);
    individuelle Kosten private costs;
    kalkulatorische (kalkulierte) Kosten imputed cost, imputations;
    kapitalisierte Kosten capitalized costs (expenses);
    kleine Kosten petty expense, petties;
    komparative Kosten comparative costs;
    konstante Kosten constant (standing, standard) costs;
    kurzfristige Kosten short-run costs;
    laufende Kosten running (standing, general) charges, running (current, standing) expenses, economic (running) cost, cost in carrying business;
    leistungsabhängige Kosten direct (variable) costs;
    an der Grenze der Wirtschaftlichkeit (Rentabilität) liegende Kosten marginal (incremental) costs;
    mittelbare Kosten indirect costs;
    nachkalkulierte Kosten post-mortem cost;
    nicht nachprüfbare Kosten non-controllable costs;
    notwendige Kosten related cost;
    pauschalierte Kosten bunched cost;
    personelle Kosten employment costs;
    private Kosten internal effects, private cost;
    progressive Kosten progressive costs;
    proportionale Kosten proportional costs;
    nicht relevante Kosten sunk cost;
    rückläufige Kosten decreasing (declining) costs;
    sämtliche Kosten full costs;
    steil in die Höhe schießende Kosten skyrocketing costs;
    sonstige Kosten sundry expenses, sundries;
    spezifische (spezifizierte) Kosten special (direct) costs;
    nahe der Rentabilitätsgrenze stehende Kosten marginal (incremental) costs;
    in keinem Verhältnis stehende Kosten disproportionate expenses;
    steigende Kosten rising (increasing) costs, advancing prices;
    stellvertretende Kosten (Seeversicherung) substituted expenses;
    tatsächliche Kosten actual costs;
    übermäßige (überhöhte) Kosten excessive costs;
    auf Kapitalkonto übernommene Kosten capitalized costs;
    übliche Kosten usual charges;
    nicht umgelegte Kosten unapplied costs;
    auf den Tageswert umgerechnete Kosten adjusted costs;
    unerhebliche Kosten insignificant expenses;
    unerschwingliche Kosten enormous costs;
    ungewisse Kosten variable cost;
    unproduktive Kosten incidental expenses of production;
    untragbare Kosten prohibitive cost;
    unveränderliche Kosten constant costs;
    variable (veränderliche) Kosten variable (out-of-pocket) costs;
    proportionale variable Kosten average variable costs;
    veranschlagte Kosten estimated costs;
    verbundene Kosten composite costs;
    damit verbundene Kosten expense involved;
    mit der Anschaffung verbundene Kosten purchase-related costs;
    vereinbarte Kosten agreed costs;
    vermeidbare Kosten escapable cost;
    verschiedene Kosten sundry (miscellaneous) expenses, sundries;
    verzerrte Kosten distorted costs;
    volkswirtschaftliche Kosten external costs;
    voraussichtliche Kosten prospective costs;
    im Etat vorgesehene Kosten expenses provided for in the budget;
    vorkalkulierte Kosten standard (predetermined, scheduled, target) costs;
    wachsende Kosten growing expenditure;
    wechselnde Kosten variable cost (expenses);
    wirkliche Kosten actual cost (expense);
    zunehmende Kosten increasing (rising) cost;
    zusammengefasste Kosten pool cost;
    zusätzliche Kosten additional charges (expenses, costs), added costs, extra charges;
    Kosten der Abschreibung depreciation charges;
    Kosten nach Abschreibungen amortized cost;
    Kosten des Abtransportes transportation inland costs;
    Kosten vor Abzug des Bardiskonts billed cost;
    Kosten der Agenturunterhaltung agency costs;
    Kosten des Anlagevermögens asset costs;
    Kosten vor Anlauf der Fertigung starting-load cost;
    Kosten der Anschlusseinrichtung (telecom.) installation charges;
    Kosten für weitere Ausbildung advancement costs (US);
    Kosten und Auslagen charges, costs and expenses;
    Kosten des Beklagten defendant’s costs;
    Kosten der Bergung salvage cost (charges);
    Kosten bei voller Betriebsausnutzung capacity costs;
    Kosten für Betriebsbauten plant construction costs;
    Kosten der Betriebseinstellung (Betriebsstilllegung) shutdown costs;
    Kosten der Betriebsführung operating costs;
    Kosten der Buchführung (Buchhaltung) accounting (bookkeeping) costs;
    Kosten zum Buchwert amortized cost;
    Kosten der Bürounterhaltung office expenses;
    Kosten der Ernteeinbringung harvesting expenses;
    Kosten der Erstellung des Jahresberichts annual report costs;
    immaterielle Kosten und Erträge non-pecuniary costs and benefits;
    Kosten pro Exemplar per-copy costs;
    Kosten der Fabrikation work-in-process burden;
    Kosten für Fahrten zwischen Wohnung und Betrieb cost of travel between home and work;
    Kosten der Gebäudeerrichtung cost of a structure;
    Kosten der Geldbeschaffung cost of money;
    Kosten eines Gerichtsverfahrens costs of going to court;
    Kosten der Geschäftsführung executive expenses;
    laufende Kosten der Geschäftsführung expenses in carrying on business;
    Kosten der Geschäftsstelle agency cost;
    Kosten der staatlichen Gesundheitsfürsorge national health-care bill;
    Kosten der Gesundheitsvorsorge health-care costs;
    Kosten der Haushaltsführung (Haushaltung) household operating costs, household expenditure;
    Kosten der Instandhaltung cost of maintenance;
    Kosten der Kapitalausstattung capital equipment cost;
    Kosten des Konkursverfahrens cost of preserving and administering the bankrupt’s estate, bankruptcy costs, costs of adjudication;
    Kosten der Konkursverwaltung administration (official receiver’s) expenses;
    Kosten pro Kopf der Bevölkerung per capita costs;
    Kosten der Lagerhaltung holding costs, outlays for inventories, house charges (US);
    Kosten der Lebenshaltung cost of living;
    Kosten für Leichterung lighterage charges;
    Kosten des Liquidators liquidator’s expenses;
    Kosten des Löschens charges for unloading;
    Kosten der Luftfrachtbeförderung airfreight expenses;
    Kosten der Montage cost of erection, assembly costs;
    Kosten der Nachlassverwaltung expenses of administration;
    Kosten einer Projektdurchführung running costs of a project;
    Kosten für das Rangieren switching charges;
    erstattungsfähige Kosten eines Rechtsstreites costs as between party and party;
    Kosten der Rechtsverfolgung law costs;
    Kosten zum anderthalbfachen Satz double costs (cash);
    Kosten der Testamentserrichtung testamentary expenses;
    Kosten für den Umtausch (Währung) conversion costs;
    Kosten des Unterhalts eines Lastkraftwagens motor-van expenses (Br.);
    Kosten der Unterhaltung eines Kraftfahrzeuges automobile operating (maintenance) costs;
    Kosten zuzüglich Verdienstspanne cost-plus (US);
    Kosten der Vermögensverwaltung (Treuhänder) administration expenses;
    Kosten der Verpackung packaging costs;
    Kosten, Versicherung und Fracht cost, insurance and freight (cif);
    Kosten des Vertriebs marketing cost;
    Kosten der Verwaltung administrative expenditure;
    Kosten der gesamten Warenlieferung costs of goods sold;
    Kosten für immaterielle Werte intangible costs;
    Kosten der Wiederbeschaffung replacement cost;
    Kosten einer Wohnung housing price;
    Kosten der Zentrale head-office expense;
    Kosten der Zollabfertigung cost of customs clearance;
    Kosten sparend cost-saving (-cutting);
    Kosten abbremsen to put a stop to expenses;
    als Kosten abbuchen to enter as expenses;
    seine Kosten abrechnen (abziehen) to deduct one’s expenses;
    Kosten steuerlich absetzen to deduct costs;
    Kosten der Büromiete steuerlich absetzen to claim the cost of rent of premises as a deduction;
    Kosten abwälzen to pass costs on;
    Kosten auf die Kunden abwälzen to switch costs to the customer;
    für Kosten und Logis arbeiten to work for one’s board;
    jem. die Kosten aufbrummen to land s. o. with the costs;
    Kosten der Staatskasse aufbürden to award the costs against the state;
    Kosten auferlegen to allocate (order to bear, award) the costs;
    Kosten aufgliedern to itemize costs;
    Kosten gegeneinander aufheben to divide the costs between the parties;
    für die Kosten aufkommen to bear (meet, pay) the expenses;
    Kosten aufschlüsseln to break down expenses;
    Kosten aufteilen to apportion costs, to lump the expenses;
    sich die voraussichtlich entstehenden Kosten ausrechnen to reckon the probable costs;
    Kosten im Griff behalten to keep track of costs;
    zu den Kosten beitragen to contribute towards the costs;
    Kosten auferlegt bekommen to be condemned in (ordered to pay) the costs;
    Kosten in den Griff bekommen to control costs;
    Konto mit sämtlichen Kosten belasten to charge an account with all the expenses;
    Kosten berechnen to count (figure up, calculate, compute) the costs, to figure out (calculate) the expenses;
    sich auf jds. Kosten bereichern to get rich at s. one’s expense;
    Kosten berücksichtigen to consider the expense;
    Kosten bestreiten to bear the costs (expenses), to cover (meet, defray) the expenses;
    sich an den Kosten gleichmäßig beteiligen to contribute equally to the expense;
    sich an den Kosten schlüsselmäßig beteiligen to pool the expenses;
    Kosten bezahlen to quit costs;
    entstandene Kosten bezahlen to pay the costs incurred;
    für Kosten in Abzug bringen to allow for costs;
    als Kosten buchen to enter as expenses;
    Kosten über ein Konto buchen to charge an expense to an account;
    Kosten decken to cover (reimburse) the expenses;
    seine Kosten decken to get back one’s expenses, to pay its way, to get out without a loss;
    nicht einmal seine Kosten decken (hereinbekommen) not to clear one’s expenses;
    Kosten einrechnen to include expenses;
    Kosten einsparen to cut back on costs;
    über die Kosten entscheiden (Urteil) to carry costs;
    Kosten ermitteln to ascertain the costs;
    Kosten ersetzen to refund the costs;
    Kosten erstatten to refund (reimburse) the expenses;
    entstandene Kosten erstatten to reimburse the expenses incurred;
    Kosten festsetzen to fix (determine) the costs;
    beträchtliche Kosten aufgewandt haben to have gone to considerable expense;
    für Kosten aufzukommen haben to be liable for expenses;
    Kosten für Subventionen zu tragen haben to foot the subsidy bill;
    Kosten niedrig halten to hold (keep) down costs (expenses), to keep costs in line (a lid on costs), to control the expenditure;
    Kosten kalkulieren to cost-account;
    auf seine Kosten kommen to cover one’s expenses, to pay one’s way, to have a run for one’s money;
    Kosten nicht mehr verkraften können to run one’s costs through the roof;
    Kosten raketenartig ansteigen lassen to rocket costs;
    Kosten anwachsen lassen to pile on the expense;
    auf jds. Kosten leben to live at s. one’s expense, to sponge on s. o. (coll.);
    Kosten machen to be an (go to) expense, to involve expenses;
    jem. Kosten machen to put s. o. to expense;
    Kosten nachgehen to keep track of costs;
    Kosten nachprüfen to tax costs;
    Kosten niederschlagen to cancel the costs;
    Kosten reduzieren to cut costs;
    Kosten drastisch reduzieren to slash costs;
    Kosten scheuen to balk at an expense (fam.);
    keine Kosten scheuen to spare no expense (costs);
    mit weiteren (zusätzlichen) Kosten verbunden sein to involve additional charges;
    zu den Kosten verurteilt sein to be cast to pay the costs;
    Kosten senken to reduce (drive down) expenses (costs);
    Kosten sparen to save expenses;
    Kosten steigern to run up the costs;
    sich in Kosten stürzen to launch out [into expense], to put o. s. to charge, to go to expense;
    sich in große Kosten stürzen to go to great expense;
    sich mit jem. die Kosten teilen to go halves (share the expenses) with s. o.;
    sich in die Kosten von etw. mit jem. teilen to go shares with s. o. in the expense of s. th., to share with s. o. in the costs;
    Kosten tragen to defray the expense (charges), to pay for [the shot], to meet the expenses, to foot the bill, to pay the piper;
    alle Kosten für j. tragen to carry all expenses for s. o.;
    Kosten übernehmen to pay costs (expenses);
    entstandene Kosten übernehmen to pay the costs incurred;
    Hälfte der Kosten übernehmen to go halves with s. o.;
    gesamte Kosten einer Pensionsregelung übernehmen to pick up the entire cost of a pension plan;
    Kosten einer Reise übernehmen to defray the expenses of a trip;
    Kosten auf die Staatskasse übernehmen to charge an expense to the public debt;
    Kosten teilweise übernehmen to go halves with s. o.;
    Kosten eines Unternehmens übernehmen to bear the cost of an undertaking;
    Kosten umlegen to allocate (apportion) the costs, to divide expenses in equal proportions;
    Kosten auf die Vereinsmitglieder umlegen to assess members of a society for expenses;
    Kosten veranschlagen to evaluate (estimate) expenses, to figure up the costs;
    im Zeitpunkt der Entstehung als Kosten verbuchen to book expenses in the year of occurence;
    Kosten vergüten to reimburse expenses;
    überflüssige Kosten vermeiden to economize;
    Kosten unmittelbar auf die Abteilung verrechnen to charge cost directly to the department;
    Kosten verringern to reduce (cut down) costs;
    Kosten verteilen to spread the costs;
    Kosten über drei Jahre verteilen to amortize costs over a period of three years;
    Kosten verursachen to go to expense;
    große (hohe) Kosten verursachen to put to great (involve much) expense, to entail large expenditure;
    jem. große Kosten verursachen to put s. o. to great expense;
    zu den Kosten verurteilen to order (cast) to pay the costs;
    gestiegene Kosten ohne Verschlechterung der Wettbewerbssituation weitergeben to pass on rising cost without becoming uncompetitive;
    auf Kosten der Allgemeinheit unterhalten werden to be maintained at public expense;
    auf gemeinsame Kosten von Verleger und Autor veröffentlicht werden to be published at joint expense of publisher and author;
    zu den Kosten verurteilt werden to be ordered to pay the costs;
    Kosten nach sich ziehen to carry costs;
    hohe Kosten nach sich ziehen to involve great expense;
    Kosten zurückerstatten to refund (reimburse) expenses;
    Kosten gehen zulasten von costs to be borne by;
    Kosten spielen keine Rolle expense is no object.
    Kosten, Versicherung und Fracht
    cost, insurance and freight (cif)

    Business german-english dictionary > kosten

  • 10 fahren

    das Fahren
    driving
    * * *
    fah|ren ['faːrən] pret fuhr [fuːɐ] ptp gefahren [gə'faːrən]
    1. INTRANSITIVES VERB
    1) = sich fortbewegen (aux sein) (Fahrzeug, Fahrgast) to go; (Autofahrer) to drive; (Zweiradfahrer) to ride; (Schiff) to sail; (Kran, Kamera, Rolltreppe etc) to move

    mit dem Rad fahren — to cycle, to go by bike

    mit dem Motorrad/Taxi fahren — to go by motorbike/taxi

    mit dem Aufzug fahrento take the lift, to ride or take the elevator (US)

    ich fuhr mit dem Fahrrad/Auto in die Stadt — I cycled/drove into town, I went into town on my bike/in the car

    wir sind mit dem Auto gekommen, und meine Frau ist gefahren — we came by car and my wife drove

    links/rechts fahren — to drive on the left/right

    wie lange fährt man von hier nach Basel? — how long does it take to get to Basle from here?

    ich fahre mit dem Auto nach Schweden — I'm taking the car to Sweden, I'm going to Sweden by car

    mein Chor fährt nächstes Jahr wieder nach Schottland — next year my choir is going to Scotland again

    wie fährt man von hier zum Bahnhof? — how do you get to the station from here?

    wie fährt man am schnellsten zum Bahnhof? — what is the quickest way to the station?

    die Lok fährt elektrisch/mit Dampf — the engine is powered by electricity/is steam-driven

    der Wagen fährt sehr ruhig — the car is very quiet

    2) = losfahren (aux sein) (Verkehrsmittel, Fahrer, Mitfahrer) to go, to leave

    wann fährt der nächste Bus nach Bamberg? — when does the next bus to Bamberg go or leave?

    wann fährst du morgen nach Glasgow? fährst du früh? — when are you leaving for Glasgow tomorrow? are you leaving early in the morning?

    einen fahren lassen (inf)to let off (inf)

    3)

    = verkehren (aux sein) es fahren täglich zwei Fähren — there are two ferries a day

    fahren Sie bis Walterplatz?do you go as far as Walterplatz?

    der Bus fährt alle fünf Minuten — there's a bus every five minutes

    4)

    = rasen, schießen (aux sein) es fuhr ihm durch den Kopf, dass... — the thought flashed through his mind that...

    was ist ( denn) in dich gefahren? — what's got into you?

    die Katze fuhr ihm ins Gesichtthe cat leapt or sprang at his face

    5)

    = zurechtkommen (aux sein) (mit jdm) gut fahren — to get on well (with sb)

    mit etw gut fahrento be OK with sth (inf)

    mit ihm sind wir gut/schlecht gefahren — we made a good/bad choice when we picked him

    mit diesem teuren Modell fahren Sie immer gutyou'll always be OK with this expensive model (inf)

    (bei etw) gut/schlecht fahren — to do well/badly (with sth)

    du fährst besser, wenn... — you would do better if...

    6)

    = streichen (aux sein or haben) er fuhr mit der Hand/einem Tuch über den Tisch — he ran his hand/a cloth over the table

    jdm/sich durchs Haar fahren — to run one's fingers through sb's/one's hair

    mit der Hand über die Stirn fahrento pass one's hand over one's brow

    7) FILM (aux haben) (= eine Kamerafahrt machen) to track
    2. TRANSITIVES VERB
    1) = lenken (aux haben) Auto, Bus, Zug etc to drive; Fahrrad, Motorrad to ride

    schrottreif or zu Schrott fahren (durch Unfall)to write off; (durch Verschleiß) to drive into the ground

    2) = benutzen: Straße, Strecke etc (aux sein) to take

    welche Strecke fährt die Linie 59? — which way does the number 59 go?

    einen Umweg fahren — to go a long way round, to go out of one's way

    eine so gebirgige Strecke darfst du im Winter nicht ohne Schneeketten fahren — you shouldn't drive such a mountainous route in winter without snow chains

    3) = benutzen: Kraftstoff etc (aux haben) to use; Reifen to drive on
    4) = befördern (aux haben) to take; (= hierherfahren) to bring; Personen to drive, to take

    die Spedition fährt Fisch von der Nordsee nach Nürnberg — the haulage firm transports or takes fish from the North Sea to Nuremberg

    5) Geschwindigkeit (aux sein) to do

    er fuhr über 80 km/h — he did over 80 km/h, he drove at over 80 km/h

    6) SPORT (aux haben or sein) Rennen to take part in; Runde etc to do; Zeit, Rekord etc to clock up
    7) TECH (aux haben) (= steuern, betreiben) to run; (= senden) to broadcast; (= durchführen) Überstunden to do, to work; Angriff to launch

    eine Sonderschicht fahrento put on an extra shift

    3. REFLEXIVES VERB

    diams; sich gut fahren mit diesem Wagen fährt es sich gut — it's good driving this car

    bei solchem Wetter/auf dieser Straße fährt es sich gut — it's good driving in that kind of weather/on this road

    der neue Wagen fährt sich gut —

    * * *
    1) (to control or guide (a car etc): Do you want to drive (the car), or shall I?) drive
    2) (to take, bring etc in a car: My mother is driving me to the airport.) drive
    3) (to travel by car: We motored down to my mother's house at the weekend.) motor
    4) (to sail in a particular direction: We put out to sea; The ship put into harbour for repairs.) put
    5) (to travel in a car etc: We were rolling along merrily when a tyre burst.) roll
    6) (to travel or be carried (in a car, train etc or on a bicycle, horse etc): He rides to work every day on an old bicycle; The horsemen rode past.) ride
    7) (to (be able to) ride on and control (a horse, bicycle etc): Can you ride a bicycle?) ride
    8) (to move smoothly: Trains run on rails.) run
    9) (to drive (someone); to give (someone) a lift: He ran me to the station.) run
    10) (to go from place to place; to journey: I travelled to Scotland by train; He has to travel a long way to school.) travel
    * * *
    fah·ren
    [ˈfa:rən]
    1.
    <fährt, fuhr, gefahren>
    Hilfsverb: sein (sich fortbewegen: als Fahrgast) to go
    mit dem Bus/der Straßenbahn/dem Taxi/dem Zug \fahren to go by bus/tram/taxi/train
    erster/zweiter Klasse \fahren to travel [or go] first/second class; (als Fahrer) to drive
    zur Arbeit \fahren to drive to work; (mit dem Fahrrad) to cycle to work
    mit dem Auto \fahren to drive, to go by car
    mit dem [Fahr]rad/Motorrad fahren to cycle/motorcycle, to go by bike/motorcycle
    links/rechts \fahren to drive on the left/right
    gegen einen Baum/eine Wand \fahren to drive [or go] into a tree/wall
    wie fährt man von hier am besten zum Bahnhof? what's the best way to the station from here?
    wer fährt? who's driving?
    \fahren Sie nach Heidelberg/zum Flughafen? are you going to Heidelberg/to the airport?
    \fahren wir oder laufen wir? shall we go by car/bus etc. or walk?
    wie lange fährt man von hier nach München? how long does it take to get to Munich from here?; (auf Karussell, Achterbahn)
    ich will nochmal \fahren! I want to have another ride!
    fahr doch bitte langsamer! please slow down!
    sie fährt gut she's a good driver
    ich fahre lieber auf der Autobahn I prefer to drive on the motorway
    mein Auto fährt nicht my car won't go
    heutzutage \fahren alle Bahnen elektrisch all railways are electrified these days
    die Rolltreppe fährt bis in den obersten Stock the escalator goes up to the top floor; s.a. Teufel
    2.
    <fährt, fuhr, gefahren>
    Hilfsverb: sein (losfahren) to go, to leave
    wir \fahren in 5 Minuten we'll be going [or leaving] in 5 minutes
    wann fährst du morgen früh? when are you leaving tomorrow morning?
    3.
    <fährt, fuhr, gefahren>
    Hilfsverb: sein (verkehren) to run
    wann fährt der nächste Zug nach Berlin? when is the next train to Berlin?
    der nächste Bus fährt [erst] in 20 Minuten the next bus [only] leaves in twenty minutes
    die Bahn fährt alle 20 Minuten the train runs [or goes] every 20 minutes
    von Lübeck nach Travemünde \fahren täglich drei Busse there are three busses a day from Lübeck to Travemünde
    diese Fähre fährt zwischen Ostende und Dover this ferry runs between Ostend and Dover
    auf der Strecke Berlin-Bremen fährt ein ICE a high speed train runs between Berlin and Bremen
    dieser Bus fährt nur bis Hegelplatz this bus only goes as far as Hegelplatz
    der Intercity 501 fährt heute nur bis Köln the intercity 501 will only run as far as Cologne today
    4.
    <fährt, fuhr, gefahren>
    Hilfsverb: sein (reisen)
    in [den] Urlaub \fahren to go on holiday
    ins Wochenende \fahren to leave for the weekend; (tatsächlich wegfahren) to go away for the weekend
    fährst du mit dem Auto nach Italien? are you taking the car to Italy?, are you going to Italy by car?
    fahrt ihr nächstes Jahr wieder nach Norwegen? are you going to Norway again next year?
    5.
    <fährt, fuhr, gefahren>
    Hilfsverb: sein (bestimmtes Fahrverhalten haben)
    dieser Wagen fährt sehr schnell this car can go very fast, this car is a real goer fam
    das Auto hier fährt sehr ruhig this car is a very quiet runner
    6.
    <fährt, fuhr, gefahren>
    Hilfsverb: sein (blitzschnell bewegen)
    aus dem Bett \fahren to leap out of bed
    in die Höhe \fahren to jump up with a start
    jdm an die Kehle fahren Hund to leap at sb's throat
    in die Kleider \fahren to dress hastily
    aus dem Schlaf \fahren to wake with a start
    blitzartig fuhr es ihm durch den Kopf, dass... the thought suddenly flashed through his mind that...
    diese Idee fuhr mir durch den Kopf, als ich die Bilder sah that idea came to me when I saw the pictures
    der Schreck fuhr ihr durch alle Glieder the shock made her tremble all over
    was ist denn in dich gefahren? what's got into you?
    es fuhr mir in den Rücken suddenly I felt a stabbing pain in my back
    der Blitz fuhr in den Baum the lightning struck the tree; s.a. Mund, Haut
    7.
    <fährt, fuhr, gefahren>
    Hilfsverb: sein o haben (streichen, wischen)
    sich dat mit der Hand über die Stirn \fahren to pass one's hand over one's brow
    sie fuhr mit dem Tuch über den Tisch she ran the cloth over the table
    sie fuhr sich mit der Hand durchs Haar she run her fingers through her hair
    8.
    <fährt, fuhr, gefahren>
    Hilfsverb: sein (zurechtkommen)
    [mit etw dat] gut/schlecht \fahren to do well/badly [with sth]
    mit dieser Methode sind wir immer gut gefahren this method has always worked well for us
    mit jdm gut \fahren to get on all right with sb, to fare well with sb
    mit jdm schlecht \fahren to not fare [or get on] very well with sb
    1.
    <fährt, fuhr, gefahren>
    Hilfsverb: haben (lenken)
    etw \fahren to drive sth
    ein Auto \fahren to drive a car
    ein Fahrrad/Motorrad \fahren to ride a bicycle/motorbike
    wer von Ihnen hat das Auto gefahren? who drove?
    sie fährt einen roten Jaguar she drives a red Jaguar
    2.
    <fährt, fuhr, gefahren>
    Hilfsverb: sein (sich mit etw fortbewegen)
    etw \fahren to drive sth
    Auto \fahren to drive [a car]
    Bus \fahren to ride on a bus
    Fahrrad/Motorrad \fahren to ride a bicycle/motorbike
    Schlitten \fahren to go tobogganing
    Ski \fahren to ski
    Zug \fahren to go on a train
    3.
    <fährt, fuhr, gefahren>
    Hilfsverb: haben (verwenden)
    etw \fahren Kraftstoff to use sth
    ich fahre nur Diesel I only use diesel
    fährst du noch immer Sommerreifen? are you still using [or driving on] normal tyres
    4.
    <fährt, fuhr, gefahren>
    Hilfsverb: haben (befördern, mitnehmen)
    jdn \fahren to take [or drive] sb
    jdn ins Krankenhaus \fahren to take sb to hospital
    ich fahre noch schnell die Kinder in die Schule I'll just take the kids to school
    ich fahr' dich nach Hause I'll take [or drive] you home, I'll give you a lift home
    etw \fahren Sand, Mist, Waren to take [or transport] sth
    5.
    <fährt, fuhr, gefahren>
    Hilfsverb: sein (eine Strecke zurücklegen)
    Autobahn \fahren to drive on a motorway BRIT [or AM freeway]
    eine Umleitung \fahren to follow a diversion
    einen Umweg \fahren to make a detour
    der 84er fährt jetzt eine andere Strecke the 84 takes a different route now
    diese Strecke darf man nur mit Schneeketten \fahren you need snow chains to drive on this route
    6.
    <fährt, fuhr, gefahren>
    90 km/h \fahren to be doing 90 km/h
    hier darf man nur 30 km/h \fahren the speed limit here is 30 km/h
    dieser Wagen hier fährt 240 km/h this car will do 240 km/h
    was/wie viel fährt der Wagen denn Spitze? what's the car's top speed?
    7.
    <fährt, fuhr, gefahren>
    Hilfsverb: sein o haben SPORT
    ein Rennen \fahren to take part in a race
    die beste Zeit \fahren to do [or clock] the best time
    mit nur 4 Stunden fuhr er Bestzeit his time of only four hours was the best
    die Rennfahrerin fuhr einen neuen Weltrekord the racing driver set a new world record
    die Wagen \fahren jetzt die achte Runde the cars are now on the eighth lap
    8.
    <fährt, fuhr, gefahren>
    Hilfsverb: haben TECH
    etw \fahren to operate sth
    einen Hochofen \fahren to control a blast furnace
    9.
    <fährt, fuhr, gefahren>
    Hilfsverb: haben (fachspr sl: ablaufen lassen)
    ein Angebot/Sortiment nach oben/unten \fahren to increase/reduce an offer/a product range
    die Produktion mit 50 % \fahren to run production at 50%
    die Produktion nach oben/unten \fahren to step up/cut down production
    ein neues Programm \fahren to start [or launch] a new programme [or AM -gram
    10.
    <fährt, fuhr, gefahren>
    Hilfsverb: haben (sl: arbeiten)
    eine Sonderschicht in der Fabrik \fahren to put on an extra shift at the factory
    Überstunden \fahren to do overtime
    11.
    <fährt, fuhr, gefahren>
    Hilfsverb: haben RADIO
    etw \fahren to broadcast sth
    12.
    <fährt, fuhr, gefahren>
    Hilfsverb: haben (kaputt machen)
    eine Beule in etw akk \fahren to dent sth
    13.
    einen harten Kurs \fahren to take a hard line
    einen \fahren lassen (fam) to let [one] off fam
    <fährt, fuhr, gefahren>
    Hilfsverb: haben
    dieser Wagen/dieses Fahrrad fährt sich gut [o mit diesem Wagen/Fahrrad fährt es sich gut] it's nice to drive this car/to ride this bicycle
    bei solch einem Wetter fährt es sich herrlich it's wonderful to drive in that kind of weather
    mit einer Servolenkung fährt es sich viel leichter it's much easier to drive with power steering
    * * *
    1.
    unregelmäßiges intransitives Verb; mit sein
    1) (als Fahrzeuglenker) drive; (mit dem Fahrrad, Motorrad usw.) ride

    mit dem Auto fahren — drive; (herfahren auch) come by car; (hinfahren auch) go by car

    mit dem Fahrrad/Motorrad fahren — cycle/motorcycle; come/go by bicycle/motorcycle

    mit 80 km/h fahren — drive/ride at 80 k.p.h.

    links/rechts fahren — drive on the left/right; (abbiegen) bear or turn left/right

    langsam fahren — drive/ride slowly

    2) (mit dem Auto usw. als Mitfahrer; mit öffentlichen Verkehrsmitteln usw./als Fahrgast) go ( mit by); (mit dem Aufzug/der Rolltreppe/der Seilbahn/dem Skilift) take the lift (Brit.) or (Amer.) elevator/escalator/cable-car/ski lift; (mit der Achterbahn, dem Karussell usw.) ride (auf + Dat. on); (per Anhalter) hitch-hike

    erster/zweiter Klasse/zum halben Preis fahren — travel or go first/second class/at half-price

    ich fahre nicht gern [im] Auto/Bus — I don't like travelling in cars/buses

    3) (reisen) go
    4) (losfahren) go; leave
    5) < motor vehicle, train, lift, cable-car> go; < ship> sail

    der Aufzug fährt heute nichtthe lift (Brit.) or (Amer.) elevator is out of service today

    der Bus fährt alle fünf Minuten/bis Goetheplatz — the bus runs or goes every five minutes/goes to Goetheplatz

    von München nach Passau fährt ein D-Zug — there's a fast train from Munich to Passau

    mit Diesel/Benzin fahren — run on diesel/petrol (Brit.) or (Amer.) gasoline

    mit Dampf/Atomkraft fahren — be steam-powered/atomicpowered

    8) (schnelle Bewegungen ausführen)

    in die Höhe fahren — jump up [with a start]

    sich (Dat.) mit der Hand durchs Haar fahren — run one's fingers through one's hair

    was ist denn in dich gefahren?(fig.) what's got into you?

    der Schreck fuhr ihm in die Glieder(fig.) the shock went right through him

    jemandem über den Mund fahren(fig.) shut somebody up

    aus der Haut fahren(ugs.) blow one's top (coll.)

    etwas fahren lassen(loslassen) let something go; (fig.): (aufgeben) abandon something

    gut/schlecht mit jemandem/einer Sache fahren — get on well/badly with somebody/something

    2.
    unregelmäßiges transitives Verb
    1) (fortbewegen) drive <car, lorry, train, etc.>; ride <bicycle, motorcycle>

    Auto/Motorrad/Roller fahren — drive [a car]/ride a motorcycle/scooter

    Bahn/Bus usw. fahren: go by train/bus — etc.

    Kahn od. Boot/Kanu fahren — go boating/canoeing

    Rollschuh fahren — [roller-]skate

    Schlittschuh fahren — [ice-]skate

    Aufzug/Rolltreppe fahren — take the lift (Brit.) or (Amer.) elevator/use the escalator

    Sessellift fahren — ride in a/the chairlift

    U-Bahn fahrenride on the underground (Brit.) or (Amer.) subway

    2) mit sein ([als Strecke] zurücklegen) drive; (mit dem Motorrad, Fahrrad) ride; take < curve>

    einen Umweg/eine Umleitung fahren — make a detour/follow a diversion

    3) (befördern) drive, take < person>; take < thing>; < vehicle> take; <ship, lorry, etc.> carry < goods>; (zum Sprecher) drive, bring < person>; bring < thing>; < vehicle> bring

    80 km/h fahren — do 80 k.p.h.

    hier muss man 50 km/h fahren — you've got to keep to 50 k.p.h. here

    1:23:45/eine gute Zeit fahren — do or clock 1.23.45/a good time

    7)

    ein Auto schrottreif fahren — write off a car; (durch lange Beanspruchung) run or drive a car into the ground

    8) (als Treibstoff benutzen) use < diesel, regular>
    3.
    1)

    sich gut fahren< car> handle well, be easy to drive

    in dem Wagen/mit dem Zug fährt es sich bequem — the car gives a comfortable ride/it is comfortable travelling by train

    * * *
    fahren; fährt, fuhr, gefahren
    A. v/i (ist)
    1. Person: (auch reisen) go (
    mit by); längere Strecke: travel (by); auf Schiff: sail;
    mit dem Aufzug/Bus etc
    fahren auch take the lift (US elevator)/a ( oder the) bus etc;
    ich fahre öffentlich (mit öffentlichen Verkehrsmitteln) I use ( oder go by) public transport (US transportation);
    fahr rechts (bleib rechts) keep to the right; (bieg rechts ab) turn right;
    an den Straßenrand fahren pull over to the side of the road;
    nach Köln fährt man sieben Stunden mit dem Auto: it’s a seven-hour drive to Cologne; mit dem Zug: it’s a seven-hour train journey to Cologne, it’s seven hours on the train to Cologne;
    langsamer/schneller fahren slow down/accelerate;
    über einen Fluss/Platz etc
    fahren cross a river/square etc;
    ich will noch mal fahren auf Karussell etc: I want another ride
    2. (abfahren) leave, go;
    wir fahren in fünf Minuten we’re leaving in five minutes
    3. (in Fahrt sein) be moving; fahrend B 1
    4. selbst lenkend: drive; auf Fahrrad, Motorrad: ride;
    sie fährt gut/schlecht she’s a good/bad driver
    5. (verkehren) run;
    das Boot/der Zug fährt zweimal am Tag the boat/train goes twice a day, there are two sailings/two trains a day
    6. AUTO etc (funktionieren) go, run;
    /fährt wieder (ist repariert) the car isn’t going ( oder won’t go)/is going again;
    das Auto fährt ruhig the car is quiet(-running);
    mit Benzin/Diesel fahren Fahrzeug: run on petrol (US gas)/diesel; Person: have a petrol-(US gas)/diesel-engine car;
    mit Strom fahren be driven by electric power;
    mit Dampf fahren be steam-driven
    7.
    durch/über etwas (akk)
    fahren run one’s hand etc through/over sth
    8.
    in etwas (akk)
    fahren Kugel, Messer etc: go into sth; Blitz: hit ( oder strike) sth;
    in die Kleider fahren slip into ( oder slip on) one’s clothes;
    aus dem Bett/in die Höhe fahren jump ( oder leap) out of bed/in the air;
    der Hund fuhr ihm an die Kehle the dog leapt at his throat; Himmel, Hölle etc
    9.
    fahren lassen fig give up ( oder abandon) all hope;
    einen fahren lassen umg let one go, fart vulg
    10. BERGB:
    in die Grube/aus der Grube fahren go down the pit/coe up out of the pit
    11. fig:
    gut/schlecht mit oder
    bei etwas fahren do well/badly out of sth;
    er ist sehr gut/schlecht damit gefahren he did very well/badly out of it;
    was ist nur in ihn gefahren? what’s got into him?;
    mir fuhr der Gedanke durch den Kopf, dass … it suddenly occurred to me that …;
    der Schreck fuhr ihm in die Glieder he froze with terror; Haut, Mund etc
    B. v/t
    1. (hat) (lenken, besitzen) drive; (Fahrrad, Motorrad) ride;
    er hat das Auto gegen den Zaun gefahren he drove the car into the fence;
    ein Auto zu Schrott fahren drive a car into the ground; bei einem Unfall: write a car off, US total a car;
    ein Schiff auf Grund fahren run a ship aground;
    jemanden über den Haufen fahren umg knock sb down, run sb over
    2. (hat) (befördern) take, drive; (Güter) auch transport; spazieren
    3. (ist) (Aufzug, Skilift) ride in; (Karussell, U-Bahn etc) ride on; (Segelboot) sail; (Ruderboot) row;
    Boot fahren go boating;
    Rad fahren cycle;
    Roller fahren scooter; (Motorroller) ride a scooter;
    Rollschuh fahren roller-skate;
    Schlitten fahren (rodeln) toboggan; (Pferdeschlitten) ride in a sledge (US sleigh);
    4. (hat oder ist) (Strecke) cover, travel; (Kurve, anderen Weg etc) take; (Umleitung) follow; (Rennen) take part in;
    einen Umweg fahren make a detour;
    sie fuhren eine andere Strecke they took a different route;
    Kurven fahren weave about (US back and forth);
    Slalom fahren do a slalom
    5. (hat oder ist) (Zeit) record, clock; (Rekord) set;
    wir fuhren gerade 100 km/h, als … we were doing 62 mph when …;
    das Auto fährt 200 km/h (leistet) the car will do ( oder can reach) 124 mph
    6. (hat) (Normal, Super) use, run on
    7. TECH (Hochofen) operate; IT (Programm) run
    C. v/r (hat):
    dieser Wagen fährt sich gut this car is pleasant to drive ( oder handles well); unpers:
    auf dieser Straße fährt es sich gut this is a good road to drive on
    * * *
    1.
    unregelmäßiges intransitives Verb; mit sein
    1) (als Fahrzeuglenker) drive; (mit dem Fahrrad, Motorrad usw.) ride

    mit dem Auto fahren — drive; (herfahren auch) come by car; (hinfahren auch) go by car

    mit dem Fahrrad/Motorrad fahren — cycle/motorcycle; come/go by bicycle/motorcycle

    mit 80 km/h fahren — drive/ride at 80 k.p.h.

    links/rechts fahren — drive on the left/right; (abbiegen) bear or turn left/right

    langsam fahren — drive/ride slowly

    2) (mit dem Auto usw. als Mitfahrer; mit öffentlichen Verkehrsmitteln usw./als Fahrgast) go ( mit by); (mit dem Aufzug/der Rolltreppe/der Seilbahn/dem Skilift) take the lift (Brit.) or (Amer.) elevator/escalator/cable-car/ski lift; (mit der Achterbahn, dem Karussell usw.) ride (auf + Dat. on); (per Anhalter) hitch-hike

    erster/zweiter Klasse/zum halben Preis fahren — travel or go first/second class/at half-price

    ich fahre nicht gern [im] Auto/Bus — I don't like travelling in cars/buses

    3) (reisen) go
    4) (losfahren) go; leave
    5) <motor vehicle, train, lift, cable-car> go; < ship> sail

    der Aufzug fährt heute nichtthe lift (Brit.) or (Amer.) elevator is out of service today

    der Bus fährt alle fünf Minuten/bis Goetheplatz — the bus runs or goes every five minutes/goes to Goetheplatz

    mit Diesel/Benzin fahren — run on diesel/petrol (Brit.) or (Amer.) gasoline

    mit Dampf/Atomkraft fahren — be steam-powered/atomicpowered

    in die Höhe fahren — jump up [with a start]

    sich (Dat.) mit der Hand durchs Haar fahren — run one's fingers through one's hair

    was ist denn in dich gefahren?(fig.) what's got into you?

    der Schreck fuhr ihm in die Glieder(fig.) the shock went right through him

    jemandem über den Mund fahren(fig.) shut somebody up

    aus der Haut fahren(ugs.) blow one's top (coll.)

    etwas fahren lassen (loslassen) let something go; (fig.): (aufgeben) abandon something

    gut/schlecht mit jemandem/einer Sache fahren — get on well/badly with somebody/something

    2.
    unregelmäßiges transitives Verb
    1) (fortbewegen) drive <car, lorry, train, etc.>; ride <bicycle, motorcycle>

    Auto/Motorrad/Roller fahren — drive [a car]/ride a motorcycle/scooter

    Bahn/Bus usw. fahren: go by train/bus — etc.

    Kahn od. Boot/Kanu fahren — go boating/canoeing

    Rollschuh fahren — [roller-]skate

    Schlittschuh fahren — [ice-]skate

    Aufzug/Rolltreppe fahren — take the lift (Brit.) or (Amer.) elevator/use the escalator

    Sessellift fahren — ride in a/the chairlift

    U-Bahn fahrenride on the underground (Brit.) or (Amer.) subway

    2) mit sein ([als Strecke] zurücklegen) drive; (mit dem Motorrad, Fahrrad) ride; take < curve>

    einen Umweg/eine Umleitung fahren — make a detour/follow a diversion

    3) (befördern) drive, take < person>; take < thing>; < vehicle> take; <ship, lorry, etc.> carry < goods>; (zum Sprecher) drive, bring < person>; bring < thing>; < vehicle> bring

    80 km/h fahren — do 80 k.p.h.

    hier muss man 50 km/h fahren — you've got to keep to 50 k.p.h. here

    1:23:45/eine gute Zeit fahren — do or clock 1.23.45/a good time

    7)

    ein Auto schrottreif fahren — write off a car; (durch lange Beanspruchung) run or drive a car into the ground

    8) (als Treibstoff benutzen) use <diesel, regular>
    3.
    1)

    sich gut fahren< car> handle well, be easy to drive

    in dem Wagen/mit dem Zug fährt es sich bequem — the car gives a comfortable ride/it is comfortable travelling by train

    * * *
    v.
    (§ p.,pp.: fuhr, ist/hat gefahren)
    = to drive v.
    (§ p.,p.p.: drove, driven)
    to navigate v.
    to ply between expr.
    to ride v.
    (§ p.,p.p.: rode, ridden)

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > fahren

  • 11 Beförderung

    Beförderung f 1. GEN advancement; upgrading (Beschäftigungspolitik); 2. IMP/EXP freighting, shipment; 3. KOMM shipment; transmission (elektronisch); 4. PERS promotion, advancement, upgrading (Aufstieg); 5. LOGIS transport, transportation, carriage, haulage
    * * *
    f 1. < Geschäft> advancement, Beschäftigungspolitik upgrading; 2. <Imp/Exp> freighting, shipment; 3. < Komm> shipment, elektronisch transmission; 4. < Person> Aufstieg promotion, advancement, upgrading; 5. < Transp> transport, transportation, carriage, haulage
    * * *
    Beförderung
    carriage, carrying, conveyance, conveying, transfer, (Absendung) dispatch, forwarding, (Güter) haul[age], freightage, shipment (US), (Rang) step, promotion, (in einer Stellung) promotion, preferment, advance[ment], lift, elevation, (Telegramm) transmission, (Transport) handling, transport[ation];
    zur Beförderung übernommen received for shipment (US);
    durchgehende Beförderung through transportation;
    frachtpflichtige Beförderung chargeable conveyance;
    spätere Beförderung future advancement;
    Beförderung per Achse road transport;
    Beförderung per (mit der) Bahn rail (railway) transport, transportation by rail;
    Beförderung im Binnenschifffahrtsverkehr river transport (Br.), inland waterway transportation (US);
    Beförderung von Briefen carriage of letters;
    Beförderung nach dem Dienstalter advance (promotion) by seniority, seniority basis;
    Beförderung als Drucksache book post (Br.);
    Beförderung als Eilgut carrying express;
    Beförderung gegen Entgelt carriage on hire;
    kostenlose Beförderung der Familienangehörigen free family passage;
    Beförderung von Freikarteninhabern deadhead transportation;
    Beförderung von Führungskräften executive promotion;
    Beförderung von Gepäck transportation of baggage;
    Beförderung von Haus zu Haus door-to-door transport;
    Beförderung auf dem Landweg land carriage (transport);
    Beförderung mit dem Lastkraftwagen (per LKW) motor-truck transport (US), road transport (haulage);
    Beförderung auf dem Luftweg transport[ation] by air, air[craft] transport[ation];
    Beförderung von Massengütern transport in bulk, conveyance in bulk (mass);
    Beförderung im Nahverkehr short-distance transport;
    Beförderung von Personen conveyance of passengers, passenger transport;
    Beförderung durch die Post postal transport, carriage by mail;
    Beförderung außer der Reihe prepromotion;
    Beförderung der Reihe nach lineal promotion;
    direkte Beförderung von Seefracht freighting voyage;
    Beförderung auf dem Seeweg carriage by sea, waterborne (marine) transport;
    Beförderung von und zum Speicher (Spediteur) elevating service;
    tariffreie Beförderung für Stauung dunnage allowance;
    Beförderung im Straßenfernverkehr highway transportation;
    Beförderung eines Telegramms transmission of a telegram;
    Beförderung im Transitverkehr through transport;
    Beförderung mit Umladung transshipment;
    Beförderung durch öffentliche Verkehrsmittel common carrier transportation;
    Beförderung verbrauchssteuerpflichtiger Waren innerhalb der Gemeinschaft movement of excisable products between member states;
    Beförderung auf dem Wasserweg sea (waterborne) transport, water carriage, waterage;
    Beförderung sperriger Güter ablehnen to refuse to carry bulky goods;
    zur Beförderung anstehen to be about to be promoted, to be on one’s promotion, to be eligible (in line) for promotion;
    auf seine Beförderung hinarbeiten to urge one’s promotion;
    mit einer Beförderung rechnen to calculate on preferment;
    in der Beförderung an der Reihe sein to be in line for promotion;
    jds. Beförderung im Wege stehen to prove an obstacle to s. one’s promotion;
    j. bei der Beförderung übergehen to supersede s. o., to pass over s. one’s head;
    Beförderung verdienen to merit promotion;
    zur Beförderung vorsehen to mark out for promotion.

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  • 12 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 13 транспортировка

    1) General subject: conveyance, midstream (нефти и газа; ?), midstream (углеводородов), portage, sp hdlg, special handling, transportation, transporting, shipment
    2) Military: moving
    3) Engineering: blowing-up (конфискатов, отходов), conveying, handling, haul, haulage, hauling
    4) Rare: shippage
    5) Construction: transport operation
    6) Law: convey
    7) Insurance: carr.
    9) Forestry: off-bearing
    10) Metallurgy: (внутризаводская) haulage
    12) Astronautics: delivery, ferry
    13) Taxes: freight
    15) Sakhalin R: leg
    16) General subject: transfer (действие)
    17) Makarov: carry, feed, off-bearing (напр. ленты шпона), transference
    19) Caspian: float-out (вывоз какой-либо конструкции или блока водным путем с завода на место установки)

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > транспортировка

  • 14 arrastre

    m.
    1 dragging (acarreo).
    2 trawling (pesca).
    3 haulage, transportation, transport.
    4 creep.
    5 carry.
    pres.subj.
    3rd person singular (él/ella/ello) Present Subjunctive of Spanish verb: arrastrar.
    * * *
    1 (acción) dragging, pulling
    2 (telesquí) drag lift
    \
    estar para el arrastre familiar (persona) to be on one's last legs, be done for 2 (objeto) to be done for
    * * *
    SM
    1) (=acción) dragging, pulling; (Aer) drag; (Pesca) trawling

    flota de arrastre — trawling fleet, fleet of trawlers

    2) Méx, CAm (=influencia) influence
    3) (Taur) removal of dead animal

    estar para el arrastre* to be knackered *

    4) (Inform)
    * * *
    a) ( acción) dragging

    estar para el arrastre — (fam) to be done in (colloq)

    b) (Náut) trawling
    c) (CS fam) ( atractivo) appeal
    * * *
    ----
    * barco dedicado a la pesca de arrastre = fishing trawler.
    * para el arrastre = over the hill.
    * polea de arrastre = driving pulley.
    * * *
    a) ( acción) dragging

    estar para el arrastre — (fam) to be done in (colloq)

    b) (Náut) trawling
    c) (CS fam) ( atractivo) appeal
    * * *
    * barco dedicado a la pesca de arrastre = fishing trawler.
    * para el arrastre = over the hill.
    * polea de arrastre = driving pulley.
    * * *
    1 (acción) dragging
    estar para el arrastre ( fam); to be done in ( colloq), to be dead on one's feet ( colloq)
    2 ( Náut) trawling
    la flota de arrastre the trawlers, the trawling fleet
    4 (CS fam) (atractivo) appeal
    un político con poco arrastre entre la juventud a politician with very little appeal among young people
    ese chico tiene mucho arrastre that guy's really popular with o a real hit with the girls ( colloq)
    * * *

    Del verbo arrastrar: ( conjugate arrastrar)

    arrastré es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) pretérito indicativo

    arrastre es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) presente subjuntivo

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente subjuntivo

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) imperativo

    Multiple Entries:
    arrastrar    
    arrastre
    arrastrar ( conjugate arrastrar) verbo transitivo
    1

    b)remolque/caravana to tow



    la corriente lo arrastraba mar adentro the current was carrying him out to sea
    2
    a)problema/enfermedad›:


    vienen arrastrando el problema desde hace años they've been dragging out the problem for years


    verbo intransitivo [mantel/cortina] to trail along the ground
    arrastrarse verbo pronominal

    [ culebra] to slither

    arrastre sustantivo masculino


    b) (CS fam) ( atractivo) appeal

    arrastrar verbo transitivo to pull (along), drag (along): la corriente lo arrastró mar adentro, he was swept out to sea by the current
    arrastre sustantivo masculino
    1 pulling, dragging
    2 (pesca) trawling
    ♦ Locuciones: familiar para el arrastre: hoy estoy para el arrastre, I'm on my last legs
    este coche está para el arrastre this car is done for
    ' arrastre' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    pesca
    English:
    trawler
    - past
    - trawl
    * * *
    1. [acarreo] dragging;
    Fam
    estar para el arrastre to have had it;
    Fam
    el partido de tenis me ha dejado para el arrastre the tennis match has done me in
    2. [pesca] trawling
    3. Taurom = dragging of the dead bull from the bullring
    4. Geol
    de arrastre alluvial
    5. [atractivo] pull, influence;
    un político con mucho arrastre a politician with a lot of pull;
    RP Fam
    tener arrastre: esa chica tiene mucho arrastre that girl is quite something o can really turn heads
    6. Col, Méx [molino] silver mill
    * * *
    m
    :
    estar para el arrastre fig fam be fit to drop fam
    * * *
    1) : dragging
    2) : pull, attraction
    3)
    red de arrastre : dragnet, trawling net

    Spanish-English dictionary > arrastre

  • 15 train

    train [tʀɛ̃]
    1. masculine noun
       a. train
    train omnibus/express/rapide slow/express/fast train
    train à vapeur/électrique steam/electric train
    train de marchandises/voyageurs goods/passenger train
    mettre qn dans le train or au train (inf) to see sb off at the station
    monter dans or prendre le train en marche to get on the moving train ; (figurative) to jump on the bandwagon
       b. ( = allure) ralentir/accélérer le train to slow down/speed up
       c. ( = série) [de mesures, réformes] batch
       d. ( = partie) train avant/arrière front/rear wheel-axle unit
       e. (locutions)
    mise en train [de travail] starting up
    * * *
    tʀɛ̃
    1.
    nom masculin

    accompagner quelqu'un au train — (colloq) to see somebody off at the station

    2) ( convoi) train
    3) ( série) series (+ v sg)
    4) ( enchaînement) train
    5) ( allure) pace

    accélérer/ralentir le train — to speed up/to slow down

    aller bon or grand train — ( marcher vite) to walk briskly

    aller bon train[rumeurs] to be flying around; [ventes, affaires] to be going well; [conversation] to flow easily; [équipage, voiture] to be going quite fast

    au train où l'on va/vont les choses — (at) the rate we're going/things are going

    aller son train[affaire] to be getting on all right

    aller son petit train[personne, affaire, négociations] to go peacefully along

    à fond de train — (colloq) at top speed

    7) (colloq) ( de personne) backside (colloq)

    le traincorps of transport GB, transportation corps US


    2.
    en train locution
    1) ( en forme)
    2) ( en marche)

    mettre en train — to get [something] started ou going [processus, travail]

    se mettre en traingén to get going; Sport to warm up

    3) ( en cours)

    j'étais en train de dormir/lire — I was sleeping/reading

    Phrasal Verbs:
    * * *
    tʀɛ̃ nm
    1)

    Il est en train de manger. — He's eating.

    3) (= allure) pace

    aller bon train [rumeurs] — to be flying around, [négociations] to be making good progress

    Les spéculations vont bon train. — Speculation is rife.

    4) (= ensemble) set

    train de pneusset of tyres Grande-Bretagne set of tires USA

    train de mesures — package of measures, set of measures

    se mettre en train (= commencer) — to get started, (= s'échauffer) to warm up

    * * *
    A nm
    1 Rail train; prendre le train de 21 heures to take the 9 pm train; monter/être dans le train to get/to be on the train; descendre du train to get off the train; mettre qn dans le train to put sb on the train; accompagner qn au train to see sb off at the station; par le or en train [voyager, transporter] by train; préférer le train à l'avion to prefer train travel to flying; ⇒ marche, vache;
    2 ( convoi) train; train de péniches train of barges;
    3 ( série) series; train de mesures/d'économies series of measures/of economies;
    4 ( enchaînement) train; le train des événements the train of events;
    5 ( allure) pace; accélérer/ralentir le train to speed up/to slow down; aller bon or grand train ( marcher vite) to walk briskly; aller bon train [rumeurs] to be flying around; [ventes, affaires] to be going well; [conversation] to flow easily; [équipage, voiture] to be going quite fast; au train où l'on va/vont les choses (at) the rate we're going/things are going; aller son train [affaire] to be getting on all right; aller son petit train [personne, affaire, négociations] to go peacefully along; à fond de train at top speed; ⇒ mener;
    6 Zool train de derrière hindquarters; train de devant forequarters;
    7 ( de personne) backside;
    8 Mil le train corps of transport GB, transportation corps US.
    B en train loc
    1 ( en forme) être en train to be full of energy; ne pas être en train not to have much energy;
    2 ( en marche) mettre qch en train to get [sth] started ou going [processus, travail]; se mettre en train gén to get going; Sport to warm up; j'ai du mal à me mettre en train le matin I have a hard job getting going in the morning; mise en train Sport warm-up; la mise en train d'un projet getting a project under way;
    3 ( en cours) être en train de faire to be doing; j'étais en train de dormir/lire I was sleeping/reading.
    train arrière Aut back axle assembly; train d'atterrissage undercarriage; sortir le or son train d'atterrissage to lower the undercarriage; train avant Aut front axle assembly; Aviat nose (landing) gear; train baladeur Aut sliding gear; train de bois raft; train électrique ( jouet simple) toy train; ( modèle réduit) model train; ( jeu avec accessoires) train set; train d'engrenages Mécan train of gears, gear train; train fantôme ghost train; train de laminoirs Tech mill train; train de neige Transp train to ski resorts; train d'ondes Phys wave train; train de pneus Aut set of tyres GB ou tires US; train roulant Aut running gear; train de rouleaux Ind roller path; train de roulement Aut undercarriage; train routier Transp articulated lorry GB, tractor-trailer US; train sanitaire hospital train; train de sénateur hum stately pace; aller son train de sénateur to go at a stately pace; train spatial linked-up spacecraft (+ v pl); train de tiges ( pour forage) string; train de vie lifestyle; réduire son train de vie to live more modestly.
    faire le petit train to do the conga; un train peut en cacher un autre fig be on your guard.
    [trɛ̃] nom masculin
    A.
    1. [convoi] train
    le train de 9 h 40 the 9:40 train
    train de banlieue suburban ou commuter train
    train direct non-stop ou through train
    train de grande ligne long distance train, intercity train (UK)
    train de marchandises goods (UK) ou freight train
    train omnibus slow ou local train
    ce train est omnibus entre Paris et Vierzon this train stops ou calls at all stations between Paris and Vierzon
    monter dans ou prendre le train en marche to climb onto ou to jump on the bandwagon
    2. [moyen de transport]
    le train rail (transport), train
    3. [voyageurs] train
    4. [file de véhicules] line (of cars)
    train de camions convoy ou line of lorries (UK) ou trucks (US)
    train de péniches train ou string of barges
    5. [ensemble, série] set, batch
    train d'atterrissage landing gear, undercarriage
    train avant/arrière front/rear wheel-axle unit
    train de combat (combat ou unit) train
    10. INFORMATIQUE [de travaux] stream
    B.
    1. [allure] pace
    a. [marcheur, animal] to quicken the pace
    b. [véhicule] to speed up
    au ou du train où vont les choses the way things are going, at this rate
    aller à fond de train ou à un train d'enfer to speed ou to race along
    a. [marcher] to jog along
    b. [agir posément] to do things at one's own pace
    2. [manière de vivre]
    train de vie lifestyle, standard of living
    3. SPORT [dans une course - de personnes, de chevaux] pacemaker
    C.
    train arrière ou de derrière hindquarters
    2. (familier) [fesses] backside
    courir ou filer au train de quelqu'un
    a. [le suivre partout] to stick to somebody like glue
    b. [le prendre en filature] to tail ou to shadow somebody
    ————————
    en train locution adjectivale
    1. [en cours]
    être en train [ouvrage, travaux] to be under way
    2. [personne]
    a. [plein d'allant] to be full of energy
    b. [de bonne humeur] to be in good spirits ou in a good mood
    je ne me sens pas vraiment en train en ce moment I don't feel my usual perky self, I am not feeling especially perky at the moment
    ————————
    en train locution adverbiale
    1. [en route]
    2. [en forme]
    ————————
    en train de locution prépositionnelle

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > train

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