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101 claim
1) требование; право требования; претензия; заявление права; правопритязание; рекламация; иск | требовать; заявлять претензию; притязать; заявлять право; искать ( в суде)2) утверждение; заявление; ссылка; предлог | утверждать; заявлять3) патентная формула; формула изобретения; пункт патентной формулы или формулы изобретения4) горный отвод, участок, отведённый под разработку недр•claim and delivery — иск о восстановлении владения движимостью;
claim for damages — иск о возмещении убытков;
claim for relief — требование о защите прав;
claim in action — требование по иску;
claim in contract — требование из договора;
claim in return — встречное требование; встречный иск;
claim in tort — требование из деликта;
claims not defining the invention — формула изобретения, не дающая ясного определения изобретения;
to claim administration — притязать, претендовать на управление наследственной массой;
to claim credit — заявлять о праве на льготы при отбывании тюремного заключения;
to claim damages — требовать возмещения убытков;
to deny [to disallow] a claim — отказывать в иске;
to claim default — предъявлять требование из неисполнения договора;
to file a claim — подавать иск;
to claim immunity — претендовать на иммунитет;
to claim patent infringement — заявлять требование, искать из нарушения патента;
to claim privilege — 1. претендовать на привилегию 2. заявить о наличии привилегии; заявить о защите привилегией ( не отвечать на вопросы и не давать показаний);
to claim responsibility — требовать ( возложения) ответственности;
to run a claim — заявлять иск;
to claim under another's right — заявлять требование, искать в силу правопреемства или на основании права другого лица;
to claim under one's own right — заявлять требование, искать в силу собственного права;
to claim under a policy — предъявлять требование в соответствии с условиями страхового полиса;
- claim of cognizanceto claim victim — требовать статуса потерпевшего от преступления;
- claim of interest
- claim of marriage
- claim of right
- claim of sovereignty
- claim of title
- accident claim
- adverse claim
- antecedent claim
- apparatus claim
- bogus claim
- book claim
- civil claim
- colourable claim
- conflicting claims
- contingent claim
- damage claim
- dependent claim
- dormant claim
- embodiment claim
- false claim
- federal claim
- fictitious claim
- first claim
- foreign currency claim
- fraudulent claim
- frivolous claim
- hostile claim
- hybrid claim
- injury claim
- insubstantial claim
- insurance claim
- junior claim
- legal claim
- legitimate claim
- lode claim
- loss claim
- means claim
- method claim
- mining claim
- money claim
- multiple dependent claim
- omnibus claim
- overbroad claim
- payment claim
- plaintiff's claim
- post-conviction claim
- prearranged claim
- preferential claim
- prior claim
- process claim
- product claim
- product-by-process claim
- reciprocal claim
- salvage claim
- senior claim
- small claim
- species claim
- stale claim
- state claim
- structure claim
- subsidiary claim
- superior claim
- supplementary claim
- tort claim
- unliquidated claim
- unpatentable claim
- valid claim
- claim of conusance
- preferred claim
- privileged claim -
102 ownership
•• * Из многочисленных слов семантического поля, к которому относится это слово, ownership является, пожалуй, самым широким и сложным по значению. Глагол to own обозначает собственность как возможность контролировать, распоряжаться чем-то. Отсюда, например, употребление этого слова в идущей в США дискуссии о частичной приватизации пенсионной системы (у нас это уже сделали без всякой дискуссии). Пример – из комментария пресс-секретаря Белого дома о разосланных по электронной почте тезисах по проблеме будущего американской пенсионной системы:
•• White House spokesman Scott McClellan said the e-mail was sent Monday to “ opinion leaders” to lay out “the challenges we face and the importance of seizing this opportunity to strengthen Social Security for our children and grandchildren and provide them with some ownership over their retirement savings.” -...дать нашим детям и внукам возможность контролировать часть своих пенсионных накоплений.
•• Можно, наверное, сказать быть собственниками части своих пенсионных накоплений, но тогда может возникнуть вопрос – а разве человек не является фактическим собственником той части пенсионных накоплений, которая находится в государственном пенсионном фонде?
•• Далее в «январских тезисах» – ownership society:
•• “At the end of the day, we want to promote both an ownership society and advance the idea of limited government,” the e-mail said.
•• Здесь значения собственность, ответственность и контроль настолько слитны, что выбрать вариант перевода для словаря не так просто. В данном контексте я предпочел бы не общество собственников, а общество личной ответственности или даже общество самостоятельных людей.
•• Большие трудности вызывает словосочетание country ownership, широко употребляемое в международных организациях, например, в таком контексте: efforts to encourage country ownership of programs and projects. Когда один из участников переводческого форума задал вопрос о переводе этого словосочетания, последовала немедленная реакция: «Похоже, международные бюрократы опять породили какую-то абстрактную химеру. Раньше все говорили про empowerment, тоже кстати трудно переводимый». Однако это выражение встречается не только у «международных бюрократов». Конечно, все что угодно выглядит плохо при неправильном или неумеренном употреблении. Но сейчас слово ownership в модном или близком к нему значении используется и очень хорошими публицистами. Вот пример из статьи одного из лучших, обозревателя газеты International Herald Tribune Уильяма Пфаффа:
•• If in the Security Council, the Bush administration refuses even a symbolic transfer of sovereignty to the Iraqis ( as demanded by Old Europe), and refuses to cede any political authority over the occupation to the UN, Washington will continue to enjoy exclusive ownership of this problem – with all of its risks and its current $87 billion-plus cost to the American taxpayer.
•• Здесь, как и во многих других случаях употребления этого слова, наиболее подходящий вариант перевода – ответственность:
•• <...> Вашингтон будет и впредь нести исключительную ответственность за эту проблему со всеми ее рискованными последствиями и ценой свыше 87 миллиардов долларов, которую заплатит американский налогоплательщик.
•• Сам же термин появился лет пять-семь назад в связи с деятельностью ПРООН. Речь идет о том, что страны, в которых осуществляются программы или проекты ООН, не должны выступать лишь в роли получателя помощи, а должны иметь реальную возможность влиять на ход работы. Кроме вариантов ответственность стран/ национальная ответственность, переводчиками ООН предлагались также заинтересованное/деятельное участие стран, искренняя заинтересованность стран, причастность и т. д.
•• Примеры употребления этого слова наводят на мысль о том, что мода на него связана с некоторой лакуной в английском языке: отсутствием дифференциации в слове independence – это и независимость (прежде всего политическая), и самостоятельность. Такая недифференцированность заставляет пишущих искать другие слова. Во многих случаях контекстуальные варианты со словами самостоятельно, самостоятельность могут подойти в переводе. Пример из статьи в Los Angeles Times:
•• Once established, the assembly would assign a commission to prepare Iraq’s new constitution. With nationwide town hall meetings providing a forum for grass-roots participation in debating and modifying the constitution, the process would enable the Iraqi people to have ownership of the outcome.
•• Здесь, пожалуй, возможны варианты со словами причастность, контроль, но ближе всего к намерению автора – позволит иракскому народу самостоятельно определять результат этого процесса. Несколько вольнее – чувствовать себя хозяином своей судьбы (здесь теряется outcome, а это существенно).
•• (Кстати, town hall meetings – как видим, это словосочетание употребляется не только как чисто американская реалия. Вполне адекватным в данном случае мне кажется вариант собрание общественности.)
•• Еще один пример того, что слово ownership встречается не только в специфическом «международно-чиновничьем» употреблении и не только в сочетании country ownership и может закономерно, как выразился бы Я.И. Рецкер, переводиться при помощи русских слов самостоятельность или контроль, – высказывание министра иностранных дел Иордании, процитированное в журнале Newsweek:
•• Reform is needed in the Arab world, we agree on that. But for it to work, we need ownership of the process, not a one-for-all blueprint from Washington. – Мы должны иметь контроль над этим процессом или Нам нужна самостоятельность в рамках этого процесса, а не стандартное решение, навязываемое Вашингтоном.
•• Кроме country ownership есть еще и total ownership. Вот замечательный фрагмент из книги Боба Вудворда Plan of Attack:
•• Monday, Jan. 13, Powell and Bush met in the Oval Office. The president was sitting in his regular chair in front of the fireplace, and the secretary was in the chair reserved for the visiting leader or most senior U.S. official. For once, neither Cheney nor Rice was hovering.
•• <...> The president said he had made up his mind on war. The United States should go to war.
•• “You’re sure?” Powell asked.
•• Yes, said Bush.
•• “ You understand the consequences,” Powell said in a half question. <...> “You know that you’re going to be owning this place?” Powell said, reminding Bush of what he had told him at a dinner the previous August in which Powell had made the case against military action in Iraq. An invasion would mean assuming the hopes, aspirations and all the troubles of Iraq. Powell wasn’t sure whether Bush had fully understood the meaning and consequences of total ownership.
•• But I think I have to do this, the president said.
•• Right, Powell said.
•• You’re going to be owning this place – русское слово владеть здесь совсем не подходит. Видимо, фразу Пауэлла можно было бы, учитывая последующее, перевести так: Вы понимаете, что будете отвечать за все? Total ownership – полная ответственность.
•• Вообще мало что так способствует обогащению языка, как полемика по острым политическим проблемам. В США главной из них в последние годы, безусловно, является иракская война. Среди языковых новаций, связанных с ней, – the Pottery Barn rule.
•• Цитирую по National Public Radio ту же книгу Вудворда Plan of Attack:
•• According to a new book by Washington Post journalist Bob Woodward, Powell was supportive of the war in public in an effort to win international support. But he was also concerned about the complications of a war. Woodward wrote that behind the scenes, Powell used language from one of Tom Friedman’s columns in referring to the “ Pottery Barn rule” of foreign policy. That is: “you break it, you own it.”
•• ( Pottery Barn – магазин типа «для дома, для семьи», среди прочего торгует керамикой, посудой, стеклом. Таким образом, Pottery Barn rule – что-то вроде правила посудной лавки). Смысл «правила» вроде бы прост: разбил – плати. Однако не все так просто – и в жизни, и в переводе.
•• Автор статьи в Washington Post Уильям Распбери, упомянув это «правило» (the so-called Pottery Barn rule invoked by Secretary of State Colin Powell in his prewar advice to President Bush), дальше пишет: And what, finally, of the “ you break it, you own it” imperative ( which Pottery Barn says is not its policy)?
•• Проверка в Интернете подтверждает, что магазин ни при чем:
•• Responding to Colin Powell’s use of the phrase “The Pottery Barn Rule” to refer to the rule “You break it, you own it,” Williams-Sonoma, parent of Pottery Barn, has issued a press release stating that its policy is in fact to write-down breakage. Более того: The State Department <...> issued a statement yesterday indicating that it did not intend to cast aspersions on the Pottery Barn mark.
•• Да и перевод плати при ближайшем рассмотрении оказывается не лучшим вариантом, ведь Пауэлл имел в виду не только чисто финансовые последствия, но и то, что, пойдя на военные действия, администрация берет на себя ответственность за целую страну. Итак, перевод Разбил – плати верен лишь отчасти. Хотя слово платить имеет и переносный смысл (отвечать за последствия), в переводе этой фразы лучше так и сказать: Разбил/сломал – отвечай ( за последствия).
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103 data
n, plфакты, данные, информация
- accounting data
- accurate data
- actual data
- additional data
- adjusted data
- aggregate capital data
- aggregated data
- ambiguous datas
- ancillary data
- annual data
- anticipated data
- anticipations data
- assets-size data
- available data
- average statistical data
- balance data
- balance-sheet data
- banking data
- basic data
- biographical data
- booking data
- book-keeping data
- budget data
- business data
- calculated data
- calculation data
- census data
- classified data
- collected data
- comparative data
- complete data
- comprehensive data
- confidential data
- conflicting data
- contract narrative data
- control data
- correct data
- corrected data
- correlated data
- cost data
- crude data
- cumulative data
- current data
- customer data
- deseasonalized data
- design data
- economic data
- electronic data
- electronically stored data
- enclosed data
- engineering data
- estimated data
- exchange rate data
- exact data
- factual data
- final data
- group data
- historical data
- identification data
- immigration data
- incoming data
- incomplete data
- incorrect data
- initial data
- input data
- inventory data
- insufficient data
- main data
- management data
- manufacturing data
- master data
- measurement data
- missing data
- monthly data
- necessary data
- numerical data
- observational data
- official data
- on-line data
- operating data
- operational data
- original data
- output data
- performance data
- performance-test data
- personal data
- pertinent data
- planned data
- plant specialization data
- precise data
- predicted data
- preliminary data
- pricing data
- primary data
- principal data
- priority data
- private data
- process data
- production data
- provided data
- provisional data
- public data
- qualitative data
- quality data
- quantal data
- quantitative data
- ranked data
- rated data
- rating data
- raw data
- reduced data
- reference data
- regular data
- regional data
- relevant data
- reported data
- restricted data
- revised data
- rollover data
- sales data
- sample data
- scientific data
- seasonal data
- secondary data
- secret data
- service data
- shipping data
- smoothed data
- social data
- source data
- specified data
- standard time data
- stand-test data
- starting data
- statistical data
- static data
- status data
- summarized data
- summary data
- supplementary data
- supplied data
- survey data
- survivor data
- synthetic data
- systematical data
- tabulated data
- technical data
- tentative data
- test data
- trade-off data
- transaction data
- ungrouped data
- updated data
- valid data
- variable data
- working data
- according to official data
- accumulate data
- acquire data
- check data
- collect data
- control data
- examine data
- exchange data
- furnish data
- gather data
- handle data
- include data
- incorporate data
- manipulate data
- obtain data
- plot the data
- process data
- receive data
- provide data
- share data
- submit data
- substantiate the data
- tabulate the data
- transmit data
- turn out data
- update data
- verify data -
104 case
1. n случай; обстоятельство; положение, обстоятельстваin any case — во всяком случае; при любых обстоятельствах
in the case of — в отношении, что касается
it is not the case — это не так; дело не в этом, ничего подобного
is it the case that he has lost his job? — правда ли, что он лишился работы?
such being the case — в таком случае, если дело обстоит так; поскольку это так
such is the case with us — вот в каком мы положении, вот как обстоит дело с нами
as the case may be — в зависимости от обстоятельств ; смотря по обстоятельствам
as the case stands — при данном положении дел; в настоящих условиях
as the case may require — как могут потребовать обстоятельства; по мере надобности
the case with me is the reverse — у меня наоборот, а у меня не так
2. n доводы, доказательства, аргументы, соображения; аргументацияthere is the strongest case for self-government — есть самые веские соображения в пользу самоуправления
3. n судебное делоa leading case, a case in precedent — судебный прецедент
a case of circumstantial evidence — дело, в основу которого положены косвенные доказательства
case for defence — дело, выигранное защитой
4. n судебная практикаto commence a case — возбудить иск, обвинение, судебное дело
to carry a case — проводить судебное дело, судебный процесс
landmark case — дело, являющееся вехой в судебной практике
case material — материалы судебных дел, судебной практики
5. n доводы, аргументация по делуthe case for the prosecution — часть уголовного процесса, охватывающая все относящиеся к обвинению действия
6. n казус; судебный прецедентcase for trial — дело, подлежащее судебному рассмотрению
to process a case — вести дело; вести судебный процесс
later case — судебное дело, рассмотренное впоследствии
7. n судебное решение8. n лицо, находящееся под наблюдением, под надзором; больной, пациент, исследуемый9. n заболевание, случайpriority case — случай, требующий срочной медицинской помощи
the notorious case — пресловутое дело, прогремевший случай
extreme case — предельный случай; экстремальная ситуация
10. n клиент11. n грам. падеж12. n редк. состояниеout of case — в плохом состоянии, нездоровый, не в форме
13. n сл. «тип», чудак14. n вчт. регистр клавиатуры15. n вчт. оператор выбора16. v амер. сл. рассматривать; высматривать; присматриватьсяhe cased the house before robbing it — прежде чем совершить ограбление, он тщательно осмотрел дом
17. n ящик; коробка; ларец; контейнер18. n сумка; чемодан; дорожный несессер19. n футляр; чехол20. n ножны21. n покрышка; оболочка22. n корпус23. n тех. картер; камера24. n тех. оболочка; кожух25. n кассета26. n воен. гильза27. n набор, комплект28. n витрина; застеклённый стендexhibition case — выставочный шкаф; выставочная витрина
29. n горка30. n книжный шкаф31. n стр. коробка32. n наволочканаборная касса:
33. n полигр. переплётная крышкаСинонимический ряд:1. action (noun) action; appeal; cause; dispute; lawsuit; litigation; patient; process; suit; trial2. argument (noun) argument; claim; debate3. bag (noun) bag; suitcase; valise4. condition (noun) circumstance; condition; contingency; plight; position; predicament; situation; state; status5. container (noun) box; carton; chest; coffer; container; cover; crate; receptacle6. eccentric (noun) character; eccentric; oddball; oddity; original; quiz; zombie7. hull (noun) hull; husk; pod; shell; shuck; skin8. instance (noun) case history; event; eventuality; example; illustration; incident; instance; matter; occurrence; phenomenon; precedent; representative; sample; sampling; specimen9. jacket (noun) jacket; sheath; wrapper10. order (noun) estate; order; repair; shape11. point (noun) point; reasonАнтонимический ряд: -
105 law
1. n право; правоведениеinternational law, law of nations — международное право
law of war — право войны, законы и обычаи войны
law of treaties — право, регулирующее международные договоры
2. n профессия юристаlaw language — юридический язык, юридическая терминология
to study law, to go to the law — изучать право
law agent — поверенный, стряпчий; юрист
a man of law — законник; адвокат; юрист
man of law — законник; адвокат; юрист
3. n суд, судебный процессlaw sitting — время сессий судов; месяцы, когда суды заседают
Lynch law — закон или суд Линча, самосуд
4. n законto clarify the law — разъяснить смысл правовой нормы, закона
to answer in law — предстать перед судом; ответить по закону
offence punishable by law — преступление, караемое по закону
5. n принятый, установленный обычайcongressional law — регламент конгресса; обычаи конгресса
official law — принятый закон; закон, вступивший в силу
established by law — учреждённый, установленный законом
6. n правила7. n спорт. фора, преимущество, предоставляемое противнику в состязании8. n разг. поблажка9. v разг. обращаться в суд10. v диал. разг. навязывать свою волюСинонимический ряд:1. assize (noun) act; assize; canon; decree; decretum; edict; enactment; injunction; institute; judicial decision; legislation; measure; ordinance; precept; prescript; prescription; regulation; requirement; rule; ruling; statute2. bar (noun) bar; legal profession3. Christian scriptures (noun) bible; Christian scriptures; gospel; old and new testaments; revelation; scripture; the good book; word of god4. law enforcement (noun) city police; constabulary; district attorney; judge; law enforcement; police; public safety; sheriff; state police5. legislature (noun) charter; civil law; code; constitution; criminal law; law of the press; legislature; probate law; public law; statute law6. principle (noun) axiom; cause; foundation; fundamental; maxim; origin; precept; principium; principle; rule of action; source; standard; theorem; ultimate cause; universal7. study of law (noun) equity; jurisprudence; law school; legal practice; legal precedent; legal science; legalism; study of law8. the courts (noun) due process; judicature; judicial procedure; legal process; the authorities; the courts; the legal authorities; the police; writ of habeas corpus -
106 ink
1. чернилаcopying ink — копировальные чернила; копировальная краска
ink bleed — расплывание чернил; расплывание краски
2. краска; покрывать краской3. невидимая краскаink sheet — лист, используемый в качестве резервуара краски
ink can — банка для краски, банка с краской, красочная туба
4. светящаяся под ультрафиолетовыми лучами краскаblind ink — краска, применяемая при печатании книг для слепых
book ink — краска для печатания книжно-журнальной продукции; печатная краска
wax-setting ink — краска, закрепляемая в восковом растворе
5. краска для печатания на пластмассовых материалах6. тушь для черчения на пластмассовых материалахchangeable printing ink — печатная краска, изменяющая свой цвет
charged ink — заряженная краска, краска, имеющая электрический заряд
7. тушь8. китайская краскаcold-set ink — краска, отверждающаяся при охлаждении; термокраска
9. цветные чернила10. цветная краска11. цветная тушьday-glo fluorescent ink — краска дневного свечения, флюоресцентная краска
12. копировальная краскаink impregnated fabric — материал, пропитанный краской
13. переводная краска14. жирная краска для выкрыванияdifficult ink — краска с высоким поглощением связующего частицами пигмента, краска с пигментом повышенной маслоёмкости
embedded nonimage ink — краска, прилипшая к пробельным элементам
endorsing ink — краска для штампа, штемпельная краска
etching ink — краска для выкрывания; кислотоупорная краска
evaporation set ink — краска, закрепляемая испарением
flying ink — пылящая краска, краска, образующая пыль
frozen ink — краска, отверждающаяся при охлаждении
gloss steam-set ink — глянцевая краска, закрепляемая паром
hard top ink — краска, дающая твёрдую плёнку
heat-set ink — краска, закрепляющаяся при нагревании
heat-transfer ink — краска, переходящая на запечатываемый материал при нагревании
high-solids ink — высококонцентрированная краска, краска с большим содержанием твёрдых частиц; высоковязкая краска
hot wax ink — краска, подходящая для последующего парафинирования запечатанной поверхности
IR-curing ink — краска, закрепляющаяся под действием инфракрасного излучения
lake ink — краска, изготовленная на лаке
litho ink — офсетная краска; литографская краска
lithographic ink — литографская краска; литографская тушь; офсетная краска
long ink — краска «длинной» консистенции, «длинная» краска
misting ink — пылящая краска, краска, образующая пыль
moisture-set ink — краска, закрепляемая влагой
nonskinning ink — краска, не образующая плёнку
nonscratch ink — краска, устойчивая к истиранию
offset ink — краска для офсетной печати, офсетная краска
solvent-free ink — краска, не содержащая растворителя
15. краска для печатания с форм, изготовленных фотомеханическим способомsolventless ink — краска, не содержащая растворителя
16. краска для изготовления оригинала, подлежащего фотомеханическому воспроизводствуprocess color ink — краска для многокрасочной печати с форм, изготовленных фотомеханическим способом
17. радиоактивная краска18. радиоактивная тушьrub-fast ink — краска, устойчивая к истиранию
run-of-press color process ink — краска для многокрасочной печати газет «сырое по сырому»
scented ink — душистая краска, краска с отдушкой
shear-thinning ink — краска, разжижающаяся под действием сдвига
short ink — краска «короткой» консистенции, «короткая» краска
soft ink — маловязкая краска, сильноразбавленная краска
solid-state ink — краска на твёрдом связующем, твёрдая краска
solvent-free ink — краска, не содержащая растворителя
solvent-type ink — краска, содержащая растворитель
splash ink — краска, наносимая брызгами
steam-set ink — термокраска, закрепляемая паром
19. насыщенная краска20. концентрированная краскаsublimable ink — краска, способная к сублимированию
thermosetting ink — краска, закрепляющаяся при нагревании
UV-curable ink — краска, закрепляющаяся под действием ультрафиолетового излучения
vapor-set ink — краска, закрепляющаяся паром
vermillion ink — киноварь, вермильон, алая печатная краска
viscous paste ink — вязкая краска, вязкая красочная паста
water-based ink — водная краска, краска на водной основе
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107 Baxter, George
SUBJECT AREA: Paper and printing[br]b. 31 July 1804 Lewes, Sussex, Englandd. 11 January 1867 Sydenham, London, England[br]English pioneer in colour printing.[br]The son of a printer, Baxter was apprenticed to a wood engraver and there began his search for improved methods of making coloured prints, hitherto the perquisite of the rich, in order to bring them within reach of a wider public. After marriage to the daughter of Robert Harrild, founder of the printing firm of Harrild \& Co., he set up house in London, where he continued his experiments on colour while maintaining the run-of-the-mill work that kept the family.The nineteenth century saw a tremendous advance in methods of printing pictures, produced as separate prints or as book illustrations. For the first three decades colour was supplied by hand, but from the 1830s attempts were made to print in colour, using a separate plate for each one. Coloured prints were produced by chromolithography and relief printing on a small scale. Prints were first made with the latter method on a commercial scale by Baxter with a process that he patented in 1835. He generally used a key plate that was engraved, aquatinted or lithographed; the colours were then printed separately from wood or metal blocks. Baxter was a skilful printer and his work reached a high standard. An early example is the frontispiece to Robert Mudie's Summer (1837). In 1849 he began licensing his patent to other printers, and after the Great Exhibition of 1851 colour relief printing came into its own. Of the plethora of illustrated literature that appeared then, Baxter's Gems of the Great Exhibition was one of the most widely circulated souvenirs of the event.Baxter remained an active printer through the 1850s, but increasing competition from the German coloured lithographic process undermined his business and in 1860 he gave up the unequal struggle. In May of that year, all his oil pictures, engravings and blocks went up for auction, some 3,000 lots altogether. Baxter retired to Sydenham, then a country place, making occasional visits to London until injuries sustained in a mishap while he was ascending a London omnibus led to his death. Above all, he helped to initiate the change from the black and white world of pre-Victorian literature to the riotously colourful world of today.[br]Further ReadingC.T.Courtney Lewis, 1908, George Baxter, the Picture Printer, London: Sampson Lowe, Marsden (the classic account).M.E.Mitzmann, 1978, George Baxter and the Baxter Prints, Newton Abbot: David \& Charles.LRD -
108 Dudley, Dud
SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy[br]b. 1599d. 25 October 1684 Worcester, England[br]English ironmaster who drew attention to the need to change from charcoal to coal as a fuel for iron smelting.[br]Dudley was the fourth natural son of Edward Sutton, fifth Baron Dudley. In 1619 he was summoned from Balliol College, Oxford, to superintend his father's ironworks at Pensnet in Worcestershire. There had long been concern at the destruction of the forests in order to make charcoal for the smelting of iron ore, and unsuccessful attempts had been made to substitute coal as a fuel. Finding that charcoal was in short supply and coal plentiful near Pensnet, Dudley was stimulated by these attempts to try the process for himself. He claimed to have made good, marketable iron and in 1621 his father obtained a patent from the King to protect his process for thirty-one years. After a serious flood, Dudley moved to Staffordshire and continued his efforts there. In 1639 he was granted a further patent for making iron with coal. Although he probably made some samples of good iron, more by luck than judgement, it is hardly possible that he achieved consistent success. He blamed this on the machinations of other ironmasters. The day that King Charles II landed in England to assume his throne', Dudley petitioned him to renew his patents, but he was refused and he ceased to promote his invention. In 1665, however, he published his celebrated book Metallum Martis, Iron Made with Pit-Coaky Sea-Coale…. In this he described his efforts in general terms, but neither there nor in his patents does he give any technical details of his methods. He implied the use of slack or small coal from the Staffordshire Thick or Ten Yard coal, but this has a sulphur content that would have rendered the iron unusable; in addition, this coal would not have been suitable for converting to coke in order to remove the sulphur. Nevertheless, Dudley recognized the need to change from charcoal to coal as a fuel for iron smelting and drew attention to it, even though he himself achieved little success.[br]Further ReadingH.R.Schubert, 1957, History of the British Iron and Steel Industry AD 430 to AD 1775, London: Routledge \& Kegan Paul.W.K.V.Gale, 1967, The British Iron and Steel Industry: A Technical History, London (provides brief details of Dudley's life in relation to the history of ironmaking).LRD -
109 Evans, Oliver
SUBJECT AREA: Agricultural and food technology[br]b. 13 September 1755 Newport, Delaware, USAd. 15 April 1819 New York, USA[br]American millwright and inventor of the first automatic corn mill.[br]He was the fifth child of Charles and Ann Stalcrop Evans, and by the age of 15 he had four sisters and seven brothers. Nothing is known of his schooling, but at the age of 17 he was apprenticed to a Newport wheelwright and wagon-maker. At 19 he was enrolled in a Delaware Militia Company in the Revolutionary War but did not see active service. About this time he invented a machine for bending and cutting off the wires in textile carding combs. In July 1782, with his younger brother, Joseph, he moved to Tuckahoe on the eastern shore of the Delaware River, where he had the basic idea of the automatic flour mill. In July 1782, with his elder brothers John and Theophilus, he bought part of his father's Newport farm, on Red Clay Creek, and planned to build a mill there. In 1793 he married Sarah Tomlinson, daughter of a Delaware farmer, and joined his brothers at Red Clay Creek. He worked there for some seven years on his automatic mill, from about 1783 to 1790.His system for the automatic flour mill consisted of bucket elevators to raise the grain, a horizontal screw conveyor, other conveying devices and a "hopper boy" to cool and dry the meal before gathering it into a hopper feeding the bolting cylinder. Together these components formed the automatic process, from incoming wheat to outgoing flour packed in barrels. At that time the idea of such automation had not been applied to any manufacturing process in America. The mill opened, on a non-automatic cycle, in 1785. In January 1786 Evans applied to the Delaware legislature for a twenty-five-year patent, which was granted on 30 January 1787 although there was much opposition from the Quaker millers of Wilmington and elsewhere. He also applied for patents in Pennsylvania, Maryland and New Hampshire. In May 1789 he went to see the mill of the four Ellicot brothers, near Baltimore, where he was impressed by the design of a horizontal screw conveyor by Jonathan Ellicot and exchanged the rights to his own elevator for those of this machine. After six years' work on his automatic mill, it was completed in 1790. In the autumn of that year a miller in Brandywine ordered a set of Evans's machinery, which set the trend toward its general adoption. A model of it was shown in the Market Street shop window of Robert Leslie, a watch-and clockmaker in Philadelphia, who also took it to England but was unsuccessful in selling the idea there.In 1790 the Federal Plant Laws were passed; Evans's patent was the third to come within the new legislation. A detailed description with a plate was published in a Philadelphia newspaper in January 1791, the first of a proposed series, but the paper closed and the series came to nothing. His brother Joseph went on a series of sales trips, with the result that some machinery of Evans's design was adopted. By 1792 over one hundred mills had been equipped with Evans's machinery, the millers paying a royalty of $40 for each pair of millstones in use. The series of articles that had been cut short formed the basis of Evans's The Young Millwright and Miller's Guide, published first in 1795 after Evans had moved to Philadelphia to set up a store selling milling supplies; it was 440 pages long and ran to fifteen editions between 1795 and 1860.Evans was fairly successful as a merchant. He patented a method of making millstones as well as a means of packing flour in barrels, the latter having a disc pressed down by a toggle-joint arrangement. In 1801 he started to build a steam carriage. He rejected the idea of a steam wheel and of a low-pressure or atmospheric engine. By 1803 his first engine was running at his store, driving a screw-mill working on plaster of Paris for making millstones. The engine had a 6 in. (15 cm) diameter cylinder with a stroke of 18 in. (45 cm) and also drove twelve saws mounted in a frame and cutting marble slabs at a rate of 100 ft (30 m) in twelve hours. He was granted a patent in the spring of 1804. He became involved in a number of lawsuits following the extension of his patent, particularly as he increased the licence fee, sometimes as much as sixfold. The case of Evans v. Samuel Robinson, which Evans won, became famous and was one of these. Patent Right Oppression Exposed, or Knavery Detected, a 200-page book with poems and prose included, was published soon after this case and was probably written by Oliver Evans. The steam engine patent was also extended for a further seven years, but in this case the licence fee was to remain at a fixed level. Evans anticipated Edison in his proposal for an "Experimental Company" or "Mechanical Bureau" with a capital of thirty shares of $100 each. It came to nothing, however, as there were no takers. His first wife, Sarah, died in 1816 and he remarried, to Hetty Ward, the daughter of a New York innkeeper. He was buried in the Bowery, on Lower Manhattan; the church was sold in 1854 and again in 1890, and when no relative claimed his body he was reburied in an unmarked grave in Trinity Cemetery, 57th Street, Broadway.[br]Further ReadingE.S.Ferguson, 1980, Oliver Evans: Inventive Genius of the American Industrial Revolution, Hagley Museum.G.Bathe and D.Bathe, 1935, Oliver Evans: Chronicle of Early American Engineering, Philadelphia, Pa.IMcN -
110 Gutenberg, Johann Gensfleisch zum
SUBJECT AREA: Paper and printing[br]b. c. 1394–9 Mainz, Germanyd. 3 February 1468 Mainz, Germany[br]German inventor of printing with movable type.[br]Few biographical details are known of Johann Gensfleisch zum Gutenberg, yet it has been said that he was responsible for Germany's most notable contribution to civilization. He was a goldsmith by trade, of a patrician family of the city of Mainz. He seems to have begun experiments on printing while a political exile in Strasbourg c. 1440. He returned to Mainz between 1444 and 1448 and continued his experiments, until by 1450 he had perfected his invention sufficiently to justify raising capital for its commercial exploitation.Circumstances were propitious for the invention of printing at that time. Rises in literacy and prosperity had led to the formation of a social class with the time and resources to develop a taste for reading, and the demand for reading matter had outstripped the ability of the scribes to satisfy it. The various technologies required were well established, and finally the flourishing textile industry was producing enough waste material, rag, to make paper, the only satisfactory and cheap medium for printing. There were others working along similar lines, but it was Gutenberg who achieved the successful adaptation and combination of technologies to arrive at a process by which many identical copies of a text could be produced in a wide variety of forms, of which the book was the most important. Gutenberg did make several technical innovations, however. The two-piece adjustable mould for casting types of varying width, from T to "M", was ingenious. Then he had to devise an oil-based ink suitable for inking metal type, derived from the painting materials developed by contemporary Flemish artists. Finally, probably after many experiments, he arrived at a metal alloy of distinctive composition suitable for casting type.In 1450 Gutenberg borrowed 800 guldens from Johannes Fust, a lawyer of Mainz, and two years later Fust advanced a further 800 guldens, securing for himself a partnership in Gutenberg's business. But in 1455 Fust foreclosed and the bulk of Gutenberg's equipment passed to Peter Schöffer, who was in the service of Fust and later married his daughter. Like most early printers, Gutenberg seems not to have appreciated, or at any rate to have been able to provide for, the great dilemma of the publishing trade, namely the outlay of considerable capital in advance of each publication and the slowness of the return. Gutenberg probably retained only the type for the 42- and 36-line bibles and possibly the Catholicon of 1460, an encyclopedic work compiled in the thirteenth century and whose production pointed the way to printing's role as a means of spreading knowledge. The work concluded with a short descriptive piece, or colophon, which is probably by Gutenberg himself and is the only output of his mind that we have; it manages to omit the names of both author and printer.Gutenberg seems to have abandoned printing after 1460, perhaps due to failing eyesight as well as for financial reasons, and he suffered further loss in the sack of Mainz in 1462. He received a kind of pension from the Archbishop in 1465, and on his death was buried in the Franciscan church in Mainz. The only major work to have issued for certain from Gutenberg's workshop is the great 42-line bible, begun in 1452 and completed by August 1456. The quality of this Graaf piece of printing is a tribute to Gutenberg's ability as a printer, and the soundness of his invention is borne out by the survival of the process as he left it to the world, unchanged for over three hundred years save in minor details.[br]Further ReadingA.Ruppel, 1967, Johannes Gutenberg: sein Leben und sein Werk, 3rd edn, Nieuwkoop: B.de Graaf (the standard biography), A.M.L.de Lamartine, 1960, Gutenberg, inventeur de l'imprimerie, Tallone.Scholderer, 1963, Gutenberg, Inventor of Printing, London: British Museum.S.H.Steinberg, 1974, Five Hundred Years of Printing 3rd edn, London: Penguin (provides briefer details).LRDBiographical history of technology > Gutenberg, Johann Gensfleisch zum
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111 Mansfield, Charles Blachford
SUBJECT AREA: Chemical technology[br]b. 8 May 1819 Rowner, Hampshire, Englandd. 26 February 1855 London, England[br]English chemist, founder of coal-tar chemistry.[br]Mansfield, the son of a country clergyman, was educated privately at first, then at Winchester College and at Cambridge; ill health, which dogged his early years, delayed his graduation until 1846. He was first inclined to medicine, but after settling in London, chemistry seemed to him to offer the true basis of the grand scheme of knowledge he aimed to establish. After completing the chemistry course at the Royal College of Chemistry in London, he followed the suggestion of its first director, A.W.von Hofmann, of investigating the chemistry of coal tar. This work led to a result of great importance for industry by demonstrating the valuable substances that could be extracted from coal tar. Mansfield obtained pure benzene, and toluene by a process for which he was granted a patent in 1848 and published in the Chemical Society's journal the same year The following year he published a pamphlet on the applications of benzene.Blessed with a private income, Mansfield had no need to support himself by following a regular profession. He was therefore able to spread his brilliant talents in several directions instead of confining them to a single interest. During the period of unrest in 1848, he engaged in social work with a particular concern to improve sanitation. In 1850, a description of a balloon machine in Paris led him to study aeronautics for a while, which bore fruit in an influential book, Aerial Navigation (London, 1851). He then visited Paraguay, making a characteristically thorough and illuminating study of conditions there. Upon his return to London in 1853, Mansfield resumed his chemical studies, especially on salts. He published his results in 1855 as Theory of Salts, his most important contribution to chemical theory.Mansfield was in the process of preparing specimens of benzene for the Paris Exhibition of 1855 when a naphtha still overflowed and caught fire. In carrying it to a place of safety, Mansfield sustained injuries which unfortunately proved fatal.[br]Bibliography1851, Aerial Navigation, London. 1855, Theory of Salts, London.Further ReadingE.R.Ward, 1969, "Charles Blachford Mansfield, 1819–1855, coal tar chemist and social reformer", Chemistry and Industry 66:1,530–7 (offers a good and well-documented account of his life and achievements).LRDBiographical history of technology > Mansfield, Charles Blachford
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112 Mees, Charles Edward Kenneth
SUBJECT AREA: Photography, film and optics[br]b. 1882 Wellingborough, Englandd. 1960 USA[br]Anglo-American photographic scientist and Director of Research at the Kodak Research Laboratory.[br]The son of a Wesleyan minister, Mees was interested in chemistry from an early age and studied at St Dunstan's College in Catford, where he met Samuel E.Sheppard, with whom he went on to University College London in 1900. They worked together on a thesis for BSc degrees in 1903, developing the work begun by Hurter and Driffield on photographic sensitometry. This and other research papers were published in 1907 in the book Investigations on the Theory of the Photographic Process, which became a standard reference work. After obtaining a doctorate in 1906, Mees joined the firm of Wratten \& Wainwright (see F.C.L.Wratten), manufacturers of dry plates in Croydon; he started work on 1 April 1906, first tackling the problem of manufacturing colour-sensitive emulsions and enabling the company to market the first fully panchromatic plates from the end of that year.During the next few years Mees ran the commercial operation of the company as Managing Director and carried out research into new products, including filters for use with the new emulsions. In January 1912 he was visited by George Eastman, the American photographic manufacturer, who asked him to go to Rochester, New York, and set up a photographic research laboratory in the Kodak factory there. Wratten was prepared to release Mees on condition that Eastman bought the company; thus, Wratten and Wainwright became part of Kodak Ltd, and Mees left for America. He supervised the construction of a building in the heart of Kodak Park, and the building was fully equipped not only as a research laboratory, but also with facilities for coating and packing sensitized materials. It also had the most comprehensive library of photographic books in the world. Work at the laboratory started at the beginning of 1913, with a staff of twenty recruited from America and England, including Mees's collaborator of earlier years, Sheppard. Under Mees's direction there flowed from the Kodak research Laboratory a constant stream of discoveries, many of them leading to new products. Among these were the 16 mm amateur film-making system launched in 1923; the first amateur colour-movie system, Kodacolor, in 1928; and 8 mm home movies, in 1932. His support for the young experimenters Mannes and Godowsky, who were working on colour photography, led to their joining the Research Laboratory and to the introduction of the first multi-layer colour film, Kodachrome, in 1935. Eastman had agreed from the beginning that as much of the laboratory's work as possible should be published, and Mees himself wrote prolifically, publishing over 200 articles and ten books. While he made significant contributions to the understanding of the photographic process, particularly through his early research, it is his creation and organization of the Kodak Research Laboratory that is his lasting memorial. His interests were many and varied, including Egyptology, astronomy, marine biology and history. He was a Fellow of the Royal Society.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsFRS.Bibliography1961, From Dry Plates to Ektachrome Film, New York (partly autobiographical).BCBiographical history of technology > Mees, Charles Edward Kenneth
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113 Monckhoven, Désiré Charles Emanuel van
SUBJECT AREA: Photography, film and optics[br]b. 1834 Ghent, Belgium d. 1882[br]Belgian chemist, photographic researcher, inventor and author.[br]Born in Belgium of German stock, Monckhoven spoke German and French with equal fluency. He originally studied chemistry, but devoted the greater part of his working life to photography. His improved solar enlarger of 1864 was seen by his contemporaries as one of the significant innovations of the day. In 1867 he moved to Vienna, where he became involved in portrait photography, but returned to Ghent in 1870. In 1871 he announced his discovery of a practicable collodion dry-plate process, and later in the decade he conducted research into the carbon printing process. In 1879 Monckhoven constructed a comprehensively equipped laboratory where he commenced a series of experiments on gelatine dry-plate emulsions, including some which yielded the discovery that the ripening of silver bromide was greatly accelerated by ammonia; this allowed the production of emulsions of much greater sensitivity. He was a prolific author, and his 1852 book on photography, Traité général de photographie, published when he was only 18, became one of the standard texts of his day.[br]Bibliography1852, Traité général de photographie, Paris.Further ReadingJ.M.Eder, 1945, History of Photography, trans. E.Epstean, New York.JWBiographical history of technology > Monckhoven, Désiré Charles Emanuel van
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114 PAB
1) Компьютерная техника: Personal Address Book2) Медицина: (Psysiological Age of Bone) физиологический возраст кости3) Американизм: Policy Advisory Board4) Военный термин: Patrick Air Force Base, Priorities Allotment Board, Problems Analysis Branch, plastic assault boat, program advisory board, property accounting branch6) Бухгалтерия: Professional Auditor Bulletins7) Грубое выражение: A Pathetic Ass Bitch, Paybacks A Bitch, Punk Ass Bitch, Punk Ass Bitches8) Сокращение: Panama Balboa, Policy Advisory Bureau, Price Adjustment Board, project available balance9) Нефть: per acre bonus, дополнительная арендная плата за акр (участка, оказавшегося нефтеносным или газоносным; per acre bonus)10) Бурение: добавочная арендная плата за акр участка, оказавшегося нефте- или газоносным (per acre bonus)11) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: per acre bonus12) Сахалин Ю: project appropriation basis13) Химическое оружие: Process Acquisition Branch14) Макаров: A15) Расширение файла: Personal address book16) Фармация: пропиламмония бромид (propylammonium bromide) -
115 PDB
1) Общая лексика: hum. сокр. Protein Data Bank, Project Directorate - Offshore Projects (SEIC), Отдел по строительству морских объектов (SEIC, как вариант)2) Компьютерная техника: Procedural Data Base3) Американизм: Presidential Daily Brief4) Военный термин: PSYOP Dissemination Battalion, Post-Deployment Build, Program Budget Decision, performance data book, primary demolition belt5) Бухгалтерия: purchases day book6) Сокращение: paradichlorobenzene7) Вычислительная техника: populated database, process database8) Нефть: positive distribution box9) Биохимия: Protein Data Bank10) Пищевая промышленность: Pizza Delivery Box11) Сетевые технологии: physical database, protected database, protocol data block, база данных о процессах, база данных процесса, защищённая база данных, наполненная база данных, протокольный блок данных, физическая база данных12) Полимеры: p-dichloro benzene, расчётный базис давления (Pressure Design basis)13) Химическое оружие: Project Development Brochure14) Энергосистемы: power distribution board15) Аэропорты: Pedro Bay, Alaska USA16) НАСА: Project Data Base17) СМС: Please Don't Bother -
116 PHM
1) Американизм: Pacific Historical Map2) Военный термин: Patrol Combatant Missile (Hydrofoil)3) Техника: pulse-height modulation, pipe handling machine4) Шутливое выражение: Pretty Hate Machine5) Сокращение: Patrol Combatant Missile ship (USA), Patrol Hydrofoil Missile, phantom, phase meter6) Фирменный знак: Pharmacy7) СМИ: Pacific Historical Maps8) Сахалин Ю: process hazards management9) Расширение файла: Phone book (DN - Lync), Phone book (DN, Lync) -
117 PhM
1) Американизм: Pacific Historical Map2) Военный термин: Patrol Combatant Missile (Hydrofoil)3) Техника: pulse-height modulation, pipe handling machine4) Шутливое выражение: Pretty Hate Machine5) Сокращение: Patrol Combatant Missile ship (USA), Patrol Hydrofoil Missile, phantom, phase meter6) Фирменный знак: Pharmacy7) СМИ: Pacific Historical Maps8) Сахалин Ю: process hazards management9) Расширение файла: Phone book (DN - Lync), Phone book (DN, Lync) -
118 Phm
1) Американизм: Pacific Historical Map2) Военный термин: Patrol Combatant Missile (Hydrofoil)3) Техника: pulse-height modulation, pipe handling machine4) Шутливое выражение: Pretty Hate Machine5) Сокращение: Patrol Combatant Missile ship (USA), Patrol Hydrofoil Missile, phantom, phase meter6) Фирменный знак: Pharmacy7) СМИ: Pacific Historical Maps8) Сахалин Ю: process hazards management9) Расширение файла: Phone book (DN - Lync), Phone book (DN, Lync) -
119 pAb
1) Компьютерная техника: Personal Address Book2) Медицина: (Psysiological Age of Bone) физиологический возраст кости3) Американизм: Policy Advisory Board4) Военный термин: Patrick Air Force Base, Priorities Allotment Board, Problems Analysis Branch, plastic assault boat, program advisory board, property accounting branch6) Бухгалтерия: Professional Auditor Bulletins7) Грубое выражение: A Pathetic Ass Bitch, Paybacks A Bitch, Punk Ass Bitch, Punk Ass Bitches8) Сокращение: Panama Balboa, Policy Advisory Bureau, Price Adjustment Board, project available balance9) Нефть: per acre bonus, дополнительная арендная плата за акр (участка, оказавшегося нефтеносным или газоносным; per acre bonus)10) Бурение: добавочная арендная плата за акр участка, оказавшегося нефте- или газоносным (per acre bonus)11) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: per acre bonus12) Сахалин Ю: project appropriation basis13) Химическое оружие: Process Acquisition Branch14) Макаров: A15) Расширение файла: Personal address book16) Фармация: пропиламмония бромид (propylammonium bromide) -
120 aid
eid
1. noun(help: Rich countries give aid to developing countries; The teacher uses visual aids; He came to my aid when my car broke down.) ayuda, auxilio
2. verb(to help: I was aided in my search by the library staff.) ayudar, auxiliaraid1 n1. ayuda / auxilio2. ayuda / asistenciaaid2 vb ayudartr[eɪd]1 ayudar, auxiliar\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLin aid of a beneficio deto go to somebody's aid socorrer a alguien, acudir en auxilio a alguienwhat's all this in aid of? ¿a qué obedece todo esto?economic aid ayuda económicahumanitarian aid ayuda humanitariaaid ['eɪd] vt: ayudar, auxiliaraid n1) help: ayuda f, asistencia f2) assistant: asistente mfn.• acudimiento s.m.• amparo s.m.• apoyo s.m.• asistencia s.f.• auxilio s.m.• ayuda s.f.• ayudante s.m.,f.• favor s.m.• socorro s.m.• subsidio s.m.v.• abrigar v.• amparar v.• asistir v.• auxiliar v.• ayudar v.• favorecer v.• guarecer v.
I eɪda) u (assistance, support) ayuda fto come/go to somebody's aid — venir*/ir* en ayuda or (liter) auxilio de alguien
b) u ( monetary) ayuda f, asistencia fa concert in aid of... — un concierto a beneficio de...
what's all this in aid of? — (BrE colloq) ¿a qué viene todo esto? (fam)
c) c (apparatus, tool)teaching aids — material m didáctico
visual aids — soporte m (de material) visual
II
transitive verb ayudaraided by... — con la ayuda de...
[eɪd]to aid and abet somebody — ( Law) instigar* or secundar a alguien ( en la comisión de un delito)
1. N1) (=assistance) ayuda fto come/go to sb's aid — (lit) acudir en ayuda or more frm en auxilio de algn; (in argument) salir en defensa de algn
a neighbour rushed to his aid — un vecino corrió en su ayuda or more frm en su auxilio
•
a charity performance in aid of the blind — una representación benéfica a beneficio de los ciegoswhat's all this in aid of? * — ¿a qué viene todo esto?
•
with the aid of — con la ayuda deshe could only walk with the aid of crutches — solo podía andar con la ayuda or ayudándose de unas muletas
•
the star can be seen without the aid of a telescope — la estrella se puede ver sin necesidad or ayuda de un telescopio2) (economic, medical) ayuda ffood 2., legal 2.3) (=book, tool) ayuda faudiovisual, deaf 3., hearing 2., teaching 2., visual4) (=person) asistente mf2. VT1) [+ progress, process, recovery] (=speed up) acelerar; (=contribute to) contribuir a2) [+ person] ayudar•
to aid and abet sb — ser cómplice de algn; (Jur) instigar y secundar a algn3.VI ayudar4.CPDaid agency N — organismo m de ayuda
aid package N — dotación f de ayuda
aid programme, aid program (US) N — programa m de ayuda
aid station N — (US) puesto m de socorro
aid worker N — cooperante mf
* * *
I [eɪd]a) u (assistance, support) ayuda fto come/go to somebody's aid — venir*/ir* en ayuda or (liter) auxilio de alguien
b) u ( monetary) ayuda f, asistencia fa concert in aid of... — un concierto a beneficio de...
what's all this in aid of? — (BrE colloq) ¿a qué viene todo esto? (fam)
c) c (apparatus, tool)teaching aids — material m didáctico
visual aids — soporte m (de material) visual
II
transitive verb ayudaraided by... — con la ayuda de...
to aid and abet somebody — ( Law) instigar* or secundar a alguien ( en la comisión de un delito)
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