at-tŏno

* * *

tŏno, ŭi, 1 (collat. form of third conj.: tonimus, Varr. ap. Non. 49, 21), v. n. and a. [root in Sanscr. tan-, to stretch, extend; Gr. teinô; whence teneo, tendo, tenus; cf. O. H. Germ. donar; Engl. thunder], to thunder.

Lit.: ingens Porta tonat caeli, Enn. ap. Vet. Gram. ap. Col. (Ann. v. 597 Vahl.); imitated by Verg. G. 3, 261: cum tonuit laevum bene tempestate serenā, Enn. ap. Cic. Div. 2, 39, 82 (Ann. v. 517 Vahl.):

ut valide tonuit!

Plaut. Am. 5, 1, 10; so id. ib. 5, 1, 78:

si fulserit, si tonuerit,

Cic. Div. 2, 72, 149:

Jove tonante,

id. ib. 2, 18, 43; id. Phil. 5, 3, 7:

tonans Juppiter,

Hor. C. 3, 5, 1; id. Epod. 2, 29; Inscr. Orell. 2, p. 23:

sub axe tonanti Sternitur aequor,

Verg. A. 5, 820:

pater nudā de rupe tonabat,

Prop. 4 (5), 1, 7:

nec si consulto fulmina missa tonent,

id. 2, 34 (3, 32), 54:

Diespiter per purum tonantes Egit equos,

Hor. C. 1, 34, 7:

Juppiter, tona,

Sen. Med. 5, 31.—

Transf., in gen.

Neutr., to make a loud, thundering noise, to roar, rattle, crash, etc. (cf.:

crepo, strepo): tympana tenta tonant,

Lucr. 2, 618:

Aetna horrificis ruinis,

Verg. A. 3, 571:

caelum omne fragore,

id. ib. 9, 541; cf. id. ib. 12, 757:

domus afflicta massa,

Val. Fl. 4, 612:

nemus fragore vasto,

Sen. Troad. 173; Mart. 9, 69, 4.—Of loud, thundering speech:

Pericles fulgere, tonare, dictus est,

Cic. Or. 9, 29; Plin. Ep. 1, 20, 19;

Col. praef. § 30: qualis Pindarico spiritus ore tonat,

Prop. 3, 17 (4, 16), 40; Verg. A. 11, 383.—

Act., to thunder forth, to say or name with a thundering voice:

tercentum tonat ore deos,

invokes with thundering voice, Verg. A. 4, 510:

verba foro,

Prop. 4 (5), 1, 134:

aspera bella,

Mart. 8, 3, 14:

talia celso ore,

Claud. Rapt. Pros. 1, 83:

Cicerona,

id. Ep. 3, 4.—Hence, P. a., as epithet of Jupiter: Tŏnans, antis, m., the thunderer, god of thunder, Ov. M. 1, 170; 2, 466; 11, 198; id. H. 9, 7; id. F. 6, 33; cf.:

Capitolinus Tonans,

id. ib. 2, 69:

sceptriferi Tonantes, Jupiter and Juno,

Sen. Med. 59.—Also of Saturn:

falcifer Tonans,

Mart. 5, 16, 5.

tŏno, ŭi, 1 (collat. form of third conj.: tonimus, Varr. ap. Non. 49, 21), v. n. and a. [root in Sanscr. tan-, to stretch, extend; Gr. teinô; whence teneo, tendo, tenus; cf. O. H. Germ. donar; Engl. thunder], to thunder.

Lit.: ingens Porta tonat caeli, Enn. ap. Vet. Gram. ap. Col. (Ann. v. 597 Vahl.); imitated by Verg. G. 3, 261: cum tonuit laevum bene tempestate serenā, Enn. ap. Cic. Div. 2, 39, 82 (Ann. v. 517 Vahl.):

ut valide tonuit!

Plaut. Am. 5, 1, 10; so id. ib. 5, 1, 78:

si fulserit, si tonuerit,

Cic. Div. 2, 72, 149:

Jove tonante,

id. ib. 2, 18, 43; id. Phil. 5, 3, 7:

tonans Juppiter,

Hor. C. 3, 5, 1; id. Epod. 2, 29; Inscr. Orell. 2, p. 23:

sub axe tonanti Sternitur aequor,

Verg. A. 5, 820:

pater nudā de rupe tonabat,

Prop. 4 (5), 1, 7:

nec si consulto fulmina missa tonent,

id. 2, 34 (3, 32), 54:

Diespiter per purum tonantes Egit equos,

Hor. C. 1, 34, 7:

Juppiter, tona,

Sen. Med. 5, 31.—

Transf., in gen.

Neutr., to make a loud, thundering noise, to roar, rattle, crash, etc. (cf.:

crepo, strepo): tympana tenta tonant,

Lucr. 2, 618:

Aetna horrificis ruinis,

Verg. A. 3, 571:

caelum omne fragore,

id. ib. 9, 541; cf. id. ib. 12, 757:

domus afflicta massa,

Val. Fl. 4, 612:

nemus fragore vasto,

Sen. Troad. 173; Mart. 9, 69, 4.—Of loud, thundering speech:

Pericles fulgere, tonare, dictus est,

Cic. Or. 9, 29; Plin. Ep. 1, 20, 19;

Col. praef. § 30: qualis Pindarico spiritus ore tonat,

Prop. 3, 17 (4, 16), 40; Verg. A. 11, 383.—

Act., to thunder forth, to say or name with a thundering voice:

tercentum tonat ore deos,

invokes with thundering voice, Verg. A. 4, 510:

verba foro,

Prop. 4 (5), 1, 134:

aspera bella,

Mart. 8, 3, 14:

talia celso ore,

Claud. Rapt. Pros. 1, 83:

Cicerona,

id. Ep. 3, 4.—Hence, P. a., as epithet of Jupiter: Tŏnans, antis, m., the thunderer, god of thunder, Ov. M. 1, 170; 2, 466; 11, 198; id. H. 9, 7; id. F. 6, 33; cf.:

Capitolinus Tonans,

id. ib. 2, 69:

sceptriferi Tonantes, Jupiter and Juno,

Sen. Med. 59.—Also of Saturn:

falcifer Tonans,

Mart. 5, 16, 5.

* * *

at-tŏno (better than adt-), ŭi, ĭtum, 1, v. a., to thunder at; hence, to stun, stupefy (a poet. word of the Aug. per.; most frequent as P. a.; syn.: percello, perturbo, terreo): altitudo attonat, Maecen. ap. Sen. Ep. 19:

quis furor vestras attonuit mentes!

Ov. M. 3, 532; id. H. 4, 50.—Hence, attŏnĭtus ( adt-), a, um, P. a., thundered at; hence trop. as in Gr. embrontêtheis, embrontêtos.

Thunderstruck, stunned, terrified, stupefied, astonished, amazed, confounded:

attonitus est stupefactus. Nam proprie attonitus dicitur, cui casus vicini fulminis et sonitus tonitruum dant stuporem,

Serv. ad Verg. A. 3, 172:

quo fragore edito concidunt homines, exanimantur, quidam vero vivi stupent, et in totum sibi excidunt, quos vocamus attonitos, quorum mentes sonus ille caelestis loco pepulit,

Sen. Q. N. 2, 27:

aures,

Curt. 8, 4, 2; Petr. 101:

talibus attonitus visis ac voce deorum,

Verg. A. 3, 172:

attonitus tanto miserarum turbine rerum,

Ov. M. 7, 614; 4, 802; 8, 777; 9, 409 and 574; 11, 127; 8, 681 al.: alii novitate ac miraculo attoniti, Liv 1, 47; 2, 12; 5, 46; 3, 68 fin.; 7, 36; 30, 30; 39, 15;

44, 10: subitae rei miraculo attoniti,

Tac. H. 4, 49; so id. ib. 2, 42; 3, 13. —With de:

mentis de lodice parandā Attonitae,

crazed, bewildered about getting a bed-blanket, Juv. 7, 67.—Also without an abl.:

Attonitae manibusque uterum celare volenti, Ov M. 2, 463: mater... Attonitae diu similis fuit,

id. ib. 5, 510; 6, 600;

12, 498: ut integris corporibus attoniti conciderent,

Liv. 10, 29:

attoniti vultus,

Tac. H. 1, 40:

circumspectare inter se attoniti,

id. ib. 2, 29:

attonitis etiam victoribus,

id. ib. 4, 72:

attonitā magis quam quietā contione,

id. A. 1, 39:

attonitis jam omnibus,

Suet. Caes. 28; id. Claud. 38; id. Dom. 17:

attonitos habes oculos,

Vulg. Job, 15, 12; ib. Prov 16, 30.— Poet., with gen.:

attonitus serpentis equus,

Sil. 6, 231.—Also poet. transf. to inanimate things:

neque enim ante dehiscent Attonitae magna ora domūs,

Verg. A. 6, 53 (but acc. to Serv. in an act. sense, syn. with attonitos facientes, stupendae, stunning, terrifying, as pallida senectus, etc.):

mensa,

Val. Fl. 1, 45:

arces,

Sil. 4, 7 Drak.:

quorundam persuasiones,

Plin. 29, 1, 8, § 28. —

Seized with inspiration, smitten with prophetic fury, inspired, frantic:

attonitae Baccho matres,

Verg. A. 7, 580:

Bacchus attonitae tribuit vexilla catervae,

Stat. S. 5, 1, 116: Vates, * Hor. C. 3, 19, 14.—

* Adv.: attŏnĭtē, frantically, etc.:

Britannia hodieque eum attonite celebrat etc.,

Plin. 30, 1, 4, § 13 (Jan, attonita).

at-tŏno (better than adt-), ŭi, ĭtum, 1, v. a., to thunder at; hence, to stun, stupefy (a poet. word of the Aug. per.; most frequent as P. a.; syn.: percello, perturbo, terreo): altitudo attonat, Maecen. ap. Sen. Ep. 19:

quis furor vestras attonuit mentes!

Ov. M. 3, 532; id. H. 4, 50.—Hence, attŏnĭtus ( adt-), a, um, P. a., thundered at; hence trop. as in Gr. embrontêtheis, embrontêtos.

Thunderstruck, stunned, terrified, stupefied, astonished, amazed, confounded:

attonitus est stupefactus. Nam proprie attonitus dicitur, cui casus vicini fulminis et sonitus tonitruum dant stuporem,

Serv. ad Verg. A. 3, 172:

quo fragore edito concidunt homines, exanimantur, quidam vero vivi stupent, et in totum sibi excidunt, quos vocamus attonitos, quorum mentes sonus ille caelestis loco pepulit,

Sen. Q. N. 2, 27:

aures,

Curt. 8, 4, 2; Petr. 101:

talibus attonitus visis ac voce deorum,

Verg. A. 3, 172:

attonitus tanto miserarum turbine rerum,

Ov. M. 7, 614; 4, 802; 8, 777; 9, 409 and 574; 11, 127; 8, 681 al.: alii novitate ac miraculo attoniti, Liv 1, 47; 2, 12; 5, 46; 3, 68 fin.; 7, 36; 30, 30; 39, 15;

44, 10: subitae rei miraculo attoniti,

Tac. H. 4, 49; so id. ib. 2, 42; 3, 13. —With de:

mentis de lodice parandā Attonitae,

crazed, bewildered about getting a bed-blanket, Juv. 7, 67.—Also without an abl.:

Attonitae manibusque uterum celare volenti, Ov M. 2, 463: mater... Attonitae diu similis fuit,

id. ib. 5, 510; 6, 600;

12, 498: ut integris corporibus attoniti conciderent,

Liv. 10, 29:

attoniti vultus,

Tac. H. 1, 40:

circumspectare inter se attoniti,

id. ib. 2, 29:

attonitis etiam victoribus,

id. ib. 4, 72:

attonitā magis quam quietā contione,

id. A. 1, 39:

attonitis jam omnibus,

Suet. Caes. 28; id. Claud. 38; id. Dom. 17:

attonitos habes oculos,

Vulg. Job, 15, 12; ib. Prov 16, 30.— Poet., with gen.:

attonitus serpentis equus,

Sil. 6, 231.—Also poet. transf. to inanimate things:

neque enim ante dehiscent Attonitae magna ora domūs,

Verg. A. 6, 53 (but acc. to Serv. in an act. sense, syn. with attonitos facientes, stupendae, stunning, terrifying, as pallida senectus, etc.):

mensa,

Val. Fl. 1, 45:

arces,

Sil. 4, 7 Drak.:

quorundam persuasiones,

Plin. 29, 1, 8, § 28. —

Seized with inspiration, smitten with prophetic fury, inspired, frantic:

attonitae Baccho matres,

Verg. A. 7, 580:

Bacchus attonitae tribuit vexilla catervae,

Stat. S. 5, 1, 116: Vates, * Hor. C. 3, 19, 14.—

* Adv.: attŏnĭtē, frantically, etc.:

Britannia hodieque eum attonite celebrat etc.,

Plin. 30, 1, 4, § 13 (Jan, attonita).

circum-tŏno, ui, 1, v. a., to thunder around; or, poet., to make a noise or clamor around:

virum armis,

Sil. 4, 254:

aulam strepitu,

id. 6, 216:

montem undā,

Claud. in Rufin. 1, 274.—

Trop.:

hunc circumtonuit gaudens Bellona cruentis (the figure taken from the clanging of the war-trumpets),

Hor. S. 2, 3, 223.

dē-tŏno, ŭi, 1, v. n.

To thunder down, to thunder.

Prop.:

hic (sc. Juppiter) ubi detonuit,

Ov. Tr. 2, 35.—

Trop., to thunder forth, express in thundertones, to storm (freq. in Florus):

captis superioribus jugis in subjectos detonuit,

Flor. 1, 17, 5;

of Hannibal's invasion of Italy,

id. 2, 6, 10 al.:

adversus epistolam meam turba patricia detonabit,

Hier. Ep. 47:

haec ubi detonuit,

Sil. 17, 202;

of lofty poetry,

Stat. Silv. 2, 7, 65.—

To cease thundering; so only trop., to cease raging: Aeneas nubem belli, dum detonet omnis, sustinet, * Verg. A. 10, 809 (bellantum impetum sustinet, donec deferveat, Serv.):

ira,

Val. Fl. 4, 294:

dicendi vitiosa jactatio,

Quint. 12, 9, 4.

in-tŏno, ŭi (āvi), 1, v. n., to thunder (class.).

Lit.:

partibus intonuit caeli Pater ipse sinistris, Cic. poët. Div. 1, 47, 106: cum deus intonuit,

Ov. Tr. 5, 14, 27:

intonuere poli,

Verg. A. 1, 90:

pater omnipotens ter intonuit,

id. ib. 7, 142;

9, 361: deus majestatis intonuit,

Vulg. Psa. 28, 3 et saep.— Impers.:

intonuit laevum,

Verg. A. 2, 693; Ov. M. 14, 542.—

Transf., to make a noise, resound:

et clipeum super intonat ingens,

Verg. A. 9, 709:

concussa arma intonuere,

Sil. 2, 213:

unus praecipue servus tam valde intonuit, ut,

Petr. 78:

ingenti latratu canis,

Plin. 8, 40, 61, § 142:

Eurus Intonat Aegaeo,

Val. Fl. 2, 365.—

Pregn., to bring down with a thundering sound:

clavam superne intonat,

Val. Fl. 3, 169; cf.:

Eois intonata fluctibus hiems,

Hor. Epod. 2, 51.—

Trop., to cry out vehemently; to thunder forth:

hesternā contione intonuit vox perniciosa tribuni,

Cic. Mur. 38, 81:

exsurgit atque intonat ore,

Verg. A. 6, 607:

intonet horrendum,

Juv. 6, 485:

cum haec intonuisset plenus irae,

Liv. 3, 48:

minas,

Ov. Am. 1, 7, 46; Prop. 2, 1, 40:

silvae intonuere,

Verg. A. 7, 515; Ov. F. 4, 267. — Poet.: (Fortuna) simul intonuit, proxima [p. 989] quaeque fugat, has threatened, Ov. P. 2, 3, 24:

armis urbi,

Sil. 14, 298.

S, s, indecl. n. or (agreeing with littera) f.

The eighteenth letter of the Latin alphabet, corresponding in form to the old Greek S for S (Etruscan in a reversed form,);

in its nature a sibilant semi-vowel, whose peculiarities were much discussed by the ancients, and are even treated of in a special work by Messala, a contemporary of Augustus (Messala in libro de S littera,

Quint. 1, 7, 23; cf. Mart. Cap. 3, § 245).—

As an initial and medial it has a hard and sharp sound (which is softened, however, between two vowels), and is therefore joined only with the tenues (c, p, t; cf., on the contrary, the Gr. sbennumi);

and, as a medial, often written double after long vowels: caussa, cassus, divissiones (these forms, used by Cicero and Vergil, were already uncommon in Quintilian's time,

Quint. 1, 7, 20; v. Corss. Ausspr. 1, 283 sq.).—

As a final it had a weakened sound, and therefore not only admitted the medial b before it (plebs, urbs, abs; Arabs, chalybs, etc.; v. the letter B), but often entirely disappeared. So in the ante-class. poets down to the early years of Cicero (and also in his own poem, entitled Aratus, written in his youth), before words beginning with a consonant, to avoid position: Ratu' Romulus, Fulviu' Nobilior, gravi' Terra, est sati' bella, Hyperioni' cursum, Virgine' nam sibi, etc.; cf. Cic. Or. 48, 161; Quint. 9, 4, 38; and v. Freund, in Jahn's Neue Jahrb. 1835, XIII. p. 25 sq.; less freq. before words beginning with a vowel, in which case, to avoid a hiatus, the vowel before s was also elided; vas' argenteis (for vasis argenteis) and palm' et crinibus (for palmis et crinibus); v. Cic. Or. 45, 153. So, too, in the fourth Epitaph of the Scipios (Inscr. Orell. 553), L. CORNELIO L. F. instead of CORNELIOS (cf. a similar elision of the M under that letter). Final s is also elided, and the preceding vowel either dropped with it or weakened, in the forms sat from satis, mage from magis; in the neutr. forms of adjectives of the third declension, acre, agreste, facile (v. the letter E); in the collat. forms of the sec. pers. sing. pass., fatere, fateare, fatebare, etc.; in the gen. sing. of the first, second, and fifth declensions, and in the nom. plur. of the first and second declensions (aurai for aura-is, analog. to reg is, etc.). Lastly, s disappears in the (mostly familiar) collat. forms abin', scin', viden', satin', from abisne, scisne, videsne, satisne, etc.—

As an etymological initial aspirate, s appears in many words whose Greek equivalents begin with a vowel: sal, semi-, serpo, sex, super, sus, corresp. to hals, hêmi-, herpô, hex, huper, us, etc.; si (archaic sei), sero, Segesta, corresp. to ei, ERÔ (whence eirô), Egesta. Less freq. in radical words beginning with a consonant: sculpo corresp. to gluphô, and the derivatives scruta, from grutê, and scrupedae, from kroupeza. To soften the termination, s appears in abs = ab, and ex corresp. to ek.—Very freq., on the contrary, an initial s appears in cognate forms in other languages, where corresp. Latin words have lost the s: Lat. fallo, Gr. sphallô; fungus, Gr. sphongos; fides, Gr. sphidê (comp. also nix with Engl. [p. 1609] snow, nurus with old Germ. snur, daughterin-law); cf. also cutis and scutum; cauda and root sku-, in Goth. skauts, etc.; casa and Gr. skia, skênê; cerno and Gr. krinô for skirnô, skôr, skôria; calumnia and skallô; gradior and root scra-, Germ. schreiten; parco and sparnos; penuria and spanis; pando and spaô; tego and stegô; tono and stonos; taurus and Sanscr. sthūras, Germ. Stier al.; v. Corss. Ausspr. 1, p. 277 sqq.—In the middle of a word s is dropped in at from ast.—

S is interchanged,

Most freq. with r; in partic., an original s, between two vowels, becomes r; v. Varr. L. L. 7, § 26 Müll.; so foederum for foedesum, plurima for plusima, meliorem for meliosem, Lares for Lases, etc.; cf. eram and sum, quaero and quaeso, nasus and naris. Appius Claudius, the censor, is said to have introduced r into the names Furius, Valerius, etc., in place of s, B.C. 312 (v. the letter R, II.).—

With d: Claudius, from the Sabine Clausus; and, on the other hand, rosa, corresp. to the Gr. rhodon; cf. Schneid. Gram. 1, p. 259.—

With t: tensus and tentus, resina corresp. to rhêtinê; and, on the contrary, aggrettus for aggressus; mertare, pultare, for mersare, pulsare (perh. also assentor for assensor).—

With x; v. that letter.—

S is assimilated before f in the compounds of dis: differo, difficilis, diffluo, etc.; v. 3. dis.— On the other hand, it arises by assimilation from d, in assum, assumo, cessi, for adsum, adsumo, ced-si; from t in fassus, from fateor; from b in jussi, from jubeo; from m in pressi, from premo; from r in gessi, from gero; and dossuarius, from dorsum. —

As an abbreviation, S denotes sacrum, semis, sibi, suis, etc.; S. AS. D., sub asciā dedicavit; S. C., senatusconsultum; perh. also, sententia collegii (Inscr. Orell. 2385); S. P., sua pecunia; S. P. Q. R., Senatus Populusque Romanus, etc.