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basic amplifier

  • 1 частота

    frequency, rate
    * * *
    частота́ ж.
    frequency
    захва́тывать частоту́ (напр. о системе АПЧ) радио — lock on a frequency (e. g., in AFC)
    настра́иваться на частоту́ зара́нее [предвари́тельно] радио — preset [preselect] a frequency
    настра́иваться на частоту́ — f радио tune to frequency f
    переходи́ть на другу́ю частоту́ радио — shift to another frequency
    присва́ивать частоту́ — allocate a frequency
    рабо́тать на частоте́ радио — operate at [on] a frequency of …
    сме́шивать часто́ты f1 и f2 радио — beat frequency f1, against frequency f2, heterodyne [f1 and f2 ]
    уде́рживать частоту́ (напр. о системе АПЧ) радио — hold on to a frequency (e. g., in AFC)
    частота́ автоколеба́ний — free-running frequency
    частота́ бие́ний — beat frequency
    бли́зкие часто́ты — closely spaced frequencies
    бокова́я частота́ — side frequency
    частота́ возбужде́ния — радио driving frequency; ( энергетического уровня) exciting frequency
    частота́ волны́ — wave frequency
    частота́ враще́ния мех. — rotational speed
    частота́ вы́борки ( в теории информации) — sampling rate
    частота́ вы́зовов свз. — calling frequency, calling rate
    высо́кие часто́ты [вч] [m2](3—30 МГц) — high frequencies, HF
    частота́ гармо́ник — harmonic frequency
    гася́щая частота́ радио — quenching frequency
    частота́ генера́тора колеба́ний элк. — oscillator frequency
    затя́гивать частоту́ генера́тора колеба́ний — ( в результате колебаний полного сопротивления нагрузки) pull the oscillator frequency; ( в результате колебаний анодного тока или напряжения) push the oscillator frequency
    частота́ генера́ции элк. — oscillation [oscillating] frequency
    частота́ генера́ции ла́зера — laser frequency
    частота́ генера́ции ма́зера — maser frequency
    гипервысо́кие часто́ты [гвч] — band-12 frequencies, decimillimetric-wave frequencies (Примечание. Точного эквивалента в английском языке нет.)
    гиперзвукова́я частота́ — hypersonic frequency
    гиромагни́тная частота́ — Larmor (gyromagnetic) frequency
    гироскопи́ческая частота́ — gyrofrequency, cyclotron frequency
    грани́чная частота́
    1. frequency limit, limit(ing) frequency (см. тж. предельная частота)
    2. элк. (в большинстве случаев имеется в виду на уровне половины мощности сигнала; в противном случае делается оговорка) cut-off frequency (unless otherwise specified, the value of half-power is meant)
    грани́чная, ве́рхняя частота́ — upper frequency limit
    грани́чная, ве́рхняя частота́ ли́нии элк. — cut-off frequency of a line
    грани́чная, ве́рхняя частота́ на у́ровне полови́нной мо́щности — upper half-power frequency
    грани́чная частота́ (полосы пропускания, напр., усилителя) [m2]на у́ровне полови́нной мо́щности — half-power frequency
    грани́чная, ни́жняя частота́ на у́ровне полови́нной мо́щности — lower half-power frequency
    грани́чная частота́ усили́теля ( на уровне \ 2 максимального усиления) радио — cut-off frequency of an amplifier (where the gain of an amplifier falls below 0.707 times the maximum gain)
    далё́кие часто́ты — widely spaced frequencies
    дискре́тная частота́ (фиксированная, в радиосвязи) — брит. spot frequency; амер. fixed frequency
    набира́ть дискре́тную частоту́ — set up a spot frequency
    диффузио́нная частота́ — diffusion frequency
    до́плеровская частота́ — Doppler frequency, Doppler shift
    дро́бная частота́ — fractional frequency
    задаю́щая частота́ — driving frequency
    частота́ замира́ния ( радиосигнала) — rate of fading
    запасна́я частота́ — alternate frequency
    частота́ заполне́ния и́мпульса рлк. — basic [carrier] frequency
    звукова́я частота́ радио — audio frequency, af, AF; acoustical [sound] frequency
    звукова́я, ни́зкая частота́ ак. — bass (frequency)
    зерка́льная частота́ радио — image frequency
    частота́ излуче́ния ла́зера — laser frequency
    частота́ излуче́ния ма́зера — maser frequency
    инфразвукова́я частота́ — infrasonic [subsonic] frequency
    частота́ ка́дров тлв. — frame [vertical] frequency
    ка́дровая частота́ тлв. — frame [vertical] frequency
    частота́ кадросме́н ( в кинематографе) — picture frequency, film speed
    ка́жущаяся частота́ ( волны) мор. — encounter frequency
    квазиопти́ческая частота́ — quasi-optical frequency
    частота́ квантова́ния ( сигнала по времени) — sampling rate
    частота́ килево́й ка́чки — pitch frequency
    частота́ киносъё́мки — camera frequency, camera speed
    частота́ колеба́ний — (механических и особ. электрических) oscillation frequency; ( механических) vibration frequency
    комбинацио́нная частота́ — heterodyne frequency
    ко́мплексная частота́ — complex frequency
    контро́льная частота́ ( ВЧ связь) — pilot frequency
    кра́йне высо́кие часто́ты [квч] [m2](30—300 ГГц) радио — extremely-high frequencies, EHF
    кра́йне ни́зкие часто́ты [m2](0,3—3 кГц) радио — extremely low frequencies, ELF
    кра́тная частота́ — multiple frequency
    крити́ческая частота́ эл. — critical frequency
    крити́ческая частота́ волново́да — cut-off frequency of a waveguide
    кругова́я частота́ — angular [radian, circular] frequency, angular velocity
    магнитогидродинами́ческая частота́ — magnetohydrodynamic frequency
    магнитопла́зменная частота́ — magnetoplasma frequency
    максима́льно примени́мая частота́ [МПЧ] ( для ионосферной радиосвязи) — maximum usable frequency
    мгнове́нная частота́ — instantaneous frequency
    частота́ мерца́ний тлв. — flicker frequency
    минима́льно примени́мая частота́ ( для ионосферной радиосвязи) — lowest-useful (high) frequency, LUF
    частота́ модуля́ции — modulating [modulation] frequency
    частота́ моле́кулы, враща́тельная — molecular rotation frequency
    частота́ нака́чки элк. — pump frequency
    частота́ настро́йки радио — resonant [tuning] frequency
    при значи́тельном отклоне́нии частоты́ настро́йки приё́мника от номина́льной … — when the resonant frequency of the receiver is greatly in error with respect to the assigned frequency …
    сполза́ть [уходи́ть] с частоты́ настро́йки — drift out of tune
    уде́рживать [подде́рживать] частоту́ настро́йки — remain on tune
    устана́вливать частоту́ настро́йки зара́нее — preset [preselect] desired frequency
    несу́щая частота́ — carrier frequency
    формирова́ть несу́щую частоту́ (напр. передатчика) — generate the (e. g., transmitter) carrier (frequency)
    ни́зкие часто́ты [нч] [m2](30—300 кГц) радио — low frequencies, LF
    номина́льная частота́ — (особ. при расчетах) rated frequency; ( в значении вы́деленная, устано́вленная и т. п.) assigned frequency
    нулева́я частота́ — zero frequency
    частота́ обраще́ния к па́мяти — operation rate of storage
    опти́ческая частота́ — optical [light] frequency
    основна́я частота́ ( в теории колебаний) — basic [base] frequency; fundamental frequency
    частота́ отка́зов — failure rate
    относи́тельная частота́ — relative frequency
    частота́ отсе́чки — cut-off frequency
    о́чень высо́кие часто́ты [овч] [m2](30—300 МГц) радио — very-high frequencies, VHF
    о́чень ни́зкие часто́ты [онч] [m2](3—30 кГц) радио — very-low frequencies, VLF
    частота́ переключе́ний — switching frequency
    перехо́дная частота́ элк. — crossover [transition] frequency
    пла́зменная частота́ — plasma frequency
    пла́зменная, ио́нная частота́ — ion plasma frequency
    пла́зменная, крити́ческая частота́ — plasma cut-off
    пла́зменная, преде́льная частота́ — plasma cut-off
    частота́ повторе́ния — repetition frequency, repetition rate, recurrence rate
    поднесу́щая частота́ — subcarrier (frequency)
    подтона́льная частота́ — subsonic [infrasonic, subaudio] frequency
    частота́ поле́й тлв. — field frequency
    частота́ полука́дров тлв. — field frequency
    частота́ попере́чных колеба́ний ( в аэродинамике) — frequency in roll, roll frequency
    поро́говая частота́ — threshold frequency
    предвари́тельно устано́вленная частота́ — preset frequency
    преде́льная частота́ — limiting frequency (см. тж. граничная частота)
    преде́льная частота́ усиле́ния ( транзистора) [m2]по то́ку ( в схеме с общей базой) — alpha [ ] cut-off frequency; ( в схеме с общим эмиттером) beta [ ] cut-off frequency
    частота́ преобразова́ния — conversion frequency
    частота́ преце́ссии — precessional frequency
    присво́енная частота́ — allocated [authorized] frequency
    частота́ продо́льных колеба́ний ( в аэродинамике) — frequency in pitch, pitch frequency
    промежу́точная частота́ — intermediate frequency
    промы́шленная частота́ — commercial [mains] frequency
    частота́ проникнове́ния — penetration frequency
    простра́нственная частота́ — spatial frequency
    простра́нственная, отрица́тельная частота́ — negative spatial frequency
    простра́нственная, положи́тельная частота́ — positive spatial frequency
    частота́ пульса́ции ( слабо пульсирующего тока) — ripple frequency
    рабо́чая частота́ — operating [operational] frequency; ( для ионосферной радиосвязи) traffic [working] frequency
    рабо́чая, оптима́льная частота́ [ОРЧ] ( для ионосферной радиосвязи) — optimum traffic frequency, OTF; optimum working frequency, OWF
    частота́ развё́ртки — ( изображения) тлв. scanning frequency; ( луча) тлв., элк. sweep frequency
    частота́ развё́ртки, вертика́льная тлв. — vertical scanning frequency
    разгово́рная частота́ — voice frequency
    ра́зностная частота́ — difference frequency
    частота́ рассе́яния — scattering frequency
    частота́ реже́кции — rejection [notch] frequency
    резона́нсная частота́ — resonance [resonant] frequency
    частота́ рису́нка ( в фототелеграфии) — picture frequency
    часто́ты рису́нка поступа́ют в кана́л свя́зи — the picture frequencies are transmitted into the line
    сверхвысо́кие часто́ты
    1. (обычно в сокращении СВЧ; не путать с свч радиодиапазона) microwave frequencies (in Russian usage the term is usually abbreviated and written in upper-case letters. The lower-case term applies only to the SHF band.)
    сверхни́зкие часто́ты [снч] [m2](30—300 Гц) — extremely low frequencies, ELF, band 2 frequencies (frequencies from 30 to 300 Hz)
    частота́ свобо́дных колеба́ний ( колебательного контура) — natural resonant frequency
    частота́ се́ти — network frequency
    частота́ сигна́ла — signal frequency
    синхронизи́рующая частота́ — sync(hronizing) frequency; вчт. clock frequency
    синхро́нная частота́ — synchronous frequency
    частота́ скани́рования — scanning frequency
    частота́ скольже́ния эл. — slip frequency
    частота́ сле́дования и́мпульсов — pulse repetition [pulse recurrence] frequency, pulse recurrence rate
    частота́ сле́дования пи́чков — spike frequency
    слы́шимая частота́ — audio [acoustical] frequency
    со́бственная частота́ — natural frequency
    частота́ собы́тия ( в теории вероятностей) — frequency (of event)
    сопряжё́нная частота́ — break [corner] frequency; ( в АХЧ) автмт. corner frequency (in a Bode diagram)
    частота́ соударе́ний — collision frequency
    сре́дние часто́ты [сч] (300 кГц—3 МГц) радио — medium frequencies, MF
    частота́ сре́за ( фильтра) элк. — cut-off frequency
    частота́ сре́за САР автмт. — crossover frequency
    частота́ сры́ва колеба́ний радио — quench frequency
    частота́ строк тлв. — line [horizontal] frequency
    стро́чная частота́ тлв. — line [horizontal] frequency
    сумма́рная частота́ — sum frequency
    частота́ супериза́ции радио — quench frequency
    та́ктовая частота́ вчт., изм. — clock rate, clock frequency
    тона́льная частота́ — voice [speech] frequency, VF
    частота́ то́чек тлв. — dot frequency
    углова́я частота́ — angular [radian, circular] frequency, angular velocity
    ультравысо́кие часто́ты [увч] (300 МГц—3 ГГц) радио — ultra-high frequencies, UHF
    ультразвукова́я частота́ — ultrasonic frequency
    частота́ усиле́ния по то́ку, преде́льная — current-amplification cut-off frequency, current-gain cut-off frequency
    форма́нтная частота́ — formant frequency
    частота́ фо́рмы волны́ мор. — wave number
    характеристи́ческая частота́ — characteristic frequency
    холоста́я частота́ ( в параметрическом усилителе) — idler frequency
    хрони́рующая частота́ — timing frequency
    центра́льная частота́ (напр. полосы частот) — central [centre] frequency
    цикли́ческая частота́ — angular [radian, circular] frequency, angular velocity
    циклотро́нная частота́ — cyclotron frequency
    этало́нная частота́ — standard frequency

    Русско-английский политехнический словарь > частота

  • 2 schwach

    I Adj.
    1. allg. weak; Stimme: weak, faint; Hoffnung, Lächeln: faint; Motor: low-powered; Batterie: low; Puls: weak, faint; Ton, Geruch: faint; Licht: dim; schwache Ähnlichkeit slight resemblance; schwaches Anzeichen faint sign; schwacher Beifall half-hearted applause; schwache Beteiligung low ( oder poor) turnout; schwache Erinnerung faint ( oder vague, dim) recollection; schwacher Esser poor eater; das schwache Geschlecht the weaker sex; schwaches Lob faint praise; schwache Stelle weak spot; eine schwache Stunde a moment of weakness; schwacher Trost small consolation; schwacher Versuch feeble attempt; schwacher Widerstand weak resistance; einen schwachen Willen haben be weak-willed; schwacher Wind slight ( oder light) breeze
    2. (schlecht) Mannschaft etc., Schüler: weak; umg. (enttäuschend) hopeless; Gesundheit, Gedächtnis, Gehör: poor; schwache Leistung poor ( oder weak) performance; schwache Vorstellung THEAT. poor performance; umg., fig. (schlechte Leistung) poor show; ein schwaches Bild bieten put up ( oder on) a poor show; schwache Seite Schwäche 2; eines der schwächeren Stücke Brechts one of Brecht’s weaker plays; in Erdkunde ist sie schwach geography is her weak subject, she’s not very good at geography; ein Stützkurs für die Schwächeren a support program(me) for weaker pupils; sozial schwach socially disadvantaged; die sozial Schwachen the socially disadvantaged
    3. (nachgiebig) soft; schwach werden weaken; fig. (nachgeben) auch relent; (erliegen) succumb; er wurde schwach fig. auch his resistance broke down; bei dem Anblick wurde ich schwach umg. I melted at the sight; sich schwach zeigen show one’s weakness; mach mich nicht schwach! umg. don’t say things like that!; nur nicht schwach werden! umg. don’t give in!; mir wird ganz schwach, wenn ich daran denke umg. I go weak at the knees just at the thought (of it)
    4. schwächer werden weaken (further), grow weaker; Nachfrage: fall off, decrease; Sehkraft: deteriorate; Ton, Licht: fade; schulisch, künstlerisch: abflauen, nachlassen
    5. schwach auf der Brust sein umg. be out of pocket
    II Adv.:
    1. schwach aktiv PHYS., Substanz: low-level; schwach radioaktiv PHYS.... emitting low-level radioactivity, low-level radioactive...; schwach besetzt SPORT, Team: weak; Turnier: with a poor entry; Stadion etc.: half empty; schwach besiedelt oder bevölkert Region: sparsely populated; schwach betont LING., Silbe: weakly stressed; schwach betont sein auch have a weak stress; schwach begabt not at all gifted; Schüler: low-ability; schwach besucht sein be poorly attended; schwach motorisiert low-powered; sich nur schwach wehren offer only weak resistance; sein Herz schlug nur noch schwach he only had a faint heartbeat; schwach dekliniertes Substantiv / Adjektiv weak noun / adjective
    2. (schlecht) schwach spielen play badly; schwach entwickelt poorly developed, underdeveloped
    * * *
    weak; frail; faint; slender; feeble; delicate; slight; feckless; flimsy; infirm; languid; lightweight; sinewed; lame; effete
    * * *
    schwạch [ʃvax]
    1. adj comp - er
    ['ʃvɛçɐ] superl -ste(r, s) ['ʃvɛçstə] weak (AUCH GRAM); Mensch, Greis, Begründung, Versuch, Aufführung, Alibi, Widerstand auch feeble; Konstitution auch frail; Gesundheit, Beteiligung, Gedächtnis poor; Ton, Anzeichen, Hoffnung, Bewegung faint, slight; Gehör poor, dull; Stimme weak, faint; Licht poor, dim; Wind light; (COMM) Nachfrage, Geschäft slack, poor

    jds schwache Seite/Stelle — sb's weak point/spot

    in einem schwachen Augenblick, in einer schwachen Stunde — in a moment of weakness, in a weak moment

    auf schwachen Beinen or Füßen stehen (fig) — to be on shaky ground; (Theorie) to be shaky

    alles, was in meinen schwachen Kräften steht — everything within my power

    mir wird schwach (lit) — I feel faint; (fig inf) it makes me sick (inf)

    schwächer werden — to grow weaker, to weaken; (Augen) to fail, to grow worse; (Stimme) to grow fainter; (Licht) to (grow) dim; (Ton) to fade; (Nachfrage) to fall off, to slacken

    der Schwächere — the weaker (person); (gegenüber Gegner) the underdog

    2. adv comp -er,
    superl am -sten
    1) (= leicht) schlagen weakly; vibrieren, radioaktiv slightly; spüren, riechen, hören barely
    2) (= spärlich) besucht, bestückt poorly
    3) (= geringfügig) klatschen weakly; sich interessieren slightly; sich beteiligen very little
    4) (= mild) salzen, süßen slightly; würzen lightly; pfeffern mildly
    * * *
    1) (not strong; weak or feeble: The fire was very low.) low
    2) (lacking in strength, brightness, courage etc: The sound grew faint; a faint light.) faint
    3) (in a faint manner: A light shone faintly.) faintly
    4) (slightly; rather: She looked faintly surprised.) faintly
    6) (weak: The old lady has been rather feeble since her illness; a feeble excuse.) feeble
    7) (not very well made; likely to break: a flimsy boat.) flimsy
    8) (lacking in physical strength: Her illness has made her very weak.) weak
    9) (not strong in character: I'm very weak when it comes to giving up cigarettes.) weak
    10) ((of an explanation etc) not convincing.) weak
    11) ((of a joke) not particularly funny.) weak
    12) (slenderly: slightly built.) slightly
    13) ((of a person) slim and delicate-looking: It seemed too heavy a load for such a slight woman.) slight
    * * *
    <schwächer, schwächste>
    [ʃvax]
    I. adj
    1. (nicht kräftig) weak; Stimme feeble, faint
    ▪ für etw akk zu \schwach sein to not be strong enough for sth
    krank und \schwach weak and ill
    ▪ der Schwächere/Schwächste the weaker/weakest person
    \schwacher Widerstand weak [or feeble] resistance
    einen \schwachen Willen haben to be weak-willed
    in Rechtschreibung ist er ziemlich \schwach his spelling is rather poor
    ein \schwacher Mitarbeiter/Sportler a poor worker/sportsman
    ein \schwacher Schüler a poor [or weak] pupil
    4. MED (unzureichend) weak, poor
    ein \schwaches Gehör/Sehvermögen poor [or weak] hearing/eyesight
    im Alter wird das Gehör schwächer one's hearing becomes poorer in old age
    \schwache Gesundheit poor health
    eine \schwache Konstitution haben to have a frail constitution
    5. (dürftig) weak, poor
    \schwaches Ergebnis poor result
    eine \schwache Leistung a poor performance [or fam show
    es gibt noch einige \schwache Stellen in unserem Plan our plan has still got some weaknesses
    7. (gering) weak; Licht dim
    \schwache Ähnlichkeit remote resemblance
    ein \schwaches Anzeichen a faint [or slight] indication
    ein \schwacher Bartwuchs a sparse [growth of] beard
    eine \schwache Beteiligung [o Teilnahme] poor participation
    ein \schwaches Interesse [very] little interest
    \schwache Nachfrage poor demand
    eine \schwache Resonanz a lukewarm response
    eine \schwache Vorstellung von etw dat haben to have a faint idea of sth
    8. (leicht) weak
    \schwache Atmung faint breathing
    eine \schwache Bewegung a slight [or faint] movement
    \schwacher Druck light pressure
    ein \schwacher Herzschlag a faint heartbeat
    ein \schwacher Luftzug/Wind a gentle [or light] breeze/wind
    eine \schwache Strömung a light current
    ▪ schwächer werden to become fainter
    \schwaches Magnetfeld low-intensity magnetic field
    dieser Motor ist zu \schwach this engine is not powerful enough
    das Licht wird schwächer the light is fading [or failing
    10. (dünn) Brett, Eisdecke thin
    ein \schwaches Kettenglied a weak chain-link
    12.
    ▶ [bei jdm/etw] \schwach werden (fam) to be unable to resist [sb/sth]
    bei Schokoladentorte werde ich immer \schwach I can never resist chocolate gateau
    bei dem Gehalt würde wohl jeder \schwach werden anybody would be tempted by a salary like that
    nur nicht \schwach werden! (standhaft bleiben!) don't weaken!; (durchhalten!) don't give in!
    ▶ jdm wird \schwach [zumute] (fam) sb feels faint; s.a. Augenblick, Bild, Trost, Stelle
    II. adv
    1. (leicht) faintly
    das Herz schlug nur noch \schwach the heartbeat had become faint
    er hat sich nur \schwach gewehrt he didn't put up much resistance
    2. (spärlich) sparsely
    nachts sind die Grenzübergänge \schwach besetzt the border crossings aren't very heavily [or well] manned at night
    mit Nachschlagewerken sind wir nun wirklich nicht \schwach bestückt we really have got quite a few [or lot of] reference works
    die Ausstellung war nur \schwach besucht the exhibition wasn't very well [or was poorly] attended
    Ihre Tochter beteiligt sich in den letzten Monaten nur noch \schwach am Unterricht your daughter has hardly been participating in class in recent months
    dieses Problem hat mich immer nur \schwach interessiert this problem has never been of any great interest to me
    \schwach applaudieren to applaud sparingly
    eine \schwache Erinnerung an etw akk haben to vaguely remember sth
    4. (dürftig) feebly
    die Mannschaft spielte ausgesprochen \schwach the team put up a feeble performance
    5. KOCHK (mild) slightly
    der Arzt hat mir geraten, \schwach gesalzen zu essen my doctor has advised me not to add [too] much salt to my food
    das Essen ist zu \schwach gewürzt the food isn't spicy enough
    6. NUKL
    \schwach aktiv low level active
    \schwach aktiver Abfall low level active waste
    7. CHEM
    \schwach basisch weak basic
    \schwach flüchtig low volatile
    \schwach löslich weakly soluble
    * * *
    1.
    ; schwächer, schwächst... Adjektiv
    1) (kraftlos) weak; weak, delicate <child, woman>; frail <invalid, old person>; low-powered <engine, car, bulb, amplifier, etc.>; weak, poor <eyesight, memory, etc.>; poor < hearing>; delicate <health, constitution>

    schwach werden — grow weak; (fig.): (schwanken) weaken; waver; (nachgeben) give in

    mir wird [ganz] schwach — I feel [quite] faint

    2) (nicht gut) poor <pupil, player, runner, performance, result, effort, etc.>; weak <candidate, argument, opponent, play, film, etc.>

    das ist aber ein schwaches Bild! — (fig. ugs.) that's a poor show (coll.)

    3) (gering, niedrig, klein) poor, low <attendance etc.>; sparse < population>; slight <effect, resistance, gradient, etc.>; light <wind, rain, current>; faint <groan, voice, pressure, hope, smile, smell>; weak, faint < pulse>; lukewarm <applause, praise>; faint, dim < light>; pale < colour>
    4) (wenig konzentriert) weak <solution, acid, tea, coffee, beer, poison, etc.>
    5) (Sprachw.) weak <conjugation, verb, noun, etc.>
    2.
    1) (kraftlos) weakly
    2) (nicht gut) poorly
    3) (in geringem Maße) poorly <attended, developed>; sparsely < populated>; slightly <poisonous, acid, alcoholic, sweetened, salted, inclined, etc.>; < rain> slightly; <remember, glow, smile, groan> faintly; lightly < accented>; < beat> weakly
    4) (Sprachw.)

    schwach gebeugt/konjugiert — weak

    * * *
    A. adj
    1. allg weak; Stimme: weak, faint; Hoffnung, Lächeln: faint; Motor: low-powered; Batterie: low; Puls: weak, faint; Ton, Geruch: faint; Licht: dim;
    schwache Ähnlichkeit slight resemblance;
    schwaches Anzeichen faint sign;
    schwacher Beifall half-hearted applause;
    schwache Beteiligung low ( oder poor) turnout;
    schwache Erinnerung faint ( oder vague, dim) recollection;
    schwacher Esser poor eater;
    das schwache Geschlecht the weaker sex;
    schwaches Lob faint praise;
    schwache Stelle weak spot;
    eine schwache Stunde a moment of weakness;
    schwacher Trost small consolation;
    schwacher Versuch feeble attempt;
    schwacher Widerstand weak resistance;
    schwacher Wind slight ( oder light) breeze
    2. (schlecht) Mannschaft etc, Schüler: weak; umg (enttäuschend) hopeless; Gesundheit, Gedächtnis, Gehör: poor;
    schwache Leistung poor ( oder weak) performance;
    schwache Vorstellung THEAT poor performance; umg, fig (schlechte Leistung) poor show;
    ein schwaches Bild bieten put up ( oder on) a poor show;
    eines der schwächeren Stücke Brechts one of Brecht’s weaker plays;
    in Erdkunde ist sie schwach geography is her weak subject, she’s not very good at geography;
    ein Stützkurs für die Schwächeren a support program(me) for weaker pupils;
    sozial schwach socially disadvantaged;
    die sozial Schwachen the socially disadvantaged
    3. (nachgiebig) soft;
    schwach werden weaken; fig (nachgeben) auch relent; (erliegen) succumb;
    er wurde schwach fig auch his resistance broke down;
    bei dem Anblick wurde ich schwach umg I melted at the sight;
    sich schwach zeigen show one’s weakness;
    nur nicht schwach werden! umg don’t give in!;
    mir wird ganz schwach, wenn ich daran denke umg I go weak at the knees just at the thought (of it)
    4.
    schwächer werden weaken (further), grow weaker; Nachfrage: fall off, decrease; Sehkraft: deteriorate; Ton, Licht: fade; schulisch, künstlerisch: → abflauen, nachlassen
    5.
    schwach auf der Brust sein umg be out of pocket
    B. adv:
    1.
    schwach aktiv PHYS, Substanz: low-level;
    schwach radioaktiv PHYS … emitting low-level radioactivity, low-level radioactive …;
    schwach besetzt SPORT, Team: weak; Turnier: with a poor entry; Stadion etc: half empty;
    bevölkert Region: sparsely populated;
    schwach betont LING, Silbe: weakly stressed;
    schwach betont sein auch have a weak stress;
    schwach begabt not at all gifted; Schüler: low-ability;
    schwach besucht sein be poorly attended;
    schwach motorisiert low-powered;
    sich nur schwach wehren offer only weak resistance;
    sein Herz schlug nur noch schwach he only had a faint heartbeat;
    schwach dekliniertes Substantiv/Adjektiv weak noun/adjective
    schwach spielen play badly;
    schwach entwickelt poorly developed, underdeveloped
    …schwach im adj
    ausdrucksschwach inarticulate, lacking expressive power;
    inhaltsschwach with poor content
    gedächtnisschwach with a poor memory;
    konditionsschwach unfit, in poor shape;
    konzentrationsschwach unable to concentrate properly;
    lernschwach with learning difficulties
    mitgliederschwach with few members;
    PS-schwach low-powered
    * * *
    1.
    ; schwächer, schwächst... Adjektiv
    1) (kraftlos) weak; weak, delicate <child, woman>; frail <invalid, old person>; low-powered <engine, car, bulb, amplifier, etc.>; weak, poor <eyesight, memory, etc.>; poor < hearing>; delicate <health, constitution>

    schwach werden — grow weak; (fig.): (schwanken) weaken; waver; (nachgeben) give in

    mir wird [ganz] schwach — I feel [quite] faint

    2) (nicht gut) poor <pupil, player, runner, performance, result, effort, etc.>; weak <candidate, argument, opponent, play, film, etc.>

    das ist aber ein schwaches Bild! — (fig. ugs.) that's a poor show (coll.)

    3) (gering, niedrig, klein) poor, low <attendance etc.>; sparse < population>; slight <effect, resistance, gradient, etc.>; light <wind, rain, current>; faint <groan, voice, pressure, hope, smile, smell>; weak, faint < pulse>; lukewarm <applause, praise>; faint, dim < light>; pale < colour>
    4) (wenig konzentriert) weak <solution, acid, tea, coffee, beer, poison, etc.>
    5) (Sprachw.) weak <conjugation, verb, noun, etc.>
    2.
    1) (kraftlos) weakly
    2) (nicht gut) poorly
    3) (in geringem Maße) poorly <attended, developed>; sparsely < populated>; slightly <poisonous, acid, alcoholic, sweetened, salted, inclined, etc.>; < rain> slightly; <remember, glow, smile, groan> faintly; lightly < accented>; < beat> weakly
    4) (Sprachw.)

    schwach gebeugt/konjugiert — weak

    * * *
    adj.
    faint adj.
    feckless adj.
    feeble adj.
    flimsy adj.
    fragile adj.
    infirm adj.
    languid adj.
    slight adj.
    weak adj. adv.
    faintly adv.
    fecklessly adv.
    feebly adv.
    flimsily adv.
    infirmly adv.
    languidly adv.
    slightly adv.
    weakly adv.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > schwach

  • 3 Computers

       The brain has been compared to a digital computer because the neuron, like a switch or valve, either does or does not complete a circuit. But at that point the similarity ends. The switch in the digital computer is constant in its effect, and its effect is large in proportion to the total output of the machine. The effect produced by the neuron varies with its recovery from [the] refractory phase and with its metabolic state. The number of neurons involved in any action runs into millions so that the influence of any one is negligible.... Any cell in the system can be dispensed with.... The brain is an analogical machine, not digital. Analysis of the integrative activities will probably have to be in statistical terms. (Lashley, quoted in Beach, Hebb, Morgan & Nissen, 1960, p. 539)
       It is essential to realize that a computer is not a mere "number cruncher," or supercalculating arithmetic machine, although this is how computers are commonly regarded by people having no familiarity with artificial intelligence. Computers do not crunch numbers; they manipulate symbols.... Digital computers originally developed with mathematical problems in mind, are in fact general purpose symbol manipulating machines....
       The terms "computer" and "computation" are themselves unfortunate, in view of their misleading arithmetical connotations. The definition of artificial intelligence previously cited-"the study of intelligence as computation"-does not imply that intelligence is really counting. Intelligence may be defined as the ability creatively to manipulate symbols, or process information, given the requirements of the task in hand. (Boden, 1981, pp. 15, 16-17)
       The task is to get computers to explain things to themselves, to ask questions about their experiences so as to cause those explanations to be forthcoming, and to be creative in coming up with explanations that have not been previously available. (Schank, 1986, p. 19)
       In What Computers Can't Do, written in 1969 (2nd edition, 1972), the main objection to AI was the impossibility of using rules to select only those facts about the real world that were relevant in a given situation. The "Introduction" to the paperback edition of the book, published by Harper & Row in 1979, pointed out further that no one had the slightest idea how to represent the common sense understanding possessed even by a four-year-old. (Dreyfus & Dreyfus, 1986, p. 102)
       A popular myth says that the invention of the computer diminishes our sense of ourselves, because it shows that rational thought is not special to human beings, but can be carried on by a mere machine. It is a short stop from there to the conclusion that intelligence is mechanical, which many people find to be an affront to all that is most precious and singular about their humanness.
       In fact, the computer, early in its career, was not an instrument of the philistines, but a humanizing influence. It helped to revive an idea that had fallen into disrepute: the idea that the mind is real, that it has an inner structure and a complex organization, and can be understood in scientific terms. For some three decades, until the 1940s, American psychology had lain in the grip of the ice age of behaviorism, which was antimental through and through. During these years, extreme behaviorists banished the study of thought from their agenda. Mind and consciousness, thinking, imagining, planning, solving problems, were dismissed as worthless for anything except speculation. Only the external aspects of behavior, the surface manifestations, were grist for the scientist's mill, because only they could be observed and measured....
       It is one of the surprising gifts of the computer in the history of ideas that it played a part in giving back to psychology what it had lost, which was nothing less than the mind itself. In particular, there was a revival of interest in how the mind represents the world internally to itself, by means of knowledge structures such as ideas, symbols, images, and inner narratives, all of which had been consigned to the realm of mysticism. (Campbell, 1989, p. 10)
       [Our artifacts] only have meaning because we give it to them; their intentionality, like that of smoke signals and writing, is essentially borrowed, hence derivative. To put it bluntly: computers themselves don't mean anything by their tokens (any more than books do)-they only mean what we say they do. Genuine understanding, on the other hand, is intentional "in its own right" and not derivatively from something else. (Haugeland, 1981a, pp. 32-33)
       he debate over the possibility of computer thought will never be won or lost; it will simply cease to be of interest, like the previous debate over man as a clockwork mechanism. (Bolter, 1984, p. 190)
       t takes us a long time to emotionally digest a new idea. The computer is too big a step, and too recently made, for us to quickly recover our balance and gauge its potential. It's an enormous accelerator, perhaps the greatest one since the plow, twelve thousand years ago. As an intelligence amplifier, it speeds up everything-including itself-and it continually improves because its heart is information or, more plainly, ideas. We can no more calculate its consequences than Babbage could have foreseen antibiotics, the Pill, or space stations.
       Further, the effects of those ideas are rapidly compounding, because a computer design is itself just a set of ideas. As we get better at manipulating ideas by building ever better computers, we get better at building even better computers-it's an ever-escalating upward spiral. The early nineteenth century, when the computer's story began, is already so far back that it may as well be the Stone Age. (Rawlins, 1997, p. 19)
       According to weak AI, the principle value of the computer in the study of the mind is that it gives us a very powerful tool. For example, it enables us to formulate and test hypotheses in a more rigorous and precise fashion than before. But according to strong AI the computer is not merely a tool in the study of the mind; rather the appropriately programmed computer really is a mind in the sense that computers given the right programs can be literally said to understand and have other cognitive states. And according to strong AI, because the programmed computer has cognitive states, the programs are not mere tools that enable us to test psychological explanations; rather, the programs are themselves the explanations. (Searle, 1981b, p. 353)
       What makes people smarter than machines? They certainly are not quicker or more precise. Yet people are far better at perceiving objects in natural scenes and noting their relations, at understanding language and retrieving contextually appropriate information from memory, at making plans and carrying out contextually appropriate actions, and at a wide range of other natural cognitive tasks. People are also far better at learning to do these things more accurately and fluently through processing experience.
       What is the basis for these differences? One answer, perhaps the classic one we might expect from artificial intelligence, is "software." If we only had the right computer program, the argument goes, we might be able to capture the fluidity and adaptability of human information processing. Certainly this answer is partially correct. There have been great breakthroughs in our understanding of cognition as a result of the development of expressive high-level computer languages and powerful algorithms. However, we do not think that software is the whole story.
       In our view, people are smarter than today's computers because the brain employs a basic computational architecture that is more suited to deal with a central aspect of the natural information processing tasks that people are so good at.... hese tasks generally require the simultaneous consideration of many pieces of information or constraints. Each constraint may be imperfectly specified and ambiguous, yet each can play a potentially decisive role in determining the outcome of processing. (McClelland, Rumelhart & Hinton, 1986, pp. 3-4)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Computers

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