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81 Huygens, Christiaan
SUBJECT AREA: Horology[br]b. 14 April 1629 The Hague, the Netherlandsd. 8 June 1695 The Hague, the Netherlands[br]Dutch scientist who was responsible for two of the greatest advances in horology: the successful application of both the pendulum to the clock and the balance spring to the watch.[br]Huygens was born into a cultured and privileged class. His father, Constantijn, was a poet and statesman who had wide interests. Constantijn exerted a strong influence on his son, who was educated at home until he reached the age of 16. Christiaan studied law and mathematics at Ley den University from 1645 to 1647, and continued his studies at the Collegium Arausiacum in Breda until 1649. He then lived at The Hague, where he had the means to devote his time entirely to study. In 1666 he became a Member of the Académie des Sciences in Paris and settled there until his return to The Hague in 1681. He also had a close relationship with the Royal Society and visited London on three occasions, meeting Newton on his last visit in 1689. Huygens had a wide range of interests and made significant contributions in mathematics, astronomy, optics and mechanics. He also made technical advances in optical instruments and horology.Despite the efforts of Burgi there had been no significant improvement in the performance of ordinary clocks and watches from their inception to Huygens's time, as they were controlled by foliots or balances which had no natural period of oscillation. The pendulum appeared to offer a means of improvement as it had a natural period of oscillation that was almost independent of amplitude. Galileo Galilei had already pioneered the use of a freely suspended pendulum for timing events, but it was by no means obvious how it could be kept swinging and used to control a clock. Towards the end of his life Galileo described such a. mechanism to his son Vincenzio, who constructed a model after his father's death, although it was not completed when he himself died in 1642. This model appears to have been copied in Italy, but it had little influence on horology, partly because of the circumstances in which it was produced and possibly also because it differed radically from clocks of that period. The crucial event occurred on Christmas Day 1656 when Huygens, quite independently, succeeded in adapting an existing spring-driven table clock so that it was not only controlled by a pendulum but also kept it swinging. In the following year he was granted a privilege or patent for this clock, and several were made by the clockmaker Salomon Coster of The Hague. The use of the pendulum produced a dramatic improvement in timekeeping, reducing the daily error from minutes to seconds, but Huygens was aware that the pendulum was not truly isochronous. This error was magnified by the use of the existing verge escapement, which made the pendulum swing through a large arc. He overcame this defect very elegantly by fitting cheeks at the pendulum suspension point, progressively reducing the effective length of the pendulum as the amplitude increased. Initially the cheeks were shaped empirically, but he was later able to show that they should have a cycloidal shape. The cheeks were not adopted universally because they introduced other defects, and the problem was eventually solved more prosaically by way of new escapements which reduced the swing of the pendulum. Huygens's clocks had another innovatory feature: maintaining power, which kept the clock going while it was being wound.Pendulums could not be used for portable timepieces, which continued to use balances despite their deficiencies. Robert Hooke was probably the first to apply a spring to the balance, but his efforts were not successful. From his work on the pendulum Huygens was well aware of the conditions necessary for isochronism in a vibrating system, and in January 1675, with a flash of inspiration, he realized that this could be achieved by controlling the oscillations of the balance with a spiral spring, an arrangement that is still used in mechanical watches. The first model was made for Huygens in Paris by the clockmaker Isaac Thuret, who attempted to appropriate the invention and patent it himself. Huygens had for many years been trying unsuccessfully to adapt the pendulum clock for use at sea (in order to determine longitude), and he hoped that a balance-spring timekeeper might be better suited for this purpose. However, he was disillusioned as its timekeeping proved to be much more susceptible to changes in temperature than that of the pendulum clock.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsFRS 1663. Member of the Académie Royale des Sciences 1666.BibliographyFor his complete works, see Oeuvres complètes de Christian Huygens, 1888–1950, 22 vols, The Hague.1658, Horologium, The Hague; repub., 1970, trans. E.L.Edwardes, AntiquarianHorology 7:35–55 (describes the pendulum clock).1673, Horologium Oscillatorium, Paris; repub., 1986, The Pendulum Clock or Demonstrations Concerning the Motion ofPendula as Applied to Clocks, trans.R.J.Blackwell, Ames.The balance spring watch was first described in Journal des Sçavans 25 February 1675, and translated in Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society (1675) 4:272–3.Further ReadingH.J.M.Bos, 1972, Dictionary of Scientific Biography, ed. C.C.Gillispie, Vol. 6, New York, pp. 597–613 (for a fuller account of his life and scientific work, but note the incorrect date of his death).R.Plomp, 1979, Spring-Driven Dutch Pendulum Clocks, 1657–1710, Schiedam (describes Huygens's application of the pendulum to the clock).S.A.Bedini, 1991, The Pulse of Time, Florence (describes Galileo's contribution of the pendulum to the clock).J.H.Leopold, 1982, "L"Invention par Christiaan Huygens du ressort spiral réglant pour les montres', Huygens et la France, Paris, pp. 154–7 (describes the application of the balance spring to the watch).A.R.Hall, 1978, "Horology and criticism", Studia Copernica 16:261–81 (discusses Hooke's contribution).DV -
82 начало
beginning, inception, origin, principle, basis, source, the onset, commencement• Вплоть до начала 1980-х годов общепринятым считалось, что... - Until the early 1980s it was common belief that...• Все это относится к началу 19 века. - All these go back to the beginning of the 19th century.• Данная идея получила свое начало при исследовании... - The idea originated with the study of...• Данная техника приобрела некоторую популярность в начале 1970-х годов. - The technique gained a modest amount of popularity in the early 1970s.• Как мы утверждали в самом начале,... - As we stated at the outset,...• Необходимо сказать с самого начала, что... -It should be said from the outset that...• Обычно считают, что Смит [1] положил начало этому методу. - Smith [1] is usually credited with originating this method.• С самого начала важно понимать, что... - It is important to realize at the outset that...• С самого начала мы замечаем, что... - At the outset we notice that...• Теперь возвратимся к вопросу, поставленному в самом начале этой главы. - We now return to the question posed at the beginning of the chapter. -
83 end
1. n конец, окончаниеhappy end — счастливый конец; счастливая развязка
to bring to an end — закончить, завершить
to come to an end, to be at an end — прийти к концу, кончиться
in the end — в конце концов, в конечном счёте
to the end of time — вечно, на веки веков
end format — конец команды «формат», начало набора текста
2. n конец, последняя, заключительная часть; завершениеa story without an end — рассказ, который ничем не кончается
the but end of the house — часть дома, выходящая на улицу
3. n смерть, кончина, конецto be the end — довести до гибели, прикончить
4. n прекращение существованияthat will be the end of all war — это положит конец всякой войне, войны исчезнут навсегда
5. v кончать; заканчивать6. v кончаться, завершаться7. v прекращать8. v редк. кончиться, умереть9. v уст. прикончить, убитьСинонимический ряд:1. back (noun) back; posterior; tail end2. border (noun) border; boundary; confines3. butt (noun) bit; butt; fragment; remnant; scrap; shard4. cease (noun) attainment; bound; cease; cessation; close; closing; closure; completion; conclusion; consummation; denouement; desistance; desuetude; discontinuance; discontinuation; ending; epilogue; extreme; extremity; finale; finish; fulfillment; last; limit; limitation; period; stop; swan song; term; termination; terminus; windup; wrap-up5. rear (noun) rear; tail6. view (noun) aim; design; drift; goal; intent; intention; meaning; object; objective; plan; point; purpose; reason; target; view7. close (verb) close; complete; conclude; consummate; crown; determine; do; finish; fulfil; fulfill; quit; terminate; ultimate; wind up; wrap up8. die (verb) depart; die; expire; pass away9. stop (verb) abort; cease; desist; discontinue; halt; pass; stop; vanishАнтонимический ряд:accomplishment; begin; beginning; cause; commence; commencement; continue; enter upon; establish; found; foundation; front; inaugurate; inauguration; inception; initiate; initiation; introduction; start -
84 well
1. n колодец2. n родник, ключ; источникwishing well — колодец или источник, где загадывают желания
3. n водоём4. n минеральные воды5. n источник, кладезь6. n лестничная клетка; пролёт лестницы7. n шахта лифта8. n места адвокатовplaced well — занял хорошее место; занятый хорошее место
9. n горн. скважина10. n мор. кокпит11. n тех. отстойник, зумпф12. v книжн. подниматься13. v книжн. вскипать14. v книжн. бить ключом; хлынуть, брызнуть15. v книжн. переполняться; литься через край16. n добро; благо17. n собир. здоровые18. a обыкн. здоровый; выздоровевшийto look well — хорошо выглядеть; иметь цветущий вид
19. a хороший, в удовлетворительном состоянииall is well — всё в порядке, всё хорошо
20. a зажиточный, состоятельный; процветающийbe well off — быть зажиточным; быть в хорошем положении
21. a удачныйit was well for you that nobody saw you — тебе повезло, что тебя никто не видел
22. a желательный, целесообразныйit might be well for you to leave — возможно, вам следовало бы уехать
23. adv хорошо, отлично; удачно; благополучноland that pays well — земля, которая приносит хороший доход
24. adv положительно, благоприятно; одобрительно25. adv зажиточно26. adv значительноhe must be well over fifty — ему, вероятно, далеко за пятьдесят
well on in life — немолодой, пожилой
I am well forward with my work — моя работа значительно продвинулась, я уже много сделал
27. adv совершенно, полностью28. adv разумно, с полным основанием; справедливо29. adv тщательно30. adv очень, весьма31. adv вполнеthat is just as well — ну что ж, жалеть не стоит
as well as — также; так же как; в дополнение; кроме того; не только … но и
he can never let well alone — он всегда недоволен, он никогда не удовлетворён
to turn out well — окончиться благополучно; оказаться к лучшему
to go well together — подходить друг к другу; гармонировать
well done ! — здорово!, хорошо!
32. int ну!well, you of all people! — ну, уж от вас никак не ожидал!
well, I declare! — ну, скажу я вам!; ну и ну!, нечего сказать!
acreage per well — нефтеносная площадь, приходящаяся на одну скважину
33. int итакwell, then she said — итак, после этого она заявила
Синонимический ряд:1. abundantly (adj.) abundantly; considerably; quite2. adeptly (adj.) adeptly; efficiently; skillfully3. adequately (adj.) adequately; favorably; properly4. fine (adj.) favorable; fine; good; satisfactory5. fitting (adj.) appropriate; befitting; fitting; proper; suitable6. healthy (adj.) fit; hale; hardy; healthy; hearty; right; robust; sane; sound; strong; trim; well-conditioned; well-liking; whole; wholesome7. prosperous (adj.) comfortable; easy; prosperous; substantial; well-fixed; well-heeled; well-to-do8. successful (adj.) fortunate; happy; lucky; providential; successful; well-off9. source (noun) derivation; fount; fountain; fountainhead; inception; mother; origin; provenance; provenience; root; rootage; rootstock; source; spring; wellhead; wellspring; whence10. course (verb) course; flow; gush; pour; rush; stream; surge11. issue (verb) issue; ooze; spurt; swell12. afond (other) abundantly; adequately; afond; altogether; amply; clear; completely; entirely; fully; perfectly; roundly; sufficiently; thoroughly; utterly; wholly13. appropriately (other) acceptably; appropriately; becomingly; fittingly; judiciously; politely; properly; reasonably; right; satisfactorily; suitably14. aright (other) accurately; aright; befittingly; correctly; decently; decorously; efficiently; fitly; justly; nicely; rightly; skillfully15. considerately (other) considerately; generously; heedfully; kindly; thoughtfully16. doubtlessly (other) doubtlessly; indeed; really; truly; undoubtedly17. easily (other) easily; effortlessly; facilely; freely; lightly; readily; smoothly18. excellently (other) commendably; excellently; meritoriously19. favorably (other) comfortably; favorably; fortunately; happily; prosperously; satisfyingly; successfully; swimmingly20. intimately (other) intimately; personally21. probably (other) as likely as not (colloquial); in all likelihood; like as not (colloquial); likely; probably22. proficiently (other) ably; adeptly; capably; deftly; dextrously; handily; proficiently; skilfully23. quite (other) by a long chalk (British, colloquial); by a long shot; by a long way; by far; considerably; fairly; far; far and away; quite; rather; significantly; somewhatАнтонимический ряд:absorb; bad; ineptly; poorly; scarcely; sick; sickly -
85 concepción
f.1 conception, creation, inception, projection.2 conception, childbirth.3 Concepción.4 understanding.5 Concepción.6 Concepcion.* * *1 conception* * *noun f.* * *SF1) (Bio) conception2) (=idea) conception, idea3) (=facultad) understanding* * *femenino (Biol) conception* * *= perception, conception, conception.Ex. Nevertheless, citation indexes do seek to link documents according to their content (or at least the perception of their content held by the author of the source work).Ex. Different conceptions of what subject indexing means are described.Ex. With a conception calendar you can choose to conceive on the days that Nature has chosen for a baby boy or a baby girl.----* concepción global = gestalt.* * *femenino (Biol) conception* * *= perception, conception, conception.Ex: Nevertheless, citation indexes do seek to link documents according to their content (or at least the perception of their content held by the author of the source work).
Ex: Different conceptions of what subject indexing means are described.Ex: With a conception calendar you can choose to conceive on the days that Nature has chosen for a baby boy or a baby girl.* concepción global = gestalt.* * *A1 ( Biol) conception2 (de un plan) conceptionB (idea) conceptionuna clara concepción del problema a clear conception o understanding of the problemyo tengo una concepción totalmente diferente de su obra I see her work in a completely different way, I have a completely different conception of her work* * *
concepción sustantivo femenino (Biol) conception
concepción sustantivo femenino conception
' concepción' also found in these entries:
English:
conception
- Virgin birth
* * *concepción nf1. [fecundación] conception2. [de idea, novela] conception3. [interpretación, visión] conception, understanding;tiene una concepción de la historia muy particular her conception o understanding of history is a very individual one* * *f BIO, figconception;la Inmaculada Concepción REL the Immaculate Conception* * * -
86 inicio
m.start, beginning.el inicio de una enfermedad the onset of a diseasepres.indicat.1st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: iniciar.* * *1 beginning, start* * *SM start, beginning* * *masculino beginning, start* * *= commencement, kick-off, startup [start-up], start.Ex. The development of the course since its commencement is reviewed, and the reasons for changes in the course structure are discussed.Ex. The cooperative venture 'StoryLines America' joins libraries and public radio in smash kick-off.Ex. This article presents some practical tips to help users of DIALOG's DIALOGLINK including buffer size, screen speed-up, startup short cuts, type-ahead buffer and use of DIALOGLING with other services.Ex. Olle is right, however, in implying that after a slow start interest in, and writing about, official publishing in Britain has increased dramatically in recent years.----* al inicio = at startup.* en sus inicios = in + Posesivo + infancy.* en sus inicios, en ciernes = budding.* fecha de inicio = trigger date.* hora de inicio = trigger time, start time.* página de inicio = home page [homepage].* tecla de inicio = Home key.* tiempo de inicio = start time.* * *masculino beginning, start* * *= commencement, kick-off, startup [start-up], start.Ex: The development of the course since its commencement is reviewed, and the reasons for changes in the course structure are discussed.
Ex: The cooperative venture 'StoryLines America' joins libraries and public radio in smash kick-off.Ex: This article presents some practical tips to help users of DIALOG's DIALOGLINK including buffer size, screen speed-up, startup short cuts, type-ahead buffer and use of DIALOGLING with other services.Ex: Olle is right, however, in implying that after a slow start interest in, and writing about, official publishing in Britain has increased dramatically in recent years.* al inicio = at startup.* en sus inicios = in + Posesivo + infancy.* en sus inicios, en ciernes = budding.* fecha de inicio = trigger date.* hora de inicio = trigger time, start time.* página de inicio = home page [homepage].* tecla de inicio = Home key.* tiempo de inicio = start time.* * *beginning, start, commencement ( frml)* * *
Del verbo iniciar: ( conjugate iniciar)
inicio es:
1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo
inició es:
3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo
Multiple Entries:
iniciar
inicio
iniciar ( conjugate iniciar) verbo transitivo
‹negociaciones/diligencias› to initiate, commence (frml)b) inicio a algn en algo ‹ en secta› to initiate sb into sth;
‹ en un arte› to introduce sb to sth
iniciarse verbo pronominal
1 [ceremonia/negociaciones] to begin, commence (frml)
2 [ persona] iniciose en algo ‹ en secta› to be initiated into sth;
‹ en un arte› to take one's first steps in sth
inicio sustantivo masculino
beginning, start
iniciar verbo transitivo
1 (dar comienzo) to begin, start; (poner en marcha) to initiate
iniciar el proceso de paz, to initiate the peace process ➣ Ver nota en begin y start 2 (impartir los primeros conocimientos) to initiate [en, in, into]
(introducir en un grupo, un secreto) to initiate [en, into]
inicio sustantivo masculino beginning, start
' inicio' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
arranque
- coger
- despegue
- nacimiento
- sembrar
- suerte
- umbral
English:
beginning
- chapter
- initiation
- inception
- kick
* * *inicio nmstart, beginning* * *m start, beginning;estar todavía en los inicios be still in the early stages;inicio en caliente INFOR warm start* * *inicio nmcomienzo: beginning* * *inicio n beginning -
87 mundo del hampa
(n.) = criminal underworldEx. Dickens's own outrage over the conditions of the poor in Britian conflicted with his revulsion at the criminal underworld & his fear of popular insurgence.* * *el mundo del hampa(n.) = criminal scene, the, criminal world, theEx: This is but a myth used instrumentally by delinquents to establish a position on the criminal scene -- as doorkeepers, bodyguards, money collectors or other so-called 'specialists in violence'.
Ex: From its inception, 'Sanctuary', William Faulkner's novel of a young co-ed initiated through rape and murder into the criminal world was controversial.(n.) = criminal underworldEx: Dickens's own outrage over the conditions of the poor in Britian conflicted with his revulsion at the criminal underworld & his fear of popular insurgence.
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88 continuus
contĭnŭus, a, um, adj. [contineo, II.], joining, connecting with something, or hanging together, in space or time, uninterrupted, continuous.I.Of space (so mostly Aug. and post-Aug.; cf., however, continue); with dat. or absol.A.Lit.:b.aër continuus terrae est,
Sen. Q. N. 2, 6, 1: Leucada continuam veteres habuere coloni;nunc freta circuëunt,
joined to the mainland, Ov. M. 15, 289:ignis proxima quaeque et deinceps continua amplexus,
Liv. 30, 5, 7; 30, 6, 5: montes, * Hor. Ep. 1, 16, 5; Plin. 6, 30, 35, § 189:agri,
Suet. Caes. 38:fluere continuo alveo (Euphraten),
Plin. 6, 26, 30, § 124; cf.:Rhenus uno alveo continuus,
Tac. A. 2, 6:mare,
id. Agr. 10 fin.:aliqui vice dentium continuo osse gignuntur,
Plin. 7, 16, 15, § 69:omnia continua et paria,
Plin. Pan. 51, 4:serpens,
Stat. Th. 5, 517.—Subst.: contĭnŭus, i, m., he who is always about one, an attendant:B.Cocceius Nerva, continuus principis,
Tac. A. 6, 26 (32) Halm, Draeg. ad loc. (Nipperd. and Ritter, principi).—Tron., of rhet. matters (most freq. in Quint.): cum fluxerunt plures continuae translationes (the figure derived from an uninterrupted, flowing stream; v. the preced.), Cic. Or. 27, 94:II.expositio (opp. partita),
Quint. 7, 10, 11:loci,
id. 11, 3, 84:lumina,
id. 12, 10, 46:ab exordio usque ad ultimam vocem continuus quidam gemitus,
id. 11, 1, 54:oratio,
id. 6, 1, 46; 6, 4, 1 et saep.:adfectus,
id. 6, 2, 10:impetus,
id. 10. 7, 14 et saep.—Of time and objects relating to it, following one after another, successive, continuous (class. in all periods and species of composition): auferet ex oculis veniens Aurora Boöten;1.continuāque die sidus Hyantis erit,
the next day, Ov. F. 5, 734; so,continuā nocte,
the following night, id. ib. 6, 720:triduum continuum, dies decem continuos,
Plaut. Mil. 3, 1, 146 sq.:dies quinque ex eo die,
Caes. B. G. 1, 48:annos prope quinquaginta,
Cic. Verr. 1, 13, 38:duabus noctibus,
Suet. Aug. 94:secutae sunt continuos complures dies tempestates,
Caes. B. G. 4, 34 Oud. N. cr. prioribus diebus, Liv. 42, 58, 3:aliquot an nos continuos,
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 18, 54:tot dies,
id. Verr. 2, 5, 36, § 94:triennium,
Plaut. Stich. 1, 3, 61; Suet. Calig. 7:biennio,
id. Tib. 38:bella,
Liv. 10, 31, 10; cf.:cursus proeliorum,
Tac. Agr. 27:consulatus,
Suet. Caes. 76; Plin. Pan. 58: itinera, Lepid. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 34, 1:regna,
Liv. 1, 47, 6:duo tri umphi ex Hispaniā acti,
id. 41, 7, 1:labor,
Quint. 1, 3, 8:amor,
Prop. 1, 20, 1:incom moda,
Caes. B. G. 7, 14: messe senescit ager; Ov. A. A. 3, 82:eos (patricios) ab Atto Clauso continuos duravisse,
Tac. A. 12, 25 fin. et saep.—With abl. resp.:continuus inde et saevus accusandis reis Suilius,
incessant, Tac. A. 11, 5; cf.:postulandis reis tam continuus annus fuit,
incessantly occupied, id. ib. 4, 36.—Hence the advv.,contĭ-nŭē, continuously, without interruption; in space or time (very rare, perh. only anteand post-class. for continenter, assidue):2. A.* flumen quod fluit continue,
Varr. L. L. 5, § 27 Müll.:protinus jugiter et continue,
Non. p. 376, 26.—To designate an act that in time immediately follows something, immediately, forthwith, directly, without delay, = statim, autika (very freq. in all periods and kinds of composition).1.In gen.(α).Corresp. with the particles of time: ubi, ut, postquam, cum, etc.; with ubi:(β).ubi primum terram tetigimus, Continuo, etc.,
Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 49; so id. Cist. 2, 3, 35; Ter. Eun. 3, 1, 51 al.—With ut, etc.:quae ut aspexi, me continuo contuli, etc.,
Plaut. Bacch. 3, 1, 7; so,iste continuo ut vidit, non dubitavit, etc.,
Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 22, § 48:ut quisque insanus... latum demisit pectore clavum, Audit continuo, etc.,
Hor. S. 1, 6, 29: nam postquam audivi [p. 451]... cominuo argentum dedi, Ut emeretur, Plaut. Ep. 4, 1, 37:cum te summis laudibus ad caelum extulerunt, mihi continuo maximas gratias agant,
Cic. Fam. 9, 14, 1; 10, 12, 2:ut vel continuo patuit, cum, etc.,
Hor. S. 2, 8, 29:ne mora sit, si innuerim, quin pugnus continuo in malā haereat,
Ter. Ad. 2, 1, 17: si quid narrare occepi, continuo dari Tibi verba censes, forthwith you think, etc., id. And. 3, 2, 24; cf. id. Eun. 1, 2, 24; Lucr. 2, 1091; Hor. S. 2, 3, 160:continuo consilium dimisit (Q. Maximus), simulac me fractum ac debilitatum metu viderit,
Cic. de Or. 1, 26, 121.—Absol.:2.continuo, ventis surgentibus, aut freta ponti Incipiunt agitata tumescere, etc.,
Verg. G. 1, 356:continuo hic ero,
Plaut. Ep. 3, 3, 43: haud mora;continuo matris praecepta facessit,
Verg. G. 4, 548; so Ov. M. 14, 362; cf. Quint. 12, 3, 3;corresp. with statim,
Cic. Rosc. Com. 6, 17:quod lubet, non lubet jam id continuo,
the next moment, immediately, Plaut. Cist. 2, 1, 10:hos prius intro ducam et quae volo Simul inperabo: poste continuo exeo,
Ter. Eun. 3, 2, 40: hanc mihi in manum dat;mors continuo ipsam occupat,
id. And. 1, 5, 62:hercle ego te barbā continuo arripiam, et in ignem coniciam,
Plaut. Rud. 3, 4, 64: egomet continuo mecum;certe captus est!
I immediately thought within myself, Ter. And. 1, 1, 55:senatus est continuo convocatus,
Cic. Fam. 10, 12, 3:hos continuo in itinere adorti,
Caes. B. G. 7, 42 fin.:subitae necessitates continuo agendi,
on the spot, immediately, Quint. 10, 7, 2 et saep.: perturbationes, amplificatae certe, pestiferae sunt;igitur etiam susceptae continuo in magnā pestis parte versantur,
even immediately on their inception, Cic. Tusc. 4, 18, 42; cf. id. Fin. 3, 9, 32.—Of a point of time closely following a time named, speedily, without interval:3.deinde absens factus aedilis, continuo praetor,
Cic. Ac. 2, 1, 1:qui summam spem civium, quam de eo jam puero habuerant, continuo adulescens incredibili virtute superavit,
id. Lael. 3, 11.—Esp., with the statement of a logical consequence from a fact; only in connection with a negative, or a question implying a negative, not by consequence, not necessarily, not as an immediate consequence, in questions; perhaps then? perhaps therefore? (very freq. in Cic.); with si:B.non continuo, si me in gregem sicariorum contuli, sum sicarius,
Cic. Rosc. Am. 33, 94; so id. de Or. 2, 48, 199; Gai Inst. 2, 204.—With cum, Manil. 2, 345. — Absol.:cum nec omnes, qui curari se passi sunt, continuo etiam convalescant,
Cic. Tusc. 3, 3, 5; so,ego summum dolorem... non continuo dico esse brevem,
id. ib. 2, 19, 45: aeque enim contingit omnibus fidibus, ut incontentae sint;illud non continuo, ut aeque incontentae,
id. Fin. 4, 27, 75:si malo careat, continuone fruitur summo bono?
id. Tusc. 3, 18, 40; so,continuone si? etc.,
Quint. 9, 2, 84.—In Quint. twice (for the ante- and post-class. continue), in an uninterrupted series, one after another, continuously:qualis (labor) fuit illius, qui grana ciceris ex spatio distante missa, in acum continuo et sine frustratione inserebat,
Quint. 2, 20, 3; 9, 1, 11. -
89 root
1. n корнеплод2. n корень, отдельное растениеto root away — ликвидировать, уничтожать; вырывать с корнем
3. n основание, кореньalthaea root — алтейный корень, корень алтея аптечного
strike root — пускать корни; укореняться; укорениться
4. n родоначальник, предок, корень; род, давший много ответвленийroot out — вырывать с корнем; выискивать; выискать
5. n причина, источникthe root of the matter — суть дела, сущность вопроса
6. n база, основаroot principle — основной, основополагающий принцип
root cause — основная причина, первопричина
7. n корни, связи; привычное окружение8. n библ. отпрыск, потомок9. n мат. корень; радикал10. n муз. основной тон аккорда11. n тех. вершина12. n тех. хвост13. n ав. комель; корневая частьroot directory — корневой справочник; корневой каталог
root medium — ризосфера, корневая среда
14. v пускать корни; укореняться15. v сажать, высаживать16. v внедрять17. v внедряться18. v преим. разг. корениться19. v приковывать, пригвождать20. v выкорчёвывать21. v рыть землю рылом22. v рыться, искать23. v амер. поощрять, ободрять24. v амер. поддерживать; желать успехаСинонимический ряд:1. foundation (noun) base; basis; bedrock; cause; cornerstone; footing; foundation; fundamental; ground; grounds; groundwork; infrastructure; motive; reason; rudiment; stem; substratum; underpinning2. heart (noun) be-all and end-all; bottom; center; centre; core; essence; essentiality; focus; gist; heart; hub; kernel; marrow; meat; nub; pith; quick; quintessence; quintessential; rock bottom; soul; spirit; stuff; substance; virtuality3. source (noun) derivation; fount; fountain; fountainhead; inception; mother; origin; provenance; provenience; rootage; source; spring; well; wellhead; wellspring; whence4. underground plant growth (noun) bulb; radix; rhizome; rootlet; rootstock; root-stock; taproot; tuber; underground plant growth5. applaud (verb) applaud; boost; cheer; clap; encourage; rise to; support6. dig (verb) dig; discover; expose; reveal; uncover7. fix (verb) connect; embed; entrench; fasten; fix; infix; ingrain; instil; lodge8. poke (verb) poke; pry; rummage; search9. take root (verb) develop; germinate; sprout; take root; thriveАнтонимический ряд:bury; cover; separate; taunt -
90 spring
1. n прыжок, скачок; разбег2. n шотл. плясовая мелодия в быстром темпеspring up — быстро расти, вырастать
3. n энергия, живость4. n спорт. прыгучесть5. v скакать, прыгать6. v вскакивать7. v заставить вскочить8. v сниматься с места, вспархиватьunderhung spring — рессора, подвешенная ниже оси
underslung spring — рессора, подвешенная ниже оси
9. v поднимать10. n родник, ключ, источник11. n течь, трещина12. n начало, источник, происхождение13. n редк. молодая поросль; рощица, лесок14. v вытекать; бить ключом, брызгать15. v приливать, бросаться; выступать16. n пружина, рессораspring washer — пружинная шайба, шайба Гровера
coil spring — винтовая пружина; цилиндрическая рессора
concussion spring — рессорный амортизатор, буферная пружина
demand valve spring — пружина клапана "легочного автомата"
17. n упругость, эластичность18. n обыкн. мотив, причина19. v снабжать пружиной или рессорой; устанавливать на пружине; подрессоривать20. v отпускать пружину21. v захлопываться или раскрываться22. v приводить в действие23. n веснаspring book — книга, которая выйдет в свет весной
24. n поэт. ранний период, зарождениеthe spring of life — начало жизни, юность, молодость
25. a весенний26. a с. -х. яровой27. a молодойСинонимический ряд:1. springtime (adj.) prime; seedtime; springtime; vernal season2. vernal (adj.) springlike; vernal3. bounce (noun) bounce; resilience; skip4. crack (noun) bend; crack; fissure; split; warp5. hop (noun) hop; skip6. jump (noun) bound; hop; hurdle; jump; leap; vault7. motive (noun) cause; consideration; motive; reason8. opening (noun) beginning; birth; commencement; dawn; dawning; genesis; inception; nascence; onset; opening; outset; start9. source (noun) derivation; fount; fountain; fountainhead; head; mother; mouth; origin; provenance; provenience; root; rootage; rootstock; source; well; wellhead; wellspring; whence10. springiness (noun) buoyancy; elasticity; resiliency; springiness; vigor; vigour11. youth (noun) adolescence; budtime; greenness; juvenescence; juvenility; prime; puberty; pubescence; springtide; springtime; youth; youthfulness; youthhood12. arise (verb) arise; birth; come; come from; derive; derive from; descend; emanate; emerge; flow; head; issue; originate; proceed; rise; stem; upspring13. dart (verb) dart; fly; shoot14. grow (verb) develop; grow; increase; thrive; wax15. jump (verb) bounce; bound; hurdle; jump; leap; lop; saltate; vault16. recoil (verb) fly back; rebound; recoil17. start (verb) bolt; start; startle18. trip (verb) hop; lope; skip; skitter; trip19. warp (verb) bend; crack; split; warpАнтонимический ряд:drop; end; eventuate; issue; land; mouth; settle; terminate -
91 начало
1. initiation2. seed3. source4. springначало жизни, юность, молодость — the spring of life
5. lay foundationзаложить фундамент; положить; начало — lay foundation
6. begin7. commencement8. early9. inception10. incipience11. leader12. onset13. outbreak14. prime15. beginning; source; origin; basis; principle; rudiments16. cradle17. opening«английское начало» — English opening
18. origin19. out-break20. outset21. overture22. startначал; начатый — started over
Синонимический ряд:1. начина (сущ.) зачина; зачины; начина; почина; почины2. основы (сущ.) азбуки; исходные положения; начатки; основания; основные принципы; основы3. приступила (глаг.) взялась; принялась; приступила; сталаАнтонимический ряд:закончила; конца; концы; кончила; окончания; окончила -
92 Dallos, Joseph
[br]b. 1906 Budapest, Hungaryd. 27 June 1979 London, England[br]Hungarian ophthalmologist and contact-lens specialist who pioneered the technique of individually fitted moulded-glass contact lenses.[br]Dallos graduated from the University of Budapest in 1929 and almost at once specialized in contact-lens work and was appointed Assistant Professor. At that time the fitting of lenses was and had been, since their inception c.1885, a matter of trial and error. He developed a method of taking a moulding of the surface of the eye and then producing a blown-glass lens to this shape. His work was based on a concept of corneal physiology and the need to maintain its normal respiration and metabolism.In 1937 he was invited to England to set up a centre in London making these innovations available. During the Second World War he worked in collaboration with the services and their special needs, and at its conclusion was invited to work at Moorfields Eye Hospital and later at the Western Opthalmic Hospital. Although plastic materials have now superseded Dallos's technology, the fundamental basis of his work remains relevant.[br]Bibliography1933, "Über Haftgläser und Kontaktschalen", Klin. med. Augenheilk. 1937, "The individual fitting of contact lenses", Trans. Ophth. Soc. UK. 1930–37, Papers in the Klinische Monatsblätter fur Augenheilkunde.Further ReadingS.Duke-Elder, 1970, System of Ophthalmology, Vol. 5, London.MG -
93 конец
* * *Конец (декабря)The pre-shutdown period is between early June 1995 to late December 1995.All work must be complete by the end of December 1995.Конец -- end; extremity (край, граница); completion (завершение процесса); desinence (исчезновение)This enzyme removes nucleotides sequentially from one end of the chain.The total distance between the crack tip and the outer extremity of the plastic zone is w.Any reaction proceeds from the equilibrium position to completion if energy is available in some suitable way.However, no actual experiments on cavitation inception or desinence are referred to by these authors.— в конце— до конца—до самого конца— к концуРусско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > конец
-
94 knock
1. n стук2. n удар; толчок3. n тех. детонация, стук4. n амер. разг. резкая критика5. n амер. разг. обыкн. придирки, нападки, замечания6. n амер. разг. разг. подача мяча7. n амер. разг. неприятность; беда; удар8. n амер. разг. неудача; убыток9. n амер. разг. сл. аукцион, продажа с молоткаto take the knock — разориться;
10. v стучать; стучаться, постучатьсяI thought I heard a knock — мне показалось, что стучат
11. v разг. поднять, разбудить стукомbig-end knock — стук, вызванный износом вкладышей шатунного подшипника
12. v ударять; бить, колотитьknock down — сбить; свалить
13. v вбивать14. v наталкиваться, встречать15. v сбить16. v соединить, сколотить17. v тех. работать с перебоями, стучать18. v разг. удивлять, поражать, ошеломлять19. v разг. резко критиковать; придираться, нападать20. v сл. арестовать, забрать21. v амер. сл. добиться; обеспечить; овладеть22. v амер. сл. хорошо подготовиться; владетьto knock under board — свалиться пьяным, напиться вдрызг
to knock home — вдолбить, довести до сознания
to knock dead — приводить в восторг,
a comedian who really knocked them dead — комик, который их просто уморил
positions where they could knock down good money — должности, на которых они могли загребать хорошие деньги
23. n холм, бугор24. n диал. песчаная отмельСинонимический ряд:1. bang (noun) bang; blow; smash2. hit (noun) criticism; flak; hit; lick; rap; swat; swipe; wipe3. loud noise (noun) clang; loud noise; pounding; tap; tapping; thud; thump4. criticise (verb) badmouth; bad-mouth; carp; complain; criticise; find fault with; judge; put down; slam5. criticize (verb) blame; censure; condemn; criticize; cut up; denounce; denunciate; pan; reprehend; reprobate; skin6. hit (verb) catch; clout; hit; pop; slog; smack; smash; smite; swat; wham7. rap (verb) bang; beat; bob; pound; rap; strike; tap; thump; tunk; whack -
95 start
1. n начало2. n отправление3. n тех. начало движения; пуск, запуск4. n ав. взлёт5. n воен. начало атаки6. n косм. запуск двигателя7. n спорт. старт8. n преимуществоget the start of — опередить; получить преимущество перед
9. n спорт. гандикап10. n вздрагивание; рывок11. n редк. порыв, приступ12. n разг. неожиданностьto get off to a slow start — медленно развёртываться ;
13. v отправляться, пускаться в путь, трогаться14. v отправлять15. v направляться16. v начинать; приступать17. v начинаться18. v порождать, начинатьto start with a clean slate — начинать всё сначала, начинать новую жизнь
19. v зажечь20. v вздрагивать, пугаться21. v арх. заставить вздрогнуть, испугать22. v вскакивать; выскакивать23. v сдвигать; расшатыватьthe damage was trifling, not a rivet was started — повреждение было незначительным, ни одну заклёпку не вырвало
24. v сдвигаться; расшатываться25. v вылезать, выступать26. v полигр. выступать27. v политься, хлынуть28. v выливать; переливатьto start the beer into a new cask — перелить пиво в другой завести, обзавестись
29. v выращивать, разводить30. v спорт. стартоватьfive cars started but only three finished — стартовало пять машин, а к финишу пришло только три
31. v спорт. давать старт32. v спорт. быть участником отборочных соревнованийСинонимический ряд:1. advantage (noun) advantage; allowance; bulge; draw; edge; handicap; head start; odds; vantage2. beginning (noun) alpha; beginning; birth; commencement; dawn; dawning; day spring; debut; genesis; inauguration; inception; initiation; launching; leadoff; nascence; onset; opening; opening gun; origin; outset; outstart; setout; spring3. jump (noun) bolt; jump; startle4. scare (noun) fit; jerk; scare; shock; spasm; turn; twitch5. activate (verb) activate; launch; propel6. begin (verb) approach; arise; begin; commence; depart; embark; embark on; embark upon; enter; get off; inaugurate; initiate; issue; jump off; kick off; lead off; open; set forth; set out; set to; take on; take up; tee off; undertake7. found (verb) constitute; create; establish; found; inaugurate; initiate; institute; organise; organize; originate; set up8. recoil (verb) blanch; blench; flinch; quail; recoil; shrink; shy; squinch; wince9. startle (verb) bolt; jerk; jump; spring; startle; twitchАнтонимический ряд:end; finish; stop -
96 время отключения повреждения
- Fehlerklärungsdauer, f
время отключения повреждения
Интервал времени между началом повреждения и его устранением.
Примечание - Это время есть максимальное время отключения тока повреждения соответствующим выключателем (выключателями), необходимое для прекращения протекания тока повреждения через поврежденный элемент энергосистемы
[Разработка типовых структурных схем микропроцессорных устройств РЗА на объектах ОАО "ФКС ЕЭС". Пояснительная записка. Новосибирск 2006 г.]EN
fault clearance time
clearing time (US)
the time interval between the fault inception and the fault clearance
Note – This time is the longest fault current interruption time of the associated circuit-breaker(s) for elimination of fault current on the faulty item of plant.
[IEV ref 448-13-15]FR
durée d'élimination d'un défaut
temps d'élimination d'un défaut (déconseillé)
intervalle de temps entre l'apparition d'un défaut et son élimination
Note – Cette durée est la plus longue durée avant interruption du courant de défaut par le ou les disjoncteurs concernés par l'élimination du courant de défaut dans l'ouvrage en défaut.
[IEV ref 448-13-15]Тематики
EN
DE
- Fehlerklärungsdauer, f
FR
Русско-немецкий словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > время отключения повреждения
-
97 время отключения тока повреждения
- Kurzschlussstrom-Ausschaltdauer, m
время отключения тока повреждения
Интервал времени от начала повреждения до конца времени отключения выключателя.
Примечание - Время отключения тока повреждения состоит из времени срабатывания защиты и времени отключения выключателя
[Разработка типовых структурных схем микропроцессорных устройств РЗА на объектах ОАО "ФКС ЕЭС". Пояснительная записка. Новосибирск 2006 г.]EN
fault current interruption time
interruption time (US)
the time interval from fault inception until the end of the break-time of the circuit-breaker
Note – The fault current interruption time is composed of the protection operating time and the circuit-breaker break-time.
[IEV ref 448-13-14]FR
durée avant interruption d'un courant de défaut
intervalle de temps entre le début du défaut et la fin de la durée de coupure du disjoncteur
Note – La durée avant interruption d'un courant de défaut est constituée de la durée de fonctionnement de la protection et de la durée de coupure du disjoncteur.
[IEV ref 448-13-14]Тематики
EN
DE
- Kurzschlussstrom-Ausschaltdauer, m
FR
Русско-немецкий словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > время отключения тока повреждения
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98 durée d'élimination d'un défaut
время отключения повреждения
Интервал времени между началом повреждения и его устранением.
Примечание - Это время есть максимальное время отключения тока повреждения соответствующим выключателем (выключателями), необходимое для прекращения протекания тока повреждения через поврежденный элемент энергосистемы
[Разработка типовых структурных схем микропроцессорных устройств РЗА на объектах ОАО "ФКС ЕЭС". Пояснительная записка. Новосибирск 2006 г.]EN
fault clearance time
clearing time (US)
the time interval between the fault inception and the fault clearance
Note – This time is the longest fault current interruption time of the associated circuit-breaker(s) for elimination of fault current on the faulty item of plant.
[IEV ref 448-13-15]FR
durée d'élimination d'un défaut
temps d'élimination d'un défaut (déconseillé)
intervalle de temps entre l'apparition d'un défaut et son élimination
Note – Cette durée est la plus longue durée avant interruption du courant de défaut par le ou les disjoncteurs concernés par l'élimination du courant de défaut dans l'ouvrage en défaut.
[IEV ref 448-13-15]Тематики
EN
DE
- Fehlerklärungsdauer, f
FR
Франко-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > durée d'élimination d'un défaut
-
99 durée avant interruption d'un courant de défaut
время отключения тока повреждения
Интервал времени от начала повреждения до конца времени отключения выключателя.
Примечание - Время отключения тока повреждения состоит из времени срабатывания защиты и времени отключения выключателя
[Разработка типовых структурных схем микропроцессорных устройств РЗА на объектах ОАО "ФКС ЕЭС". Пояснительная записка. Новосибирск 2006 г.]EN
fault current interruption time
interruption time (US)
the time interval from fault inception until the end of the break-time of the circuit-breaker
Note – The fault current interruption time is composed of the protection operating time and the circuit-breaker break-time.
[IEV ref 448-13-14]FR
durée avant interruption d'un courant de défaut
intervalle de temps entre le début du défaut et la fin de la durée de coupure du disjoncteur
Note – La durée avant interruption d'un courant de défaut est constituée de la durée de fonctionnement de la protection et de la durée de coupure du disjoncteur.
[IEV ref 448-13-14]Тематики
EN
DE
- Kurzschlussstrom-Ausschaltdauer, m
FR
Франко-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > durée avant interruption d'un courant de défaut
-
100 Fehlerklärungsdauer, f
время отключения повреждения
Интервал времени между началом повреждения и его устранением.
Примечание - Это время есть максимальное время отключения тока повреждения соответствующим выключателем (выключателями), необходимое для прекращения протекания тока повреждения через поврежденный элемент энергосистемы
[Разработка типовых структурных схем микропроцессорных устройств РЗА на объектах ОАО "ФКС ЕЭС". Пояснительная записка. Новосибирск 2006 г.]EN
fault clearance time
clearing time (US)
the time interval between the fault inception and the fault clearance
Note – This time is the longest fault current interruption time of the associated circuit-breaker(s) for elimination of fault current on the faulty item of plant.
[IEV ref 448-13-15]FR
durée d'élimination d'un défaut
temps d'élimination d'un défaut (déconseillé)
intervalle de temps entre l'apparition d'un défaut et son élimination
Note – Cette durée est la plus longue durée avant interruption du courant de défaut par le ou les disjoncteurs concernés par l'élimination du courant de défaut dans l'ouvrage en défaut.
[IEV ref 448-13-15]Тематики
EN
DE
- Fehlerklärungsdauer, f
FR
Немецко-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > Fehlerklärungsdauer, f
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The Citadel (military college) — The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina, is a state supported, comprehensive college located in Charleston, South Carolina, USA. The Citadel is one of the six senior military colleges. The Citadel has 14 academic departments divided… … Wikipedia
The Laughing Man (Salinger) — The Laughing Man is a short story written by J. D. Salinger and originally published in The New Yorker magazine on March 19, 1949. It largely takes the structure of a story within a story and is thematically occupied with the relationship between … Wikipedia
The Century Foundation — is an US progressive think tank.[1] It was founded as a nonprofit public policy research institution on the belief that the prosperity and security of the United States depends on a mix of effective government, open democracy, and free markets.… … Wikipedia
The Adventure of the Bruce-Partington Plans — one of the 56 Sherlock Holmes short stories written by British author Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, is one of eight stories in the cycle collected as His Last Bow .Plot summaryThe monotony of pea soup fog shrouded London is broken by a sudden visit fr … Wikipedia
The Contraband — is the official student newspaper for McNeese State University in Lake Charles, LA. It was created in 1939 with the inception of the university. It is currently printed every Monday and contains a News Section, Opinions Section, Arts and… … Wikipedia
The New York Pops — at Carnegie Hall Background information Origin New York City, New York, U.S … Wikipedia
The Parks at Chehaw — Location 105 Chehaw Park Road Albany, Georgia, U.S.A. Land area 800 acres (320 ha) (Zoo portion is 100 acres (40 ha) only)[1] … Wikipedia