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121 little
1. n немногое, небольшое количество; самая малостьwe must keep what little we have — мы должны беречь то немногое, что у нас есть
he did what little he could — он сделал всё, что было в его силах
the little I have is not worth giving — ту малость, которая у меня есть, просто не стоит дарить
2. n эмоц. -усил. почти ничего; мало чтоthe little — «маленькие люди»
little by little, by little and little — мало-помалу, постепенно, понемногу
little or nothing — почти ничего, очень мало, ничтожное количество
Little Englander — сторонник «Малой Англии»
3. a маленький, небольшойlittle house — домик, небольшой дом
4. a небольшой; слабый; плохойunfortunately he has little money — к сожалению, у него мало денег
5. a короткий, недлинный6. a невысокий, небольшого роста7. a незначительный, несущественный, неважный8. a мелкий, некрупный9. a малый, неглавный10. a милый, славныйyou little rascal! — эй ты, пострелёнок!
11. a мелкий, мелочный, ничтожный; ограниченныйthe little vexations of life — мелкие жизненные неприятности; раздражающие мелочи жизни
12. a предназначенный для узкого круга; не массовыйThe Little Corporal — «маленький капрал», Наполеон Бонапарт
to go but a little way to — быть недостаточным, не хватать
little bird — источник информации;
a little bird tells me you are getting married — где-то я слышала, что ты выходишь замуж
13. adv мало, почти нисколькоlittle more — ненамного больше; немногим больше
he is little more than an amateur — он недалеко ушёл от любителя; он выступает почти на любительском уровне
little less than — не намного меньше; почти столько же
he is little less talented than his father — талантом он не намного уступает отцу; он почти так же талантлив, как отец
14. adv редко15. adv совсем не, вовсе неwhen I first came to this country, I little thought that I should stay so long — когда я приехал в эту страну, я никак не думал, что проживу здесь так долго
they little expected such trouble — они никак не предполагали, что возникнет такая неприятность
a very little more — ещё; совсем немного; чуть-чуть
Синонимический ряд:1. brief (adj.) brief; concise; short; succinct2. casual (adj.) casual; inconsequential; insignificant; light; minor; minute; scanty; shoestring; slight; small-beer; trivial; unimportant3. inadequate (adj.) inadequate; inconsiderable; insufficient4. narrow (adj.) bigoted; borne; illiberal; mean; narrow; narrow-minded; paltry; petty; prejudicial; selfish; set; shallow; small-minded; stingy5. small (adj.) bantam; diminutive; ineffectual; infinitesimal; limited; miniature; monkey; petite; small; smallish; tiny; wee6. bit (noun) bit; few; iota; smidgen; trifle7. barely (other) barely; hardly; hardly ever; infrequently; just; on rare occasions; once in a blue moon (colloquial); rarely; scarcely ever; seldom; slightly; unfrequently; unoftenАнтонимический ряд:ample; big; bulky; capacious; colossal; comprehensive; developed; enormous; full; generous; gigantic; grave; great; handsome; high-minded; long; lot; magnanimous; significant -
122 training
1. n воспитание; формирование2. n обучение; подготовка; образование3. n выучка, образование; познания, знания4. n тренировкаbridge training — упражнения в положении «мост»
5. n занятиеmanual training — занятия трудом, уроки труда
6. n дрессировка7. n спорт. тренированность, подготовленность; форма8. n сад. формирование9. n воен. наводка10. a учебный11. a тренировочныйСинонимический ряд:1. credentials (noun) academic accomplishment; background; credentials; experience; grounding; indoctrination; knowledge; qualifications2. instruction (noun) class; course; instruction; practice session; preparation; seminar; workshop3. schooling (noun) education; pedagogy; schooling; teaching; tuition; tutelage; tutoring4. study (noun) drill; exercise; practice; rehearsal; study5. directing (verb) addressing; aiming; casting; directing; heading; inclining; laying; leveling or levelling; levelling; pointing; presenting; setting; turning; zero in; zeroing in6. dragging (verb) dragging; trailing; training7. luring (verb) alluring; baiting; decoying; enticing; entrapping; inveigling; leading on; luring; seducing; tempting; tolling8. teaching (verb) disciplining; educating; instructing; schooling; teaching; tutoring -
123 secure
A adj1 (stable, not threatened) [job, marriage, income, financial position] stable ; [basis, base, foundation] solide ; [world record, sporting position] assuré ; [investment] sûr ;2 ( safe) [hiding place, route] sûr ; secure hospital hôpital-prison m de haute sécurité ; to be secure against sth être à l'abri de qch ;3 ( reliable) [padlock, bolt, nail, knot] solide ; [structure, ladder] stable ; [foothold, handhold] sûr ; [rope] bien attaché ; [door, window] bien fermé ; to make a rope secure bien attacher une corde ; to make a door secure bien fermer une porte ;4 Psych [feeling] de sécurité ; [family, background] sécurisant ; to feel secure se sentir en sécurité ; to be secure in the knowledge that avoir la certitude que ;5 ( fraud-proof) [line, transaction] sécurisé.B vtr1 (procure, obtain) obtenir [agreement, promise, job, majority, money, release, conviction, visa, right, victory] ; atteindre [objective] ;2 (make firm, safe) bien attacher [rope] ; bien fermer [door, window] ; fixer [wheel] ; stabiliser [ladder] ;4 Fin garantir [loan, debt] (against, on sur). -
124 show
show [ʃəʊ]démonstration ⇒ 1 (a) semblant ⇒ 1 (a) ostentation ⇒ 1 (a) spectacle ⇒ 1 (b) émission ⇒ 1 (b) exposition ⇒ 1 (c) foire ⇒ 1 (c) montrer ⇒ 2 (a)-(c), 2 (e), 2 (f) présenter ⇒ 2 (a) exposer ⇒ 2 (a) faire preuve de ⇒ 2 (b) marquer ⇒ 2 (d) indiquer ⇒ 2 (d), 2 (f) enregistrer ⇒ 2 (h) passer ⇒ 2 (i), 3 (b) se voir ⇒ 3 (a)1 noun(a) (demonstration, display) démonstration f, manifestation f; (pretence) semblant m, simulacre m; (ostentation) ostentation f, parade f;∎ a show of strength/unity une démonstration de force/d'unité;∎ a show of hands un vote à main levée;∎ she put on a show of indifference elle a fait semblant d'être indifférente;∎ to make a show of being angry faire semblant ou faire mine d'être fâché;∎ to make a great show of friendship faire de grandes démonstrations d'amitié;∎ show of generosity affectation f de générosité;∎ it's all a show ce n'est qu'une façade;∎ he always makes such a show of his knowledge il faut toujours qu'il fasse étalage de ses connaissances;∎ the metal strips are just for show les bandes métalliques ont une fonction purement décorative∎ to go to a show aller au spectacle;∎ we went to a restaurant after the show nous sommes allés au restaurant après le spectacle;∎ variety show émission f de variétés;∎ the show must go on le spectacle continue; figurative il faut continuer;∎ figurative let's get this show on the road! allez, c'est parti ou on y va!;∎ to make a show of oneself se donner en spectacle∎ have you been to the Picasso show? avez-vous visité l'exposition Picasso?;∎ to be on show être exposé;∎ I dislike most of the paintings on show je n'aime pas la plupart des tableaux exposés;∎ the agricultural/motor show le salon de l'agriculture/de l'auto∎ she planned and ran the whole show c'est elle qui a tout organisé et qui s'est occupée de tout□ ;∎ it's up to you, it's your show c'est à toi de décider□, c'est toi le chef(e) (performance) performance f, prestation f;∎ the team put up a good show l'équipe s'est bien défendue;∎ it's a pretty poor show when your own mother forgets your birthday c'est un peu triste que ta propre mère oublie ton anniversaire;∎ old-fashioned (jolly) good show, Henry! bravo, Henry!(a) (display, present → gen) montrer, faire voir; (→ passport, ticket) présenter; (exhibit → work of art, prize, produce) exposer;∎ to show sth to sb, to show sb sth montrer qch à qn;∎ show me your presents fais-moi voir ou montre-moi tes cadeaux;∎ you have to show your pass/your ticket on the way in il faut présenter son laissez-passer/son billet à l'entrée;∎ you're showing a lot of leg this evening! tu es habillée bien court ce soir!;∎ that dress shows everything she's got cette robe ne cache pas grand-chose;∎ a TV screen shows what's happening in the next room un écran de télévision permet de voir ce qui se passe dans la pièce d'à côté;∎ some of the drawings have never been shown in Europe before quelques-uns des dessins n'ont jamais été exposés en Europe auparavant;∎ to show one's wares étaler ses marchandises;∎ this jacket/colour really shows the dirt cette veste/couleur est vraiment salissante;∎ come out from behind there and show yourself! sortez de là-derrière et montrez-vous!;∎ if he ever shows himself or his face round here again, I'll kill him! si jamais il se montre encore par ici, je le tue!;∎ to have sth to show for one's money en avoir pour son argent;∎ I had very little to show for my efforts mes efforts n'avaient donné que peu de résultats;∎ three months' work, and what have we got to show for it? trois mois de travail, et qu'est-ce que cela nous a rapporté?(b) (reveal → talent, affection, readiness, reluctance) montrer, faire preuve de;∎ she never shows any emotion elle ne laisse jamais paraître ou ne montre jamais ses sentiments;∎ to show itself (emotion, tendency) se manifester;∎ she showed herself more than willing to join in elle s'est montrée plus que prête à participer;∎ she showed herself to be a hard worker elle s'est révélée ou avérée dure à la tâche;∎ to show a preference for sth manifester une préférence pour qch;∎ to show a taste for sth témoigner d'un goût pour qch;∎ they will be shown no mercy ils seront traités sans merci;∎ the audience began to show signs of restlessness le public a commencé à s'agiter;∎ the situation is showing signs of improvement la situation semble être en voie d'amélioration;∎ to show one's age faire son âge∎ first I shall show that Greenham's theory cannot be correct je démontrerai d'abord que la théorie de Greenham ne peut être juste;∎ it just shows the strength of public opposition to the plan cela montre à quel point le public est opposé à ce projet;∎ it just goes to show that nothing's impossible c'est la preuve que rien n'est impossible;∎ it just goes to show what you can do if you work hard cela montre ou c'est la preuve de ce que l'on peut faire en travaillant dur;∎ which only or all goes to show that… ce qui prouve que… + indicative(d) (register → of instrument, dial, clock) marquer, indiquer;∎ the thermometer shows a temperature of 20°C le thermomètre indique 20°C(e) (represent, depict) montrer, représenter;∎ this photo shows him at the age of seventeen cette photo le montre à l'âge de dix-sept ans;∎ the picture shows three figures le tableau représente trois personnes(f) (point out, demonstrate) montrer, indiquer;∎ show me how to do it montrez-moi comment faire;∎ to show (sb) the way montrer le chemin (à qn);∎ figurative to show the way donner l'exemple;∎ the government has very much shown the way with its green policies le gouvernement a bien donné l'exemple avec sa politique écologique;∎ familiar I'll show you! tu vas voir!(g) (escort, accompany)∎ let me show you to your room je vais vous montrer votre chambre;∎ will you show this gentleman to the door? veuillez reconduire Monsieur à la porte;∎ an usherette showed us to our seats une ouvreuse nous a conduits à nos places;∎ to show sb into a room introduire ou faire entrer qn dans une pièce(h) (profit, loss) enregistrer;∎ prices show a 10 percent increase on last year les prix sont en hausse ou ont augmenté de 10 pour cent par rapport à l'an dernier(i) (put on → film, TV programme) passer;∎ the film has never been shown on television le film n'est jamais passé à la télévision;∎ as shown on TV (on packaging, sign) vu à la télé∎ she doesn't like him, and it shows elle ne l'aime pas, et ça se voit;∎ a patch of sky showed through a hole in the roof on voyait un pan de ciel à travers un trou dans le toit;∎ she lets her feelings show too much elle laisse trop voir ses sentiments;∎ it shows in your face cela se voit ou se lit sur votre visage;∎ fear showed in his eyes la peur se lisait dans ses yeux;∎ their tiredness is beginning to show ils commencent à donner des signes de fatigue;∎ it doesn't show ça ne se voit pas, on ne dirait pas;∎ ah well, it just or all goes to show! eh oui, c'est la vie!(b) (be on → film, TV programme) passer∎ all those in favour please show que tous ceux qui sont pour lèvent la main∎ British he didn't show il n'est pas venu□►► show house maison f témoin;show jumper (rider) cavalier(ère) m,f (participant à des concours de saut d'obstacle); (horse) sauteur m;show jumping jumping m, concours m de saut d'obstacles;Law show trial procès m à grand spectaclefaire visiter;∎ to show sb around the town faire visiter ou faire voir la ville à qn;∎ my secretary will show you around (the factory) ma secrétaire va vous faire visiter (l'usine);∎ we were shown around the house on nous a fait visiter la maisonfaire entrer➲ show off∎ to show off one's skill/culture faire étalage de son savoir-faire/sa culture;∎ he only came to show off his new girlfriend/car il n'est venu que pour exhiber sa nouvelle petite amie/voiture;∎ she came in to show off her new baby elle est venue faire admirer son nouveau-né∎ wearing white shows off a tan porter du blanc met le bronzage en valeur;∎ the black background shows off the colours nicely le fond noir fait bien ressortir les couleurs;∎ coat that shows off the figure well manteau m qui marque ou dessine bien la taillefaire l'intéressant(e), frimer;∎ to show off in front of sb chercher à épater qn;∎ stop showing off! arrête de faire l'intéressant!;∎ you don't have to drive that fast, you're just showing off tu n'as pas besoin de conduire aussi vite, tu fais juste l'intéressantreconduire ou raccompagner (à la porte);∎ it's okay, I'll show myself out inutile de vous déranger, je saurai retrouver le chemin (tout seul)se voir à travers;∎ her knickers showed through her trousers sa culotte se voyait à travers son pantalonse voir (à travers), transparaître;∎ the old paint still shows through l'ancienne peinture se voit encore à travers;∎ her knickers showed through under her dress on voyait ses sous-vêtements au travers de sa robe➲ show up(a) (unmask → impostor) démasquer;∎ the investigation showed him up for the coward he is l'enquête a révélé sa lâcheté(b) (draw attention to → deficiency, defect) faire apparaître, faire ressortir;∎ the poor results show up the deficiencies in the training programme les mauvais résultats font apparaître les défauts du programme de formation∎ you're always showing me up in public il faut toujours que tu me fasses honte en public(d) (escort upstairs) accompagner en haut∎ only two of our guests have shown up seuls deux de nos invités sont arrivés;∎ to fail to show up ne pas se présenter□ ;∎ you're the boss, you really ought to show up tu es le patron, tu devrais vraiment y aller ou te montrer□(b) (be visible) se voir, ressortir;∎ the dirt really shows up on a white carpet la saleté ressort ou se voit vraiment sur une moquette blanche;∎ the difference is so slight it hardly shows up at all la différence est tellement minime qu'elle se remarque à peine -
125 Cotton, William
SUBJECT AREA: Textiles[br]b. 1819 Seagrave, Leicestershire, Englandd. after 1878[br]English inventor of a power-driven flat-bed knitting machine.[br]Cotton was originally employed in Loughborough and became one of the first specialized hosiery-machine builders. After the introduction of the latch needle by Matthew Townsend in 1856, knitting frames developed rapidly. The circular frame was easier to work automatically, but attempts to apply power to the flat frame, which could produce fully fashioned work, culminated in 1863 with William Cotton's machine. In that year he invented a machine that could make a dozen or more stockings or hose simultaneously and knit fashioned garments of all kinds. The difficulty was to reduce automatically the number of stitches in the courses where the hose or garment narrowed to give it shape. Cotton had early opportunities to apply himself to the improvement of hosiery machines while employed in the patent shop of Cartwright \& Warner of Loughborough, where some of the first rotaries were made. He remained with the firm for twenty years, during which time sixty or seventy of these machines were turned out. Cotton then established a factory for the manufacture of warp fabrics, and it was here that he began to work on his ideas. He had no knowledge of the principles of engineering or drawing, so his method of making sketches and then getting his ideas roughed out involved much useless labour. After twelve years, in 1863, a patent was issued for the machine that became the basis of the Cotton's Patent type. This was a flat frame driven by rotary mechanism and remarkable for its adaptability. At first he built his machine upright, like a cottage piano, but after much thought and experimentation he conceived the idea of turning the upper part down flat so that the needles were in a vertical position instead of being horizontal, and the work was carried off horizontally instead of vertically. His first machine produced four identical pieces simultaneously, but this number was soon increased. Cotton was induced by the success of his invention to begin machine building as a separate business and thus established one of the first of a class of engineering firms that sprung up as an adjunct to the new hosiery manufacture. He employed only a dozen men and turned out six machines in the first year, entering into an agreement with Hine \& Mundella for their exclusive use. This was later extended to the firm of I. \& R.Morley. In 1878, Cotton began to build on his own account, and the business steadily increased until it employed some 200 workers and had an output of 100 machines a year.[br]Bibliography1863, British patent no. 1,901 (flat-frame knitting machine).Further ReadingF.A.Wells, 1935, The British Hosiery and Knitwear Industry: Its History and Organisation, London (based on an article in the Knitters' Circular (Feb. 1898).A brief account of the background to Cotton's invention can be found in T.K.Derry and T.I. Williams, 1960, A Short History of Technology from the Earliest Times to AD 1900, Oxford; C. Singer (ed.), 1958, A History of Technology, Vol. V, Oxford: Clarendon Press.F.Moy Thomas, 1900, I. \& R.Morley. A Record of a Hundred Years, London (mentions cotton's first machines).RLH -
126 Sperry, Elmer Ambrose
[br]b. 21 October 1860 Cincinnatus, Cortland County, New York, USAd. 16 June 1930 Brooklyn, New York, USA[br]American entrepreneur who invented the gyrocompass.[br]Sperry was born into a farming community in Cortland County. He received a rudimentary education at the local school, but an interest in mechanical devices was aroused by the agricultural machinery he saw around him. His attendance at the Normal School in Cortland provided a useful theoretical background to his practical knowledge. He emerged in 1880 with an urge to pursue invention in electrical engineering, then a new and growing branch of technology. Within two years he was able to patent and demonstrate his arc lighting system, complete with its own generator, incorporating new methods of regulating its output. The Sperry Electric Light, Motor and Car Brake Company was set up to make and market the system, but it was difficult to keep pace with electric-lighting developments such as the incandescent lamp and alternating current, and the company ceased in 1887 and was replaced by the Sperry Electric Company, which itself was taken over by the General Electric Company.In the 1890s Sperry made useful inventions in electric mining machinery and then in electric street-or tramcars, with his patent electric brake and control system. The patents for the brake were important enough to be bought by General Electric. From 1894 to 1900 he was manufacturing electric motor cars of his own design, and in 1900 he set up a laboratory in Washington, where he pursued various electrochemical processes.In 1896 he began to work on the practical application of the principle of the gyroscope, where Sperry achieved his most notable inventions, the first of which was the gyrostabilizer for ships. The relatively narrow-hulled steamship rolled badly in heavy seas and in 1904 Ernst Otto Schuck, a German naval engineer, and Louis Brennan in England began experiments to correct this; their work stimulated Sperry to develop his own device. In 1908 he patented the active gyrostabilizer, which acted to correct a ship's roll as soon as it started. Three years later the US Navy agreed to try it on a destroyer, the USS Worden. The successful trials of the following year led to widespread adoption. Meanwhile, in 1910, Sperry set up the Sperry Gyroscope Company to extend the application to commercial shipping.At the same time, Sperry was working to apply the gyroscope principle to the ship's compass. The magnetic compass had worked well in wooden ships, but iron hulls and electrical machinery confused it. The great powers' race to build up their navies instigated an urgent search for a solution. In Germany, Anschütz-Kämpfe (1872–1931) in 1903 tested a form of gyrocompass and was encouraged by the authorities to demonstrate the device on the German flagship, the Deutschland. Its success led Sperry to develop his own version: fortunately for him, the US Navy preferred a home-grown product to a German one and gave Sperry all the backing he needed. A successful trial on a destroyer led to widespread acceptance in the US Navy, and Sperry was soon receiving orders from the British Admiralty and the Russian Navy.In the rapidly developing field of aeronautics, automatic stabilization was becoming an urgent need. In 1912 Sperry began work on a gyrostabilizer for aircraft. Two years later he was able to stage a spectacular demonstration of such a device at an air show near Paris.Sperry continued research, development and promotion in military and aviation technology almost to the last. In 1926 he sold the Sperry Gyroscope Company to enable him to devote more time to invention.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsJohn Fritz Medal 1927. President, American Society of Mechanical Engineers 1928.BibliographySperry filed over 400 patents, of which two can be singled out: 1908. US patent no. 434,048 (ship gyroscope); 1909. US patent no. 519,533 (ship gyrocompass set).Further ReadingT.P.Hughes, 1971, Elmer Sperry, Inventor and Engineer, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press (a full and well-documented biography, with lists of his patents and published writings).LRD -
127 information
[ˌɪnfəˈmeɪʃən]additional information дополнительная информация alert information вчт. сигнальная информация audio information звуковая информация background information справочный материал checking information контрольная информация confidential information конфиденциальная информация consumer information информация для потребителей control information управляющая информация credit information информация о кредитоспособности current information текущая информация exact information точная информация for your information к вашему сведению formatting information вчт. информация о формате fresh information свежая информация further information дополнительная информация gather information собирать сведения group information информация о положении концерна information данные information донос information жалоба information заявление об обвинении information знания, осведомленность information знания information изложение фактических обстоятельств дела information информация, сообщения, сведения information информация information обвинение, жалоба information оповещение information осведомленность information передача сведений information сведения information сообщение information for users информация для пользователей information infrastructure информационная инфраструктура information management system информационная система management: information information system система управления информацией information on legal remedies информация о законных средствах судебной защиты information selection system система отбора данных information to shareholders информация для акционеров input information вчт. входная информация knowledge information вчт. информация типа знаний last minute information свежайшая информация management information управленческая информация market information информация о рынке misleading information дезориентирующая информация misleading information информация, вводящая в заблуждение misleading information ложная информация office information учрежденческая информация pertinent information информация, относящаяся к делу pictorial information наглядная информация privileged information приоритетная информация product information информация о товаре proprietary information информация, являющаяся собственностью фирмы relevant information релевантная информация semantic information семантическая информация shareholders' information информация для акционеров smoothed information сглаженные данные state information информация о состоянии status information информация о состоянии stored information хранимая информация subscription information форма подписки summary information итоговая информация supplementary information дополнительная информация visual information информация в наглядной форме vital information важная информация -
128 μυστήριον
μυστήριον, ου, τό ‘secret, secret rite, secret teaching, mystery’ a relig. t.t. (predom. pl.) applied in the Gr-Rom. world mostly to the mysteries w. their secret teachings, relig. and political in nature, concealed within many strange customs and ceremonies. The principal rites remain unknown because of a reluctance in antiquity to divulge them (Trag.+; Hdt. 2, 51, 2; Diod S 1, 29, 3; 3, 63, 2; Socrat., Ep. 27, 3; Cornutus 28 p. 56, 22; 57, 4; Alciphron 3, 26, 1; OGI 331, 54; 528, 13; 721, 2, SIG s. index; Sb 7567, 9 [III A.D.]; PGM 1, 131; 4, 719ff; 2477 τὰ ἱερὰ μ. ἀνθρώποις εἰς γνῶσιν; 5, 110; 12, 331; 13, 128 τὸ μυστήριον τοῦ θεοῦ. Only the perfected gnostic is τῶν μυστηρίων ἀκροατής Hippol., Ref. 5, 8, 29.—OKern, D. griech. Mysterien d. klass. Zeit 1927; WOtto, D. Sinn der eleusin. Myst. ’40; MNilsson, The Dionysiac Mysteries of the Hell. and Rom. Age, ’57; Kl. Pauly III 1533–42; WBurkert, Antike Mysterien ’90). Also LXX and other versions of the OT use the word, as well as En (of the heavenly secret) and numerous pseudepigr., Philo, Joseph. (C. Ap. 2, 189, 266), apolog. (exc. Ar.); it is a loanw. in rabb. Our lit. uses μ. in ref. to the transcendent activity of God and its impact on God’s people.① the unmanifested or private counsel of God, (God’s) secret, the secret thoughts, plans, and dispensations of God (SJCh 78, 9; τὸ μ. τῆς μοναρχίας τῆς κατὰ τὸν θεόν Theoph. Ant. 2, 28 [p. 166, 17]) which are hidden fr. human reason, as well as fr. all other comprehension below the divine level, and await either fulfillment or revelation to those for whom they are intended (the divine Logos as διδάσκαλος θείων μυστηρίων Orig., C. Cels. 3, 62, 9: the constellations as δεῖγμα καὶ τύπον … μεγάλου μυστηρίου Hippol. Ant. 2, 15 [p. 138, 7]; Abraham is τῶν θείων … μέτοχος μυστηρίων Did., Gen. 213, 20).ⓐ In the gospels μ. is found only in one context, where Jesus says to the disciples who have asked for an explanation of the parable(s) ὑμῖν τὸ μυστήριον δέδοται τῆς βασιλείας τ. θεοῦ Mk 4:11; the synopt. parallels have the pl. Mt 13:11 (LCerfaux, NTS 2, ’55/56, 238–49); Lk 8:10.—WWrede, D. Messiasgeh. in den Evv. 1901; HEbeling, D. Messiasgeh. u. d. Botschaft des Mc-Evangelisten ’39; NJohansson, SvTK 16, ’40, 3–38; OPiper, Interpretation 1, ’47, 183–200; RArida, St Vladimar Theol. Qtly 38, ’94, 211–34 (patristic exegesis Mk 4:10–12 par.).ⓑ The Pauline lit. has μ. in 21 places. A secret or mystery, too profound for human ingenuity, is God’s reason for the partial hardening of Israel’s heart Ro 11:25 or the transformation of the surviving Christians at the Parousia 1 Cor 15:51. Even Christ, who was understood by so few, is God’s secret or mystery Col 2:2, hidden ages ago 1:26 (cp. Herm. Wr. 1, 16 τοῦτό ἐστι τὸ κεκρυμμένον μυστήριον μέχρι τῆσδε τῆς ἡμέρας), but now gloriously revealed among the gentiles vs. 27, to whom the secret of Christ, i.e. his relevance for them, is proclaimed, 4:3 (CMitton, ET 60, ’48/49, 320f). Cp. Ro 16:25; 1 Cor 2:1 (cp. Just., D. 91, 1; 131, 2 al. μ. τοῦ σταυροῦ; 74, 3 τὸ σωτήριον τοῦτο μ., τοῦτʼ ἔστι τὸ πάθος τοῦ χριστοῦ). The pl. is used to denote Christian preaching by the apostles and teachers in the expr. οἰκονόμοι μυστηρίων θεοῦ 1 Cor 4:1 (Iambl., Vi. Pyth. 23, 104 calls the teachings of Pyth. θεῖα μυστήρια). Not all Christians are capable of understanding all the mysteries. The one who speaks in tongues πνεύματι λαλεῖ μυστήρια utters secret truths in the Spirit which the person alone shares w. God, and which others, even Christians, do not understand 1 Cor 14:2. Therefore the possession of all mysteries is a great joy 13:2 (Just., D. 44, 2). And the spirit-filled apostle can say of the highest stage of Christian knowledge, revealed only to the τέλειοι: λαλοῦμεν θεοῦ σοφίαν ἐν μυστηρίῳ we impart the wisdom of God in the form of a mystery (ἐν μυστηρίῳ=in a mysterious manner [Laud. Therap. 11] or =secretly, so that no unauthorized person would learn of it [cp. Cyr. of Scyth. p. 90, 14 ἐν μυστηρίῳ λέγει]) 2:7 (AKlöpper, ZWT 47, 1905, 525–45).—Eph, for which (as well as for Col) μ. is a predominant concept, sees the μ. τοῦ θελήματος αὐτοῦ (sc. θεοῦ) 1:9 or μ. τ. Χριστοῦ 3:4 or μ. τ. εὐαγγελίου 6:19 in acceptance of the gentiles as Christians 3:3ff, 9ff. A unique great mystery is revealed 5:32, where the relation betw. Christ and the Christian community or church is spoken of on the basis of Gen 2:24 (cp. the interpretation of the sun as symbol of God, Theoph. Ant. 2, 15 [p. 138, 8], and s. WKnox, St. Paul and the Church of the Gentiles, ’39, 183f; 227f; WBieder, TZ 11, ’55, 329–43).ⓒ In Rv μ. is used in ref. to the mysterious things portrayed there. The whole content of the book appears as τὸ μ. τοῦ θεοῦ 10:7. Also τὸ μ. τῶν ἑπτὰ ἀστέρων 1:20; τὸ μ. τῆς γυναικός 17:7, cp. vs. 5, where in each case μ. may mean allegorical significance (so BEaston, Pastoral Epistles ’47, 215).② that which transcends normal understanding, transcendent/ultimate reality, secret, with focus on Israelite/Christian experience.ⓐ 1 Ti uses μ. as a formula: τὸ μ. τῆς πίστεως is simply faith 3:9. τὸ τ. εὐσεβείας μ. the secret of (our) piety vs. 16.—τὸ μ. τῆς ἀνομίας 2 Th 2:7 s. ἀνομία 1 (Jos., Bell. 1, 470 calls the life of Antipater κακίας μυστήριον because of his baseness practiced in secret. Cp. also SibOr 8, 58 τὰ πλάνης μυστήρια; 56).—PFurfey, CBQ 8, ’46, 179–91.ⓑ in Ign.: the death and resurrection of Jesus as μ. IMg 9:1 (τὸ περὶ τῆς ἀναστάσεως μ. Orig., C. Cels. 1, 7, 9). The virginity of Mary, her childbearing, and the Lord’s death are called τρία μ. κραυγῆς three mysteries (to be) loudly proclaimed IEph 19:1 (they are mysteries because they go so contrary to human expectation). So also of the annunciation to Mary and her conception GJs 12:2f. The deacons are οἱ διάκονοι μυστηρίων Ἰ. Χρ. ITr 2:3.ⓒ Quite difficult is the saying about the tried and true prophet ποιῶν εἰς μυστήριον κοσμικὸν ἐκκλησίας who acts in accord with the earthly mystery of (God’s) assembly D 11:11. This may refer to celibacy; the prophet lives in such a way as to correspond to the relation betw. Christ and the people of God; cp. Eph 5:32 (so Harnack, TU II 1; 2, 1884, 44ff; HWeinel, Die Wirkungen d. Geistes u. der Geister 1899, 131–38; PDrews, Hdb. z. d. ntl. Apokryphen 1904, 274ff; RKnopf, Hdb. ad loc.—Differently CTaylor, The Teaching of the Twelve Apost. 1886, 82–92; RHarris, The Teaching of the Ap. 1887; FFunk, Patr. Apostol.2 1901 ad loc.; Zahn, Forschungen III 1884, 301).ⓓ μ. occurs oft. in Dg: τὸ τῆς θεοσεβείας μ. the secret of (our) piety 4:6 (what Dg means by μ. is detailed in ch. 5). Likew. of Christian teaching (cp. Ps.-Phocyl. 229 and comments by Horst 260–61) πατρὸς μυστήρια 11:2; cp. vs. 5. Hence the Christian can μυστήρια θεοῦ λαλεῖν 10:7. In contrast to ἀνθρώπινα μ. 7:1. οὗ (sc. τ. θεοῦ) τὰ μυστήρια whose secret counsels 7:2 (the divine will for orderly management of the universe). Of God keeping personal counsel κατεῖχεν ἐν μυστηρίῳ … τὴν σοφὴν αὐτοῦ βουλήν 8:10.—Lghtf., St. Paul’s Ep. to the Col. and Phlm. p. 167ff; JRobinson, St. Paul’s Ep. to the Eph. 1904, 234ff; GWobbermin, Religionsgesch. Studien 1896, 144ff; EHatch, Essays on Bibl. Gk. 1889, 57ff; HvSoden, ZNW 12, 1911, 188ff; TFoster, AJT 19, 1915, 402–15; OCasel, D. Liturgie als Mysterienfeier5 1923; JSchneider, ‘Mysterion’ im NT: StKr 104, ’32, 255–78; TArvedson, D. Mysterium Christi ’37; KPrümm, ‘Mysterion’ v. Pls bis Orig.: ZKT 61, ’37, 391–425, Biblica 37, ’56, 135–61; RBrown, The Semitic Background of ‘Mystery’ in the NT, ’68; cp. KKuhn, NTS 7, 61, 366 for Qumran parallels to various passages in Eph and Ro; ABöhlig, Mysterion u. Wahrheit, ’68, 3–40; JFruytier, Het woord M. in de catechesen van Cyrillus van Jerusalem, ’50; ANock, Hellenistic Mysteries and Christian Sacraments, Essays on Religion and the Ancient World II, ’72, 790–820; AHarvey, The Use of Mystery Language in the Bible: JTS 31, ’80, 320–36.—DELG s.v. μύω. M-M. EDNT. TW. Sv.
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