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21 fondo

m.

1 bottom.

doble fondo false bottom

fondos bottom (de embarcación)

bajos fondos (figurative) underworld

sin fondo bottomless

tocar fondo to scrape along the sea/river bed; (embarcación) to bottom out (figurative) (crisis)

su popularidad ha tocado fondo their popularity has reached an all-time low o rock bottom

2 back.

al fondo de at the end of; (calle, pasillo) at the back of (sala)

3 depth.

tener un metro de fondo to be one meter deep

4 background.

sobre fondo negro on a black background

al fondo in the background

5 heart, bottom.

llegar al fondo de to get to the heart o bottom of

el problema de fondo the underlying problem

la cuestión de fondo the fundamental issue

en el fondo deep down; (en lo más íntimo) basically (en lo esencial)

6 fund (finance) (de dinero).

a fondo perdido non-returnable

fondos funds (capital)

estar mal de fondos to be badly off; (persona) to be short of funds (empresa)

recaudar fondos to raise funds

fondo de amortización sinking fund

fondo de comercio goodwill

fondo común kitty

fondo de garantía de depósito deposit guarantee fund

fondo de inversión investment fund

fondo de inversión mobiliaria trust fund (British), mutual fund (United States)

fondo Monetario Internacional International Monetary Fund

fondo de pensiones pension fund

fondos reservados = contingency funds available to ministries, for which they do not have to account publicly

7 catalog, collection.

fondo editorial backlist

8 reason, basis (fundamento).

9 substance.

10 stamina (sport) (resistencia).

de fondo long-distance

de medio fondo middle-distance

11 petticoat (combinación). (Colombian Spanish, Mexican Spanish)

12 core, root, bottom.

13 bed, lowest part.

* * *

fondo

► nombre masculino

1 (parte más baja) bottom

■ en el fondo del pozo at the bottom of the well

■ hay un fondo de verdad en lo que dice there is an element of truth in what he says

2 (parte más lejana) end, back

■ al fondo de la sala at the back of the hall

■ al fondo del pasillo at the end of the corridor

3 (segundo término) background

4 (profundidad) depth

■ tiene poco fondo it's not very deep

5 (aguante) stamina

■ estoy entrenando para coger fondo I'm training to build up my stamina

6 FINANZAS fund

7 (de libros etc) stock

8 (motivo) reason; (raíz) root

■ el fondo de nuestra protesta the reason for our protest

■ esto no toca el fondo de la cuestión this does not get to the root of the question

► nombre masculino plural fondos

1 (dinero) funds, money sing

■ recaudamos fondos a beneficio de los necesitados we raise funds for the needy

\

FRASEOLOGÍA

a fondo (adjetival) thorough 2 (adverbial) thoroughly

a fondo perdido nonrecoverable, nonreturnable

■ les concedieron una subvención a fondo perdido they were given a grant

de... en fondo... abreast

en el fondo figurado deep down, at heart

reunir fondos to raise funds

tocar fondo (barco) to touch bottom 2 figurado to reach rock bottom

fondo común kitty

fondo de inversión investment fund

fondo de pensiones pension fund

Fondo Monetario Internacional International Monetary Fund

fondo del mar sea bed

fondo y forma form and substance

fondos bloqueados frozen assets

fondos disponibles available funds, liquid assets

fondos públicos public funds

* * *

noun m.

1) bottom

2) back, rear

3) background

4) fund

* * *

SM

1) [parte inferior] [de caja, botella, lago, mar] bottom; [de río] bed

descendieron al fondo del cráter — they got down to the bottom of the crater

• los bajos fondos — the underworld

• una maletín con doble fondo — a case with a false bottom, a false-bottomed case

en todo lo que dice hay un doble fondo — there's a double meaning in everything he says

• irse al fondo — to sink to the bottom

• en el fondo del mar — [gen] at the bottom of the sea; (=en el lecho marino) on the sea bed

• sin fondo — bottomless

- tocar fondo

la economía tocó fondo y el gobierno tuvo que devaluar la moneda — the economy reached o hit rock bottom and the government had to devalue the currency

hemos tocado fondo y todo indica que la recuperación está muy próxima — the market has bottomed out and all the indications are that a recovery is just around the corner

2) [parte posterior] [de pasillo, calle, nave] end; [de habitación, armario] back

llegaron hasta el fondo de la gruta — they got to the back of the cave

• al fondo, su oficina está al fondo a la izquierda — her office is at the end on the left

al fondo del pasillo — at the end of the corridor

la barra está al fondo de la cafetería — the bar is at the (far) end of the cafe

había unas cortinas al fondo del escenario — at the back of the stage there were some curtains

3) (=profundidad) [de cajón, edificio, bañera] depth

¿cuánto tiene de fondo el armario? — how deep is the wardrobe?

• tener mucho fondo — to be deep

• tener poco fondo — [bañera] to be shallow; [cajón, armario] not to be deep enough

4) (=lo fundamental)

en el fondo de esta polémica late el miedo al cambio — at the heart o bottom of this controversy lies a fear of change

• la cuestión de fondo — the basic o fundamental issue

el problema de fondo — the basic o fundamental o underlying problem

• la forma y el fondo — form and content

• llegar al fondo de la cuestión — to get to the bottom of the matter
artículo 2)
5) (=segundo plano) background

verde sobre fondo rojo — green on a red background

la historia transcurre sobre un fondo de creciente inquietud social — the story takes place against a background of growing social unrest

• música de fondo — background music

• ruido de fondo — background noise

fondo de escritorio, fondo de pantalla — (Inform) (desktop) wallpaper

6)

• a fondo —

a) [como adj]

• una investigación a fondo — [policial] a thorough investigation; [de estudio] an in-depth study

• una limpieza a fondo — a thorough clean

una vez al mes hacemos una limpieza a fondo — once a month we do a really thorough clean

una limpieza a fondo de las fuerzas de seguridad — a thorough clean-up of the security forces

b) [como adv]

no conoce a fondo la situación del país — he does not have a thorough o an in-depth knowledge of the country's situation

la policía investigará a fondo lo ocurrido — the police will conduct a thorough investigation of what happened

he estudiado a fondo a los escritores del Siglo de Oro — I have studied Golden Age writers in great depth

aseguró que estudiaría a fondo nuestra propuesta — he promised to look closely at our proposal

• emplearse a fondo, tuvo que emplearse a fondo para disuadirlos — he had to use all his skill to dissuade them

el equipo deberá emplearse a fondo para derrotar a sus adversarios — the team will have to draw on all its resources to beat their opponents

• pisar a fondo el acelerador — to put one's foot down ( on the accelerator)

7)

• en el fondo —

a) (=en nuestro interior) deep down

en el fondo, es buena persona — deep down he's a good person, he's a good person at heart

• en el fondo de su corazón — in his heart of hearts, deep down

b) (=en realidad) really

lo que se debatirá en la reunión, en el fondo, es el futuro de la empresa — what is actually o really going to be debated in the meeting is the future of the company

la verdad es que en el fondo, no tengo ganas — to be honest, I really don't feel like it

en el fondo no quiere irse — when it comes down to it, he doesn't want to leave

c) (=en lo fundamental) fundamentally, essentially

en el fondo ambos sistemas son muy parecidos — fundamentally o essentially, both systems are very similar

8) (Dep)

• carrera de fondo — long-distance race

• esquí de fondo — cross-country skiing

• corredor de medio fondo — middle-distance runner

• pruebas de medio fondo — middle-distance events

fondo en carretera — long-distance road-racing

9) (=dinero) (Com, Econ) fund; [en póker, entre amigos] pot, kitty

tenemos un fondo para imprevistos — we have a contingency fund

contamos con un fondo de 150.000 euros para becas — we have at our disposal a budget of 150,000 euros for grants

hemos puesto un fondo para la comida — we have a kitty for the food

• a fondo perdido — [crédito, inversión] non-recoverable, non-refundable

subvención a fondo perdido — capital grant

su padre le ha prestado bastante dinero a fondo perdido — his father has given him quite a lot of money on permanent loan

fondo común — common fund

fondo consolidado — consolidated fund

fondo de amortización — sinking fund

Fondo de Ayuda al Desarrollo — Development Aid Fund

Fondo de Cohesión — Cohesion Fund

fondo de comercio — goodwill

Fondo de Compensación Interterritorial — system of financial redistribution between the autonomous regions of Spain

fondo de empréstitos — loan fund

fondo de inversión — investment fund

fondo de pensiones — pension fund

fondo de previsión — provident fund

fondo ético — (Econ) ethical investment fund

Fondo Monetario Internacional — International Monetary

fondo mutualista — mutual fund

10) pl fondos (=dinero) funds

• recaudar fondos — to raise funds

• estar sin fondos — to be out of funds, be broke *

cheque o talón sin fondos — bounced cheque, rubber check (EEUU)

el cheque no tenía fondos — the cheque bounced

fondos bloqueados — frozen assets

fondos públicos — public funds

fondos reservados — secret funds

11) (=reserva) [de biblioteca, archivo, museo] collection

el fondo de arte del museo — the museum's art collection

hay un fondo de verdad en lo que dice — there is a basis of truth in what he is saying

tiene un buen fondo de energías — he has boundless energy

fondo de armario — basic wardrobe

fondo editorial — list of titles

12) (=carácter) nature, disposition

de fondo jovial — of cheery o cheerful disposition, cheerful-natured

tiene un fondo de alegría — he is irrepressibly cheerful

tener buen fondo — to be good-natured

13) (Dep) (=resistencia) stamina

tener mucho fondo — to have a lot of stamina

tener poco fondo — to have no staying power

14) Chile, Méx, Ven [de comida, espectáculo]

como plato de fondo servirán pavo relleno — the main dish will be stuffed turkey

de fondo actuó el orfeón de carabineros — the main attraction was the police choir

15) Méx

• con o de fondo — serious

una película de fondo — a serious film

16) Méx, Ven (=combinación) petticoat

• medio fondo — slip

17) And (=finca) country estate

18) Chile (Culin) large pot ( to feed a large number of people)

* * *

masculino

1)

a) ( parte más baja) bottom

el fondo del mar — the bottom of the sea

una maleta de doble fondo — a suitcase with a false bottom

no toco fondo — I can't touch the bottom

en el fondo de su corazón — deep down (in his heart)

llegaré al fondo de esta cuestión — I'll get to the bottom of this matter

hay un fondo de verdad en eso — there is an element of truth in that

b) (parte de atrás - de pasillo, calle) end; (- de habitación) back

siga hasta el fondo del pasillo — go to the end of the corridor

estaban al or en el fondo de la sala — they were at the back of the room

c) ( profundidad)

tiene poco fondo — it is not very deep

un cajón con más fondo — a deeper drawer

d) ( de edificio) depth

e) (en cuadro, fotografía) background

2)

a) (Lit) ( contenido) content

el fondo y la forma — the form and content

b) (Der)

una cuestión de fondo — a question of law

3) (Fin)

a) ( de dinero) fund

hacer un fondo común — to start a joint fund o (colloq) a kitty

b) fondos masculino plural ( dinero) money, funds (pl)

recaudar fondos — to raise money

un cheque sin fondos — a dud o (AmE) rubber check (colloq)

me dio un cheque sin fondos — the check he gave me bounced

estoy mal de fondos — (fam) I'm short of cash (colloq)

c)

a fondo perdido — <inversión/préstamo> non-refundable, non-recoverable

- fondo de amortización/inversión/pensiones/previsión

- Fondo Monetario Internacional

- fondos públicos

4) (Dep) ( en atletismo)

de fondo — <corredor/carrera/prueba> long-distance

5) (de biblioteca, museo) collection

- fondo editorial

6) (Méx) (Indum) slip, underskirt

7) (en locs)

a fondo — (loc adj) <estudio/investigación> in-depth; (loc adv) <prepararse/entrenar> thoroughly

una limpieza a fondo — a thorough clean

una reforma a fondo — a sweeping reform

conoce el área/tema a fondo — she knows the area/subject really well

de fondo — <ruido/música> background (before n); <error/discrepancia> fundamental

en el fondo: en el fondo no es malo deep down he's not a bad person; en el fondo nos llevamos bien we get on all right, really; fondo blanco! (AmL fam) bottoms up! (colloq); tener buen fondo to be a good person at heart; tocar fondo to bottom out; su credibilidad ha tocado fondo — his credibility has hit o reached rock bottom

* * *

masculino

1)

a) ( parte más baja) bottom

el fondo del mar — the bottom of the sea

una maleta de doble fondo — a suitcase with a false bottom

no toco fondo — I can't touch the bottom

en el fondo de su corazón — deep down (in his heart)

llegaré al fondo de esta cuestión — I'll get to the bottom of this matter

hay un fondo de verdad en eso — there is an element of truth in that

b) (parte de atrás - de pasillo, calle) end; (- de habitación) back

siga hasta el fondo del pasillo — go to the end of the corridor

estaban al or en el fondo de la sala — they were at the back of the room

c) ( profundidad)

tiene poco fondo — it is not very deep

un cajón con más fondo — a deeper drawer

d) ( de edificio) depth

e) (en cuadro, fotografía) background

2)

a) (Lit) ( contenido) content

el fondo y la forma — the form and content

b) (Der)

una cuestión de fondo — a question of law

3) (Fin)

a) ( de dinero) fund

hacer un fondo común — to start a joint fund o (colloq) a kitty

b) fondos masculino plural ( dinero) money, funds (pl)

recaudar fondos — to raise money

un cheque sin fondos — a dud o (AmE) rubber check (colloq)

me dio un cheque sin fondos — the check he gave me bounced

estoy mal de fondos — (fam) I'm short of cash (colloq)

c)

a fondo perdido — <inversión/préstamo> non-refundable, non-recoverable

- fondo de amortización/inversión/pensiones/previsión

- Fondo Monetario Internacional

- fondos públicos

4) (Dep) ( en atletismo)

de fondo — <corredor/carrera/prueba> long-distance

5) (de biblioteca, museo) collection

- fondo editorial

6) (Méx) (Indum) slip, underskirt

7) (en locs)

a fondo — (loc adj) <estudio/investigación> in-depth; (loc adv) <prepararse/entrenar> thoroughly

una limpieza a fondo — a thorough clean

una reforma a fondo — a sweeping reform

conoce el área/tema a fondo — she knows the area/subject really well

de fondo — <ruido/música> background (before n); <error/discrepancia> fundamental

en el fondo: en el fondo no es malo deep down he's not a bad person; en el fondo nos llevamos bien we get on all right, really; fondo blanco! (AmL fam) bottoms up! (colloq); tener buen fondo to be a good person at heart; tocar fondo to bottom out; su credibilidad ha tocado fondo — his credibility has hit o reached rock bottom

* * *

fondo¹

¹ = background, backing, quid, crux, fundus.

Ex: In the background has often been the need, at a time of declining financial resources, to demonstrate the relevance of the library to all sectors of society and there can sometimes be detected an element of patronization.

Ex: A picture is a two-dimensional visual representation accessible to the naked eye and generally on an opaque backing.

Ex: The important moral crux at the heart of the novel 'The debt collector' is that the odds are stacked against the rehabilitation of violent criminals.

Ex: The crux of the process is the development of multiple models.

Ex: This is an extremely valuable clinical test that provides information about the circulatory system of the ocular fundus (the back of the eye) not attainable by routine examination.

* a fondo = fully, thoroughly, full-scale.

* al fondo (de) = at the bottom (of).

* artículo de fondo = feature article.

* corredor de fondo = long-distance runner.

* en el fondo = at heart, deep down, in the back of + Posesivo + mind, in the back of + Posesivo + head, at the back of + Posesivo + head, bottom line, the, in the bottom.

* en el fondo de = at the root of.

* esquiador de fondo = cross-country skier.

* esquí de fondo = cross-country skiing.

* fondo del mar = sea bottom, seafloor [sea floor], ocean floor, seabed [sea bed].

* fondo del océano = ocean bed, ocean floor.

* fondo marino = deep-sea floor.

* forma de doble fondo = double-faced mould.

* forma de un solo fondo = single-faced mould.

* forma de un solo fondo para papel verjurado = single-faced laid mould.

* limpiar a fondo = spring-clean, clear out.

* limpieza a fondo = spring cleaning.

* llegar al fondo de la cuestión = see to the + bottom of things.

* llegar al fondo de una Cuestión = get to + the bottom of, get to + the root of.

* mar de fondo = groundswell.

* material de fondo = backing.

* movimiento de fondo = groundswell.

* negro sobre fondo blanco = black on white.

* pez de fondo = groundfish, bottom fish.

* pozo sin fondo = bottomless pit.

* ruido de fondo = background noise.

* servir de telón de fondo = set + the backdrop.

* sin fondo = bottomless.

* telón de fondo = background, backdrop.

* teniendo como telón de fondo = against + background of.

* teniendo esto como telón de fondo = against this background.

* tocar fondo = bottom out, hit + rock-bottom, reach + rock-bottom, touch + rock bottom, strike + bottom.

fondo³

³ = backlist, stock, collection, stocking.

Ex: They not only provide detailed information about new books and those soon to be published, but also continue to list all of their books still in print (frequently called a ' backlist').

Ex: Consider, for example, the work of the shoe shop manager and the way he arranges his stock of shoes.

Ex: While there are a profusion of techniques in existence to gain access to the collections, there is no uniform system.

Ex: Because of the lack of stocking space, there are many products that we can order for next day pick-up.

* colección de fondos electrónicos = e-collection [electronic collection].

* colección de fondos locales = local history collection, local collection.

* con suficientes fondos = properly stocked.

* consultar los fondos = search + holdings.

* dotar de fondos a una biblioteca = stock + library.

* exceso de fondos = overstock.

* expurgo de fondos bibliográficos = collection weeding, stock weeding.

* fondo antiguo = antiquarian materials.

* fondo bibliográfico = bookstock [book stock].

* fondo circulante = circulating collection.

* fondo de acceso restringido = reserve collection.

* fondo de consulta en sala = reserve reading collection, reserve collection, reserve shelves, special reserve, reserve book room.

* fondo de lectura "formativo-recreativa" = browser collection.

* fondo de préstamo por horas = short-loan collection.

* fondo de recursos electrónicos de acceso restringido = electronic reserve.

* fondo de registros bibliográficos = bibliographic pool, bibliographic record pool.

* fondo de revistas = periodical holdings.

* fondo documental = document collection.

* fondo local = local material.

* fondos bibliográficos = holdings, stock.

* fondos de acceso libre = open stacks.

* fondos de acceso restringido = closed access collection, closed stacks, closed access stacks.

* fondos de la biblioteca = library's stock, library materials.

* fondos de libre acceso = open access stacks.

* fondos de material audiovisual = AV holdings.

* fondos de publicaciones periódicas = serial holdings.

* fondos de revistas = journal holdings.

* fondos indioamericanos = American Indian materials.

* fondos integrados = integrated stock.

* fondos locales = local history material.

* fondos patrimoniales = heritage collection.

* ingresar en los fondos = accession.

* mención de fondos = holdings statement.

* provisto de buenos fondos = stockholding.

* renovación de fondos = turnover, stock turnover, turnover of stock.

* renovar fondos = turn over.

* replanteamiento de los fondos = stock revision.

* sección de fondos locales = local studies department, local studies library, local studies collection.

* sección para el fondo de consulta en sala = reserve room.

* selección de fondos = stock selection.

* * *

fondo

masculine

A

1 (parte más baja) bottom

el fondo del mar the bottom of the sea

el fondo de la cacerola/bolsa the bottom of the saucepan/bag

es muy profundo, no consigo tocar fondo it's very deep, I can't touch the bottom

en el fondo de su corazón deep down (in his heart)

tenemos que llegar al fondo de esta cuestión we must get to the bottom of this matter

hay un fondo de verdad en esa historia there is an element of truth in that story

hay en él un fondo de maldad there's a streak of maliciousness in him

bajo¹ (↑ bajo (1)), doble¹ (↑ doble (1))

2 (de un pasillo, una calle) end; (de una habitación) back

al fondo, a la derecha at the end, on the right

siga hasta el fondo del pasillo go to the end of the corridor

yo vivo justo al fondo de la calle I live right at the end of the street

encontró la carta al fondo del cajón he found the letter at the back of the drawer

estaban sentados al or en el fondo de la sala they were sitting at the back of the room

3

(profundidad): esta piscina tiene poco fondo this pool is not very deep o is quite shallow

necesito un cajón con más fondo I need a deeper drawer

4 (de un edificio) depth

el edificio tiene poca fachada pero mucho fondo the building has a narrow frontage but it goes back a long way

5 (en un cuadro, una fotografía) background

estampado blanco sobre fondo gris white print on gray background

Compuesto:

fondo de escritorio or pantalla

( Inf) wallpaper

B

1 ( Lit) (contenido) content

el fondo y la forma de una novela the form and content of a novel

2 ( Der):

una cuestión de fondo a question of law

C ( Fin)

1 (de dinero) fund

un fondo para las víctimas del siniestro a fund for the disaster victims

tenemos un fondo común para estas cosas we have a joint fund o ( colloq) a kitty for these things

2 fondos mpl (dinero) money, funds (pl)

recaudar fondos to raise money

reunió los fondos para la operación he raised the funds o money for the operation

no dispone de fondos suficientes en la cuenta he does not have sufficient funds o money in his account

un cheque sin fondos a dud o ( AmE) rubber check ( colloq)

me dio un cheque sin fondos the check he gave me bounced, he gave me a dud check, the bank would not honor the check he gave me ( frml)

el departamento no dispone de fondos para este fin the department does not have funds o money available for this purpose

los fondos están bloqueados the funds have been frozen

estoy mal de fondos ( fam); I'm short of cash ( colloq)

3

a fondo perdido ‹inversión/préstamo› non-refundable, non-recoverable

lo que pagas de alquiler es dinero a fondo perdido the money you spend on rent is money wasted o ( colloq) money down the drain

Compuestos:

● fondo de amortización

sinking fund

● fondo de capital inversión

venture capital fund

● fondo de capital (de) riesgo

venture capital fund

● fondo de comercio

goodwill

● fondo de fondos

( Fin) fund of funds

● fondo de garantía de depósitos

deposit guarantee fund

● fondo de huelga

strike fund

● fondo de inversión

investment fund

● fondo de inversión inmobiliaria

Real Estate Investment Trust, REIT

● fondo de inversión libre

hedge fund

● fondo de investigación

research fund

● fondo de pensiones

pension fund

● fondo de previsión

provident fund

● fondo de reptiles

slush fund

● fondo de solidaridad

fighting fund

● fondo referenciado

tracker fund

● Fondo de Cohesión

(UE) Cohesion Fund

● Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo

(UE) European Development Fund

● Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional

(UE) European Regional Development Fund

● Fondo Europeo de Orientación y de Garantía Agrícola

(UE) European Agricultural Guidance and Guarantee Fund

● Fondo Monetario Internacional

International Monetary Fund, IMF

● Fondo Social Europeo

(UE) European Social Fund

● fondos estructurales

mpl (UE) structural funds (pl)

● fondos públicos

mpl public funds (pl)

● fondos reservados

mpl secret funds (pl)

D ( Dep)

1

(en atletismo): de fondo ‹corredor/carrera/prueba› long-distance

medio¹ (↑ medio (1))

2 (en gimnasia) push-up, press-up ( BrE)

E (de una biblioteca, un museo) collection

Compuesto:

fondo editorial

list (of titles)

F (de una alcachofa) heart

G ( Méx) ( Indum) petticoat, underskirt

H ( en locs):

a fondo ( loc adj) ‹estudio/análisis/investigación› in-depth ( before n);

( loc adv) ‹prepararse/entrenar› thoroughly

esto necesita una limpieza a fondo this needs a thorough clean

una reforma a fondo de las instituciones a sweeping reform of the institutions

estudiar a fondo un problema to study a problem in depth

los próximos días deben ser aprovechados a fondo you/we must make full use of the next few days, you/we must use the next few days to the full

de fondo ‹ruido/música› background ( before n);

‹error/discrepancia› fundamental maquillaje

en fondo ( Mil) abreast

de cuatro en fondo four abreast

en el fondo: en el fondo no es malo deep down he's not a bad person

discutimos mucho, pero en el fondo nos llevamos bien we quarrel a lot but basically we get on all right o but we get on all right, really

¡fondo blanco! ( AmL fam); bottoms up! ( colloq)

tener buen fondoor no tener mal fondo to be a good person at heart, to have one's heart in the right place

tocar fondo: en el mes de abril el precio tocó fondo in April the price bottomed out

ya hemos tocado fondo y las cosas empiezan a ir mejor we seem to be past the worst now and things are beginning to go better

su credibilidad ha tocado fondo his credibility has hit o reached rock bottom

me voy a tener que volver porque ya estoy tocando fondo I'm going to have to go back because I'm down to my last few dollars ( o pesos etc)

I ( Chi) (olla grande) cauldron, large pot

* * *

fondo sustantivo masculino
1
a) ( parte más baja) bottom;

◊ el fondo del mar the bottom of the sea;

llegaré al fondo de esta cuestión I'll get to the bottom of this matter
b) ( parte de atrás — de pasillo, calle) end;

(— de habitación) back;
◊ al fondo de la sala at the back of the room

c) ( profundidad):

◊ tiene poco fondo it is not very deep

d) ( de edificio) depth

e) (en cuadro, fotografía) background

2 (Lit) ( contenido) content
3 (Fin)
a) ( de dinero) fund;

◊ hacer un fondo común to start a joint fund o (colloq) a kitty

b)

◊ fondos sustantivo masculino plural ( dinero) money, funds (pl);

recaudar fondos to raise money;
un cheque sin fondos a dud o (AmE) rubber check (colloq)
4 (Dep) ( en atletismo):
◊ de fondo ‹corredor/carrera/prueba› long-distance ( before n)

5 (Méx) (Indum) slip, underskirt
6 ( en locs)
◊ a fondo ( loc adj) ‹estudio/investigación› in-depth ( before n);

‹ limpieza› thorough;
( loc adv) ‹prepararse/entrenar› thoroughly;
◊ conoce el tema a fondo she knows the subject really well;

de fondo ‹ruido/música› background ( before n);
en el fondo: en el fondo nos llevamos bien we get on all right, really;
en el fondo no es malo deep down he's not a bad person
fondo sustantivo masculino
1 (parte más profunda) bottom
un doble fondo, a false bottom
2 (interior de una persona) en el fondo es muy tierno, deep down he's very gentle
3 (extremo opuesto) (de una habitación) back
(de un pasillo) end
4 (segundo plano) background
música de fondo, background music
mujer sobre fondo rojo, woman on a red background
5 (núcleo, meollo) essence, core
el fondo del asunto, the core of the matter
6 Prensa artículo de fondo, leading article
7 Dep corredor de fondo, long-distance runner
esquí de fondo, cross-country skiing
8 Fin fund: nos dio un cheque sin fondos, he gave us a bad cheque
familiar fondo común, kitty 9 bajos fondos, underworld
10 (conjunto de documentos, libros etc.) batch: los fondos documentales están en el sótano, the batches of documents are in the basement
♦ Locuciones: tocar fondo, Náut to touch bottom
figurado to reach rock bottom
a fondo, thoroughly
a fondo perdido, non-recoverable funds
' fondo' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
esquí
- F.M.I.
- FMI
- FSE
- lecho
- revolverse
- sentar
- telón
- artículo
- barril
- bien
- carrera
- corredor
- crear
- cuestión
- doble
- maquillaje
- mar
English:
back
- backdrop
- background
- bed
- blunder
- board
- bottom
- bottom out
- bottomless
- clean out
- clear out
- cross-country
- dappled
- depth
- end
- extensive
- floor
- fund
- going-over
- groundswell
- heart
- IMF
- inch
- International Monetary Fund
- kitty
- long-distance
- mutual fund
- pool
- scrub down
- seabed
- sink
- spring-clean
- stuff away
- thoroughly
- thrash out
- underneath
- unit trust
- abreast
- clean
- closely
- deep
- deeply
- disaster
- float
- full
- further
- good
- heavy
- in-depth
- international

* * *

fondo nm

1. [parte inferior] bottom;

el fondo del mar the bottom of the sea;

fondos [de embarcación] bottom;

dar fondo [embarcación] to drop anchor;

echar a fondo [embarcación] to sink;

irse a fondo [embarcación] to sink, to founder;

sin fondo bottomless;

Comp
RP Fam
¡fondo blanco! bottoms up!;

Comp

tocar fondo [embarcación] to hit the bottom (of the sea/river);
[crisis] to bottom out;
su popularidad ha tocado fondo their popularity has reached an all-time low o rock bottom;

mi paciencia ha tocado fondo my patience has reached its limit

2. [de habitación, escenario] back;

al fondo de [calle, pasillo] at the end of;
[sala] at the back of;
el fondo de la pista the back of the court;

los baños están al fondo del pasillo, a la derecha the toilets are at the end of the corridor, on the right

3. [dimensión] depth;

un río de poco fondo a shallow river;

tener un metro de fondo to be one metre deep

4. [de cuadro, foto, tela] background;

quiero una tela de flores sobre fondo negro I'd like some material with a pattern of flowers on a black background;

al fondo in the background

5. [de alcachofa] heart

6. [de asunto, problema] heart, bottom;

el problema de fondo the underlying problem;

la cuestión de fondo the fundamental issue;

llegar al fondo de to get to the heart o bottom of;

el gobierno quiere llegar al fondo de la cuestión the government wants to get to the bottom of the matter;

en el fondo [en lo más íntimo] deep down;
[en lo esencial] basically;
en el fondo está enamorada de él deep down, she loves him;

en el fondo, no es mala persona deep down, she's not a bad person;

en el fondo tus problemas son los mismos basically, you have the same problems

7. [de una persona]
tener buen fondo to have a good heart;

tener mal fondo to be a Br nasty o US real piece of work

8. [de obra literaria] substance

9. [de dinero] fund;

a fondo perdido [préstamo] non-returnable;

no estamos dispuestos a invertir a fondo perdido we're not prepared to pour money down the drain;

fondos [capital] funds;

nos hemos quedado sin fondos our funds have run out;

un cheque sin fondos a bad cheque;

estar mal de fondos [persona] to be badly off;
[empresa] to be short of funds;
recaudar fondos to raise funds

Comp
Econ fondo de amortización sinking fund;
fondos bloqueados frozen funds;

fondo de cohesión cohesion fund;
Fin fondo de comercio goodwill;
fondo de compensación interterritorial interterritorial compensation fund;

fondo común kitty;

poner un fondo (común) to set up a kitty;
Fin fondo de crédito permanente evergreen fund;
fondo de emergencia contingency fund;
UE fondos estructurales structural funds; Fin fondo ético ethical fund; UE Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo European Development Fund; UE Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional European Regional Development Fund;
fondo de fideicomiso trust fund;
Fin fondo de garantía de depósitos deposit guarantee fund; Fin fondo de inversión investment fund; Fin fondo de inversión ético ethical investment fund;
fondo de inversión inmobiliaria real estate investment fund;

fondo de inversión mobiliaria Br trust fund, US mutual fund;

Fondo Monetario Internacional International Monetary Fund;

Fondo Mundial para la Naturaleza World Wildlife Fund;
Econ fondo de pensiones pension fund;
fondos públicos public funds;
Fin fondo de renta fija non-equity fund, bond fund; Fin fondo de renta variable equity fund;
fondos reservados = contingency funds available to ministries, for which they do not have to account publicly;
Fin fondo rotativo revolving fund; UE Fondo Social Europeo European Social Fund;
fondo vitalicio life annuity

10. [fundamento] reason, basis;

sus acciones tienen siempre un fondo humanitario everything she does is for humanitarian reasons

11.
hacer algo a fondo [en profundidad] to do sth thoroughly;

hicimos una lectura a fondo we read it through carefully;

hacer una limpieza a fondo to have a thorough clean;

el juez ha ordenado una investigación a fondo the judge has ordered a full enquiry o an in-depth investigation;

emplearse a fondo to do one's utmost

12. [de biblioteca, archivo] catalogue, collection

Comp
fondo editorial backlist
13. Dep [resistencia física] stamina

14. Dep [larga distancia] long-distance running;

medio fondo middle-distance running;

carrera de fondo long-distance race;

esquí de fondo cross-country skiing;

de medio fondo middle-distance

Comp
fondo en carretera [ciclismo] road racing
15. Dep [ejercicio] push-up, Br press-up

16. Carib, Méx [prenda] petticoat

17. Cuba [caldero] cauldron

18. RP [patio] back patio

* * *

fondo

m

1 bottom;

doble fondo false bottom;

fondo marino seabed;

tocar fondo fig reach bottom;

los bajos fondos the underworld sg

2 ( profundidad) depth;

hacer una limpieza a fondo de algo give sth a thorough clean, clean sth thoroughly;

emplearse a fondo fig give one’s all;

ir al fondo de algo look at sth in depth;

en el fondo deep down

3 de sala, cuarto etc back; de pasillo end

4 PINT, FOT background;

música de fondo background music

5 de un museo etc collection

6 COM fund;

fondos pl money sg, funds;

a fondo perdido non-refundable;

sin fondos cheque dud

7 DEP

:

de medio fondo middle distance atr

8 ( disposición)

:

tiene buen fondo he’s got a good heart

* * *

fondo nm

1) : bottom

2) : rear, back, end

3) : depth

4) : background

5) : sea bed

6) : fund

fondo de inversiones: investment fund

7) Mex : slip, petticoat

8) fondos nmpl

: funds, resources

cheque sin fondos: bounced check

9)

a fondo : thoroughly, in depth

10)

en fondo : abreast

* * *

fondo n

1. (en general) bottom

en el fondo del mar at the bottom of the sea

2. (de calle, pasillo) end

al fondo del pasillo at the end of the corridor

3. (de habitación) back

al fondo de la sala at the back of the hall

4. (segundo término) background

a fondo in detail

estudiaremos el tema a fondo we'll study the subject in detail

en el fondo (en lo esencial) deep down (en realidad) basically

fondo marino seabed

Spanish-English dictionary > fondo
22 режим

mode, condition, regime,

function, operation, rating, setting
- (вид работы аппаратуры, системы) — mode
- (заданные условия работы двигателя при определенном положении рычага управнения двигателем) — power setting. in changing the power setting, the power-control lever must be moved in the manner prescribed.
- (мощность или тяга двигателя в сочетании с определениями как взлетный, крейсерский максимально-продолжитепьный) — power, thrust. takeoff power /thrust/. maximum continuous power /thrust/
- (номинальный, паспортный, расчетный) — rating
работа в заданном пределе рабочих характеристик в определенных условиях. — rating is а designated limit of operating characteristics based оп definite conditions.
- (номинальная мощность или тяга двигателя, приведенная к стандартным атмосферным условиям) — power rating. power ratings are based upon standard atmospheric conditions.
- (при нанесении покрытия) — condition
- (работы агрегата по производительности) — rating. pump may be operated at low or high ratings.
- (тяги двигателя при апрелеленном положении руд) — thrust. run the engine at the takeoff thrust.
- (частота действий) — rate
- автоматического захода на посадку — automatic approach (eondition)
- автоматического обмена данными с взаимодействующими системами (напр., ins, tacan) — (mode of) transmission and/or reception of specifled data between systems in installations such as dual ons, ins, tacan, etc.
- автоматического управления полетом — automatic flight condition
- автоматической выставки (инерциальной системы) — self-alignment mode
- автоматической работы двигателя. — engine governed speed condition

at any steady running condition below governed speed.
- автоматической (бортовой) системы управления (абсу, сау) — afcs (automatic flight control system) mode
- автомодуляции — self-modulation condition
-, автономный (системы) — autonomus /independent/ mode
-, автономный (системы сау) — independent control mode
- авторотации (вертолета) — autorotation, autorotative condition
заход на посадку производится с выключенным двигателем на режиме авторотации несущего винта. — the approach and landing made with power off and entered from steady autorotation.
- авторотации (воздушного винта, ротора гтд, вращающегося под воздействием набегающего воздушного потока) — windmilling. propeller ог engine rotor(s) freely rotating because of а wind or airstream passing over the blades.
-, астроинерциальный — stellar inertial mode
- астрокоррекции — stellar monitoring mode
-, бесфорсажный (без включения форсажной камеры) — cold power /thrust/, попafterburning power /thrust/
-, бесфорсажный (без впрыска воды или воднометаноловой смеси на вход двигателя) — dry power, dry thrust
- бов (блока опасной высоты) — alert altitude (select) mode
-, боевой (работы двигателя) — combat /military/ rating, combat /military/ power setting
- бокового управления (системы сту) — lateral mode. the lateral modes of fd system are: heading, vor/loc, and approach.
- большой тяги (двиг.) — high power setting
- буферного подзаряда аккумулятора — battery trickle charge (condition)
- быстрого согласования (гиpoагрегата) — fast slave mode
- ввода данных — data entry mode
- вертикальной скорости (автопилота) — vertical speed (vs) mode
-, вертикальный (системы сду или сту) — vertical mode. the basic vertical modes are mach, ias, vs. altitude, pitch
-, взлетный (двигателя) — takeoff power
-, взлетный (тяга двиг.) — takeoff thrust
-, взлетный (полета) — takeoff condition
- висения (вертолета) — hovering
- "вк" (работы базовой системы курса и вертикали (бскв) при коррекции от цвм) — cmptr mode
-, внешний (работы сау) — coupled /interface/ control mode
-, возможный в эксплуатации) — condition (reasonably) expected in operation
- вор-илс (работы директорией системы) — vor-loc mode, v/l mode
- воспроизведения (магн. записи) — playback mode
- выдерживания (высоты, скорости) — (altitude, speed) hold mode
- выдерживания заданного курса — hog hold mode
- "выставка" (инерциальной системы) — alignment /align/ mode
в режиме "выставка" система автоматически согласуется e заданными навигационными координатами и производится выставка гироскопических приборов, — in align mode system automatically aligned with reference to navigation coordinates and inertial instruments are automatically calibrated.
- выставки, автоматический (инерциальной навигационной системы) — self-alignment mode. the align status can be observed any time the system is in self-alignment mode.
- вычисления параметров ветpa — wind calculator mode. wind calculator mode is based on manually entered values of tas
- вызова (навигационных параметров на индикаторы) — call mode
- вызова на индикаторы навигационных параметров без нарушения нормального самолетовождения (сист. омега) — remote mode. position "r" enables transmission and/or reception of specified data between systems in installations such as dual ons, ins/ons, etc.
-, генераторный (стартер-генератора) — generator mode
стартер-генератор может работать в генераторном или стартерном режиме, — starter-generator can operate in generator mode or in motor mode (motorizing functi on).
-, гиперболический (работы системы омега) — hyperbolic mode. in the primary hyperbolic mode the position supplied at initialization needs only to be accurate to within 4 nm.
- гиромагнитного (индукционного) компаса (гmk) — gyro-flux gate (compass) mode
- гиромагнитной коррекции (гмк) — magnetic slaved mode (mag)
- гmк (гиромагнитного компаca) — gyro-flux gate (compass) mode
- горизонтального полета — level flight condition
- горячего резерва (рлс) — standby (stby) mode
- гпк (гирополукомпаса) — dg (directional gyro) mode, free gyro mode of operation
- "да-нет" (работы, напр., сигнальной лампы) — "yes-no" operation mode
-, дальномерный (дме) — dме mode
-, дальномерный (счисления пути) (системы омега) — dead reckoning mode, dr mode of operation, relative mode
- двигателя (no мощности или тяге) — engine power /thrust/, power /thrust/ setting
- (работы двигателя) для захода на посадку — approach power setting
-, дежурный (работы оборудования) — standby rate (stby rate)
- завышенных оборотов — overspeed condition
- заниженных оборотов — underspeed condition
- заданного курса (зк) — heading mode
режим работы пилотажного командного прибора (пкп) дпя выхода на и выдерживания зк. — in the heading mode, the command bars in the flight director indicator display bank (roll) commands to turn the aircraft to and maintain this selected heading.
- заданного путевого угла (зпу) — course mode
- захвата луча глиссадного (курсового) радиомаяка — glideslope (or localizer) cарture mode
- "земля-контур" (рлс) — contour-mapping mode
- земного малого газа — ground idle power (setting)

with engines operating at ground idle (power).
- и/или тяга, максимальный продолжительный — maximum continuous power and/or thrust
-, импульсный (сигн. ламп) — light flashing
"откл. имп. режима" (надпись) — lt flash cutout
- инерциально-доплеровский (ид) — inertial-doppler mode
-, инерциальный (работы навигационной системы) — inertial mode
-, командный (автопилота) — (autopilot) command position

both autopilots in command position.
-, компасный — compass mode
в компасном режиме магнитная коррекция курса обеспечивается датчиком ид. — when compass mode is selected, magnetic monitoring is applied from detector unit.
-, компасный (apk) (автоматического радиокомпаса) — adf compass mode. the adf function switch is set to "comp" position, (to operate in the compass mode).
- "контроль" (инерц. системы) — test mode
обеспечивает автономную проверку системы без подкпючения контр.-повер. аппаратуры. — provides the system selftesting
- (-) "контур" -(работы рлс) — contour (mode) (cntr)
- коррекции (координат места) — up-dating mode
-, крейсерский (двиг.) — cruising /cruise/ power
-, крейсерский (на з-х двигатолях) (полета) — 3-engine cruise
-, крейсерский (полета) — cruising (condition)
-, крейсерский (с поэтапным увеличением оборотов при испытании двигателя) — incremental cruise power (or thrust)
-, крейсерский, номинальный (полета) — normal cruise (nc)
-, крейсерский рекомендуемый (максимальный) — (maximum) recommended cruising power
- крейсерского полета (для скоростной или максимальной дальности) — cruise method
-, критический (работы системы, двигателя) — critical condition
- критический, по углу атаки — stalling condition
- "курсовертикаль" ("kb") — attitude (атт) mode
в данном режиме от системы не требуется получение навигационных параметров. выдаются только сигналы крена (у) и тангажа (у). — in this mode ins alignment and navigation data, except attitude, are lost.
-, курса-воздушный — air data-monitored heading hoid mode
-, курсовой (при посадке по системе сп или илс) — localizer mode
- курсозадатчика (курсовой системы гмк или гик) — flux gate slaving mode. the mode when the directional gyro is slaved to the flux gate detector.
-, курсо-доплеровский — doppler-monitored heading hold mode
- магнитной коррекции (мк) — magnetic(ally) slaved mode (mag)
- максимальной (наибольшей) дальности — long range cruise (lrc). lrc is based on a speed giving 99 % of max, range in no wind and 100 % max. range in about 100 kt headwind.
- максимальной продолжительности (полета) — high-endurance cruise
-, максимальный крейсерский (mkp) (выполняется на предельной скорости) — high speed cruise (method)
-, максимальный продолжительный (мпр) (двиг.) — maximum continuous power (мcp)
-, максимальный продолжительный (по тяге) — maximum continuous thrust (мст)

increase thrust to мст.
- малого газа — idling power (setting)
попеременная работа двигателя на номинальной мощности и режиме малого газа или тяги, — one hour of alternate fiveminute periods at rated takeoff power and thrust аnd at idling power and thrust.
- малого газа на земле — ground idling power /conditions/
- малого газа при заходе на посадку — approach idling power /conditions/
- малой тяги (двиг.) — low power setting
- (-) "метео" (работы рлс) — weather (mode)
- "метео-контур" (рлс) режим — contour-weather mode
- (5-ти) минутной мощности (двиг.) — (five-) minute power
- "мк" (магнитной коррекции) — mag
- мощности, максимальный продолжительный (двиг.) — maximum continuous power
- мощности, чрезвычайный — emergency power
- набора высоты — climb condition
- "навигация" (инерциальной системы) — navigation (nav) mode
при заданном режиме система обеспечивает вычисление навигационных и директорных параметров и выдает информацию на пилотажные приборы и сау. — in this mode system computes navigation and steering data. provides attitude information to flight instruments and fcs.
- наибольшей (макеимальной) дальности — long range cruise (lrc)
горизонтальный полет на скорости наибольшей дальности, на которой километровый расход топлива при полете на заданной высоте наименьший. — а level flight at а given altitude and best range cruise speed giving the minimum kilometric fuel consumption.
- наибольшей продолжительности (полета) — high-endurance cruise
горизонтальный полет на скорости наибольшей продолжнтельности, на которой часовой расход топлива при полете на заданной высоте наименьший. — а level flight at а given altitude and high-endurance cruise speed giving the minimum fuel flow rate (in kg/h or liter/h)
- начала автоматической работы (нар режим начала автоматического регулирования работы гтд) — engine governed run/operation/ onset mode
- нвк (начальной выставки — initial heading alignment
-, непрерывной (обработки данных) — burst mods (data processing)
-, нерасчетный — off-design rating
-, неуетановившийся — unsteady condition
- (0.65) номинала, на бедной смеси — (65%) power, lean mixture setting
-, номинальный (двиг.) — (power) rating, rated power
-, номинальный (mпp) — maximum continuous power
- нормального обогрева (эп.) — normal-power heat (condition)
-, нормальный (работы агрегата) — normal rating
-, номинальный крейсерский (полета) — normal cruise (nc). used on regular legs and based on m = 0.85.
- обзора земной поверхности (рлс) — ground-mapping (map) mode
- обнаружения грозовых образеваний — thunderstorm detection mode (wx)
- "обогрев" (инерц. системы) — standby mode
режим предназначен для создания необходимых температурных условий работы элементов инерциальной системы (гироскопов, блоков автоматики и электроники). — the standby mode is а heating mode during which fast warm-up power is applied to the navigation unit until it reaches operating temperature.
- обогрева — heating mode
- обогрева лобовых стекол "слабо", "сильно" — windshield "warm up", "full power" heating rating
-, одночасовой максимальный (двиг.) — maximum one-hour power
- ожидания ввода координат исходного места самолета — initial position entry hold mode
- ожидания посадки — holding
-, оптимальный экономический (двиг.) — best economy cruising power
- освещения меньше-больше (яркость) — dim-brt light modes check lights in dim and brt modes.
-, основной навигационный (сист. "омега") — primary navigation mode
- отключенного шага (программы) — step off mode
- отсутствия сигналов ивс (системы омега) — no tas mode
- оценки дрейфа гироскопа — gyro drift evaluation mode
- перемотки (маги, ленты) — (tape) (re)wind mode
- пересиливания автопилота — autopilot overpower operation /mode/
-, переходный — transient condition
- планирования — gliding condition
- повышенных оборотов — overspeed condition
- полета — flight condition /regime/
состояние движения ла, при котором параметры, характеризующие это движение (например, скорость, высота) остаются неизменными в течение определенного времени. — it must be possible to make а smooth transition from one flight condition to any other without exceptional piloting skill, alertness, or strength.
- полета, критический — critical flight (operating) condition
- полета на курсовой маяк (при посадке) — localizer (loc) mode. flying in loc (or vor) mode.
- полета на станцию вор — vor mode
- полета, неустановившийся — unsteady flight condition
- полета по маяку вор — vor mode
- полета по системе илс — ils mode
- полета по условным меридианам — grid mode
данный режим применяется в районах, не обеспечивающих надежность компасной информации. — the grid mode can be used in areas where compass information is unreliable.
- полета, установившийся — steady flight condition
- полетного малого газа — flight idle (power)
-, полетный (двиг.) — flight power
-, пониженный (ниже номинала) (двиг.) — derating
- пониженных оборотов — underspeed condition
при возникновении режима пониженных оборотов рогулятор оборотов вызывает дополнительное открытие дроссельного крана. — for underspeed condition, the governor will cause the larger throttle opening.
-, поперечный (системы сду или сту) — lateral mode. the basic lateral modes are heading, vor/loc and approach.
-, посадочный (полета) — landing condition
- правой (левой) коррекции (оборотов двигателя вертолета) — engine operation with throttle control twist grip turned clockwise (counterclockwise)
-, практически различаемый — practically separable operating condition
к практически различаемым режимам полета относятся: взлетный, крейсерский (mapшрутный) и посадочный, — practically separable operating condition, such as takeoff, en route operation and landing.
- (работы двигателя), приведенный к стандартной атмосфере — power rating based upon standard atmospheric conditions
- приведения к горизонту — levelling
- продления глиссады — glideslope extension mode

the annunciator indicates when glideslope extension (ext) mode provides command signals to the steering computer.
- продольного управления (системы сту) — vertical mode. the vertical modes of fd system are: mach, ias, vs. altitude, pitch.
- просмотра воздушного пространства (переднего) — airspace observation mode (ahead of aircraft)
- просмотра воздушного пространства на метеообстановку (рлс) — radar weather observation mode
- просмотра земной поверхности (рлс) — ground mapping operation. the antenna is tilted downward to receive ground return signals.
- прямолинейного горизонтального полета — straight and level flight condition
- (частота) пусков ракет — (rocket firing) rate
- "работа" (положение рычага останова двигателя) — run
- "работа" (инерциальной навигационной системы) — navigate mode, nav mode. system automatically changes from alignment to navigate mode.
- работы — condition of operation

test unit in particular condition of operation.
- работы (агрегата, напр., наcoca) — rating
- работы (агрегата по продолжительности) — duty (cycle)
режим работы может быть продопжитепьным или повторно-кратковременным. — the duty cycle may be continuous or intermittent.
- работы (инерциальной системы) — mode of operation, operation mode
- работы, автоматический (двиг.) — governed speed /power/ setting
- работы автоматической системы управления (абсу, сау) — autoflight control system (afcs) mode
- работы автопилота — autopilot mode
- работы автопилота в условиях турбулентности — autopilot turbulence (turb) mode
при работе в условиях турбулентности включается демпфер рыскания для обеспечения надежной управляемости и снижения нагрузок на конструкцию ла. — use of the yaw damper with the autopilot "turb" mode will aid in maintaining stable control and in reducing structural loads.
- работы автопилота при входе в турбулентные слои атмосферы — autopilot turbulence penetration mode
данный режим применяется при полете в условиях сильной турбулентности воздуха, — use of the autopilot turbulence penetration mode is recommended for autopilot operation in severe turbulence.
- работы автопилота с директорной системой, совмещенный — ap/fd coupled mode
- работы двигателя (по мощности) — engine power (setting)
- работы двигателя (по тяге) — engine thrust (setting)
- работы двигателя (по положению руд) — engine power setting
- работы двигателя в особых условиях, (повышенный) — emergency (condition) power
- работы двигателя на земле — engine ground operation
- работы двигателя на малых оборотах — engine low speed operation
- работы двигателя, номинальный — engine rating. ths jt9d-з-за engines operate at jt9d-3 engine ratings.
- работы (двигателя), приведенный к стандартной атмосфере — power rating /setting/ based upon standard atmospheric conditions
- работы источника света, установившийся — light source operation at steady value
- работы, кратковременный — momentary operating condition
- работы no времени (агрегата) — time rating
- работы, повторно-кратковременный (агрегата) — intermittent duty
пусковая катушка работает в повторно-кратковременном режиме. — booster coil duty is intermittent.
- работы (системы), полетный — (system) flight operation
при выпуске передней опоры шасси система переключается на полетный режим, — when the nose lg is eхtended, the function of the system is transferred to flight operation.
- работы no сигналам станции омега — omega mode operation
- работы, продолжительный (агрегата) — continuous duty
генератор двигателя работает в продолжительном режиме, — the engine-driven generator duty is continuous.
- работы противообледенительной системы, нормальный — normal anti-icing
- работы противообледенительной системы, форсированный — high anti-icing
- работы самолетного ответчика (а - на внутренних линиях, в - на международных) — transponder mode (а - domestic, в - international)
- работы системы траекторного управления (сту), боковой — lateral mode
- работы сту, продольный — vertical mode
- рабочий (работы автопилота) — (autopilot) active position both autopilots in command positions, one active and one standby.
- рабочий (работы оборудования) — normal rate (norm rate)
- равновесной частоты (вращения) (двиг.) — on-speed condition
- равновесных оборотов — оп-speed condition
работа регулятора оборотов в режиме равновесных оборотов. — the constant speed governor operation under on-speed condition.
-, радиотелеграфный, тлг (автоматич. радиокомпаса) — c-w operation
-, радиотелеграфный (связи) — c-w communication, radio telegraphic communication
-, радиотелефонный, тлф (apk) — rt (radio telephone), voice operation (v), voice
-, радиотелефонный (связи) — voice communication, radio telephone communication
переключить передатчик на радиотелефонную связь, — set the transmitter for voice communication.
-, рамочный (арк) — loop mode
- распознавания светила — star identification mode
-, располагаемый максимальный продолжительный (двиг.) — available maximum continuous power
-, расчетный — rating
-, расчетный (условия работы) — design condition
- регулирования избыточного давления (системы скв) — differential pressure control (mode)
-, резервный (аварийный) (дв.) — emergency power rating
работа двигателя при гидромеханическом управлении оборотами и температурой при отказе электронной системы управления.
-, резервный (работы автопилота) — (autopilot) standby position
- самовращения (несущего винта) — autorotation, autorotative condition
- самоориентирования (переднего колеса шасси) — castoring
- скоростной дальности — high-speed cruise method
- "слабо", "сильно" (обогрева лобовых стекол) — (windshield heat) warm up, full power
- слабого обогрева (эл.) — warm-up heat (condition)
-, следящий (закрылков) — (flap) follow-up operation (mode)

when the flaps are raised, the flap follow-up system operates the slat control valve.
-, смешанный (работы спойлеров) — drag/aileron mode. а drag/aileron mode is used during descent both for retardation and lateral control.
- снижения — descent condition
-, совмещенного управления — override control mode
оперативное вмешательство в работу включенной системы.
-, совмещенный (при работе с др. системой) — coupled mode
-, совмещенной (работы автопилота) — autopilot override operation /mode/
в этом режиме отключаются рм и корректор высоты и летчик оперативно вмешивается в управление ла посредством штурвала и педалей. — то manually or otherwise deliberately overrule autopilot system and thereby render it ineffective.
-, совмещенный — both mode
(работы рлс в режимах обзора метеообразований и земной поверхности и индицирования маяков) — for operation in rad and bcn modes.
- согласования (автопилота) — synchronization mode
- согласования (работы следящей системы) — slave /synchronization/ mode
- стабилизации (крена, тайгажа, направления, автопилота) — roll (pitch, yaw) stabilization mode
- стабилизации (работы сту) — hold mode

the vertical and lateral modes are hold modes.
- стабилизации крена (в сту) — roll /bank/ (attitude) hold mode
- стабилизации курса (aп) — heading hold mode
- стабилизации тангажа (в сту) — pitch (attitude) hold mode
-, стартерный (всу) — engine start mode

apu may run in the engine start mode or as apu.
-, стартерный (стартер-гоноратора) — motor(izing) mode, (with) starter-generator operating as starter
- стопорения (работы следящей системы) — lock-out mode
- "сход(на) нзад" — return-to-selected altitude (mode)
- счисления пути (или дальномерный) (системы омега) — dead reckoning mode, dr mode of operation, relative mode
-, температурный — temperature condition
- тлг (работы арк) — c-w operation
- тлф (арк) — rt (radio telephone), voice
-, тормозной (работы спойле — drag /retardation/ mode
- управления — control mode
- управления в вертикальной плоскости (ап) — vertical mode
- управления в горизонтальной плоскости (инерциальной системы) — lateral control mode
управление по курсу, на маяки вор и крм. — the basic lateral modes are heading, vor/loc and approach.
- управления, позиционный (no командно-пилотажному прибору) — flight director control mode
- управления по крену (aп) — roll (control) mode
- управления, поперечный (автопилота) — lateral mode
- управления по тангажу (ап) — pitch (control) mode
- управления, продольный (автопилота) — vertical mode. vertical command control provides either vertical speed or pitch command.
- управления, штурвальный — manual (flight) control
-, усиленный (дополнительный, форсированный) (двиг.) — augmented power (rating)
при данном режиме увеличиваются температура газов на входе в турбину, обороты ротора или мощность на валу. — engine augmented takeoff power rating involves increase in turbine inlet temperature, rotor speed, or shaft power.
-, установленный (для данных условий испытаний двигателя) — rated power. а 30-hour run consisting of alternate periods of 5 minutes at rated takeoff power.
-, форсажный (с включенной форсажной камерой) — reheat /afterburning/ power /thrust/
-, форсажный (по тяге двиг.) — reheat thrust
-, форсажный (с впрыском воды или водометаноловой смеси на вход двигателя) — wet power, wet thrust
-, форсажный, полный (двиг.) — full reheat power /thrust/
- форсированного обогрева — full-power heat (conditions)
-, форсированный (работы агрегата) — high rating
-, форсированный (усиленный) (двиг.) — augmented power /thrust/
-, форсированный взлетный — augmented takeoff power
- холостого хода (двигателя вертолета с отключенной трансмиссией) — idle run power (with rotor drive system declutched)
- холостого хода (генератора, всу, электродвигателя) — по-load operation
-, чрезвычайный (работы двигателя в особых условиях) — emergency (condition) power
-, чрезвычайный (по тяге двигателя) — emergency thrust
-, чрезвычайный, боевой (двиг.) — combat /war/ emergency power
-, штурвальный (управления ла) — manual control mode
-, экономичный крейсерский — (best) economy cruising power
-, эксплуатационный (работы, агрегата, двигателя, самолета) — operational /operating/ condition
-, эксплуатационный (двиг.) — operational power rating
эксплуатационные режимы включают: взлетный, максимальный продолжительный (крейсерский), — operational power ratings cover takeoff, maximum continuous (and cruising) power ratings.
-, эксплуатационный полетный (двиг.) — flight power (rating)
двигатель должен нормально работать на всех эксплуатационных (полетных) режимах, — the engine must be capable of operation throughout the flight power range.
-, электромоторный (стартер генератора) — motor(izing) mode
-, элеронный (работы спойлеров) — aileron mode, lateral control augmentation mode
в p. (работы оборудования) — in mode

presently flying in heading (h) mode on a 030° heading.
в p. самоориентирования (о переднем колесе шасси) — in castor, when castoring
в пределах эксплуатационных р. — within (approved) operating limitations
выход на р. малого газа (двиг.) — engine (power) setting at idle, engine idle power setting
изменение p. работы двигатепя — change in engine power (or thrust)
метод установки (получения) (заданного p. работы двигателя) — methods for setting (engine) thrust /power/
на (взлетном) р. (двиг.) — at (takeoff) power

with the engine operating at takeoff power.
на (взлетном) р. (полета) — under (takeoff) condition
на максимальном продолжительном p. — at maximum continuous power
обороты (двигателя) на взлетном р. — takeoff (rotational) speed engine run at takeoff power with takeoff speed.
обороты (двигателя) на максимальном продолжительном p. — maximum continuous speed engine run at rated maximum continuous power with maximum continuous speed.
переключение p. (работы оборудования) — mode selection
переход (вертолета) от нормального р. к р. висения — reconversion
полет на крейсерском р. — cruise flight
полет на р. висения — hovering flight
при работе двигателя на взлетном р. — with engine at takeoff power, with takeoff power on (each) engine
при работе каждого двигателя на р., не превышающем взлетный — with not more than takeoff power on each engine
при установившемся р. работы с полной нагрузкой — at steady full-load condition
(75)% максимального продолжительного (или номинального) р. — (75) percent maximum continuous power (thrust)
работа на (взлетном) р. (двиг.) — (takeoff) power operation, operation at takeoff power
установка p. работы (двиг.) — power setting
этап p. (при испытаниях двигателя) — period. during the third and sixth takeoff power periods.
включать р. (работы аппаратуры системы) — select mode
включать р. продольного (поперечного) управления (aп, сду) — select vertical (lateral) mode
включить систему в режим (напр., "выставка") — switch the system to (align mode, switch the system to operate in (align mode)
выдерживать (взлетный) р. (двиг.) — maintain (takeoff) power
выходить на (взлетный) р. (двиг.) — come to /attain, gain/ (takeoff) power /thrust/, set engine at takeoff power /thrust/, throttle to takeoff power /thrust/
выходить на р. прямолинейного горизонтального полета гонять двигатель на (взлетном) р. — recover to straight and level flight run the engine at (takeoff) power
изменять р. работы двигателя — change engine power
изменять установленный р. (двиг.) — change power setting
лететь в автоматическом р. управления — fly automatically
лететь в курсовом р. — fly heading (н) mode
лететь в штурвальном р. — fly manually
передавать в телеграфном р. — transmit on c-w /rt/
передавать в радиотелефонном р. — transmit on voice
переключать р. — select mode
переключаться на р. — switch to mode the computer automatically switches to course mode.
переходить (автоматически) в режим (напр., курсовертикаль) — system automatically changes to атт mode
переходить с р. (малого газа) на (взлетный) р. (двиг.) — come from (idle) power to (takeoff) power
проводить р. (30 часовых) испытаний последовательно чередующимися периодами по... часов — conduct а (30-hour) run consisting of alternate periods of... hours
работать в р. — operate on /in/ mode
работать в режиме гпк — operate in dg mode, be servoed to directional gyro
работать в индикаторном р. (о сельсине) — operate as synchro indicator
работать в трансформаторном р. (о сельсине) — operate as synchro transformer
работать на (взлетном) р. (двиг.) — operate at (takeoff) power /thrust/
работать на р. малого газа — idle, operate at idle (power)
увеличивать р. работы (двиг.) (до крейсерского) — add power (to cruising), throttle (to cruising power)
уменьшать p. двигателя (до крейсерского) — reduce power to cruising
устанавливать взлетный р. (двиг.) — set takeoff power /thrust/, set engine at takeoff power
устанавливать компасный р. работы (apk) — select compass mode
устанавливать p. набора высоты — establish climb
устанавливать р. полета — establish flight condition
устанавливать рамочный р. работы (арк) — select loop mode
устанавливать (взлетный) р. работы двигателя — set (taksoff) power /thrust/, set the engine at takeoff power /thrust/
устанавливать p. снижения — establish descent

Русско-английский сборник авиационно-технических терминов > режим
23 færdighed

sg - fǽrdigheden, pl - fǽrdigheder

сноро́вка ж, уме́ние с, на́вык м

* * *

ability, accomplishment, capability, skill

* * *

(en -er)

( dygtighed) skill ( fx the teaching of basic skills; i in),

(F: oftest mere teoretisk) proficiency (i in, fx in speaking English);

( behændighed) dexterity.

Danish-English dictionary > færdighed
24 профессиональные навыки

job skills

навыки работы с ЭВМ; опыт работы с ЭВМ — computer skills

вариации двигательного навыка — variation of the skill

передача опыта; привитие навыков — transfer of skills

основные двигательные навыки — basic movement skills

необходимый двигательный навык — essential skill

Русско-английский большой базовый словарь > профессиональные навыки
25 недоставать

гл.

1. to lack; 2. to be lacking in smth; 3. not to have/to be enough; 4. to be short of smth; 5. to want; 6. to miss

Русские недоставать, не хватать при всей их многозначности не указывают ни на причину, ни на следствие недостаточности, ни на тип недостающего объекта, т. е. могут использоваться в разнообразных ситуациях без особых ограничений. Некоторые их английские соответствия включают такую конкретизацию в значение слова и поэтому употребляются в более лимитированных, конкретизированных ситуациях.

1. to lack — недоставать чего-либо, не хватать, не иметь, не имен, в достаточном количестве ( указывает на сам факт отсутствия чего-либо): to lack courage — не иметь достаточно мужества; to lack skill — не иметь необходимого опыта/не иметь необходимого умения; to lack taste — недоставать/не иметь вкуса; to lack style — не иметь чувства стиля; to lack sense of humour — недоставать чувства юмора/не иметь чувства юмора; to lack manners — нет хороших манер/недостает воспитания; to lack selfconfidence — недостает уверенности в себе/не хватает уверенности в себе The play was good in parts but generally the acting lacked sparkle. — Пьеса была ничего себе, но игре явно не хватало огонька./Пьеса была местами хороша, но исполнению явно не хватало задора.

2. to be lacking in smth — недостающий, отсутствующий, не имеющийся в наличии (употребляется только предикативно, определяет существительные со значением свойства, опыта, умения, чего-либо полезного и важного, поэтому часто сопровождается на речиями sadly, distinctly, noticeably, totally): to be lacking in experience — быть недостаточно опытным/не хватать опыта/не иметь опыта; to be lacking in skill — недоставать умения/на достаточных навыков/не иметь достаточных навыков; to be lacking in tact — не хватает такта/быть бестактным Concern for passenger safety has, up till now, been sadly lacking. — К сожалению, соображениям безопасности пассажиров до сих пор не уделяется достаточного внимания. She seems to be totally lacking in common sense. — Ей явно недостает здравого смысла. Не seems to be sadly lacking in tact. — Ему, к сожалению, не хватает такта. Financial backing for the project is still lacking. — Финансовое обеспечение проекта по-прежнему недостаточно./Финансовое обеспечение проекта по-прежнему отсутствует.

3. not to have/to be enough — недоставать, не хватать, не иметь достаточного количества, быть недостаточным: not to have enough time — не иметь достаточно времени; not to have enough money — не иметь достаточно денег; not to have enough courage не иметь достаточно смелости; not to be brave enough to do smth — быть недостаточно храбным для чего-либо; not to be clever enough to under stand — быть недостаточно умным, чтобы понять/не хватает ума, чтобы понять We don't have enough time to go shopping now. — У нас сейчас нет времени, чтобы пойти за покупками. Не hadn't had enough interest in the matter. — Ему было неинтересно заниматься этим вопросом./Вопрос был для него недостаточно интересным. Children get bored if they don't have enough to do. — Детям становится скучно, если им нечего делать. The plant died because it didn't have enough sunshine. — Растение погибло, потому что ему не хватало солнца.

4. to be short of smth — не хватать (того, что необходимо для чего-либо); недостает того, что необходимо для чего-либо: to be short of money — не хватает денег; to be short of time — не хватает времени; to be short of fuel — не хватает горючего; to be short of food — не хватает еды; to be short of clothing — нечего надеть; to be short of breath не хватает воздуха/не хватает дыхания I was short of money, so George lend me $20. — Мне не хватало денег, и Джордж дал мне взаймы двадцать долларов. After some months at sea, the ships were desperately short of fuel. — После нескольких месяцев пребывания в море кораблям отчаянно не хватало топлива. We are short of water. — Нам не хватает воды./У нас мало воды./Нам недостает воды. They were three votes short of a majority, so the vote wasn't passed. — Им не хватало трех голосов до большинства, и закон не прошел. Не is a good worker, but he is short of/on new ideas. — Он хороший paботник, но ему не хватает идей./Он хороший работник, но у него нет новых мыслей. Father did not work so money was short. — Отец не работал, и денег не к питало. The organization is short of skilled managers. — Организации не хватает квалифицированных менеджеров. The tea set is two cups short. — В чайном сервизе недостает двух чашек.

5. to want — не хватать, страдать от недостатка чего-либо необходимого, страдать от нехватки чего-либо необходимого, испытывать нужду (с глаголом want в данном значении часто употребляются наречия badly, desperately): to want food — недостает еды; to want time — нет времени; to want fresh air — задыхаться без свежего воздуха; to want courage — не хватает смелости; to want patience — недостает терпения In many poor countries, people still want basic food and shelter. — Во многиx бедных странах люди по-прежнему испытывают нужду в пище и жилье. We desperately want rain. — Нам отчаянно не хватает дождей./Нам отчаянно недостает дождей.

6. to miss — недоставать, не досчитаться, обнаружить нехватку (глагол miss подразумевает, что причиной недостаточности являются какие-либо неблагоприятные события): to miss the key— обнаружить пропажу ключа/обнаружить отсутствие ключа; to miss the favourite portrait — недостает любимого портрета/не хватает любимого портрета; to miss smb — не хватает кого-либо/скучать о ком-либо She did not miss the key untill it came to unlocking the door. — Она не знала о пропаже ключа, пока не надо было отпирать дверь. Having moved we left all the furniture behind now I miss some pieces of it desperately. — Переехав, мы оставили там всю мебель, и теперь мне ужасно не хватает некоторых предметов. I know I'll miss you. — Я знаю, мне тебя будет не хватать/я буду скучать без тебя. The police searched the body and found the documents missing. — Полицейские обыскали труп и обнаружили пропажу документов./Полицейские обыскали труп и обнаружили отсутствие документов/Полицейские обыскали труп и обнаружили, что документов нет./Полицейские обыскали труп и обнаружили, что документов не было. After the battle three soldiers were found missing. — После боя трое солдат оказались пропавшими без вести./Мы не досчитались троих солдат После битвы.

Русско-английский объяснительный словарь > недоставать
26 Erzeugnis

Erzeugnis n GEN, IND product
* * *

n <Geschäft, Ind> product

* * *
Erzeugnis
produce, product[ion], manufacture, article, merchandise, turnout, make, work;
• Erzeugnisse wares;
• vom Einkommen des Durchschnittsverbrauchers abhängige Erzeugnisse responsive products;
• arbeitsintensive Erzeugnisse labo(u)r-intensive products;
• ausländische Erzeugnisse foreign-made products, articles of foreign manufacture;
• zum Verkauf bereitstehende Erzeugnisse products available for sale;
• deutsches Erzeugnis manufactured (made) in Germany;
• unser eigenes Erzeugnis domestic product;
• einheimisches Erzeugnis inland (domestic, home) produce, native product;
• einziges Erzeugnis sole product;
• englische Erzeugnisse goods of British production;
• fehlerhafte Erzeugnisse bad items, irregulars;
• fertiges Erzeugnis finished product;
• freie Erzeugnisse natural products;
• fremdländische Erzeugnisse goods of foreign origin;
• geistiges Erzeugnis brain child;
• genmanipulierte Erzeugnisse genetically modified products;
• gewerbliches Erzeugnis factory (industrial, manufactured) product;
• halb fertiges Erzeugnis semi-manufactured product;
• halb fertige Erzeugnisse (Bilanz) work in process (Br.) (progress, US);
• halb fertige und fertige Erzeugnisse (Bilanz) work in process and finished goods;
• maschinell hergestellte Erzeugnisse machine-made products;
• hoch qualifizierte Erzeugnisse high-quality (-class) goods, high-quality products, big-ticket items;
• hochwertige Erzeugnis high-value goods;
• industrielles Erzeugnis industrial product, manufacture, manufactured article;
• inländische Erzeugnisse home products (manufacture), domestics, native products, domestic articles;
• keramische Erzeugnisse pottery;
• kriegswichtige Erzeugnisse war goods;
• ladeneigenes Erzeugnis store-brand item (US);
• landwirtschaftliche Erzeugnisse agricultural commodities (produce), [farm] produce;
• literarische Erzeugnisse literary production;
• markenpflichtige Erzeugnisse coupon goods;
• minderwertige Erzeugnisse poor quality goods, inferior products;
• nachgeahmtes Erzeugnis counterfeit (imitative) product;
• patentiertes Erzeugnis patented article (product, item);
• preisgebundene Erzeugnisse price-bound merchandise;
• preisgestützte Erzeugnisse price-maintained goods;
• preisstabile Erzeugnisse price-maintained products (articles);
• nicht sortierte Erzeugnisse non-graded products;
• steuerpflichtiges Erzeugnis taxable product;
• teures Erzeugnis high-priced line;
• tiefgekühlte Erzeugnisse frozen goods;
• veredelte Erzeugnisse improved goods, finished products;
• ganzjährig zu verkaufendes Erzeugnis all-season product (US);
• schwer verkäufliches Erzeugnis hard-to-move product;
• vermietete Erzeugnisse products on lease;
• mit falschen Warenzeichen versehene Erzeugnisse misbranded products (US);
• versicherte Erzeugnisse insured goods;
• weggeworfene Erzeugnisse throwaway products;
• zollempfindliche Erzeugnisse sensitive products;
• Erzeugnisse aller Art goods, wares and merchandise;
• Erzeugnisse eines bestreikten Betriebes hot cargo;
• Erzeugnisse in der Fabrikation (Bilanz) work in progress (US) (process, Br.);
• Erzeugnisse der besten Güteklasse firsts;
• Erzeugnisse französischer Herkunft goods of French origin;
• Erzeugnisse eines Landes products of a country;
• Erzeugnisse des ökologischen Landbaus organic produce;
• Erzeugnisse mit gleich bleibenden Preisen price-maintained goods (articles);
• landwirtschaftliche Erzeugnisse, die keiner Produktionssteuerung bedürfen non-basic commodities;
• Erzeugnisse des Rindfleischsektors products in the beef chain;
• Erzeugnisse der Spitzentechnologie high-skill manufactures;
• Erzeugnis pflanzlichen Ursprungs vegetable product;
• Erzeugnis tierischen Ursprungs product of animal origin;
• Erzeugnisse mit hoher Zuverlässigkeit high-reliable products;
• Erzeugnisse absetzen to market products;
• Erzeugnis fördern to merchandise;
• Erzeugnisse aller Preisklassen führen to carry a full-price range;
• Erzeugniskontrolle durch den Auftraggeber im Herstellungsbetrieb source inspection;
• Erzeugniskostenrechnung product cost accounting;
• Erzeugnispalette production population;
• Erzeugniswerbung product advertising.

Business german-english dictionary > Erzeugnis
27 Kenntnis

f; -, -se

1. nur Sg. knowledge (+ Gen oder von of); Kenntnis haben von know (about), be aware of; jemanden von etw. in Kenntnis setzen inform s.o. of s.th., bring s.th. to s.o.’s attention; Kenntnis nehmen von take note of; es ist uns zur Kenntnis gelangt, dass... we have learned ( oder been informed) that...; das entzieht sich meiner Kenntnis I have no knowledge of it

2. Kenntnisse (Wissen) knowledge (+ Gen oder in + Dat of); (Erfahrung) experience (in, of); (Verständnis) understanding (of); gute Kenntnisse haben in (+ Dat) have a good knowledge of, be well grounded in

* * *

die Kenntnis

knowledge; awareness

* * *
Kẹnnt|nis ['kɛntnɪs]
f -, -se

1) (= Wissen) knowledge no pl

über Kenntnisse von etw verfügen — to be knowledgeable about sth, to know about sth

gute Kenntnisse in Mathematik haben — to have a good knowledge of mathematics

ohne Kenntnis des Englischen — without any or a knowledge of English, without knowing English

2) no pl (form)

etw zur Kenntnis nehmen, von etw Kenntnis nehmen — to note sth, to take note of sth

ich nehme zur Kenntnis, dass... — I note that...

zu Ihrer Kenntnis — for your information

jdn von etw in Kenntnis setzen — to inform or advise (Comm, form) sb about sth

von etw Kenntnis erhalten — to learn or hear about sth

das entzieht sich meiner Kenntnis — I have no knowledge of it

bei voller Kenntnis der Sachlage — in full knowledge of the situation

ohne Kenntnis der Umstände — without any knowledge of the circumstances

* * *

die

1) ((with with) knowledge: My acquaintance with the works of Shakespeare is slight.) acquaintance

2) (information or what is known: He had a vast amount of knowledge about boats.) knowledge

3) notice

4) (a job or activity that requires training and practice; an art or craft: the basic skills of reading and writing.) skill

* * *

Kennt·nis

<-, -se>

[ˈkɛntnɪs]

f

1. kein pl (Vertrautheit) knowledge

etw entzieht sich jds \Kenntnis (geh) sb has no knowledge of [or doesn't know anything about] sth

\Kenntnis von etw dat erhalten (geh) to learn [or be informed] of [or about] sth

von etw dat \Kenntnis haben (geh) to have knowledge of [or know about] sth

etw zur \Kenntnis nehmen to take note of sth

zur \Kenntnis nehmen, dass to note that

jdn von etw dat in \Kenntnis setzen (geh) to inform [or notify] sb of sth

jdn davon in \Kenntnis setzen, dass (geh) to inform sb that

ohne \Kenntnis einer S. gen without knowing sth

ohne \Kenntnis der familiären Situation können wir nicht viel tun we can't do much without knowing about the family situation

2. pl (Wissen) knowledge no pl

Sie sollten Ihre \Kenntnisse vertiefen you should broaden your knowledge

[gründliche] \Kenntnisse in etw dat haben to have a [thorough] knowledge of sth

über \Kenntnisse [in etw dat] verfügen (geh) to be knowledgeable [or know] [about sth]

von etw dat \Kenntnis haben (geh) to have knowledge of [or know about] sth

3. JUR (gerichtliches Wissen) cognizance; (Kenntnisnahme) notice

\Kenntnis des Gerichts judicial knowledge [or cognizance]

gesetzlich vermutete \Kenntnis constructive notice

etw zur \Kenntnis nehmen to take cognizance of sth

* * *

die; Kenntnis, Kenntnisse

1) o. Pl. knowledge

von etwas Kenntnis haben/erhalten — be informed on something or have knowledge of something/learn or hear about something

das entzieht sich meiner Kenntnis — (geh.) I have no knowledge of that

von etwas Kenntnis nehmen, etwas zur Kenntnis nehmen — take note of something

jemanden von etwas in Kenntnis setzen — inform or notify somebody of something

jemanden zur Kenntnis nehmen — take notice of somebody

2) Plural knowledge sing.

oberflächliche/gründliche Kenntnisse in etwas (Dat.) haben — have a superficial/thorough knowledge of something

* * *

Kenntnis f; -, -se

1. nur sg knowledge (+gen oder

von of);

Kenntnis haben von know (about), be aware of;

jemanden von etwas in Kenntnis setzen inform sb of sth, bring sth to sb’s attention;

Kenntnis nehmen von take note of;

es ist uns zur Kenntnis gelangt, dass … we have learned ( oder been informed) that …;

das entzieht sich meiner Kenntnis I have no knowledge of it

2.

Kenntnisse (Wissen) knowledge (+gen oder

in +dat of); (Erfahrung) experience (in, of); (Verständnis) understanding (of);

gute Kenntnisse haben in (+dat) have a good knowledge of, be well grounded in

* * *

die; Kenntnis, Kenntnisse

1) o. Pl. knowledge

von etwas Kenntnis haben/erhalten — be informed on something or have knowledge of something/learn or hear about something

das entzieht sich meiner Kenntnis — (geh.) I have no knowledge of that

von etwas Kenntnis nehmen, etwas zur Kenntnis nehmen — take note of something

jemanden von etwas in Kenntnis setzen — inform or notify somebody of something

jemanden zur Kenntnis nehmen — take notice of somebody

2) Plural knowledge sing.

oberflächliche/gründliche Kenntnisse in etwas (Dat.) haben — have a superficial/thorough knowledge of something

* * *

-se f.

familiarity n.

knowledge n.

Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > Kenntnis
28 industria

f.

1 industry.

industria alimentaria food industry

industria automovilística o del automóvil car industry

industria cinematográfica o del cine film o movie industry

industria del ocio leisure industry

industria punta sunrise industry

2 factory.

3 diligence, industry, application, sedulousness.

pres.indicat.

3^rd person singular (él/ella/ello) present indicative of spanish verb: industriar.

imperat.

2^nd person singular (tú) Imperative of Spanish verb: industriar.

* * *

industria

► nombre femenino

1 (gen) industry

2 (fábrica) factory

\

FRASEOLOGÍA

industria terciaria tertiary industry

* * *

noun f.

industry

* * *

SF

1) (Com) industry

la zona con más industria del país — the most industrialized area of the country

industria agropecuaria — farming and fishing

industria artesanal — cottage industry

industria automovilística — car industry, auto industry (EEUU)

industria básica — basic industry

industria casera — cottage industry

industria del automóvil — car industry, automobile industry (EEUU)

industria del ocio — leisure industry

industria ligera — light industry

industria militar — weapons industry, defence industry

industria pesada — heavy industry

industria petrolífera — oil industry

industria siderúrgica — iron and steel industry

2) (=fábrica) factory

3) (=dedicación) industry, industriousness

4) † (=maña) ingenuity, skill, expertise

de industria — on purpose

* * *

femenino (Com, Econ) industry

la industria de la construcción — the construction industry

- industria artesanal

- industria automovilística/pesquera

- industria pesada

- industria siderúrgica

* * *

= industry, industrial organisation.

Ex. Library automation has become a multimillion dollar industry.

Ex. This article discusses the changing information needs of users in industrial organisations.

----

* científico de la industria = industrial scientist.

* crisis de la industria del libro = book crisis.

* estándar de la industria = industry standard.

* industria aeroespacial, la = aerospace industry, the.

* industria aeronáutica, la = airline industry, the, aviation industry, the.

* industria agrícola = agro-industry.

* industria agrícola, la = agricultural industry, the.

* industria alcoholera, la = alcohol industry, the.

* industria alimentaria = food industry.

* industria alimenticia = food industry.

* industria artesanal = cottage industry.

* industria bancaria, la = banking industry, the.

* industria cárnica, la = meat industry, the.

* industria cinematográfica, la = film making industry, the, film industry, the, movie industry, the.

* industria de actividades al aire libre, la = outdoor industry, the.

* industria de defensa, la = defence industry, the [defense industry, -USA].

* industria dedicada a la producción de carne de vaca, la = beef industry, the.

* industria de la aeronáutica, la = aviation industry, the, airline industry, the.

* industria de la aviación, la = aviation industry, the.

* industria de la bebida, la = beverage industry, the.

* industria del acero = steel industry.

* industria de la cerveza, la = brewing industry, the.

* industria de la comida rápida, la = fast-food industry, the.

* industria de la confección = clothing industry.

* industria de la confección, la = garment industry, the.

* industria de la conserva, la = canned goods industry, the, tinned goods industry, the.

* industria de la construcción, la = construction industry, the, building industry, the.

* industria de la edición = book publishing industry.

* industria de la edición de libros = book publishing industry.

* industria de la edición impresa = print industry.

* industria de la edición, la = publishing industry, the.

* industria de la fabricación de muelles, la = spring industry, the.

* industria de la hojalata, la = tinplate industry, the.

* industria de la iluminación, la = lighting industry, the.

* industria de la imprenta, la = printing industry, the.

* industria de la información electrónica = electronic information industry.

* industria de la información en línea, la = online industry, the, online information industry, the.

* industria de la información, la = information industry, the.

* industria de la informática = computer industry.

* industria de la ingeniería eléctrica, la = electrical engineering industry, the.

* industria de la ingeniería química, la = chemical engineering industry, the.

* industria del alcohol, la = alcohol industry, the.

* industria del aluminio, la = aluminium industry, the.

* industria de la madera = timber industry.

* industria de la moda, la = fashion industry, the.

* industria de la prensa, la = newspaper industry, the.

* industria de la propiedad = property industry.

* industria de la propiedad intelectual = intellectual property industry.

* industria de la radio y televisión, la = broadcasting industry, the.

* industria de las bases de datos = database industry.

* industria de las comunicaciones = communications industry.

* industria de las exposiciones comerciales = trade show industry.

* industria de las ferias de muestras = trade show industry.

* industria de las finanzas, la = finance industry, the.

* industria de las publicaciones periódicas, la = serial industry, the.

* industria de las publicaciones seriadas, la = serials industry, the.

* industria de las telecomunicaciones, la = telecommunications industry, the.

* industria del automóvil, la = automotive industry, the, automobile industry, the, motor trade, the, motor industry, the.

* industria del carbón = coal industry.

* industria del CD-ROM = CD-ROM industry.

* industria del cine, la = film making industry, the, film industry, the, movie industry, the.

* industria del cuero = leather industry.

* industria del espectáculo, la = show business.

* industria del ganado lanar = sheep farming.

* industria del gas = gas industry.

* industria del libro = book industry.

* industria del libro, la = bookmaking industry, the.

* industria del motor, la = motor industry, the.

* industria del ocio, la = entertainment industry, the.

* industria de los alimentos = food industry.

* industria de los medios de comunicación de masas = mass communications industry.

* industria de los productos lácteos, la = dairy industry, the.

* industria del papel = paper industry.

* industria del periódico, la = newspaper industry, the.

* industria del petróleo = petroleum industry.

* industria del sector turístico = tourism industry.

* industria del software, la = software industry, the.

* industria del tabaco, la = tobacco industry, the.

* industria del turismo = tourism industry.

* industria del vestir = clothing industry.

* industria de servicios = service industry.

* industria de servicios financieros, la = financial services industry, the.

* industria discográfica, la = record production industry, the, music industry, the, record industry, the, recording industry, the, music business, the.

* industria editorial = book industry.

* industria editorial, la = publishing industry, the.

* industria energética = energy industry, energy company.

* industria energética, la = energy utility business, the.

* industria farmacéutica, la = pharmaceutical industry, the.

* industria financiera, la = finance industry, the.

* industria hotelera, la = hotel industry, the.

* industria láctea, la = dairy industry, the.

* industria ligera = light industry.

* industria maderera = timber industry.

* industria manufacturera = manufacturing industry.

* industria marina, la = marine industry, the.

* industria marítima, la = maritime industry, the.

* industria metalúrgica, la = metallurgical industry, the.

* industria naval, la = shipping industry, the.

* industria naviera = shipbuilding industry.

* industria naviera, la = shipping industry, the.

* industria nuclear, la = nuclear industry, the.

* industria papelera = paper industry.

* industria para la preparación de alimentos = food processing industry.

* industria pesada = heavy industry.

* industria pesquera, la = fishing industry, the, fishery industry, the.

* industria petroquímica = petrochemical industry.

* industria química = chemical industry.

* industria química, la = chemical industry, the.

* industrias que dependen de los recursos humanos = personnel based industries.

* industria textil = textile industry.

* industria turística = tourism industry.

* industria turística, la = tourist industry, the.

* la industria de la informática = computer industry.

* Ministerio de Comercio e Industria = Department of Trade and Industry.

* norma de la industria = industry standard.

* para toda la industria = industry-wide.

* período de prácticas en la industria = industrial placement.

* sector de la industria farmacéutica, el = pharmaceutical sector, the.

* trabajador de la industria = industrial worker.

* * *

femenino (Com, Econ) industry

la industria de la construcción — the construction industry

- industria artesanal

- industria automovilística/pesquera

- industria pesada

- industria siderúrgica

* * *

= industry, industrial organisation.

Ex: Library automation has become a multimillion dollar industry.

Ex: This article discusses the changing information needs of users in industrial organisations.

* científico de la industria = industrial scientist.

* crisis de la industria del libro = book crisis.

* estándar de la industria = industry standard.

* industria aeroespacial, la = aerospace industry, the.

* industria aeronáutica, la = airline industry, the, aviation industry, the.

* industria agrícola = agro-industry.

* industria agrícola, la = agricultural industry, the.

* industria alcoholera, la = alcohol industry, the.

* industria alimentaria = food industry.

* industria alimenticia = food industry.

* industria artesanal = cottage industry.

* industria bancaria, la = banking industry, the.

* industria cárnica, la = meat industry, the.

* industria cinematográfica, la = film making industry, the, film industry, the, movie industry, the.

* industria de actividades al aire libre, la = outdoor industry, the.

* industria de defensa, la = defence industry, the [defense industry, -USA].

* industria dedicada a la producción de carne de vaca, la = beef industry, the.

* industria de la aeronáutica, la = aviation industry, the, airline industry, the.

* industria de la aviación, la = aviation industry, the.

* industria de la bebida, la = beverage industry, the.

* industria del acero = steel industry.

* industria de la cerveza, la = brewing industry, the.

* industria de la comida rápida, la = fast-food industry, the.

* industria de la confección = clothing industry.

* industria de la confección, la = garment industry, the.

* industria de la conserva, la = canned goods industry, the, tinned goods industry, the.

* industria de la construcción, la = construction industry, the, building industry, the.

* industria de la edición = book publishing industry.

* industria de la edición de libros = book publishing industry.

* industria de la edición impresa = print industry.

* industria de la edición, la = publishing industry, the.

* industria de la fabricación de muelles, la = spring industry, the.

* industria de la hojalata, la = tinplate industry, the.

* industria de la iluminación, la = lighting industry, the.

* industria de la imprenta, la = printing industry, the.

* industria de la información electrónica = electronic information industry.

* industria de la información en línea, la = online industry, the, online information industry, the.

* industria de la información, la = information industry, the.

* industria de la informática = computer industry.

* industria de la ingeniería eléctrica, la = electrical engineering industry, the.

* industria de la ingeniería química, la = chemical engineering industry, the.

* industria del alcohol, la = alcohol industry, the.

* industria del aluminio, la = aluminium industry, the.

* industria de la madera = timber industry.

* industria de la moda, la = fashion industry, the.

* industria de la prensa, la = newspaper industry, the.

* industria de la propiedad = property industry.

* industria de la propiedad intelectual = intellectual property industry.

* industria de la radio y televisión, la = broadcasting industry, the.

* industria de las bases de datos = database industry.

* industria de las comunicaciones = communications industry.

* industria de las exposiciones comerciales = trade show industry.

* industria de las ferias de muestras = trade show industry.

* industria de las finanzas, la = finance industry, the.

* industria de las publicaciones periódicas, la = serial industry, the.

* industria de las publicaciones seriadas, la = serials industry, the.

* industria de las telecomunicaciones, la = telecommunications industry, the.

* industria del automóvil, la = automotive industry, the, automobile industry, the, motor trade, the, motor industry, the.

* industria del carbón = coal industry.

* industria del CD-ROM = CD-ROM industry.

* industria del cine, la = film making industry, the, film industry, the, movie industry, the.

* industria del cuero = leather industry.

* industria del espectáculo, la = show business.

* industria del ganado lanar = sheep farming.

* industria del gas = gas industry.

* industria del libro = book industry.

* industria del libro, la = bookmaking industry, the.

* industria del motor, la = motor industry, the.

* industria del ocio, la = entertainment industry, the.

* industria de los alimentos = food industry.

* industria de los medios de comunicación de masas = mass communications industry.

* industria de los productos lácteos, la = dairy industry, the.

* industria del papel = paper industry.

* industria del periódico, la = newspaper industry, the.

* industria del petróleo = petroleum industry.

* industria del sector turístico = tourism industry.

* industria del software, la = software industry, the.

* industria del tabaco, la = tobacco industry, the.

* industria del turismo = tourism industry.

* industria del vestir = clothing industry.

* industria de servicios = service industry.

* industria de servicios financieros, la = financial services industry, the.

* industria discográfica, la = record production industry, the, music industry, the, record industry, the, recording industry, the, music business, the.

* industria editorial = book industry.

* industria editorial, la = publishing industry, the.

* industria energética = energy industry, energy company.

* industria energética, la = energy utility business, the.

* industria farmacéutica, la = pharmaceutical industry, the.

* industria financiera, la = finance industry, the.

* industria hotelera, la = hotel industry, the.

* industria láctea, la = dairy industry, the.

* industria ligera = light industry.

* industria maderera = timber industry.

* industria manufacturera = manufacturing industry.

* industria marina, la = marine industry, the.

* industria marítima, la = maritime industry, the.

* industria metalúrgica, la = metallurgical industry, the.

* industria naval, la = shipping industry, the.

* industria naviera = shipbuilding industry.

* industria naviera, la = shipping industry, the.

* industria nuclear, la = nuclear industry, the.

* industria papelera = paper industry.

* industria para la preparación de alimentos = food processing industry.

* industria pesada = heavy industry.

* industria pesquera, la = fishing industry, the, fishery industry, the.

* industria petroquímica = petrochemical industry.

* industria química = chemical industry.

* industria química, la = chemical industry, the.

* industrias que dependen de los recursos humanos = personnel based industries.

* industria textil = textile industry.

* industria turística = tourism industry.

* industria turística, la = tourist industry, the.

* la industria de la informática = computer industry.

* Ministerio de Comercio e Industria = Department of Trade and Industry.

* norma de la industria = industry standard.

* para toda la industria = industry-wide.

* período de prácticas en la industria = industrial placement.

* sector de la industria farmacéutica, el = pharmaceutical sector, the.

* trabajador de la industria = industrial worker.

* * *

industria

feminine

A ( Com, Econ) industry

la industria de la construcción the construction industry

Compuestos:

● industria artesanal

cottage industry

● industria automovilística

motor industry, car industry

● industria casera

cottage industry

● industria de las telecomunicaciones

telecommunications industry

● industria del sexo

sex industry

● industria espacial

space industry

● industria ligera

light industry

● industria militar

arms o weapons industry, defense* industry

● industria pesada

heavy industry

● industria pesquera

fishing industry

● industrias básicas

staple industries (pl)

● industria siderúrgica

iron and steel industry

B

1 (esfuerzo) diligence, industry

2 (destreza) resourcefulness, ingenuity

* * *

industria sustantivo femenino (Com, Econ) industry;
◊ industria del turismo tourist industry;

industria pesquera fishing industry
industria sustantivo femenino industry
industria siderúrgica, iron and steel industry

' industria' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
aeronáutica
- aeronáutico
- azucarera
- azucarero
- cafetera
- cafetero
- cárnica
- cárnico
- cinematográfica
- cinematográfico
- confección
- construcción
- manufactura
- minería
- peletería
- perfumería
- repunte
- revolucionar
- sombrerería
- turismo
- alimenticio
- ascenso
- atrasar
- automotor
- crecimiento
- fomentar
- hotelería
- lechero
- levantar
- nacional
- nacionalización
- nacionalizar
- obrero
- paralizar
- ramo
- reconvertir
- usina
- vinícola
English:
cosmetic
- cottage industry
- cripple
- develop
- DTI
- encourage
- encouragement
- forefront
- high-tech
- industry
- meat industry
- oil industry
- printing
- publishing
- rag trade
- rundown
- service industry
- standstill
- steel industry
- tourist industry
- trade
- woolen
- woollen
- business
- fishery
- growth industry
- manufacturing
- tourist

* * *

industria nf

1. [sector] industry

Comp
la industria agroalimentaria the food and agriculture industry;
industria armamentística arms industry;

industria automotriz car o Br motor o US automobile industry;

industria del automóvil car o Br motor o US automobile industry;

industria automovilística car o Br motor o US automobile industry;

industria del entretenimiento entertainment industry;

industria en expansión growth industry;

industria ligera light industry;

industria del ocio leisure industry;

industria pesada heavy industry;

industria punta sunrise industry;

industria textil textile industry;

industria de transformación manufacturing industry;

industria del turismo tourist industry;

industria turística tourist industry

2. [fábrica] factory

3. [habilidad] industry, hard work

* * *

industria

f

1 actividad, sector industry

2 ( esfuerzo) industriousness, industry

* * *

industria nf

: industry

* * *

industria n industry [pl. industries]

la industria del automóvil the car industry

Spanish-English dictionary > industria
29 certain

certain, e [sεʀtɛ̃, εn]

1. adjective

   a. ( = convaincu) [personne] sure, certain

• es-tu certain de rentrer ce soir ? are you sure or certain you'll be back this evening?

• elle est certaine qu'ils viendront she's sure or certain they'll come

   b. ( = incontestable) certain ; [indice] sure ; [date, prix] definite

• il a fait des progrès certains he has made definite progress

• la victoire est certaine victory is assured

• c'est une chose certaine it's absolutely certain

• c'est certain there's no doubt about it

   c. ( = plus ou moins défini avant le nom) un certain... a (certain)...

• un certain ministre disait même que... a certain minister even said that...

• un certain M. Leblanc vous a demandé a Mr Leblanc was asking for you

• dans une certaine mesure to a certain extent

• dans un certain sens in a certain sense

• jusqu'à un certain point up to a point

• un certain nombre d'éléments font penser que... a number of things lead one to think that...

   d. (intensif avant le nom) some

• c'est à une certaine distance d'ici it's some distance from here

• cela demande un certain courage it takes some courage

• au bout d'un certain temps after a while

• il a un certain âge he's getting on

• une personne d'un certain âge an elderly person

   e. certains ( = quelques) some, certain

• dans certains cas in some or certain cases

• certaines personnes ne l'aiment pas some people don't like him

• sans certaines notions de base without some or certain basic notions

2. plural indefinite pronoun

certains ( = personnes) some people ; ( = choses) some

• dans certains de ces cas in some of these cases

• parmi ses récits certains sont amusants some of his stories are amusing

• pour certains for some people

• certains disent que... some people say that...

• certains d'entre vous some of you

• il y en a certains qui... there are some who...

* * *

1.

certaine sɛʀtɛ̃, ɛn adjectif

1) ( convaincu)

certain de — certain ou sure of

es-tu certain d'avoir fermé le gaz? — are your certain ou sure that you turned off the gas?

2) ( indiscutable) certain, sure

tenir quelque chose pour certain — to be certain of something

c'est sûr et certain — (colloq) it's absolutely certain

ils vont gagner, c'est certain! — they're bound to win!

il est certain qu'il n'aurait jamais pu faire ce qu'il a fait sans sa femme — he certainly couldn't have done what he did if it hadn't been for his wife

ils vont à une mort certaine — they're heading for certain death

une influence certaine — an undeniable ou a definite influence

un homme d'un âge certain — a man of advanced years

3) ( fixé) [date, prix] definite

2.

adjectif indéfini (before n)

1) ( mal défini)

elle restera un certain temps — she'll stay for some time ou for a while

un certain nombre d'erreurs — a (certain) number of mistakes

une certaine image de la France — a certain image of France

dans une certaine mesure — to a certain ou to some extent

d'une certaine manière — in a way

2) ( devant un nom de personne)

un certain M. Grovagnard — a (certain) Mr Grovagnard

3) ( intensif) some

il faut un certain culot — (colloq) it takes some nerve (colloq)

un homme d'un certain âge — a man who's no longer young

il avait déjà un certain âge — he was already getting on in years

3.

certains, certaines adjectif indéfini pluriel some

à certains moments — sometimes, at times

4.

certains, certaines pronom indéfini pluriel some people

certains d'entre eux — some of them

* * *
sɛʀtɛ̃, ɛn certain, -e
1. adj

1) (= incontestable) certain, (avantage) definite

Ce n'est pas certain. — It's not certain.

Nous allons vers une faillite certaine. — We're heading for certain bankruptcy.

L'Italie possède un avantage certain: ses attaquants. — Italy has one definite advantage: its strikers.

2) (= convaincu) certain

être certain de — to be certain of, to be sure of

être certain que — to be certain that, to be sure that

Je suis certain que je l'ai remis en place. — I'm certain that I put it back., I'm sure that I put it back.

sûr et certain — absolutely certain

3) (avant le nom: au singulier) (= pas clairement déterminé) certain

un certain Bertrand — a certain Bertrand

dans une certaine mesure — to a certain extent, to some extent

d'un certain âge — of a certain age

un certain temps — quite some time, some time

J'ai mis un certain temps à comprendre ce qu'elle disait. — It took me quite some time to understand what she was saying., It took me some time to understand what she was saying.

d'une certaine manière — in a way

Il règne une certaine confusion. — There is some confusion.

4) (avant le nom: au pluriel)

certains (= quelques) — some

Certaines personnes n'aiment pas la crème. — Some people don't like cream.

Certaines fois, il n'y avait personne. — Sometimes there was nobody there.

2. certains pron

some

certaines — some

* * *

certain, certaine

A adj

1 ( convaincu) certain de certain ou sure of; être certain de qch to be certain ou sure of sth; je suis certain qu'elle est coupable I'm certain ou sure that she's guilty; est-ce que tu es certain d'avoir fermé le gaz? are your certain ou sure that you turned off the gas?; nous ne sommes pas certains qu'elle en a or qu'elle en ait envie we're not certain ou sure that she feels like it;

2 ( indiscutable) certain, sure; tenir qch pour certain to be certain of sth; il est certain qu'elle acceptera it's certain that she'll accept, she's certain to accept; il n'est pas certain qu'il puisse venir it's not certain ou definite that he'll be able to come; ce n'est pas là chose certaine it's not certain ou definite; c'est sûr et certain○ it's absolutely certain; ils vont gagner, c'est certain! they're bound to win!, they're sure to win!; il est certain qu'il n'aurait jamais pu faire ce qu'il a fait sans sa femme he certainly couldn't have done what he did if it hadn't been for his wife; ils vont à une mort certaine they're heading for certain death; il a sur ses élèves une influence certaine he has an undeniable ou a definite influence on his pupils; un homme d'un âge certain a man of advanced years;

3 Comm [date, prix] definite, fixed; [taux] fixed.

B adj indéf (before n)

1 ( mal défini) elle restera à la maison un certain temps she'll stay at home for some time ou for a while; il y a encore dans le texte un certain nombre d'erreurs there are still a (certain) number of mistakes in the text; il représente une certaine image de la France he represents a certain image of France; se faire une certaine idée de la vie to have a certain conception of life; j'ai malgré tout une certaine admiration pour lui in spite of everything I've got a certain admiration for him; dans une certaine mesure to a certain ou to some extent; d'une certaine manière in a way; jusqu'à un certain point up to a (certain) point; il est venu un certain soir que j'étais sorti he came one evening when I was out;

2 ( devant un nom de personne) un certain M. Grovagnard a (certain) Mr Grovagnard;

3 ( intensif) some; il m'a fallu un certain temps pour comprendre it took me a while ou some time to understand; ça demande un certain entraînement/une certaine adresse it requires some practice/some skill; il faut un certain culot○ pour… it takes some nerve○ to…; un homme d'un certain âge a man who's no longer young; il avait déjà un certain âge lorsqu'il a établi ce record he was already getting on in years when he set this record.

C certains, certaines adj indéf pl some; à certains moments sometimes, at times.

D certains, certaines pron indéf pl some people; certains d'entre eux some of them.

I

( féminin certaine) [sɛrtɛ̃, sɛrtɛn, devant nom masculin commençant par voyelle ou h muet sɛrtɛn] déterminant (adjectif indéfini)

1. [exprimant l'indétermination]

à remettre à une certaine date to be handed in on a certain date

à un certain moment at one point

un certain nombre d'entre eux some of them

j'y ai cru un certain temps I believed it for a while

d'une certaine façon ou manière in a way

dans ou en un certain sens in a sense

2. [exprimant une quantité non négligeable]

il a fait preuve d'une certaine intelligence he has shown a certain amount of ou some intelligence

il faut un certain courage! you certainly need some pluck!

3. [devant un nom de personne]

les dialogues sont l'œuvre d'un certain... the dialogue is by someone called... ou by one...

il voit souvent un certain Robert (péjoratif) he sees a lot of some character called Robert

————————

certains ( pluriel féminin certaines) déterminant (adjectif indéfini pluriel)

[quelques] some, certain

certaines fois sometimes, on some occasions

certains jours sometimes, on some days

je connais certaines personnes qui n'auraient pas hésité I can think of some ou a few people who wouldn't have thought twice about it

————————

certains ( pluriel féminin certaines) pronom indéfini pluriel

[personnes] some (people)

[choses] some

[d'un groupe] some (of them)

certains d'entre vous semblent ne pas avoir compris some of you seem not to have understood

II

( féminin certaine) [sɛrtɛ̃, sɛrtɛn] (devant nom masculin commençant par voyelle ou h muet [sɛrtɛn]) adjectif

1. [incontestable - amélioration] definite ; [ - preuve] definite, positive ; [ - avantage, rapport] definite, clear ; [ - décision, invitation, prix] definite

avec un enthousiasme certain with real ou obvious enthusiasm

tenir quelque chose pour certain to have no doubt about something

le projet a beaucoup de retard — c'est certain, mais... the project is a long way behind schedule — that's certainly true but...

j'aurais préféré attendre, c'est certain I'd have preferred to wait, of course

une chose est certaine one thing's for certain ou sure

2. [inéluctable - échec, victoire] certain

on nous avait présenté son départ comme certain we'd been told he was certain to go

3. [persuadé]

être certain de: être certain de ce qu'on avance to be sure ou certain about what one is saying

il n'est pas très certain de sa décision he's not sure he's made the right decision

si tu pars battu, tu es certain de perdre! if you think you're going to lose, (then) you're bound ou sure ou certain to lose!

êtes-vous sûr que c'était lui? — j'en suis certain! are you sure it was him? — I'm positive!

ils céderont — n'en sois pas si certain they'll give in — don't be so sure

si j'étais certain qu'il vienne if I knew (for sure) ou if I was certain that he was coming

4. MATHÉMATIQUES & PHILOSOPHIE certain

certain nom masculin

BOURSE fixed ou direct rate of exchange

Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > certain
30 가입시키다

v. initiate, commence, instruct someone in the basic elements of a subject or skill

Korean-English dictionary > 가입시키다
31 industria

f industry

( operosità) industriousness

industria automobilistica car industry

industria dei servizi service industry, services

industria pesante heavy industry

* * *

industria s.f.

1 industry; (fabbricazione) manufacture; (attività industriale) trade; (impresa industriale) industrial concern, industry: piccola, media, grande industria, small, medium-size, big industry; industria agricola, agricultural industry; industria alimentare, food industry; industria a sovvenzione statale, subsidized industry; industria a tecnologia avanzata, high-technology industry; industria casearia, dairy industry; industria chiave, key industry; industria conserviera, canning (o tinning) industry; industria dell'abbigliamento, clothing industry; l'industria dell'automobile, the car industry; industria dei servizi, terziaria, service (o tertiary) industry; industria dei trasporti, carrying trade; industria del freddo, frozen foods industry; industria dello spettacolo, entertainment industry (o show business); industria di base, basic industry; l'industria delle costruzioni, the building industry; industria dolciaria, confectionery (industry); industria farmaceutica, pharmaceuticals (o pharmaceutical company); industria leggera, pesante, light, heavy industry; industria manifatturiera, manufacturing industry; industria metalmeccanica, engineering industry; industria mineraria, mining industry; industria navale, shipping industry; industria nazionale, domestic industry; industria nazionalizzata, nationalized industry; industria petrolchimica, petrochemical industry; industria primaria, secondaria, primary, secondary industry; industria siderurgica, iron and steel industry; industria tessile, textile industry; industria turistica, tourist industry; industrie del tempo libero, leisure industries; industrie di trasformazione, manufacturing industries; industrie estrattive, extractive industries; industrie grafiche ed editoriali, printing and publishing

2 (assiduità, zelo) industry, diligence

3 (letter.) (abilità) skill, cleverness; (ingegnosità) astuteness, cunning // vivere d'industria, to live by one's wits.

* * *
[in'dustrja]
sostantivo femminile

1) (attività, settore) industry

piccola, media industria — small, medium-sized industry

grande industria — big industries o business

2) (azienda) factory, works pl.

•

industria alimentare — food industry

industria automobilistica — car o motor industry

industria bellica — armament industry

industria chimica — chemical industry

industria farmaceutica — drug o pharmaceutical industry

industria leggera — light industry

industria meccanica — engineering industry

industria mineraria — mining industry

industria pesante — heavy industry

industria petrolifera — oil industry

industria siderurgica — steel industry

industria dello spettacolo — show business

industria tessile — textile industry

* * *

industria

/in'dustrja/

sostantivo f.

1 (attività, settore) industry; piccola, media industria small, medium-sized industry; grande industria big industries o business

2 (azienda) factory, works pl.

COMPOUNDS

industria alimentare food industry; industria automobilistica car o motor industry; industria bellica armament industry; industria chimica chemical industry; industria farmaceutica drug o pharmaceutical industry; industria leggera light industry; industria meccanica engineering industry; industria mineraria mining industry; industria pesante heavy industry; industria petrolifera oil industry; industria siderurgica steel industry; industria dello spettacolo show business; industria tessile textile industry.

Dizionario Italiano-Inglese > industria
32 профессиональная подготовка

1. skill training

подготовка к рукопашному бою — bayonet training

предполетная подготовка — space flight training

противохимическая подготовка — antigas training

воздушнодесантная подготовка — airborne training

план боевой подготовки — plan of combat training

2. vocational training

ускоренная начальная подготовка — accelerated basic training

подготовка национальных кадров — training of local personnel

центр подготовки космонавтов — Cosmonauts' Training Centre

самолет для подготовки летчиков — pilot training aeroplane

подготовка военных кадров — training of military personnel

Русско-английский большой базовый словарь > профессиональная подготовка
33 μῆτις

μῆτις, - ιος, - ιδος

Grammatical information: f.

Meaning: `wisdom, skill, craft' (Il.).

Compounds: As 2. member e.g. in πολύ-μητις `with many councils, inventive', of Odysseus, also of Hephaistos (Hom.), ἀγκυλο-μήτης `with crooked councils, cunning', of Kronos, also of Prometheus (Hom.); on the transfer to the ᾱ-stems Wackernagel Gött. Nachr. 1914, 48 f. (= Kl. Schr. 2, 11 50 f.), Schwyzer 561 w. n. 5.

Derivatives: 1. μητιέτᾰ nom. a. (orig.) voc., adjunct of Zeus, `who possesses μῆτις', metr. conditioned form at verse-end for *μητῖτα, after νεφεληγερ-έτα ( Ζεύς) a.o.; with acc. μητιέτην (versinscr. Tegea), nom.- έτης (Corn.); s. Fraenkel Nom. ag. 2, 186 n.1, Risch Sprachgesch. u. Wortbed. 394; wrong Fraenkel Festschr. B. Snell (1956) 186 ff. -- 2. μητιόεις `filled with μ.', of Ζεύς, φάρμακα a.o. (δ 227, h. Ap. 344, Hes.); on the formation beyond Schwyzer 527 Fraenkel l.c. -- Denomin. verb: aor. μητίσασθαι, fut. μητίσεσθαι `reflect, devise' (Hom., Emp., A. R.; pres. μητίομαι Pi. P. 2, 92); as pres. is used in the epic for metr. reasons (after the verbs in - ιάω) μητιάω, - άομαι ( μητιόων, μητιάασθαι etc.), also with ἐπι-, συν-, (Hom., A. R.); Schwyzer 727 u. 732. Verbal noun μητίματα pl. H. s.v. μήτεα (for μήδεα?).

Origin: IE [Indo-European] [703] * meh₁- `measure'

Etymology: As orig. verbal noun *'measuring' (improb. `measurer' as nom. ag.; cf. Holt Les noms d'action en - σις 26 a. 37 f., Borgström NTS 16, 145) μῆτις has exact correspondences in Skt. māti- `measure' (lex.) and in the Germ. word, which is isolated, OE mǣd f. `measure'; the same noun is also supposed by Lat. mētior `measure'. The basic primary verb is found only in Indoiran., e.g. Skt. mā́-ti, redupl. mí-mā-ti `measure' (with a.o. upa-mā- with úpamā-ti-'distribution, measuring out'). An other formation is μή-τρα `land-measure'; ablauting with this μέτρον (s.v.). Also in the other languages several isolated verbal nouns with diff. meanings are preserved, thus Germ., e.g. Goth. mēl `time', OHG māl `point of time, (time for) meal, Mahl'. -- The unassibilated - τι- (for - σι-) has been explained from the isolated position of the archaic μῆτις, cf. Schwyzer 505 and Chantraine Form. 277. On μῆτις in gen. Porzig Satzinhalte 329 a. 336, Benveniste Noms d'agent 77. -- Further forms WP. 2, 237f., Pok. 703f., W.-Hofmann s. mētior.

Page in Frisk: 2,232-233

Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > μῆτις
34 résumé

HR

a document that provides a summary of personal career history, skills, and experience. A résumé is usually prepared to aid in a job application. A job advertisement may ask either for a résumé or instead may require a candidate to complete an application form.

     Every résumé should include the following: the jobseeker’s name and contact details; a clear and concise description of his or her career objective; some kind of outline of work experience; and a list of education and qualifications. It is important to customize a résumé to the type of job or career being applied for, and to make sure it has impact: a hiring manager receives an average of over 120 résumés for every job opening.

     There are four basic types of résumé: the chronological, the functional, the targeted, and the capabilities résumé. A chronological résumé is useful for people who stay in the same field and do not make major career changes. They should start with and focus on the most recent positions held. A functional résumé is the preferred choice for those seeking their first professional job, or those making a major career change. It is based around 3–5 paragraphs, each emphasizing and illustrating a particular skill or accomplishment. A targeted résumé is useful for jobseekers who are very clear about their job direction and need to make an impressive case for a specific job. Like a functional résumé, it should be based around several capabilities and accomplishments that are relevant to the target job, focusing on action and results. A capabilities résumé is used for people applying for a specific job within their current organization. It should focus on 5–8 skills and accomplishments achieved with the company.

     The format of a résumé should also be considered—whether it is to be printed out, incorporated into an e-mail, posted on a Web site, or burned onto a CD-ROM. Different layout and design elements, such as the choice of fonts or inclusion of multimedia, are suitable for each medium, and should be thought through carefully.

U.K. term CV

The ultimate business dictionary > résumé
35 Brindley, James

SUBJECT AREA: Canals

[br]

b. 1716 Tunstead, Derbyshire, England

d. 27 September 1772 Turnhurst, Staffordshire, England

[br]

English canal engineer.

[br]

Born in a remote area and with no material advantages, Brindley followed casual rural labouring occupations until 1733, when he became apprenticed to Abraham Bennett of Macclesfield, a wheelwright and millwright. Though lacking basic education in reading and writing, he demonstrated his ability, partly through his photographic memory, to solve practical problems. This established his reputation, and after Bennett's death in 1742 he set up his own business at Leek as a millwright. His skill led to an invitation to solve the problem of mine drainage at Wet Earth Colliery, Clifton, near Manchester. He tunnelled 600 ft (183 m) through rock to provide a leat for driving a water-powered pump.

Following work done on a pump on Earl Gower's estate at Trentham, Brindley's name was suggested as the engineer for the proposed canal for which the Duke of Bridge water (Francis Egerton) had obtained an Act in 1759. The Earl and the Duke were brothers-in-law, and the agents for the two estates were, in turn, the Gilbert brothers. The canal, later known as the Bridgewater Canal, was to be constructed to carry coal from the Duke's mines at Worsley into Manchester. Brindley advised on the details of its construction and recommended that it be carried across the river Irwell at Barton by means of an aqueduct. His proposals were accepted, and under his supervision the canal was constructed on a single level and opened in 1761. Brindley had also surveyed for Earl Gower a canal from the Potteries to Liverpool to carry pottery for export, and the signal success of the Bridgewater Canal ensured that the Trent and Mersey Canal would also be built. These undertakings were the start of Brindley's career as a canal engineer, and it was largely from his concepts that the canal system of the Midlands developed, following the natural contours rather than making cuttings and constructing large embankments. His canals are thus winding navigations unlike the later straight waterways, which were much easier to traverse. He also adopted the 7 ft (2.13 m) wide lock as a ruling dimension for all engineering features. For cheapness, he formed his canal tunnels without a towpath, which led to the notorious practice of legging the boats through the tunnels.

Brindley surveyed a large number of projects and such was his reputation that virtually every proposal was submitted to him for his opinion. Included among these projects were the Staffordshire and Worcestershire, the Rochdale, the Birmingham network, the Droitwich, the Coventry and the Oxford canals. Although he was nominally in charge of each contract, much of the work was carried out by his assistants while he rushed from one undertaking to another to ensure that his orders were being carried out. He was nearly 50 when he married Anne Henshall, whose brother was also a canal engineer. His fees and salaries had made him very wealthy. He died in 1772 from a chill sustained when carrying out a survey of the Caldon Canal.

[br]

Further Reading

A.G.Banks and R.B.Schofield, 1968, Brindley at Wet Earth Colliery: An Engineering Study, Newton Abbot: David \& Charles.

S.E.Buckley, 1948, James Brindley, London: Harrap.

JHB

Biographical history of technology > Brindley, James
36 Reichenbach, Georg Friedrich von

SUBJECT AREA: Mechanical, pneumatic and hydraulic engineering, Photography, film and optics, Public utilities

[br]

b. 24 August 1772 Durlach, Baden, Germany

d. 21 May 1826 Munich, Germany

[br]

German engineer.

[br]

While he was attending the Military School at Mannheim, Reichenbach drew attention to himself due to the mathematical instruments that he had designed. On the recommendation of Count Rumford in Munich, the Bavarian government financed a two-year stay in Britain so that Reichenbach could become acquainted with modern mechanical engineering. He returned to Mannheim in 1793, and during the Napoleonic Wars he was involved in the manufacture of arms. In Munich, where he was in the service of the Bavarian state from 1796, he started producing precision instruments in his own time. His basic invention was the design of a dividing machine for circles, produced at the end of the eighteenth century. The astronomic and geodetic instruments he produced excelled all the others for their precision. His telescopes in particular, being perfect in use and of solid construction, soon brought him an international reputation. They were manufactured at the MathematicMechanical Institute, which he had jointly founded with Joseph Utzschneider and Joseph Liebherr in 1804 and which became a renowned training establishment. The glasses and lenses were produced by Joseph Fraunhofer who joined the company in 1807.

In the same year he was put in charge of the technical reorganization of the salt-works at Reichenhall. After he had finished the brine-transport line from Reichenhall to Traunstein in 1810, he started on the one from Berchtesgaden to Reichenhall which was an extremely difficult task because of the mountainous area that had to be crossed. As water was the only source of energy available he decided to use water-column engines for pumping the brine in the pipes of both lines. Such devices had been in use for pumping purposes in different mining areas since the middle of the eighteenth century. Reichenbach knew about the one constructed by Joseph Karl Hell in Slovakia, which in principle had just been a simple piston-pump driven by water which did not work satisfactorily. Instead he constructed a really effective double-action water-column engine; this was a short time after Richard Trevithick had constructed a similar machine in England. For the second line he improved the system and built a single-action pump. All the parts of it were made of metal, which made them easy to produce, and the pumps proved to be extremely reliable, working for over 100 years.

At the official opening of the line in 1817 the Bavarian king rewarded him generously. He remained in the state's service, becoming head of the department for roads and waterways in 1820, and he contributed to the development of Bavarian industry as well as the public infrastructure in many ways as a result of his mechanical skill and his innovative engineering mind.

[br]

Further Reading

Bauernfeind, "Georg von Reichenbach" Allgemeine deutsche Biographie 27:656–67 (a reliable nineteenth-century account).

W.Dyck, 1912, Georg v. Reichenbach, Munich.

K.Matschoss, 1941, Grosse Ingenieure, Munich and Berlin, 3rd edn. 121–32 (a concise description of his achievements in the development of optical instruments and engineering).

WK

Biographical history of technology > Reichenbach, Georg Friedrich von
37 летный

аэродром летного училища
flying-school airfield
влиять на летную годность
affect airworthiness
влиять на летные характеристики
effect on flight characteristics
вопросы летной годности
airworthiness matters
граница летного поля
airflied boundary
дополнительный летный экипаж
supernumerary flight crew
затрагивать вопросы летной годности
involve matters on airworthiness
измерение шума в процессе летных испытаний
flight test noise measurement
инспектор по летной годности
airworthiness inspector
инструктаж летного состава
pilots briefing
информация о летном составе
flight personnel information
категорирование летного состава
aeronautical rating
комплексная летная подготовка
synthetic training
летная годность
1. charterworthiness
2. airworthiness летная инспекция
flight inspection personnel
летная квалификация
1. piloting capacity
2. piloting skill летная книжка
flight book
летная книжка пилота
pilot's log book
летная подготовка
1. flight training
2. flight instruction летная подготовка в условиях, приближенных к реальным
line oriental flight training
летная полоса
runway strip
(включает ВПП, концевые и боковые полосы безопасности) летная полоса аэродрома
aerodrome strip
летная полоса, оборудованная для полетов по приборам
instrument strip
летная проверка
flight review
летная характеристика
1. flight performance
2. flying property летное испытание
flight test
летное качество
flying quality
летное поле
airfield
летное поле аэроклуба
aeroclub airfield
летное свидетельство
flight certificate
летное училище
flying school
летные данные
flight data
летные защитные очки
flying goggles
летные нормы
flight standards
летные характеристики
flight characteristics
Летный отдел
flight Branch
летный состав
1. flight personnel
2. flying personnel 3. operating personnel летный час
1. airborne hour
2. flight hour летный экипаж
flight crew
маневр на летном поле
airfield manoeuvre
международное сотрудничество по вопросам летной годности
international collaboration in airworthiness
международные нормы летной годности
international airworthiness
методика летной подготовки
flight training procedure
методика летных испытаний
1. flight test procedure
2. flight test technique недостаток летной подготовки
flight training deficiency
непригодность к летной эксплуатации
air unworthiness
нормы летной годности
1. airworthiness requirements
2. airworthiness standards 3. airworthiness codes ограничения по летной годности
airworthiness limitations
опыт летной работы
1. flying experience
2. flying proficiency орган контроля летной годности
airworthiness authority
ориентир летного поля
field marker
оценка летных характеристик
performance evaluation
подвергать сомнению соответствие характеристик нормам летной годности
reflect on airworthiness
поддерживать летную годность
continue airworthiness
полет для проверки летных характеристик
performance flight
посадка вне летного поля
off-field landing
превышение летной полосы
elevation of the strip
предоставление летных экипажей
flight crews provision
приводить воздушное судно в состояние летной годности
return an aircraft to flyable status
проверка летной годности
airworthiness calibration
проводить летные испытания
undergo flight tests
программа обеспечения летной годности
airworthiness program
регистратор летных испытаний
flight test recorder
сбалансированная длина летного поля
balanced field length
Секция полетов и летной годности
operations-airworthiness Section
(ИКАО) сертификат летной годности
airworthiness certificate
система контроля за летной годностью
airworthiness control system
система светосигнального оборудования летного поля
airfield lighting system
соглашение по вопросам летной годности
arrangement for airworthiness
соответствие нормам летной годности
compliance with airworthiness standards
соответствовать нормам летной годности
comply with airworthiness standards
срок действия летного свидетельства
pilot licence validity
схема летного поля
runway strip pattern
удовлетворять нормам летной годности
meet the airworthiness standards
указатель летной полосы аэродрома
aerodrome strip marker
укороченное летное поле
short airfield
уровень летной годности
level of airworthiness
уровень летной подготовки
pilot experience level
характеристики короткого летного поля
short-field performances
центр летной подготовки
1. aircrew training center
2. flying training center член летного экипажа
1. airman
2. flight crew member школа основной летной подготовки
basic flying school
школа повышения летной подготовки
advanced flying school
экзамен по летной подготовке
flight examination
эксперт по летной годности
airworthiness expert

Русско-английский авиационный словарь > летный

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Словари и энциклопедии на Академике

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