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assumed+mean

  • 21 произвольно принятая средняя

    Biology: assumed mean

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > произвольно принятая средняя

  • 22 произвольно принятое (рабочее) среднее

    Quality control: assumed mean

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > произвольно принятое (рабочее) среднее

  • 23 unterstellte mittlere Lebensdauer

    Lebensdauer f: unterstellte mittlere Lebensdauer f QU assumed mean life time

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch der Elektrotechnik und Elektronik > unterstellte mittlere Lebensdauer

  • 24 supuesto

    adj.
    supposed, hypothetical, assumed, alleged.
    m.
    supposition, assumption.
    past part.
    past participle of spanish verb: suponer.
    * * *
    1 (suposición) supposition, assumption
    2 (hipótesis) hypothesis
    ————————
    1→ link=suponer suponer
    1 (que se supone) supposed, assumed
    2 (pretendido) so-called, self-styled
    1 (suposición) supposition, assumption
    2 (hipótesis) hypothesis
    \
    dar algo por supuesto,-a to take something for granted
    en el supuesto de que... supposing that...
    nombre supuesto assumed name
    * * *
    1. (f. - supuesta)
    adj.
    2. noun m.
    * * *
    1.
    PP de suponer
    2. ADJ
    1) (=falso) [nombre] assumed, false
    2) (=no demostrado) supposed
    3)

    ¡por supuesto! — of course!

    -¿puedo usar su teléfono? -¡por supuesto! — "can I use your phone?" - "of course (you can)!"

    4)
    5)

    supuesto que — frm (=dando por sentado que) assuming; (=en caso de que) in the event of

    3.
    SM (=hipótesis) assumption
    * * *
    I
    - ta adjetivo
    a) ( falso) false

    el supuesto electricista — the so-called o supposed electrician

    c)

    ¿lo sabías? - por supuesto que sí! — did you know? - of course I did!

    dar algo por supuesto — to take something for granted

    II
    masculino supposition

    en el supuesto de que tenga un accidente — should you have an accident, in the event of an accident

    * * *
    I
    - ta adjetivo
    a) ( falso) false

    el supuesto electricista — the so-called o supposed electrician

    c)

    ¿lo sabías? - por supuesto que sí! — did you know? - of course I did!

    dar algo por supuesto — to take something for granted

    II
    masculino supposition

    en el supuesto de que tenga un accidente — should you have an accident, in the event of an accident

    * * *
    supuesto1
    1 = assumption, construct, presumption, presupposition [pre-supposition].

    Ex: Also, in controlled indexing language data bases, there is often an assumption that a user will be prepared to chase strings of references or to consult a sometimes complex thesaurus.

    Ex: Often they use rather fancy words, such as 'theoretical models' or ' constructs' or 'paradigms' to describe what are, very frequently, no more than hypothetical ideas or categorisations which have little empirical evidence to back them up.
    Ex: Some of these presumptions have served only to perpetuate misconceptions of collection.
    Ex: Computers hold pre-defined and fixed presuppositions, whilst those of humans are unpredictable.
    * ¡por supuesto que no! = God forbid.
    * por supuesto = of course, surely, to be sure, certainly.
    * ¡por supuesto que no! = heaven forbid.
    * supuesto práctico = case.

    supuesto2
    2 = alleged, perceived, so-called, assumed, imagined, imaginary example, presumable, putative, reputed, presumptive, apparent.

    Ex: Meanwhile the ALA and others are making wildly improbable statements about the supposedly numerous opportunities for library school graduates due to the alleged shortage of librarians.

    Ex: The arrangements should also negotiate resistance to perceived 'American dominance', erode price differentials between Europe and the US, and permit each country to support its own online services.
    Ex: DOBIS/LIBIS contains a so-called 'help' capability.
    Ex: This article discusses the advantages of storing information on discs which have an assumed life span of 20 years.
    Ex: In recent years, then, there has been much less scaremongering about the imagined horrors of drowning in a sea of paper.
    Ex: An imaginary example for a distributed fact retrieval process, based on current tools and systems, is analysed in order to clarify the requirements of such an intermediary system.
    Ex: A study was made of 8 indexes and abstracts of presumable interest to students of communication.
    Ex: Not all putative delegates were able to attend the conference -- some, e.g., were refused visas.
    Ex: Another doctor confirmed Karr's reputed plans for sex-change surgery.
    Ex: Thirty patients with a diagnosis of presumptive bacterial conjunctivitis were assessed in a randomized trial.
    Ex: Victim of an apparent assassination attempt, his face was left permanently disfigured and pockmarked.

    * * *
    supuesto1 -ta
    1 (falso) false
    actuaba bajo un nombre supuesto he worked under a false o an assumed name
    el supuesto electricista resultó ser un ladrón the so-called o supposed electrician proved to be a thief
    2
    (que se rumorea): la radio desmintió su supuesta muerte reports of his death were denied on the radio
    su supuesta enfermedad her supposed illness
    3
    por supuesto of course
    ¿vendrás? — ¡por supuesto! are you going to come? — of course!
    ¿lo sabías? — ¡por supuesto que sí! did you know? — of course I did!
    dar algo por supuesto to take sth for granted
    supposition
    su teoría descansa en un supuesto fundamental his theory rests on one fundamental supposition
    ¿y en el supuesto de que no acepten? and supposing they don't accept?, what if they don't accept?
    partiendo del supuesto de que no sabían nada working on the assumption that they knew nothing
    en el supuesto de que tenga un accidente should you have an accident, in the event of an accident
    * * *

     

    Del verbo suponer: ( conjugate suponer)

    supuesto es:

    el participio

    Multiple Entries:
    suponer    
    supuesto
    suponer ( conjugate suponer) verbo transitivo
    1

    ◊ supongamos que lo que dice es cierto let's suppose o assume what he says is true;

    suponiendo que todo salga bien assuming everything goes OK
    b) ( imaginar):


    ¿va a venir hoy? — supongo que sí is she coming today? — I should think so o I suppose so;
    es de supuesto que se lo habrán dicho presumably o I should think he's been told;
    se supone que empieza a las nueve it's supposed to start at nine
    2 (significar, implicar) to mean;

    supuesto 1
    ◊ -ta adjetivo

    a) ( falso) false;


    el supuesto mendigo the supposed beggar

    c)


    dar algo por supuesto to take sth for granted
    supuesto 2 sustantivo masculino
    supposition
    suponer verbo transitivo
    1 (creer, imaginar) to suppose: supongamos que..., let's assume o suppose that...
    supongo que me llamarán, I presume they're going to phone me
    supongo que sí, I suppose so
    se supone que acaba a las seis, it's supposed to finish at six
    se supone que él es el entendido, he's supposed to be the expert
    te suponía en París, I thought you were in Paris
    2 (conllevar, significar) to mean, involve: no supone ningún riesgo, it doesn't involve any risk
    (la amistad, el aprecio) to mean ➣ Ver nota en mean
    ♦ Locuciones: ser de suponer: es de suponer que se lo han contado, presumably o I would imagine she's been told
    ser un suponer, to be conjecture
    supuesto,-a
    I adj pey (presumiendo: falsedad) ese supuesto artista, that so-called artist
    (: inocencia) alleged
    el supuesto asesino, the alleged murderer
    II m (conjetura) assumption
    en el supuesto de que, on the assumption that: en el supuesto de que te pregunten, supposing you are asked
    ♦ Locuciones: dar por supuesto, to take sthg for granted
    por supuesto, of course
    supuesto que, since, inasmuch that
    ' supuesto' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    dar
    - supuesta
    - partir
    - presupuesto
    English:
    assumption
    - boon
    - course
    - ostensible
    - professed
    - reputed
    - so-called
    - supposed
    - would-be
    - go
    - means
    - naturally
    - so
    - sure
    - surely
    * * *
    supuesto, -a
    ♦ participio
    ver suponer
    ♦ adj
    1. [hipotético] supposed;
    [culpable, asesino] alleged;
    no se ha confirmado el supuesto ataque al corazón del presidente there has been no confirmation of the president's supposed o alleged heart attack
    2. [falso] false;
    actuó bajo un nombre supuesto he acted under a false o assumed name
    ♦ nm
    supposition, assumption;
    en el supuesto de que venga assuming (that) he comes;
    esto no es más que un supuesto this is no more than a supposition;
    en estos supuestos no es válido el principio general in these cases the general rule does not apply;
    partimos del supuesto de que todo va a salir bien we're working on the assumption that everything will turn out right;
    supuestos de cancelación grounds for cancellation
    ♦ por supuesto loc adv
    of course;
    ¿te gusta? – por supuesto do you like it? – of course;
    ¿la invitarás? – por supuesto que sí/no are you going to invite her? – of course I am/of course not;
    por supuesto que puedes venir of course you can come;
    por supuesto que si te deja de interesar, te puedes retirar of course if you lose interest, you can always back out;
    dar algo por supuesto to take sth for granted;
    doy por supuesto que te interesa I take it for granted that you're interested
    * * *
    I part → suponer
    II adj supposed, alleged;
    supuesto que (ya que) since; (en caso de que) if;
    por supuesto of course;
    dar algo por supuesto take sth as read
    III m assumption
    * * *
    supuesto, -ta adj
    1) : supposed, alleged
    2)
    por supuesto : of course, absolutely
    * * *
    1. (presunto) alleged
    2. (falso) supposed / assumed

    Spanish-English dictionary > supuesto

  • 25 suponer

    v.
    1 to suppose.
    supongo que ya habrán llegado I suppose o expect (that) they'll have arrived by now
    supongo que sí/no I suppose o expect so/not
    supongamos que me niego supposing I refuse
    es de suponer que se disculparán I would expect them to apologize
    suponiendo que… supposing o assuming that…
    María supone bien Mary supposes well.
    Esto supone un riesgo This entails a risk.
    2 to involve, to entail.
    Supone muchos peligros It involves much danger.
    3 to mean.
    4 to imagine.
    lo suponía I guessed as much
    te suponía mayor I thought you were older
    5 to be important.
    * * *
    Conjugation model [ PONER], like link=poner poner (pp supuesto,-a)
    1 (gen) to suppose, assume
    2 (significar) to mean
    3 (conllevar) to mean, entail, require
    4 (adivinar) to guess; (imaginar) to imagine, think
    5 (creer) to think
    1 familiar supposition
    \
    como es de suponer as is to be expected
    ser de suponer to be likely
    * * *
    verb
    1) to suppose, presume
    * * *
    ( pp supuesto)
    1. VT
    1) (=imaginar) to imagine

    estoy muy satisfecho, como puedes suponer — I'm very pleased, as you can imagine

    ya puedes suponer lo que pasó — you can guess o imagine what happened

    le pagaron, supongamos, diez millones — he was paid, say, ten million

    • es de suponer, es de suponer que haya protestas — I would imagine there will be protests, presumably there will be protests

    están muy apenados, como es de suponer — they are very upset, as you would expect

    como era de suponer, llegaron tarde — as was to be expected, they arrived late

    2)

    • suponer que — [intentando adivinar] to imagine that, suppose that, guess that *; [como hipótesis] to suppose that; [dando por sentado] to assume that, presume that

    supongo que necesitaréis unas vacaciones — I imagine o suppose you'll need a holiday, I guess you'll need a holiday *

    sí, supongo que tienes razón — yes, I suppose you're right, yes, I guess you're right *

    supón que tuvieras mucho dinero, ¿qué harías? — suppose o supposing you had a lot of money, what would you do?

    suponiendo que todo salga según lo previsto — assuming o presuming everything goes according to plan

    • supongo que no, -¿crees que llegará tarde? -no lo sé, supongo que no — "do you think he'll be late?" - "I don't know, I don't suppose so"

    -no será fácil -no, supongo que no — "it won't be easy" - "no, I suppose not"

    • supongo que sí — I suppose so, I imagine so, I guess so *

    3) (=atribuir)
    [con objeto indirecto de persona]

    os suponía informados de este asunto — I assumed o presumed you had been informed about this matter

    le supongo unos 60 años — I would say o guess he's about 60

    se le supone una gran antigüedad — it is thought o believed to be very old

    4) (=implicar) to mean
    2.
    See:
    3.
    SM

    • un suponer, a ver, un suponer, si tú fueras su marido, ¿qué harías? — OK, just supposing you were her husband, what would you do?

    si te ofrecen el puesto, es un suponer, ¿lo aceptarías? — supposing o suppose they were to offer you the job, would you accept?

    supongamos, es solo un suponer, que eso sea verdad — let us suppose, for the sake of argument, that it is true

    * * *
    I

    si quebraran, es un suponer,... — suppose o supposing they were to go bankrupt,...

    si, es un suponer, perdieses tu trabajo... — just supposing for the sake of argument that you were to lose your job

    II
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) ( tomar como hipótesis) to suppose, assume

    supongamos que lo que dice es cierto — let's suppose o assume what he says is true

    supongamos que los dos ángulos son iguales — let us suppose o assume that both angles are equal

    b) ( imaginar)

    nada hacía suponer que... — there was nothing to suggest that...

    ¿va a venir hoy? - supongo que sí — is she coming today? - I should think so o I imagine so

    es de suponer que se lo habrán dicho — presumably o I should think o I would imagine he's been told

    c) ( atribuir) (+ me/te/le etc)

    le suponía más edad — I imagined o thought he was older

    se le suponía un valor aproximado de... — it was thought to be worth approximately...

    2) (significar, implicar) to mean

    eso supondría tener que empezar desde el principio — that would mean having to start from the beginning again; (+ me/te/le etc)

    * * *
    = assume, entail, guess, involve, mean, presume, surmise, suppose, gather, account for.
    Ex. The foregoing discussion concerning analytical entries assumes implicitly a conventional catalogue format, that is, card, microform or other printed catalogue.
    Ex. Secondly, the admission of rules incompatible with the general ideology adopted inevitably entails subsequent remedial revision.
    Ex. 'Anything wrong?' 'Oh, I'm okay, I guess,' volunteered Datto cautiously.
    Ex. Generating author indexes or catalogues involves creating headings from author's names, that is the names of persons or organisations.
    Ex. These changes have meant modifications, some very time-consuming, to serials catalogues in libraries.
    Ex. We presumed this principle of organization in the case of searching the public library for a document about programmed instruction.
    Ex. One is to read a portion of the newspaper and to surmise under what headings it has been indexed.
    Ex. Suppose we are searching for information about the subject 'The use of television in remedial teaching in primary schools'.
    Ex. The script was improvised on an outline which, I gathered, was the result of three sessions' hard talking to decide whose ideas out of the many suggested should be used.
    Ex. The major four categories of physical forms outlined so far account for most of the published indexes and catalogues.
    ----
    * como cabría suponer = as might be expected.
    * es de suponer que = presumably.
    * gastos que no suponen un gran desembolso de dinero = out-of-pocket costs.
    * no suponer gran cosa = not add up to much.
    * no suponer nada = add up to + nothing.
    * que supone = associated with.
    * según cabe suponer = presumably, supposedly.
    * según sabe suponer = allegedly.
    * suponer la diferencia entre el éxito o el fracaso = make or break.
    * suponer peligro = hold + danger.
    * suponerse que + Subjuntivo = be alleged + Infinitivo.
    * suponer una avance sobre = move + one away from.
    * suponer una diferencia sobre = move + one away from.
    * suponer un avance = be a step forward.
    * suponer un cambio = bring about + change.
    * supongo que = I daresay that.
    * * *
    I

    si quebraran, es un suponer,... — suppose o supposing they were to go bankrupt,...

    si, es un suponer, perdieses tu trabajo... — just supposing for the sake of argument that you were to lose your job

    II
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) ( tomar como hipótesis) to suppose, assume

    supongamos que lo que dice es cierto — let's suppose o assume what he says is true

    supongamos que los dos ángulos son iguales — let us suppose o assume that both angles are equal

    b) ( imaginar)

    nada hacía suponer que... — there was nothing to suggest that...

    ¿va a venir hoy? - supongo que sí — is she coming today? - I should think so o I imagine so

    es de suponer que se lo habrán dicho — presumably o I should think o I would imagine he's been told

    c) ( atribuir) (+ me/te/le etc)

    le suponía más edad — I imagined o thought he was older

    se le suponía un valor aproximado de... — it was thought to be worth approximately...

    2) (significar, implicar) to mean

    eso supondría tener que empezar desde el principio — that would mean having to start from the beginning again; (+ me/te/le etc)

    * * *
    = assume, entail, guess, involve, mean, presume, surmise, suppose, gather, account for.

    Ex: The foregoing discussion concerning analytical entries assumes implicitly a conventional catalogue format, that is, card, microform or other printed catalogue.

    Ex: Secondly, the admission of rules incompatible with the general ideology adopted inevitably entails subsequent remedial revision.
    Ex: 'Anything wrong?' 'Oh, I'm okay, I guess,' volunteered Datto cautiously.
    Ex: Generating author indexes or catalogues involves creating headings from author's names, that is the names of persons or organisations.
    Ex: These changes have meant modifications, some very time-consuming, to serials catalogues in libraries.
    Ex: We presumed this principle of organization in the case of searching the public library for a document about programmed instruction.
    Ex: One is to read a portion of the newspaper and to surmise under what headings it has been indexed.
    Ex: Suppose we are searching for information about the subject 'The use of television in remedial teaching in primary schools'.
    Ex: The script was improvised on an outline which, I gathered, was the result of three sessions' hard talking to decide whose ideas out of the many suggested should be used.
    Ex: The major four categories of physical forms outlined so far account for most of the published indexes and catalogues.
    * como cabría suponer = as might be expected.
    * es de suponer que = presumably.
    * gastos que no suponen un gran desembolso de dinero = out-of-pocket costs.
    * no suponer gran cosa = not add up to much.
    * no suponer nada = add up to + nothing.
    * que supone = associated with.
    * según cabe suponer = presumably, supposedly.
    * según sabe suponer = allegedly.
    * suponer la diferencia entre el éxito o el fracaso = make or break.
    * suponer peligro = hold + danger.
    * suponerse que + Subjuntivo = be alleged + Infinitivo.
    * suponer una avance sobre = move + one away from.
    * suponer una diferencia sobre = move + one away from.
    * suponer un avance = be a step forward.
    * suponer un cambio = bring about + change.
    * supongo que = I daresay that.

    * * *
    imagínate que te toca la lotería, es un suponer, ¿qué harías? imagine you won the lottery, just supposing, what would you do?
    si la empresa quebrara, es un suponer, … just suppose o just supposing the company were to go bankrupt, …, if the company were to go bankrupt, just for the sake of argument, …
    suponer2 [ E22 ]
    vt
    A
    supongamos que lo que dice es cierto let's suppose o assume what he says is true
    suponiendo que todo salga como está previsto assuming everything goes according to plan
    supongamos que los dos ángulos son iguales let us suppose o assume that both angles are equal
    ni aun suponiendo que fuera verdad, no tiene derecho a hablar así even supposing it were true, he has no right to talk like that
    2
    (imaginar): supuse que ibas a comprarlo tú I thought o presumed o assumed you were going to buy it
    supongo que tienes razón I suppose you're right
    nada hacía suponer que ocurriría una cosa así there was nothing to suggest o there was no reason to suppose that something like that would happen
    ¿va a venir hoy? — supongo que sí is she coming today? — I should think so o I imagine so
    es de suponer que se lo habrán dicho presumably o I should think o I would assume o I would imagine he's been told
    era de suponer que se lo iban a dar it was to be expected that they would give it to him
    se supone que tendría que empezar a las nueve it's supposed to start at nine
    ¿dónde se supone que vamos? where are we supposed o meant to be going?
    3 (atribuir) (+ me/te/le etc):
    le suponía más edad I imagined o thought he was older
    se le suponen propiedades medicinales it is believed o held to have medicinal qualities
    al cuadro se le suponía un valor aproximado de … the painting was thought to be worth approximately …
    B (significar, implicar) to mean
    el proyecto supondrá una inversión de cinco millones de dólares the project will mean an investment of five million dollars
    la preparación del congreso supuso cinco meses de trabajo the preparation for the convention involved o took five months' work
    eso supondría tener que empezar desde el principio that would mean having to start from the beginning again
    (+ me/te/le etc): ese negocio no le supuso ningún beneficio that deal didn't make him any profit
    no me supone problema ninguno/ninguna molestia it's no trouble at all
    el traslado nos va a suponer muchos inconvenientes the move will cause us a great deal of inconvenience, the move will mean o will involve a great deal of inconvenience
    * * *

     

    suponer ( conjugate suponer) verbo transitivo
    1

    ◊ supongamos que lo que dice es cierto let's suppose o assume what he says is true;

    suponiendo que todo salga bien assuming everything goes OK
    b) ( imaginar):


    ¿va a venir hoy? — supongo que sí is she coming today? — I should think so o I suppose so;
    es de suponer que se lo habrán dicho presumably o I should think he's been told;
    se supone que empieza a las nueve it's supposed to start at nine
    2 (significar, implicar) to mean;

    suponer verbo transitivo
    1 (creer, imaginar) to suppose: supongamos que..., let's assume o suppose that...
    supongo que me llamarán, I presume they're going to phone me
    supongo que sí, I suppose so
    se supone que acaba a las seis, it's supposed to finish at six
    se supone que él es el entendido, he's supposed to be the expert
    te suponía en París, I thought you were in Paris
    2 (conllevar, significar) to mean, involve: no supone ningún riesgo, it doesn't involve any risk
    (la amistad, el aprecio) to mean ➣ Ver nota en mean
    ♦ Locuciones: ser de suponer: es de suponer que se lo han contado, presumably o I would imagine she's been told
    ser un suponer, to be conjecture
    ' suponer' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    condicionamiento
    - creer
    - esperar
    - hacer
    - imaginar
    - imaginarse
    - jugar
    - significar
    - asumir
    - supuse
    English:
    assume
    - entail
    - expect
    - guess
    - imagine
    - imply
    - involve
    - mean
    - pose
    - presumably
    - presume
    - suppose
    - surmise
    - take
    - say
    * * *
    ♦ nm
    imagino que nos invitarán – eso es un suponer I imagine they'll invite us – that's pure conjecture o you can't say for sure;
    imagina, y es un suponer, que te quedas sin dinero imagine, for the sake of argument, that you didn't have any money
    ♦ vt
    1. [creer, presuponer] to suppose;
    supongo que ya habrán llegado I suppose o expect (that) they'll have arrived by now;
    supongo que tienes razón I suppose o guess you're right;
    supongo que sí/no I suppose o expect so/not;
    supongamos que me niego supposing I refuse;
    es de suponer que se disculparán I would expect them to apologize;
    es de suponer una nueva bajada de los tipos de interés a further drop in interest rates seems likely, we can expect a further drop in interest rates;
    al final lo perdí todo – era de suponer in the end I lost everything – it was only to be expected o that's hardly surprising;
    nada hacía suponer que… there was nothing to suggest that…;
    todo hacía suponer que se llegaría a un acuerdo everything pointed to an agreement;
    suponiendo que… supposing o assuming that…;
    suponiendo que no te moleste as long as o assuming it doesn't bother you
    2. [implicar] to involve, to entail;
    una dieta así supone mucho sacrificio a diet like that involves a lot of sacrifices;
    esto nos supone un cambio de planes this involves o entails o means a change of plan for us;
    no me supuso ningún esfuerzo it was no trouble (for me)
    3. [significar] to mean;
    supone mucho para mí it means a lot to me;
    este descubrimiento supone un importante avance para la ciencia this discovery constitutes a major advance for science
    4. [conjeturar] to imagine;
    lo suponía I guessed as much;
    te suponía mayor I thought you were older
    * * *
    <part supuesto> v/t suppose, assume;
    supongamos que … let’s suppose o assume that …;
    supongo que sí I suppose so
    * * *
    suponer {60} vt
    1) presumir: to suppose, to assume
    supongo que sí: I guess so, I suppose so
    se supone que van a llegar mañana: they're supposed to arrive tomorrow
    2) : to imply, to suggest
    3) : to involve, to entail
    el éxito supone mucho trabajo: success involves a lot of work
    * * *
    1. (creer) to suppose / to expect
    2. (significar) to mean [pt. & pp. meant]
    3. (implicar, conllevar) to involve / to be
    supongamos que... supposing...

    Spanish-English dictionary > suponer

  • 26 apelativo

    adj.
    appellative.
    m.
    1 name (nombre).
    más conocido con el apelativo de… better known by the name of…, better known as…
    2 form of address (linguistics).
    un apelativo cariñoso an affectionate form of address, a term of endearment
    * * *
    1 appellative
    1 appellative, name
    ————————
    1 appellative, name
    * * *
    SM (Ling) appellative; (=apellido) surname
    * * *
    a) ( sobrenombre) name

    se le conoce por el apelativo de... — he is known as...

    b) (Ling) form of address
    * * *
    = monicker [moniker], appellative, appellation.
    Ex. Those are, as I said in another context, monickers that were laid on them by ignorant and, I would say, mean-minded authors for their own purposes.
    Ex. This rule alters the provisions of the 1942 code where, by rule 19, surnames alone or those followed by appellatives, designations, etc., preceded the same name with initials or forenames.
    Ex. The name to be chosen for the author must be, by rule 40, 'the name by which he is commonly identified, whether it is his real name, or an assumed name, nickname, title of nobility, or other appellation'.
    * * *
    a) ( sobrenombre) name

    se le conoce por el apelativo de... — he is known as...

    b) (Ling) form of address
    * * *
    = monicker [moniker], appellative, appellation.

    Ex: Those are, as I said in another context, monickers that were laid on them by ignorant and, I would say, mean-minded authors for their own purposes.

    Ex: This rule alters the provisions of the 1942 code where, by rule 19, surnames alone or those followed by appellatives, designations, etc., preceded the same name with initials or forenames.
    Ex: The name to be chosen for the author must be, by rule 40, 'the name by which he is commonly identified, whether it is his real name, or an assumed name, nickname, title of nobility, or other appellation'.

    * * *
    se le conoce por el apelativo de … he is known as …
    2 ( Ling) vocative ( frml), form of address
    se usa como apelativo cariñoso it is used as an affectionate form of address
    * * *

    apelativo sustantivo masculino

    b) (Ling) form of address;


    ' apelativo' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    alma
    - cariño
    - chavo
    - chico
    - cielo
    - corazón
    - gordo
    - hermano
    - hijo
    - madrina
    - mano
    - mijo
    - muñeca
    - nene
    - padrino
    - patrón
    - querido
    - rey
    - rico
    - vida
    English:
    honey
    * * *
    1. [nombre] name;
    más conocido con el apelativo de… better known by the name of…, better known as…
    2. Ling form of address;
    un apelativo cariñoso an affectionate form of address, a term of endearment
    * * *
    m form of address;
    * * *
    apellido: last name, surname

    Spanish-English dictionary > apelativo

  • 27 apodo

    m.
    nickname.
    pres.indicat.
    1st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: apodar.
    * * *
    1 nickname
    * * *
    noun m.
    * * *
    SM (=mote) nickname; (Jur) false name, alias
    * * *
    masculino nickname
    * * *
    = monicker [moniker], sobriquet, nickname, agnomen.
    Ex. Those are, as I said in another context, monickers that were laid on them by ignorant and, I would say, mean-minded authors for their own purposes.
    Ex. Typically, the subelements will fall within the following categories: forename, patronymic, family name, sobriquet, and dynastic name.
    Ex. The name to be chosen for the author must be, by rule 40, 'the name by which he is commonly identified, whether it is his real name, or an assumed name, nickname, title of nobility, or other appellation'.
    Ex. The article is entitled 'His Occupational Agnomen'.
    * * *
    masculino nickname
    * * *
    = monicker [moniker], sobriquet, nickname, agnomen.

    Ex: Those are, as I said in another context, monickers that were laid on them by ignorant and, I would say, mean-minded authors for their own purposes.

    Ex: Typically, the subelements will fall within the following categories: forename, patronymic, family name, sobriquet, and dynastic name.
    Ex: The name to be chosen for the author must be, by rule 40, 'the name by which he is commonly identified, whether it is his real name, or an assumed name, nickname, title of nobility, or other appellation'.
    Ex: The article is entitled 'His Occupational Agnomen'.

    * * *
    nickname
    * * *

    Del verbo apodar: ( conjugate apodar)

    apodo es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo

    apodó es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo

    Multiple Entries:
    apodar    
    apodo
    apodar ( conjugate apodar) verbo transitivo
    to nickname, call
    apodo sustantivo masculino
    nickname
    apodar verbo transitivo to nickname
    apodo sustantivo masculino nickname
    ' apodo' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    despiste
    - llamar
    - mote
    - poner
    English:
    apt
    - nickname
    - pet
    * * *
    apodo nm
    nickname
    * * *
    m nickname
    * * *
    apodo nm
    sobrenombre: nickname
    * * *
    apodo n nickname

    Spanish-English dictionary > apodo

  • 28 igualmente

    adv.
    1 also, likewise (also).
    2 the same to you, likewise.
    3 equally, alike, too, as well.
    intj.
    1 just the same.
    2 the same to you.
    * * *
    ■ es igualmente usual que... it is just as usual that...
    2 (también) likewise; (a pesar de ello) all the same, still
    ■ se refirió igualmente a... he also referred to...
    3 (como respuesta) the same to you
    ■ ¡que haya suerte! --¡igualmente! good luck! --the same to you!
    * * *
    adv.
    * * *
    ADV
    1) (=del mismo modo) equally

    todos mis estudiantes son igualmente vagos — all my students are equally lazy, my students are all as lazy as each other

    aunque se lo prohíbas, lo hará igualmente — even if you tell him not to, he'll do it anyway o just the same

    2) (=también) likewise

    igualmente, los pensionistas quedan exentos — likewise, pensioners are exempt

    3) [en saludo] likewise, the same to you

    -¡Feliz Navidad! -gracias, igualmente — "Happy Christmas!" - "thanks, likewise o the same to you"

    -muchos recuerdos a tus padres -gracias, igualmente — "give my regards to your parents" - "I will, and to yours too"

    4) (=uniformemente) evenly
    * * *

    saludos a tu mujer - gracias, igualmente — give my regards to your wife - thanks, and to yours (too)

    b) <bueno/malo> equally
    c) (frml) ( también) likewise
    * * *
    = as well, for that matter, likewise, similarly, correspondingly, equally, just as importantly, equally importantly, as importantly, so too, in like manner, in a like manner, in like fashion, same here, me too, in like vein.
    Ex. Again, the following statement is appropriate: A is permitted, but consider B or C or... N, as well or instead.
    Ex. A machine-readable national data base, or for that matter any catalog, should be capable of existing in time.
    Ex. 'Bearings' are part of the Key system 'Dynamos', and thus may be denoted by (p), thus (p) Bearings and likewise (p) Diameter.
    Ex. Thus the electronic journal (e-journal) is a concept where scientists are able to input ideas and text to a computer data base for their colleagues to view, and similarly to view the work of others.
    Ex. For supercomputers the number of sales is at a much lower level, but the unit prices are correspondingly higher.
    Ex. Porous Bavarian limestone was used as this absorbs grease and water equally.
    Ex. And, just as importantly, computers have assumed an increasingly pervasive role in industrial automation.
    Ex. Equally importantly, it strives to reflect the latest developments in the field of cooperative activities.
    Ex. As importantly, I also want to look at the medium term management problems relating to the delivery of digital libraries.
    Ex. Quality is important but so too is hard statistical evidence of the library's productivity.
    Ex. In like manner, new books do not generally replace old ones in libraries.
    Ex. The author suggests that certain types of people are attracted to certain occupations, and that people who choose the same occupation tend to behave in a like manner within their occupational group.
    Ex. Since Michigan's pioneering move, two other schools have re-baptized themselves in like fashion.
    Ex. Same here. I mean, I personally think that there is some divine power somewhere.
    Ex. Unfortunately, this approach results mostly in ' me too' behavior and very little that's new.
    Ex. Other old crones added their ribaldries in like vein, amusing everyone but the young couple.
    * * *

    saludos a tu mujer - gracias, igualmente — give my regards to your wife - thanks, and to yours (too)

    b) <bueno/malo> equally
    c) (frml) ( también) likewise
    * * *
    = as well, for that matter, likewise, similarly, correspondingly, equally, just as importantly, equally importantly, as importantly, so too, in like manner, in a like manner, in like fashion, same here, me too, in like vein.

    Ex: Again, the following statement is appropriate: A is permitted, but consider B or C or... N, as well or instead.

    Ex: A machine-readable national data base, or for that matter any catalog, should be capable of existing in time.
    Ex: 'Bearings' are part of the Key system 'Dynamos', and thus may be denoted by (p), thus (p) Bearings and likewise (p) Diameter.
    Ex: Thus the electronic journal (e-journal) is a concept where scientists are able to input ideas and text to a computer data base for their colleagues to view, and similarly to view the work of others.
    Ex: For supercomputers the number of sales is at a much lower level, but the unit prices are correspondingly higher.
    Ex: Porous Bavarian limestone was used as this absorbs grease and water equally.
    Ex: And, just as importantly, computers have assumed an increasingly pervasive role in industrial automation.
    Ex: Equally importantly, it strives to reflect the latest developments in the field of cooperative activities.
    Ex: As importantly, I also want to look at the medium term management problems relating to the delivery of digital libraries.
    Ex: Quality is important but so too is hard statistical evidence of the library's productivity.
    Ex: In like manner, new books do not generally replace old ones in libraries.
    Ex: The author suggests that certain types of people are attracted to certain occupations, and that people who choose the same occupation tend to behave in a like manner within their occupational group.
    Ex: Since Michigan's pioneering move, two other schools have re-baptized themselves in like fashion.
    Ex: Same here. I mean, I personally think that there is some divine power somewhere.
    Ex: Unfortunately, this approach results mostly in ' me too' behavior and very little that's new.
    Ex: Other old crones added their ribaldries in like vein, amusing everyone but the young couple.

    * * *
    A
    (en fórmulas de cortesía): que lo pases muy bien — igualmente have a great time — you too o and you
    saludos a tu mujer — gracias, igualmente give my regards to your wife — thanks, and to yours (too)
    feliz Año Nuevo — gracias, igualmente Happy New Year — thanks, the same to you
    B ‹bueno/malo› equally
    hay cinco candidatos, todos igualmente malos there are five candidates, all equally bad o all as bad as each other
    C ( frml) (también) likewise
    * * *

     

    igualmente adverbio

    ◊ que lo pases muy bien — igualmente have a great time — you too o and you

    b) ‹bueno/malo› equally

    c) (frml) ( también) likewise

    igualmente adverbio
    1 (por igual) equally: las dos hipótesis son igualmente probables, the two hypotheses are equally possible
    2 (del mismo modo, lo mismo digo) fam ¡estás preciosa! - ¡igualmente!, you look great!- you too!
    ¡gracias! - ¡igualmente!, thank you! - the same to you!
    3 (también) also, likewise: ... el siguiente caso es igualmente incurable,... the next case is also incurable
    ' igualmente' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    ver
    - asimismo
    English:
    alike
    - equally
    - same
    - similarly
    * * *
    1. [de manera igual] equally;
    la riqueza no está repartida igualmente wealth is not distributed equally;
    dos proyectos igualmente importantes two equally important projects
    2. [también] also, likewise;
    ofreció igualmente dar asilo a los refugiados he also o likewise offered to grant the refugees asylum;
    igualmente, querría recordar a nuestro querido maestro I would also like us to remember our much-loved teacher
    3. [fórmula de cortesía]
    que pases un buen fin de semana – igualmente have a good weekend – you too;
    que aproveche – igualmente enjoy your meal – you too;
    ¡Feliz Navidad! – igualmente Merry Christmas! – same to you!;
    encantado de conocerlo – igualmente pleased to meet you – likewise;
    recuerdos a tu madre – gracias, igualmente give my regards to your mother – thanks, give mine to yours too
    * * *
    adv equally
    * * *
    1) : equally
    2) asimismo: likewise
    * * *
    igualmente1 adv equally
    igualmente2 interj the same to you! / you too!
    ¡que vaya bien! ¡Igualmente! all the best! The same to you!

    Spanish-English dictionary > igualmente

  • 29 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 30 нагрузка


    load
    - (нервно-психическая и физическая) — workload
    -, асимметричная — unsymmetrical load
    асимметричная нагрузка на самолет может возникнуть при отказе критического двигателя. — the airplane must be designed for unsymmetrical loads resulting from the failure of the critical engine.
    -, аэродинамическая — aerodynamic load
    -, безопасная — safe load
    -, боковая — side load
    для случая боковой нагрузки предполагается что самолет находится в горизонтальном положении при условии касания земли только колесами основных опор. — for the side load condition, the airplane is assumed to be in the level attitude with only the main wheels contacting the ground.
    -, вертикальная — vertical load
    -, вибрационная — vibration load
    -, воздушная — air load
    -, вызванная отказом двигателя, асимметричная — unsymmetrical load due to engine failure
    - генератора — generator load
    -, гидравлическая — hydraulic load
    -, гироскопическая — gyroscopic load
    -, десантная — air-delivery load
    -, десантная (парашютная) — paradrop load
    -, динамическая — dynamic load
    нагрузка, возникающая при воздействии положительного (ипи отрицательного) ускорения на конструкцию ла. — any load due to acceleration (or deceleration) of an aircraft, and therefore proportional to its mass.
    -, динамическая, при полном вытягивании строп парашюта до наполнения купола — (parachute) deployment shock load the load which occurs when the rigging lines become taut prior to inflation of the canopy.
    -, динамическая, при раскрытии купола парашюта — (parachute) opening shock load

    maximum load developed during rapid inflation of the canopy.
    -, длительная — permanent load
    -, допускаемая прочностью самолета — load not exceeding airplane structural limitations
    -, допустимая — allowable load
    -, знакопеременная — alternate load
    -, индуктивная (эл.) — inductive load
    -, инерционная — inertia load
    -, коммерческая bес пассажиров, груза и багажа. — payload (p/l) weight of passengers, cargo, and baggage.
    - коммерческая, располагаемая — payload available
    -, максимальная коммерческая — maximum payload
    разность между максимальным расчетным весом без топлива и весом пустого снаряженного ла. — maximum design zero fuel weight minus operational empty weight.
    -, максимальная предельная радиальная (на колесо) — maximum radial limit load (rating of each wheel)
    -, максимальная статическая (на колесо) — maximum static load (rating of each wheel)
    -, маневренная — maneuvering load
    -, минимальная расчетная — minimum design load
    при определении минимальных расчетных нагрузок необходимо учитывать влияние возможных усталостных нагрузок и нагрузок от трения и заклинивания. — the minimum design loads must provide а rugged system for service use, including consideration of fatigua, jamming and friction loads.
    -, моментная (напр. поворотного срезного болта водила) — torque load
    - на вал (ротор) — shaft (rotor) load
    - на генератор — generator load
    - на гермокабину (от избыточного давления) — pressurized cabin pressure differential load
    конструкция самолета допжна выдерживать полетные нагрузки в сочетании с нагрузками от избыточного давления в гермокабине. — the airplane structure must be strong enough to withstand the flight loads combined with pressure differential loads.
    - на двигатель — power load on engine

    prevent too sudden and great power load being thrown on the engine.
    - на единицу площади — load per unit area
    - на колесо — wheel load
    - на колонку (или штурвал, ручку) при продольном yправлении — elevator pressure (felt when deflecting control column (wheel or stick)
    - на конструкцию, выраженная в единицах ускорения (статическая и динамическая) — (static and dynamic) loads on structure expressed in g units
    - на крыло, удельная — wing loading
    часть веса самолета, приходящаяся на единицу поверхности крыла и равная частномy от деления полетного веса самолета на площадь крыла. — wing loading is gross weight of aeroplane divided by gross wing area.
    - на лопасть, удельная — blade loading
    - на мотораму — load on engine mount
    - на мотораму, боковая — side load on engine mount
    - на мощность, удельная часть веса самолета, приходящаяся на единицу силы тяги, развиваемой его силовой установкой при нормальном режиме работы. — power loading the gross weight of an aircraft divided by the horsepower of the engine(s).
    - на орган управления (усилие) — control pressure
    - на орган управления, пропорциональная величине отклонения поверхности управнения — control pressure proportional to amount of control surface deflection
    - на орган управления (штурвал, колонку, ручку управления, педали), создаваемая загрузочным механизмом — control pressure created by feel unit /or spring/
    - на орган управления (штурвал, колонку или педали), создаваемая отклоняемой поверхностью управления — control pressure created by control surface
    - на педали при путевом управлении — rudder pressure (felt when deflecting pedals)
    - на площадь, сметаемую несущим винтом — rotor disc loading
    величина подъемной силы (тяги) несущего винта, деленная на площадь ометаемую винтом. — the thrust of the rotor divided by the rotor disc area.
    - на поверхность управления — control surface load, backpressure on control surface
    - на поверхность управления от порыва ветра — control surface gust load
    - на поверхность управления, удельная — control surface loading the mean normal force per unit area carried by an aerofoil.
    - на пол — floor load
    - на пол, удельная — floor loading
    -, направленная к продольной оси самолета, боковая — inward acting side load
    -, направленная от продольной оси самолета, боковая — outward acting side load
    - на размах, удельная — span loading
    полетный вес самолета, деленный на квадрат размаха крыла. — the gross weight of an airplane divided by the square of the span.
    - на растяжение — tensile load /stress, strain/
    - на руль высоты (усилие при отклонении) — backpressure on elevator
    - на руль направления (усилие при отклонении) — backpressure on rudder
    - на сжатие — compression load
    - на систему управления — control system load
    максимальные и минимальные усилия летчика, прикладываемые к органам управления (в условиях полета) и передаваемые в точку крепления проводки управления к рычагу поверхности управления. — the maximum and minimum pilot forces are assumed to act at the appropriate control grips or pads (in a manner simulating flight conditions) and to be reacted at the attachment of the control system to control surface horn.
    - на скручивание — torsional load
    - на срез — shear load
    - на тягу, удельная — thrust loading
    отношение веса реактивного самолета к тяге, развиваемой его двигателем (двигателями), — the weight-thrust ratio of а jet aircraft expressed as gross weight (in kg) divided by thrust (in kg).
    - на шасси при посадке — ground load on the landing gear at touch-down
    - на шину (колеса) — load on tire
    - на штурвал (ручку) при управлении no крену — aileron pressure (felt when deflecting control wheel (or stick)
    - на элерон (усилие при отклонении) — backpressure on aileron
    -, номинальная (эл.) — rated load
    -, нормальная — normal load
    -, нормальная эксплуатационная (в системах управления) — normal operating load control system load that can be obtained in normal operation.
    -, ограниченная весом, коммерческая (платная) — weight limited payload (wlp)
    коммерческая нагрузка, oграниченная одним наиболее перечисленных ниже): — payload as restricted by the most critical of the following:
    1. взлетным весом снаряженного самолета за вычетом веса пустого снаряженного самолета и минимального запаса расходуемого топлива. — 1. operational takeoff weight minus operational empty weight minus minimum usable fuel.
    2. посадочным весом снаряженного самолета за вычетом веса пустого снаряженнаго самолета и анз топлива. — 2. operational landing weight minus operational empty weight minus flight reserve fuel.
    3. ограничениями по использованию отсеков. данная нагрузка не должна превышать макс. коммерческую нагрузку. — 3. compartment and other related limits. (it must not exceed maximum payload).
    -, ограниченная объемом, коммерческая (платная) — space limited payload (slp)
    нагрузка, ограниченная числом мест, объемными и другими пределами кабины, грузовых и багажных отсеков, — payload as restricted by seating,volumetric, and other related limits of the cabin, cargo, and baggage compartments. (it must not exceed maximum payload).
    -, омическая (эл.) — resistive load
    -, осевая — axial load
    -, основная — basic load
    - от встречного порыва (ветpa) — load resulting from encountering head-on gust
    - от заклинивания (подвижных элементов) — jamming load
    - от избыточного давления (в гермокабине) — pressure differential load
    - от порыва (ветра) — gust load
    случай нагружения конструкции самолета, особенного крыла, в результате воздействия на самолет вертикальных и горизонтальных воздушных течений (порывов), — the load condition which is imposed on an airplane, especially the wings, as a result of the airplane's flying into vertical or horizontal air currents.
    - от трения — friction load
    -, параллельная линия шарниров (узлов подвески поверхностей управления). — load parallel to (control surface) hinge line
    -, переменная (по величине) — varying load, load of variable magnitude
    -, пиковая — peak load
    -, платная (коммерческая) — payload (p/l)
    beс пассажиров, груза и багажа. — weight of passengers, cargo, and baggage.
    -, повторная — repeated load
    расчеты и испытания конструкции должны продемонстрировать ее способность выдерживать повторные переменные нагрузки возможные при эксплуатации. — the structure must be shown by analysis, tests, or both, to be able to withstand the repeated load of variable magnitude expected in service.
    -, погонная — load per unit length
    -, полезная — payload (p/l)
    вес пассажиров, груза, багажа — weight of passengers, cargo, and baggage.
    -, полезная — useful load
    разность между взлетным весом снаряженного и весом пустого снаряженного ла. (включает: коммерческую нагрузку, вырабатываемые топливо и др. жидкости, не входящие в состав снаряжения ла). — difference between operational takeoff weight and operational empty weight. (it includes payload, usable fuel, and other usable fluids not included as operational items).
    -, полетная — flight load
    отношение составляющей аэродинамической силы (действующей перпендикулярно продольной оси самолета) к весу самолета. — flight load factors represent the ratio of the aerodynamic force component (acting normal to the assumed longitudinal axis of the airplane) to the weight of the airplane.
    -, полная — full load
    включает вес экипажа, снаряжения, топлива и полезной нагрузки.
    -, постоянная — permanent load
    - предельная, разрушающая (по терминологии икао) — ultimate load
    -, продольная — longitudinal load
    -, равномерная — uniform load
    -, радиальная эксплуатационная (на каждое колесо шасcи) — radial limit load (rating of each wheel)
    -, разрушающая (расчетная) — ultimate load
    нагрузка, в результате которой возникает, или может возникнуть на основании расчетов, разрушение элемента конструкции. — the load which will, or is computed to, cause failure in any structural member.
    -, разрушающая (способная вызывать разрушение) — destructive load
    торможение может привести к появлению разрушающей нагрузки на переднее колесо. — braking can cause destructive loads on nosewheel.
    -, распределенная — distributed load
    -, рассредоточенная — distributed load
    -, расчетная — ultimate load
    расчетная нагрузка опрелеляется как произведение эксплуатационной нагрузки на коэффициент безопасности. — ultimate load is the limit load multiplied by the prescribed factor of safety.
    -, расчетная (по терминологии икао) — proof load
    -, расчетная (по усилиям в системе управления) — design load design loads are accepted in the absence of a rational analysis.
    -, скручивающая — torsional load
    -, служебная — operational items /load/
    включает экипаж, парашюты, кислородное оборудование экипажа, масло для двигателей и невырабатываемое топливо. — includes: crew, parachutes, crew's oxygen equipment, engine oil, unusable fuel.
    -, служебная (стандартная) — standard items
    служебная нагрузка может включать: нерасходуемые топливо и жидкости, масло для двигателей, огнетушители, аварийное кислородное оборудоавние, конструкции в буфете, дополнительное электронное оборудование. — may include, unusable fuel and other fluids, engine oil, toilet fluid, fire extinguishers, emergency oxygen equipment, structure in galley, buffet, supplementary electronic equipment.
    - снаряженного (самолета) — operational load
    -, сосредоточенная — concentrated load
    -, статическая — static load
    постоянно действующая нагрузка, постепенно возрастающая от нуля до своего максимума при нулевом ускорении. — а stationary load or one that is gradually increased from zero to its maximum. it is an unaccelerated basic load.
    -, суммарная — total load
    -, ударная — impact load
    -, уравновешивающая — balancing load
    -, усталостная — fatigue load
    -, фрикционная — friction load
    -, центробежная (на ротор) — centrifugal loading (on rotor)
    -, частичная — partial load
    -, чрезмерная — overload(ing)
    -, эксплуатационная — limit load
    максимальная нагрузка, воздействующая на самолет в эксплуатации, — the strength requirements are specified in terms of limit loads (the maximum loads to be expected in service).
    -, эксплуатационная нормальная (на систему управления) — normal operating load, load obtained in normal operationtained in normal operation
    -, электрическая — (electrical) load
    весовая отдача по полезной н. — useful load-to-takeoff weight ratio
    зависимость платной н. от дальности полета — payload-range curve
    под н. — under load
    при установившемся режиме работы с полной н. — at steady full-load conditions
    распределение н. — load distribution
    точка приложения н. — point of load application
    характеристика н. — load characteristic
    включать (эл.) н. — activate load
    включать (эл.) н. на генератор, (аккумулятор) — apply load to (generator, battery)
    воспринимать н. — take up load
    выдерживать н. — withstand /support/ load
    испытывать h. — be subjected to load
    нести h. — carry load
    передавать н. — transmit load
    подключать (эл.) н. к... — apply load to...
    прикладывать — apply load to...
    работать без н. (об электродвигателе, преобразователе) — run unloaded
    сбрасывать (эл.) н. — deactivate load
    снимать н. (руля высоты) — relieve elevator pressure, adjust elevator trim tab, relieve pressure by adjusting elevator trim control
    создавать (маханическую) н. — impose load on...
    устанавливать за счет платной h. — install (smth) with payload penalty

    Русско-английский сборник авиационно-технических терминов > нагрузка

  • 31 según

    prep.
    1 according to, as per, in accordance with, in pursuance of.
    2 after the fashion of.
    * * *
    1 (conforme) according to
    2 (dependiendo) depending on
    ■ según lo que digan, tomaremos una decisión depending on what they say, we'll make a decision
    3 (como) just as
    5 (tal vez) it depends
    ■ iré o me quedaré, según I'll either go or I'll stay, it depends
    * * *
    verb
    * * *
    1. PREP
    1) (=de acuerdo con) according to

    según lo que dice — from what he says, going by what he says

    según parece — seemingly, apparently

    2) (=depende de) depending on
    2. CONJ
    1) (=depende de) depending on
    2) [indicando manera] as

    según están las cosas, es mejor no intervenir — the way things are, it's better not to get involved

    según se entra, a la izquierda — to the left as you go in

    3) [indicando simultaneidad] as
    3.
    ADV *

    -¿lo vas a comprar? -según — "are you going to buy it?" - "it all depends"

    según y como, según y conforme — it all depends

    * * *
    I
    1) ( de acuerdo con) according to

    según parece... — it would appear o seem (that)...

    según me dijo, piensa quedarse — from what he told me, he intends to stay

    según + subj: según te parezca as you think best; obtendrás distintos resultados según cómo lo hagas you will get different results depending (on) how you do it; ¿me llevas a casa? - según dónde vivas — will you take me home? - (it) depends where you live

    II
    adverbio it depends

    este método puede resultar o no, según — this method may or may not work, it depends

    III
    a) ( a medida que) as
    b) ( en cuanto)

    según llegamos a la ventanilla, pusieron el cartel de cerrado — just as we reached the window they put up the closed sign

    * * *
    = as, as, in the form that, in terms of, in the manner, by, based on, in the words of, along the lines of, judging by, to judge by, in the opinion of, judging from, according to.
    Ex. As the quantity of knowledge expands the need to organise it becomes more pressing.
    Ex. This scheme aims for a more helpful order than the major schemes, by following the groupings of subjects as they are taught in schools.
    Ex. The edition statement is given if stated in the document, in the form that is given in the document.
    Ex. And we have all of the ingredients for the creation of an atmosphere in which the proponents of expediency could couch their arguments in terms of cost effectiveness.
    Ex. One might, for example, speak to a microphone, in the manner described in connection with the speech-controlled typewriter, and thus make his selections.
    Ex. The name to be chosen for the author must be, by rule 40, 'the name by which he is commonly identified, whether it is his real name, or an assumed name, nickname, title of nobility, or other appellation'.
    Ex. Libraries will make judgements based on criteria such as better information resources, quicker answers, and more cost-effective services = Las bibliotecas tomarán decisiones de acuerdo con criterios tales como mejores recursos informativos, rapidez de respuesta y servicios más rentables.
    Ex. The general opinion of Edward Wood seemed to be summed up in the words of one staff member, who said, 'Ed Wood's a prince of a guy'.
    Ex. The author considers the possibility of a shift from libraries to personal information service along the lines of the shift that has occured from public to private transport.
    Ex. The number of titles is expected to double within a relatively short period, judging by the enthusiasm expressed by the publishers.
    Ex. To judge by some of the comments presented here, weeding may function as a homogenizing agent in many public libraries, creating a situation where the product lines (books) offered show little variation from library to library.
    Ex. These bureaucratic organisations contribute to a social malaise, symptomatic, in the opinion of many workers, of a general social crisis which will accelerate in the decades ahead.
    Ex. Judging from the history of warfare and skirmish between the British and the French, I am surprised you are so civil towards each other.
    Ex. The headings will be arranged according to the filing sequence of the notation (for example, alphabetically for letters or numerically for numbers).
    ----
    * actuar según = act on/upon.
    * de pago según el uso = on a pay as you go basis.
    * edificio construido según un plan cúbico = deep building.
    * grupo según edad = age group [age-group].
    * ordenación topográfica según los intereses del lector = reader interest arrangement.
    * salir según lo planeado = go off + as planned.
    * salir según lo previsto = go off + as planned.
    * según cabe suponer = presumably, presumably, supposedly, allegedly.
    * según convenga = as appropriate.
    * según corresponda = as appropriate.
    * según cuenta la leyenda = legend has it that, as legend goes.
    * según el color del cristal con que se mire = in the eye of the beholder.
    * según el contexto = contextually.
    * según el huso horario de Europa Central = CET (Central European Time).
    * según el testimonio de = on the evidence of.
    * según la aplicación de reglas = rule-governed.
    * según la costumbre = according to normal practice.
    * según la estación del año = seasonally.
    * según la información obtenida = output-oriented.
    * según la leyenda = as legend goes, legend has it that.
    * según la opinión de = in the opinion of.
    * según las palabras de = to quote + Nombre de Persona, in the words of.
    * según lo cual = where.
    * según lo planeado = as planned.
    * según lo previsto = on schedule, as planned.
    * según lo que + Pronombre Personal + saber = to + Posesivo + knowledge.
    * según los ingresos = means-tested.
    * según los intereses personales de cada uno = interest-based.
    * según lo ve + Nombre = as seen through the eyes of + Nombre.
    * según mi opinión = to the best of my knowledge.
    * según + Nombre = as far as + Nombre + be + concerned, as per + Nombre, going on + Nombre.
    * según nuestro entender = as far as we know.
    * según parece = apparently, apparently, by the looks of it.
    * según + Posesivo + bolsillo = according to + Posesivo + pocket.
    * según + Posesivo + opinión = in + Posesivo + view, in + Posesivo + opinion.
    * según + Posesivo + parecer = in + Posesivo + view, in + Posesivo + opinion.
    * según + Pronombre = Pronombre + understanding + be, in + Posesivo + view, in + Posesivo + opinion.
    * según + Pronombre + entender = it + be + Posesivo + understanding, Pronombre + understanding + be.
    * según + Pronombre Personal = in + Posesivo + eyes.
    * según quedó indicado en = as was pointed out in.
    * según sea conveniente = to suit.
    * según sea necesario = as required.
    * según sea pertinente = as applicable.
    * según se cree = reputedly.
    * según se desee = at will.
    * según se dice = reportedly, so the argument goes, reputedly.
    * según se necesite = on demand, on request, at need, as required, as the occasion arises, pro re nata.
    * según surja la ocasión = as the occasion arises.
    * según sus propias condiciones = on + Posesivo + own terms, in + Posesivo + own terms.
    * según sus propias palabras = in + Posesivo + own terms.
    * según una secuencia ordinal = ordinally.
    * según un método prescrito = clerically.
    * según vayan llegando = on a first come first served basis.
    * según yo = in my books.
    * según yo sé = to the best of my knowledge, AFAIK (as far as I know), to my knowledge.
    * * *
    I
    1) ( de acuerdo con) according to

    según parece... — it would appear o seem (that)...

    según me dijo, piensa quedarse — from what he told me, he intends to stay

    según + subj: según te parezca as you think best; obtendrás distintos resultados según cómo lo hagas you will get different results depending (on) how you do it; ¿me llevas a casa? - según dónde vivas — will you take me home? - (it) depends where you live

    II
    adverbio it depends

    este método puede resultar o no, según — this method may or may not work, it depends

    III
    a) ( a medida que) as
    b) ( en cuanto)

    según llegamos a la ventanilla, pusieron el cartel de cerrado — just as we reached the window they put up the closed sign

    * * *
    = as, as, in the form that, in terms of, in the manner, by, based on, in the words of, along the lines of, judging by, to judge by, in the opinion of, judging from, according to.

    Ex: As the quantity of knowledge expands the need to organise it becomes more pressing.

    Ex: This scheme aims for a more helpful order than the major schemes, by following the groupings of subjects as they are taught in schools.
    Ex: The edition statement is given if stated in the document, in the form that is given in the document.
    Ex: And we have all of the ingredients for the creation of an atmosphere in which the proponents of expediency could couch their arguments in terms of cost effectiveness.
    Ex: One might, for example, speak to a microphone, in the manner described in connection with the speech-controlled typewriter, and thus make his selections.
    Ex: The name to be chosen for the author must be, by rule 40, 'the name by which he is commonly identified, whether it is his real name, or an assumed name, nickname, title of nobility, or other appellation'.
    Ex: Libraries will make judgements based on criteria such as better information resources, quicker answers, and more cost-effective services = Las bibliotecas tomarán decisiones de acuerdo con criterios tales como mejores recursos informativos, rapidez de respuesta y servicios más rentables.
    Ex: The general opinion of Edward Wood seemed to be summed up in the words of one staff member, who said, 'Ed Wood's a prince of a guy'.
    Ex: The author considers the possibility of a shift from libraries to personal information service along the lines of the shift that has occured from public to private transport.
    Ex: The number of titles is expected to double within a relatively short period, judging by the enthusiasm expressed by the publishers.
    Ex: To judge by some of the comments presented here, weeding may function as a homogenizing agent in many public libraries, creating a situation where the product lines (books) offered show little variation from library to library.
    Ex: These bureaucratic organisations contribute to a social malaise, symptomatic, in the opinion of many workers, of a general social crisis which will accelerate in the decades ahead.
    Ex: Judging from the history of warfare and skirmish between the British and the French, I am surprised you are so civil towards each other.
    Ex: The headings will be arranged according to the filing sequence of the notation (for example, alphabetically for letters or numerically for numbers).
    * actuar según = act on/upon.
    * de pago según el uso = on a pay as you go basis.
    * edificio construido según un plan cúbico = deep building.
    * grupo según edad = age group [age-group].
    * ordenación topográfica según los intereses del lector = reader interest arrangement.
    * salir según lo planeado = go off + as planned.
    * salir según lo previsto = go off + as planned.
    * según cabe suponer = presumably, presumably, supposedly, allegedly.
    * según convenga = as appropriate.
    * según corresponda = as appropriate.
    * según cuenta la leyenda = legend has it that, as legend goes.
    * según el color del cristal con que se mire = in the eye of the beholder.
    * según el contexto = contextually.
    * según el huso horario de Europa Central = CET (Central European Time).
    * según el testimonio de = on the evidence of.
    * según la aplicación de reglas = rule-governed.
    * según la costumbre = according to normal practice.
    * según la estación del año = seasonally.
    * según la información obtenida = output-oriented.
    * según la leyenda = as legend goes, legend has it that.
    * según la opinión de = in the opinion of.
    * según las palabras de = to quote + Nombre de Persona, in the words of.
    * según lo cual = where.
    * según lo planeado = as planned.
    * según lo previsto = on schedule, as planned.
    * según lo que + Pronombre Personal + saber = to + Posesivo + knowledge.
    * según los ingresos = means-tested.
    * según los intereses personales de cada uno = interest-based.
    * según lo ve + Nombre = as seen through the eyes of + Nombre.
    * según mi opinión = to the best of my knowledge.
    * según + Nombre = as far as + Nombre + be + concerned, as per + Nombre, going on + Nombre.
    * según nuestro entender = as far as we know.
    * según parece = apparently, apparently, by the looks of it.
    * según + Posesivo + bolsillo = according to + Posesivo + pocket.
    * según + Posesivo + opinión = in + Posesivo + view, in + Posesivo + opinion.
    * según + Posesivo + parecer = in + Posesivo + view, in + Posesivo + opinion.
    * según + Pronombre = Pronombre + understanding + be, in + Posesivo + view, in + Posesivo + opinion.
    * según + Pronombre + entender = it + be + Posesivo + understanding, Pronombre + understanding + be.
    * según + Pronombre Personal = in + Posesivo + eyes.
    * según quedó indicado en = as was pointed out in.
    * según sea conveniente = to suit.
    * según sea necesario = as required.
    * según sea pertinente = as applicable.
    * según se cree = reputedly.
    * según se desee = at will.
    * según se dice = reportedly, so the argument goes, reputedly.
    * según se necesite = on demand, on request, at need, as required, as the occasion arises, pro re nata.
    * según surja la ocasión = as the occasion arises.
    * según sus propias condiciones = on + Posesivo + own terms, in + Posesivo + own terms.
    * según sus propias palabras = in + Posesivo + own terms.
    * según una secuencia ordinal = ordinally.
    * según un método prescrito = clerically.
    * según vayan llegando = on a first come first served basis.
    * según yo = in my books.
    * según yo sé = to the best of my knowledge, AFAIK (as far as I know), to my knowledge.

    * * *
    A (de acuerdo con) according to
    según Elena/él according to Elena/him
    el evangelio según San Mateo the Gospel according to St Matthew
    según fuentes autorizadas/nuestros cálculos according to official sources/our calculations
    lo hice según tus indicaciones I did it according to o following your instructions, I followed your instructions
    según parece sus días están contados apparently, its days are numbered o it would appear o seem its days are numbered
    así que está en la India … — según parece … so he's in India … — so it seems o apparently
    según las órdenes que me dieron in accordance with the orders I was given
    según me dijo, piensa quedarse from what he told me, he intends to stay
    B (dependiendo de) según + SUBJ:
    según te parezca as you think best
    obtendrás distintos resultados según cómo lo hagas you will get different results depending (on) how you do it
    ¿me llevas a casa? — según dónde vivas will you take me home? — (it) depends where you live
    iré según y cómo or según y conforme me sienta whether I go or not depends on how I feel
    it depends
    este método puede resultar o no, según this method may or may not work, it depends
    según van entrando as they come in
    2
    (en cuanto): según llegamos a la ventanilla, pusieron el cartel de cerrado just as we reached the window they put up the closed sign
    según llegues sube a verme come up and see me as soon as you arrive
    * * *

     

    según preposición
    1 ( de acuerdo con) according to;

    según parece apparently
    2 ( dependiendo de):

    ¿me llevas a casa? — según dónde vivas will you take me home? — (it) depends where you live
    ■ adverbio
    it depends;
    ◊ puede resultar o no, según it may or may not work, it depends

    ■ conjunción ( a medida que) as;
    según van entrando as they come in
    según
    I preposición
    1 (de acuerdo con) according to
    según mis cálculos, according to my calculations
    2 (en la opinión de) según los metodistas, according to the Methodists
    según tú, María es la mejor, according to you, Maria is the best
    3 (dependiendo de) depending on: el precio varía según el peso, the price varies according to the weight
    4 (por el modo en que) según lo dijo, parecía preocupada, by the way she was speaking, she seemed worried
    II adverbio
    1 (tal como) just as: cóselo según indica el patrón, sew it just as the pattern shows
    2 (a medida que) as: según nos íbamos acercando..., as we were coming closer...

    ' según' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    acuerdo
    - cálculo
    - conforme
    - cuchara
    - dispuesta
    - dispuesto
    - previsión
    - tesis
    - última
    - último
    - caso
    - corresponder
    - cual
    - desarrollo
    - dizque
    - entendido
    English:
    according
    - account
    - by
    - customize
    - depend
    - eye
    - from
    - Greenwich Mean Time
    - law
    - merit
    - on
    - performance-related pay
    - plan
    - point
    - pursuant
    - reportedly
    - reputedly
    - seasonally
    - to
    - under
    - wear on
    - accordance
    - apparently
    - comprehensive
    - custom
    - evidently
    - halal
    - record
    - stream
    - whereby
    * * *
    ♦ prep
    1. [de acuerdo con] according to;
    según el ministro, fue un accidente according to the minister, it was an accident;
    según su opinión, ha sido un éxito in her opinion o according to her, it was a success;
    según pone aquí, ahora hay que apretar la tecla de retorno according to what it says here, now you have to press the return key;
    según Nietzsche,… according to Nietzsche,…;
    el Evangelio según San Juan the Gospel according to St John
    2. [dependiendo de] depending on;
    según la hora que sea depending on the time;
    según el tiempo que haga iremos a la montaña depending on what the weather's like, we may go to the mountains;
    según como te vaya en el examen, podemos ir a celebrarlo depending on how you do in the exam, we could go out for a celebration
    ♦ adv
    1. [como] (just) as;
    todo permanecía según lo recordaba everything was just as she remembered it;
    actuó según se le recomendó he did as he had been advised;
    hazlo según creas do as you see fit;
    lo hice según y como o [m5] según y conforme me dijiste I did it exactly o just like you told me;
    según parece, no van a poder venir apparently, they're not going to be able to come
    2. [a medida que] as;
    entrarás en forma según vayas entrenando you'll get fit as you train
    3. [dependiendo]
    según se mire depending on how you look at it;
    ¿te gusta la pasta? – según do you like pasta? – it depends;
    lo intentaré según esté de tiempo I'll try to do it, depending on how much time I have;
    según qué días la clase es muy aburrida some days the class is really boring
    * * *
    I prp according to;
    según él according to him;
    según eso which means;
    según el tiempo depending on the weather;
    según y como, según y conforme vaya depending on how things pan out
    II adv
    1 it depends;
    aceptaré o no, según I might accept, it all depends
    III conj (a medida que)
    :
    la tensión crecía según se acercaba el final the tension mounted as the end approached
    * * *
    según adv
    : it depends
    según y como: it all depends on
    según conj
    1) como, conforme: as, just as
    según lo dejé: just as I left it
    2) : depending on how
    según se vea: depending on how one sees it
    según prep
    1) : according to
    según los rumores: according to the rumors
    2) : depending on
    según los resultados: depending on the results
    * * *
    según1 adv
    1. (dependiendo de) depending on
    2. it depends
    no sé si iré o me quedaré, según I don't know if I'll go or stay, it depends
    según iban entrando, se les daba una copa de cava as they came in, they were given a glass of cava
    según2 prep according to
    según lo previsto according to plan / just as planned

    Spanish-English dictionary > según

  • 32 подразумевать(ся)

    Подразумевать(ся) - to imply, to mean; to be implied, to be implicit, to be implicitly assumed
     In general, the available correlations do not include the L/D as a parameter, thereby implying that they are independent of end effects. (... тем самым подразумевается, что...)
     Further, it is implicitly assumed that the composition of the ash from as-fired coal will be similar to the composition of ash deposits formed on boiler tube surface.

    Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > подразумевать(ся)

  • 33 tomar

    v.
    1 to take.
    Ella toma la rama She takes the branch.
    Ella toma esa responsabilidad She takes that responsibility.
    2 to have (comida, bebida).
    ¿qué quieres tomar? what would you like (to drink)?; (beber) what would you like (to eat)? (comer) (peninsular Spanish)
    3 to catch (trasporte) (autobús, tren).
    4 to adopt (adquirir) (actitud, costumbre).
    tomarle manía/cariño a algo/alguien to take a dislike/a liking to something/somebody
    5 to take down (apuntar) (datos, información).
    6 to go, to head.
    7 to drink. ( Latin American Spanish)
    Ella toma limonada She drinks lemonade.
    Ellos tomaron anoche They had some drinks last night.
    8 to require.
    Me toma mucho tiempo I require a lot of time.
    * * *
    1 (gen) to take
    2 (baño, ducha) to have, take; (foto) to take
    3 (comer, beber) to have; (beber) to drink; (comer) to eat
    ■ ¿qué tomarás? what would you like?
    4 (el autobús, el tren) to catch
    5 (aceptar) to accept, take
    6 (comprar) to buy, get, have
    7 (contratar) to take on, hire
    8 (alquilar) to take, rent
    9 (adquirir) to acquire, get into
    10 MILITAR to capture, take
    1 (encaminarse) to go, turn
    1 (gen) to take
    2 (beber) to drink; (comer) to eat
    \
    lo toma o lo deja take it or leave it
    no te lo tomes así don't take it like that
    toma (aquí tienes) here you are, here
    ¡toma! familiar (sorpresa) fancy that! 2 (enfado) it serves you right!
    ¡toma castaña! familiar take that!
    toma y daca figurado give and take
    tomar a alguien de la mano to hold somebody's hand
    tomar a pecho to take to heart
    tomar afecto / tomar cariño to become fond of
    tomar algo a mal to take something badly
    tomar aliento to catch one's breath
    tomar decisiones to make decisions
    tomar el fresco to get some fresh air
    tomar el pelo a alguien figurado to pull somebody's leg
    tomar el sol to sunbathe
    tomar en cuenta to take into account
    tomar en serio to take seriously
    tomar forma to take shape
    tomar frío to catch a cold
    tomar la costumbre to get into the habit
    tomar las aguas to take the waters
    tomar nota to take note
    tomar partido por to take sides with
    tomar por (considerar) to take for
    tomar tierra to land
    tomarla con alguien familiar to have it in for somebody
    tomarse la molestia de to take the trouble to
    tomarse las cosas con calma to take it easy
    * * *
    verb
    2) drink, have
    3) capture, seize
    •
    - tomarse
    * * *
    Para las expresiones tomar las aguas, tomar las armas, tomar la delantera, tomar impulso, tomar tierra, ver la otra entrada.
    1. VERBO TRANSITIVO
    1) (=coger) to take

    ¡toma! — here (you are)!

    • vayan tomando [asiento] — please sit down, please be seated frm

    • tomar la [pluma] — to pick {o} take up one's pen

    2) (=ingerir, consumir) [+ comida] to eat, have; [+ bebida] to drink, have; [+ medicina] to take

    ¿qué quieres tomar? — what would you like?, what will you have?

    • tomar el [pecho] — to feed at the breast, breastfeed

    3) (=viajar en) [+ tren, avión, taxi] to take

    vamos a tomar el autobús — let's take {o} get the bus

    cada día toma el tren de las nueve — he catches {o} takes the nine o'clock train every day

    4) (Cine, Fot, TV) to take

    tomar una foto de algn — to take a photo of sb, take sb's photo

    5) (=apuntar) [+ notas, apuntes] to take; [+ discurso] to take down

    • nos tomaron [declaración] en comisaría — they took (down) our statements {o} they took statements from us at the police station

    • tomar [por escrito] — to write down

    6) (=medir) [+ temperatura, pulso] to take

    ven, que te tomo las medidas — let me take your measurements

    7) (=adoptar) [+ decisión, precauciones] to take
    8) (=adquirir)

    • el proyecto ya está tomando [forma] — the project is taking shape

    color 2), conciencia 3)
    9) (=empezar a sentir)

    la jefa la ha tomado {o} la tiene tomada conmigo — the boss has (got) it in for me

    10) (=disfrutar de) [+ baño, ducha] to have, take

    • tomar el [aire] {o} el [fresco] — to get some fresh air

    • tomar el [sol] — to sunbathe

    11) (Mil) (=capturar) to take, capture; (=ocupar) to occupy
    12) (=contratar) [+ empleado] to take on, engage
    13) (=ocupar) to take
    14) (=entender, interpretar) to take

    lo tomó como una ofensa — he took offence at it, he was offended by it

    • lo han tomado a [broma] — they haven't taken it seriously, they are treating it as a joke

    • no lo tomes en [serio] — don't take it seriously

    15) tomar a algn por (=confundir)

    tomar a algn por policía — to take sb for a policeman, think that sb is a policeman

    ¿por quién me toma? — what do you take me for?, who do you think I am?

    16) [sexualmente] to have
    17) And (=molestar) to upset, annoy
    2. VERBO INTRANSITIVO
    1) (Bot) [planta] to take (root); [injerto] to take
    2) LAm (=ir)
    3) LAm (=beber) to drink
    4) [exclamaciones]

    ¡toma! * —

    ¡toma! menuda suerte has tenido... — well, of all the luck!, can you believe it? what luck!

    ¡toma! pues yo también lo sé hacer — hey! I know how to do that too

    ¡toma ya! —

    ¡toma ya, vaya tío tan bueno! — wow, what an amazing guy! *

    ¡toma ya, vaya golazo! — look at that, what a fantastic goal!

    5) esp LAm
    *

    • tomó [y] se fue — off he went, he upped and went

    3.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1) (asir, agarrar) to take

    ¿lo puedo tomar prestado? — can I borrow it?

    2)
    a) (Mil) <pueblo/ciudad> to take, capture; < tierras> to seize
    b) <universidad/fábrica> to occupy
    4)
    a) ( beber) to drink
    b) (servirse, consumir) to have

    ¿vamos a tomar algo? — shall we go for a drink?

    c) <medicamento/vitaminas> to take
    5) <tren/taxi/ascensor> to take; <calle/atajo> to take
    6)
    a) (medir, registrar) to take

    tomarle la temperatura/la tensión a alguien — to take somebody's temperature/blood pressure

    b) <notas/apuntes> to take
    c) < foto> to take
    7) ( adoptar) <medidas/actitud> to take, adopt; < precauciones> to take; < decisión> to make, take
    8)
    a)

    tomar a alguien por esposo/esposa — (frml) to take somebody as o to be one's husband/wife

    b) (esp AmL) ( contratar) to take on
    c) profesor <alumnos/clases> to take on
    d) colegio < niño> to take
    9) ( confundir)

    tomar algo/a alguien POR algo/alguien — to take something/somebody for something/somebody

    ¿por quién me has tomado? — who o what do you take me for?

    te van a tomar por tonto — they'll take you for a fool, they'll think you're stupid

    10) ( reaccionar frente a) <noticia/comentario> to take

    tómalo como de quien viene — take it with a grain (AmE) o (BrE) pinch of salt

    lo tomó a mal/a broma — he took it the wrong way/as a joke

    11) < tiempo> to take
    12) ( en costura) to take in
    13) ( adquirir)
    a) < forma> to take; < aspecto> to take on

    dado el cariz que están tomando las cosas... — the way things are going...

    b) <velocidad/altura> to gain
    c) < costumbre> to get into
    14) ( cobrar) <cariño/asco>

    tomarle algo A algo/alguien: le he tomado cariño a esta casa/a la niña I've become quite attached to this house/quite fond of the girl; les ha tomado asco a los mejillones he's gone right off mussels (colloq); justo ahora que le estoy tomando el gusto just when I was getting to like it; tomarla con alguien/algo — (fam) to take against somebody/something

    15)

    tomar el aire or el fresco — to get some (fresh) air

    vas a tomar frío — (RPl) you'll get o catch cold

    b) <baño/ducha> to take, have
    16) ( recibir) < clases> to take; < curso> to take, do (BrE)
    2.
    tomar vi
    1) ( asir)

    toma, léelo tú misma — here, read it yourself

    toma, aquí tienes tus tijeras — here are your scissors

    tome, yo no lo necesito — take it, I don't need it

    2) (esp AmL) ( beber alcohol) to drink
    3) (AmL) (ir) to go

    tomaron para el norte/por allí — they went north/that way

    tomar a la derecha — to turn o go right

    4) injerto to take
    3.
    tomarse v pron
    1) <vacaciones/tiempo> to take
    2) <molestia/libertad> to take

    tomarse la molestia/libertad de + inf — to take the trouble to + inf/the liberty of + ger

    3) (enf)
    a) <café/vino> to drink

    se toma todo lo que gana — (AmL) he spends everything he earns on drink

    b) <medicamento/vitaminas> to take
    c) <desayuno/merienda/sopa> to eat, have; <helado/yogur> to have
    4) <autobús/tren/taxi> to take
    5) (Med)
    a) (refl) to take
    b) (caus)

    tomarse la presión or la tensión — to have one's blood pressure taken

    6) (caus) (esp AmL) < foto> to have... taken
    7) (enf) ( reaccionar frente a) <comentario/noticia> to take
    8) (Chi) <universidad/fábrica> to occupy
    * * *
    = capture, take, take (in/into), usurp, pull from, pull off, spring for, swig.
    Ex. In those early days, so the story goes, the library movement was in danger of being captured by an aristocratic intellectual class designing to make the public library an elitist center for scholarly research.
    Ex. If we take Cindi, Albert will almost surely grieve.
    Ex. For example, a computer on board a space ship, o even in some cars, takes in data, works out settings, displays results completely automatically.
    Ex. Peter Jackaman fears 'that public libraries have failed to grasp the opportunity which this development offered, and as result their potential role has, in many cases, been usurped by other agencies'.
    Ex. The data is pulled directly from all the bibliographic data bases on DIALOG that have a JN field.
    Ex. One of its main advantages is the potential to pull off descriptive entries onto disc to create annotated booklists.
    Ex. If I decide to spring for this I'll let you in on what I find out.
    Ex. One day she indulged in her habit of swigging too much gin before going to feed the porker and after opening its pen she slumped in a heap.
    ----
    * de armas tomar = redoubtable.
    * desventaja del primero en tomar la iniciativa = first-mover disadvantage.
    * disfrutar tomando el sol = bask.
    * estar tomando + Fármaco = be on + Fármaco.
    * irse a tomar por culo = naff off.
    * llevar a tomar una decisión = lead (up) to + decision.
    * lo tomas o lo dejas = take it or leave it.
    * necesitar tomar cierto tipo de decisiones = require + judgement, require + judgement, require + an exercise of + judgement.
    * no ser para tomárselo a risa = be no laughing matter.
    * no tomándose a uno como el centro de referencia = ex-centric [excentric].
    * no tomárselo bien = not take + kindly to, not take + kindly to.
    * para tomar medidas = for action.
    * persona que toma la última decisión = decider.
    * primero en tomar la iniciativa = first mover.
    * que se toma las cosas con calma = laid-back, laid-back.
    * que toma parte en = involved in.
    * responsable de tomar decisiones = decision maker [decision-maker].
    * reunión para tomar café = coffee party.
    * salir a tomar una copa = go out for + a drink.
    * ser de armas tomar = be a (real) handful.
    * tomándose a uno como centro de referencia = centric.
    * tomar a Alguien bajo + Posesivo + tutela = take + Nombre + under + Posesivo + wings.
    * tomar a la ligera = take + lightly.
    * tomar aliento = draw + a breath.
    * tomar armas = take up + arms.
    * tomar a saco = take + Nombre + by storm.
    * tomar asiento = take + a seat (on).
    * tomar a sorbos = sip.
    * tomar atajos = take + shortcuts.
    * tomar cariño a = grow + fond of.
    * tomar carta en = get + stuck into.
    * tomar como ejemplo = take.
    * tomar como modelo = pattern.
    * tomar como punto de partida = build on/upon.
    * tomar como responsabilidad propia = take it upon + Reflexivo + to.
    * tomar conciencia = sensitise [sensitize, -USA], enhance + awareness.
    * tomar copas = tipple.
    * tomar decisión = make + choices.
    * tomar decisiones = exercise + judgement.
    * tomar decisiones con conocimiento de causa = make + informed decisions.
    * tomar decisiones fundadas = make + informed decisions.
    * tomar decisiones por Alguien = take + decisions in + Posesivo + name.
    * tomar ejemplo de = take + a lead from.
    * tomar el control = take + the helm.
    * tomar el control de = take + control of.
    * tomar el mando = take + the helm.
    * tomar el pelo = tease, twit, taunt.
    * tomar el poder = take + power.
    * tomar el pulso a Algo = take + the pulse.
    * tomar el relevo = hand over + the torch, pass (on) + the torch, pass (on) + the baton, take it from here.
    * tomar el relevo (de) = take over + the leadership (from).
    * tomar el relevo en el mando = take over + the helm.
    * tomar el relevo en el timón = take over + the helm.
    * tomar el sol = sunbathe, sun + Reflexivo, soak up + rays.
    * tomar el sol con gusto = bask.
    * tomar el tiempo = time.
    * tomar el timón = take + the helm.
    * tomar en consideración = allow for, take into + consideration.
    * tomar en sentido literal = take + Nombre + at face value, accept + Nombre + at face value.
    * tomar forma = take + form, take + shape, assume + form, shape up.
    * tomarla con Alguien = turn on + Nombre.
    * tomar la decisión más acertada dadas las circunstancias = do + the best thing in the circumstances.
    * tomar la delantera = take + a lead, take + an early lead.
    * tomar la iniciativa = seize + the initiative, take + initiative, take + a lead, step up.
    * tomar la iniciativa en + Infinitivo = take + the lead in + Gerundio.
    * tomar la mano = take + Posesivo + hand.
    * tomar la palabra sin dejar hablar a los demás = hog + the floor.
    * tomar la responsabilidad = take + responsibility.
    * tomar las decisiones = call + the shots, be the boss, call + the tune, rule + the roost, set + the agenda.
    * tomar las riendas = take (over) + the reins.
    * tomar las riendas del poder = take + the reins of power.
    * tomarle afición a = acquire + a taste for, develop + a taste for.
    * tomarle el gusto a = acquire + a taste for, develop + a taste for.
    * tomarle el pelo a = make + fun of.
    * tomarle la palabra a Alguien = take + Nombre + at + Posesivo + word.
    * tomar medicamentos = take + drugs.
    * tomar medida = take + action step.
    * tomar medidas = follow + steps, take + precaution, take + steps, take + measures, produce + contingency plan, make + contingency plan, apply + measures, undertake + action.
    * tomar medidas (contra) = take + action (against).
    * tomar medidas correctivas = pose + corrective action, take + corrective action, take + remedial action.
    * tomar medidas demasiado drásticas = throw + the baby out with the bath water, throw + the baby out with the bath water.
    * tomar medidas de seguridad = take + safety precautions.
    * tomar medidas de seguridad más estrictas = tighten + security.
    * tomar medidas drásticas contra = clamp down on.
    * tomar medidas enérgicas contra = crack down on.
    * tomar medidas preventivas = take + preventive measures.
    * tomar nota = make + a note, take + note.
    * tomar nota de = note.
    * tomar otra decisión = decision to the contrary.
    * tomar otra dirección = branch off + on a side trail.
    * tomar parte = involve, take + part, become + involved.
    * tomar parte activa = become + involved, get + active.
    * tomar parte en = join in.
    * tomar parte en el asunto = enter + the fray.
    * tomar parte en en el asunto = be part of the picture.
    * tomar partido = take + sides.
    * tomar partido por = side with.
    * tomar partido por Alguien = side in + Posesivo + favour.
    * tomar por asalto = take + Nombre + by storm, take + Nombre + by storm.
    * tomar por defecto = default to.
    * tomar por omisión = default to.
    * tomar por sorpresa = storm.
    * tomar por término medio = average.
    * tomar posesión de un cargo = swear in, take + office.
    * tomar precaución = take + precaution, take + caution.
    * tomar represalias contra = retaliate against, clamp down on.
    * tomar represalias contra Alguien = hold + it against.
    * tomarse Algo a la ligera = take + Nombre + lightly.
    * tomarse Algo a pecho = take to + heart.
    * tomarse Algo con calma = take + Posesivo + time.
    * tomarse Algo con humor = take + Nombre + in good humour.
    * tomarse Algo de buen grado = take + Nombre + in good humour.
    * tomarse Algo en serio = take to + heart.
    * tomarse Algo tranquilo = take + Posesivo + time.
    * tomarse el tiempo que Uno necesita = take + Posesivo + time.
    * tomarse en serio = take + seriously, get + serious.
    * tomarse excedencia en el trabajo = take + leave from + employment.
    * tomarse + Expresión Temporal + de asuntos propios = take + Expresión Temporal + off, have + Expresión Temporal + off work.
    * tomarse + Expresión Temporal + de permiso en el trabajo = take + Expresión Temporal + off, have + Expresión Temporal + off work.
    * tomarse + Expresión Temporal + de vacaciones = take + Expresión Temporal + off, have + Expresión Temporal + off work.
    * tomarse interés por = take + an interest in.
    * tomarse la libertad de = take + the liberty of.
    * tomarse la molestia = take + the trouble to.
    * tomarse la molestia de = take + the time and effort, take + the time to + Infinitivo.
    * tomarse la pastilla diaria de la malaleche = take + Posesivo + daily mean pill.
    * tomarse las cosas a la ligera = make + light of things.
    * tomarse las cosas con calma = keep + a cool head, play it + cool.
    * tomarse la venganza = wreak + vengeance upon.
    * tomarse libertades = take + liberties.
    * tomárselo bien = take it in + Posesivo + stride.
    * tomárselo con calma = hang + loose, take it + easy, keep + a cool head, play it + cool.
    * tomárselo tranquilo = hang + loose, take it + easy.
    * tomarse + Tiempo + de excedencia = take + Tiempo + off from work, take + Tiempo + off.
    * tomarse un descanso = take + time out, take + Posesivo + break, lie on + Posesivo + oars, rest on + Posesivo + oars.
    * tomarse unos días de asuntos propios = take + time off work.
    * tomarse unos días de asuntos propios = take + time off, take + time out.
    * tomarse unos días de descanso = take + a break from work.
    * tomarse unos días de permiso = take + a leave of absence.
    * tomarse unos días de permiso en el trabajo = take + time off work.
    * tomarse unos días de permiso en el trabajo = take + time off, take + time out.
    * tomarse unos días de vacaciones = take + time off, take + time out, take + time off work.
    * tomarse un respiro = lie on + Posesivo + oars, rest on + Posesivo + oars.
    * tomarse un trago = take + a swig.
    * tomar tiempo = take + time, take + long.
    * tomar una decisión = make + decision, make + judgement, take + decision, reach + decision, make up + Posesivo + (own) mind, adopt + decision.
    * tomar una decisión sin conocer todos los datos = make + uninformed decision.
    * tomar una decisión sin consultar con nadie = take it upon + Reflexivo + to.
    * tomar una dirección = take + direction.
    * tomar una foto = snap + the camera.
    * tomar una fotografía = take + picture.
    * tomar una opción = take up + option.
    * tomar una postura = take + viewpoint, adopt + a stance, take + position, take + a stance.
    * tomar una postura firme = take + a stand (against).
    * tomar una postura intransigente = take + a hard stand.
    * tomar un atajo por = cut across.
    * tomar un descanso = take + a breather, take + a break from work.
    * tomar un gran riesgo = play (for) + high stakes, play (for) + high stakes.
    * tomar un papel secundario = take + a back seat.
    * tomar un paso decisivo = take + the plunge.
    * tomar un tono + Adjetivo = take on + Adjetivo + character.
    * ventaja del primero en tomar la iniciativa = first-mover advantage.
    * vete a tomar por culo = fuck off.
    * volver a tomar = regain, retake.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1) (asir, agarrar) to take

    ¿lo puedo tomar prestado? — can I borrow it?

    2)
    a) (Mil) <pueblo/ciudad> to take, capture; < tierras> to seize
    b) <universidad/fábrica> to occupy
    4)
    a) ( beber) to drink
    b) (servirse, consumir) to have

    ¿vamos a tomar algo? — shall we go for a drink?

    c) <medicamento/vitaminas> to take
    5) <tren/taxi/ascensor> to take; <calle/atajo> to take
    6)
    a) (medir, registrar) to take

    tomarle la temperatura/la tensión a alguien — to take somebody's temperature/blood pressure

    b) <notas/apuntes> to take
    c) < foto> to take
    7) ( adoptar) <medidas/actitud> to take, adopt; < precauciones> to take; < decisión> to make, take
    8)
    a)

    tomar a alguien por esposo/esposa — (frml) to take somebody as o to be one's husband/wife

    b) (esp AmL) ( contratar) to take on
    c) profesor <alumnos/clases> to take on
    d) colegio < niño> to take
    9) ( confundir)

    tomar algo/a alguien POR algo/alguien — to take something/somebody for something/somebody

    ¿por quién me has tomado? — who o what do you take me for?

    te van a tomar por tonto — they'll take you for a fool, they'll think you're stupid

    10) ( reaccionar frente a) <noticia/comentario> to take

    tómalo como de quien viene — take it with a grain (AmE) o (BrE) pinch of salt

    lo tomó a mal/a broma — he took it the wrong way/as a joke

    11) < tiempo> to take
    12) ( en costura) to take in
    13) ( adquirir)
    a) < forma> to take; < aspecto> to take on

    dado el cariz que están tomando las cosas... — the way things are going...

    b) <velocidad/altura> to gain
    c) < costumbre> to get into
    14) ( cobrar) <cariño/asco>

    tomarle algo A algo/alguien: le he tomado cariño a esta casa/a la niña I've become quite attached to this house/quite fond of the girl; les ha tomado asco a los mejillones he's gone right off mussels (colloq); justo ahora que le estoy tomando el gusto just when I was getting to like it; tomarla con alguien/algo — (fam) to take against somebody/something

    15)

    tomar el aire or el fresco — to get some (fresh) air

    vas a tomar frío — (RPl) you'll get o catch cold

    b) <baño/ducha> to take, have
    16) ( recibir) < clases> to take; < curso> to take, do (BrE)
    2.
    tomar vi
    1) ( asir)

    toma, léelo tú misma — here, read it yourself

    toma, aquí tienes tus tijeras — here are your scissors

    tome, yo no lo necesito — take it, I don't need it

    2) (esp AmL) ( beber alcohol) to drink
    3) (AmL) (ir) to go

    tomaron para el norte/por allí — they went north/that way

    tomar a la derecha — to turn o go right

    4) injerto to take
    3.
    tomarse v pron
    1) <vacaciones/tiempo> to take
    2) <molestia/libertad> to take

    tomarse la molestia/libertad de + inf — to take the trouble to + inf/the liberty of + ger

    3) (enf)
    a) <café/vino> to drink

    se toma todo lo que gana — (AmL) he spends everything he earns on drink

    b) <medicamento/vitaminas> to take
    c) <desayuno/merienda/sopa> to eat, have; <helado/yogur> to have
    4) <autobús/tren/taxi> to take
    5) (Med)
    a) (refl) to take
    b) (caus)

    tomarse la presión or la tensión — to have one's blood pressure taken

    6) (caus) (esp AmL) < foto> to have... taken
    7) (enf) ( reaccionar frente a) <comentario/noticia> to take
    8) (Chi) <universidad/fábrica> to occupy
    * * *
    = capture, take, take (in/into), usurp, pull from, pull off, spring for, swig.

    Ex: In those early days, so the story goes, the library movement was in danger of being captured by an aristocratic intellectual class designing to make the public library an elitist center for scholarly research.

    Ex: If we take Cindi, Albert will almost surely grieve.
    Ex: For example, a computer on board a space ship, o even in some cars, takes in data, works out settings, displays results completely automatically.
    Ex: Peter Jackaman fears 'that public libraries have failed to grasp the opportunity which this development offered, and as result their potential role has, in many cases, been usurped by other agencies'.
    Ex: The data is pulled directly from all the bibliographic data bases on DIALOG that have a JN field.
    Ex: One of its main advantages is the potential to pull off descriptive entries onto disc to create annotated booklists.
    Ex: If I decide to spring for this I'll let you in on what I find out.
    Ex: One day she indulged in her habit of swigging too much gin before going to feed the porker and after opening its pen she slumped in a heap.
    * de armas tomar = redoubtable.
    * desventaja del primero en tomar la iniciativa = first-mover disadvantage.
    * disfrutar tomando el sol = bask.
    * estar tomando + Fármaco = be on + Fármaco.
    * irse a tomar por culo = naff off.
    * llevar a tomar una decisión = lead (up) to + decision.
    * lo tomas o lo dejas = take it or leave it.
    * necesitar tomar cierto tipo de decisiones = require + judgement, require + judgement, require + an exercise of + judgement.
    * no ser para tomárselo a risa = be no laughing matter.
    * no tomándose a uno como el centro de referencia = ex-centric [excentric].
    * no tomárselo bien = not take + kindly to, not take + kindly to.
    * para tomar medidas = for action.
    * persona que toma la última decisión = decider.
    * primero en tomar la iniciativa = first mover.
    * que se toma las cosas con calma = laid-back, laid-back.
    * que toma parte en = involved in.
    * responsable de tomar decisiones = decision maker [decision-maker].
    * reunión para tomar café = coffee party.
    * salir a tomar una copa = go out for + a drink.
    * ser de armas tomar = be a (real) handful.
    * tomándose a uno como centro de referencia = centric.
    * tomar a Alguien bajo + Posesivo + tutela = take + Nombre + under + Posesivo + wings.
    * tomar a la ligera = take + lightly.
    * tomar aliento = draw + a breath.
    * tomar armas = take up + arms.
    * tomar a saco = take + Nombre + by storm.
    * tomar asiento = take + a seat (on).
    * tomar a sorbos = sip.
    * tomar atajos = take + shortcuts.
    * tomar cariño a = grow + fond of.
    * tomar carta en = get + stuck into.
    * tomar como ejemplo = take.
    * tomar como modelo = pattern.
    * tomar como punto de partida = build on/upon.
    * tomar como responsabilidad propia = take it upon + Reflexivo + to.
    * tomar conciencia = sensitise [sensitize, -USA], enhance + awareness.
    * tomar copas = tipple.
    * tomar decisión = make + choices.
    * tomar decisiones = exercise + judgement.
    * tomar decisiones con conocimiento de causa = make + informed decisions.
    * tomar decisiones fundadas = make + informed decisions.
    * tomar decisiones por Alguien = take + decisions in + Posesivo + name.
    * tomar ejemplo de = take + a lead from.
    * tomar el control = take + the helm.
    * tomar el control de = take + control of.
    * tomar el mando = take + the helm.
    * tomar el pelo = tease, twit, taunt.
    * tomar el poder = take + power.
    * tomar el pulso a Algo = take + the pulse.
    * tomar el relevo = hand over + the torch, pass (on) + the torch, pass (on) + the baton, take it from here.
    * tomar el relevo (de) = take over + the leadership (from).
    * tomar el relevo en el mando = take over + the helm.
    * tomar el relevo en el timón = take over + the helm.
    * tomar el sol = sunbathe, sun + Reflexivo, soak up + rays.
    * tomar el sol con gusto = bask.
    * tomar el tiempo = time.
    * tomar el timón = take + the helm.
    * tomar en consideración = allow for, take into + consideration.
    * tomar en sentido literal = take + Nombre + at face value, accept + Nombre + at face value.
    * tomar forma = take + form, take + shape, assume + form, shape up.
    * tomarla con Alguien = turn on + Nombre.
    * tomar la decisión más acertada dadas las circunstancias = do + the best thing in the circumstances.
    * tomar la delantera = take + a lead, take + an early lead.
    * tomar la iniciativa = seize + the initiative, take + initiative, take + a lead, step up.
    * tomar la iniciativa en + Infinitivo = take + the lead in + Gerundio.
    * tomar la mano = take + Posesivo + hand.
    * tomar la palabra sin dejar hablar a los demás = hog + the floor.
    * tomar la responsabilidad = take + responsibility.
    * tomar las decisiones = call + the shots, be the boss, call + the tune, rule + the roost, set + the agenda.
    * tomar las riendas = take (over) + the reins.
    * tomar las riendas del poder = take + the reins of power.
    * tomarle afición a = acquire + a taste for, develop + a taste for.
    * tomarle el gusto a = acquire + a taste for, develop + a taste for.
    * tomarle el pelo a = make + fun of.
    * tomarle la palabra a Alguien = take + Nombre + at + Posesivo + word.
    * tomar medicamentos = take + drugs.
    * tomar medida = take + action step.
    * tomar medidas = follow + steps, take + precaution, take + steps, take + measures, produce + contingency plan, make + contingency plan, apply + measures, undertake + action.
    * tomar medidas (contra) = take + action (against).
    * tomar medidas correctivas = pose + corrective action, take + corrective action, take + remedial action.
    * tomar medidas demasiado drásticas = throw + the baby out with the bath water, throw + the baby out with the bath water.
    * tomar medidas de seguridad = take + safety precautions.
    * tomar medidas de seguridad más estrictas = tighten + security.
    * tomar medidas drásticas contra = clamp down on.
    * tomar medidas enérgicas contra = crack down on.
    * tomar medidas preventivas = take + preventive measures.
    * tomar nota = make + a note, take + note.
    * tomar nota de = note.
    * tomar otra decisión = decision to the contrary.
    * tomar otra dirección = branch off + on a side trail.
    * tomar parte = involve, take + part, become + involved.
    * tomar parte activa = become + involved, get + active.
    * tomar parte en = join in.
    * tomar parte en el asunto = enter + the fray.
    * tomar parte en en el asunto = be part of the picture.
    * tomar partido = take + sides.
    * tomar partido por = side with.
    * tomar partido por Alguien = side in + Posesivo + favour.
    * tomar por asalto = take + Nombre + by storm, take + Nombre + by storm.
    * tomar por defecto = default to.
    * tomar por omisión = default to.
    * tomar por sorpresa = storm.
    * tomar por término medio = average.
    * tomar posesión de un cargo = swear in, take + office.
    * tomar precaución = take + precaution, take + caution.
    * tomar represalias contra = retaliate against, clamp down on.
    * tomar represalias contra Alguien = hold + it against.
    * tomarse Algo a la ligera = take + Nombre + lightly.
    * tomarse Algo a pecho = take to + heart.
    * tomarse Algo con calma = take + Posesivo + time.
    * tomarse Algo con humor = take + Nombre + in good humour.
    * tomarse Algo de buen grado = take + Nombre + in good humour.
    * tomarse Algo en serio = take to + heart.
    * tomarse Algo tranquilo = take + Posesivo + time.
    * tomarse el tiempo que Uno necesita = take + Posesivo + time.
    * tomarse en serio = take + seriously, get + serious.
    * tomarse excedencia en el trabajo = take + leave from + employment.
    * tomarse + Expresión Temporal + de asuntos propios = take + Expresión Temporal + off, have + Expresión Temporal + off work.
    * tomarse + Expresión Temporal + de permiso en el trabajo = take + Expresión Temporal + off, have + Expresión Temporal + off work.
    * tomarse + Expresión Temporal + de vacaciones = take + Expresión Temporal + off, have + Expresión Temporal + off work.
    * tomarse interés por = take + an interest in.
    * tomarse la libertad de = take + the liberty of.
    * tomarse la molestia = take + the trouble to.
    * tomarse la molestia de = take + the time and effort, take + the time to + Infinitivo.
    * tomarse la pastilla diaria de la malaleche = take + Posesivo + daily mean pill.
    * tomarse las cosas a la ligera = make + light of things.
    * tomarse las cosas con calma = keep + a cool head, play it + cool.
    * tomarse la venganza = wreak + vengeance upon.
    * tomarse libertades = take + liberties.
    * tomárselo bien = take it in + Posesivo + stride.
    * tomárselo con calma = hang + loose, take it + easy, keep + a cool head, play it + cool.
    * tomárselo tranquilo = hang + loose, take it + easy.
    * tomarse + Tiempo + de excedencia = take + Tiempo + off from work, take + Tiempo + off.
    * tomarse un descanso = take + time out, take + Posesivo + break, lie on + Posesivo + oars, rest on + Posesivo + oars.
    * tomarse unos días de asuntos propios = take + time off work.
    * tomarse unos días de asuntos propios = take + time off, take + time out.
    * tomarse unos días de descanso = take + a break from work.
    * tomarse unos días de permiso = take + a leave of absence.
    * tomarse unos días de permiso en el trabajo = take + time off work.
    * tomarse unos días de permiso en el trabajo = take + time off, take + time out.
    * tomarse unos días de vacaciones = take + time off, take + time out, take + time off work.
    * tomarse un respiro = lie on + Posesivo + oars, rest on + Posesivo + oars.
    * tomarse un trago = take + a swig.
    * tomar tiempo = take + time, take + long.
    * tomar una decisión = make + decision, make + judgement, take + decision, reach + decision, make up + Posesivo + (own) mind, adopt + decision.
    * tomar una decisión sin conocer todos los datos = make + uninformed decision.
    * tomar una decisión sin consultar con nadie = take it upon + Reflexivo + to.
    * tomar una dirección = take + direction.
    * tomar una foto = snap + the camera.
    * tomar una fotografía = take + picture.
    * tomar una opción = take up + option.
    * tomar una postura = take + viewpoint, adopt + a stance, take + position, take + a stance.
    * tomar una postura firme = take + a stand (against).
    * tomar una postura intransigente = take + a hard stand.
    * tomar un atajo por = cut across.
    * tomar un descanso = take + a breather, take + a break from work.
    * tomar un gran riesgo = play (for) + high stakes, play (for) + high stakes.
    * tomar un papel secundario = take + a back seat.
    * tomar un paso decisivo = take + the plunge.
    * tomar un tono + Adjetivo = take on + Adjetivo + character.
    * ventaja del primero en tomar la iniciativa = first-mover advantage.
    * vete a tomar por culo = fuck off.
    * volver a tomar = regain, retake.

    * * *
    tomar [A1 ]
    vt
    A (asir, agarrar) to take
    toma lo que te debo here's o this is what I owe you
    toma la mía, yo no la necesito have o take mine, I don't need it
    ¿lo puedo tomar prestado un momento? can I borrow it for a minute?
    la tomé de la mano para cruzar la calle I took her by the hand o I held her hand to cross the street
    le tomó la mano y la miró a los ojos he took her hand and looked into her eyes
    tomó la pluma para escribirle he picked up the/his pen to write to her
    tomar las armas to take up arms
    tomar algo DE algo to take sth FROM sth
    tomó un libro de la estantería he took a book from the shelf
    los datos están tomados de las estadísticas oficiales the information is taken from official statistics
    B
    1 ( Mil) ‹pueblo/ciudad› to take, capture; ‹edificio› to seize, take
    2 ‹universidad/fábrica› to occupy
    C
    (hacerse cargo de): tomó el asunto en sus manos she took charge of the matter
    tomó la responsabilidad del negocio he took over the running of the business
    tomó a su cuidado a las tres niñas she took the three girls into her care, she took the three girls in
    D
    1 (beber) to drink
    no tomes esa agua don't drink that water
    tomó un sorbito she took a sip
    el niño toma (el) pecho the baby's being breast-fed
    2 (servirse, consumir) to have
    ¿vamos a tomar algo? shall we go for a drink?
    ven a tomar una copa/un helado come and have a drink/an ice cream
    no quiere tomar la sopa she doesn't want (to eat) her soup
    nos invitó a tomar el té/el aperitivo he invited us for tea/an aperitif
    ¿qué tomas? what'll you have? ( colloq), what would you like to drink?
    ¿qué vas a tomar de postre? what are you going to have for dessert?
    no debe tomar grasas ( Esp); he's not allowed to eat fat
    3 ‹medicamento/vitaminas› to take
    E
    1 ‹tren/taxi/ascensor› to take
    ¿por qué no tomas el tren? why don't you go by train?, why don't you take o get the train?
    voy a ver si puedo tomar el tren de las cinco I'm going to try and catch the five o'clock train
    2 ‹calle/atajo› to take
    tome la primera a la derecha take the first (turning) on the right
    tomó la curva a toda velocidad he took the curve at full speed
    tomar tierra to land, touch down
    F
    1 (medir, registrar) to take
    tomarle la temperatura/la tensión a algn to take sb's temperature/blood pressure
    le tomé las medidas I took her measurements
    2 ‹notas/apuntes› to take
    tomó nota del número he took o noted down the number
    ¿quién tomó el recado? who took the message?
    tomarle declaraciones a algn to take a statement from sb
    me tomaron los datos they took (down) my details
    la maestra me tomó la lección the teacher made me recite the lesson
    3 ‹foto› to take
    le tomé varias fotos I took several photographs of her
    tomaron una película de la boda they filmed/videoed the wedding
    G
    1
    tomar a algn por esposo/esposa ( frml); to take sb as o to be one's husband/wife
    2 ( esp AmL) (contratar) to take on
    lo tomaron a prueba they took him on for a trial period
    3 «profesor» ‹alumnos/clases› to take on
    4 «colegio» ‹niño› to take
    H (adoptar) ‹medidas/actitud› to take, adopt; ‹precauciones› to take
    ha tomado la determinación de no volver a verlo she has decided not to see him again
    la decisión tomada por la directiva the decision taken by the board of directors
    aún no han tomado una decisión they haven't reached a decision yet
    tomó el nombre de su marido she took her husband's name
    tomando este punto como referencia taking this as our reference point
    I (confundir) tomar algo/a algn POR algo/algn:
    ¿por quién me has tomado? who o what do you take me for?
    te van a tomar por tonto they'll take you for a fool, they'll think you're stupid
    me tomó por mi hermana he mistook me for my sister
    J (reaccionar frente a) ‹noticia/comentario› to take
    lo tomó a broma he took it as a joke
    tómalo como de quien viene take it with a grain ( AmE) o ( BrE) pinch of salt
    no lo tomes a mal don't take it the wrong way
    K ‹tiempo› to take
    le tomó tres años escribir la tesis it took him three years to write his thesis
    un jardín tan grande toma demasiado tiempo a garden this/that big takes up too much time
    L (en costura) to take in
    1 ‹forma› to take; ‹aspecto› to take on
    el pollo está empezando a tomar color the chicken's beginning to brown o to go brown
    no me gusta nada el cariz que están tomando las cosas I don't like the way things are going o are shaping up
    2 ‹velocidad› to gain, get up, gather; ‹altura› to gain
    echó una carrera para tomar impulso he took a running start to get some momentum
    se detuvo un momento para tomar aliento he stopped for a moment to get o catch his breath
    3 ‹costumbre› to get into
    4
    tomar conciencia: hay que hacerle tomar conciencia de la gravedad del problema he must be made to realize o be made aware of the seriousness of the problem
    B (cobrar) ‹cariño/asco› tomarle algo A algo/algn:
    le he tomado cariño a esta casa I've become quite attached to this house
    ahora que le estoy tomando el gusto, me tengo que ir just when I was getting to like it, I have to go
    les ha tomado asco a los mejillones he's taken a dislike to mussels, he's gone right off mussels ( colloq)
    tomarla con algn/algo ( fam); to take against sb/sth
    la han tomado conmigo they've taken against me, they have o they've got it in for me
    la tiene tomada con la pobre chica he's got o he has it in for the poor girl
    A
    1
    (exponerse a): tomar el aire or tomar el fresco or (CS) tomar aire to get some (fresh) air
    tomar el sol or (CS, Méx) tomar sol to sunbathe
    vas a tomar frío (CS); you'll get o catch cold
    2 ‹baño/ducha› to take, have
    B (recibir) ‹clases› to take; ‹curso› to take, do ( BrE)
    estoy tomando clases de ruso I'm taking o having Russian classes
    tomé cinco lecciones con él I had five lessons with him
    ■ tomar
    vi
    A
    (asir): toma, léelo tú misma here, read it yourself
    toma y vete a comprar unos caramelos here you are, go and buy some candy
    toma, aquí tienes tu tijera here are your scissors
    tome, yo no lo necesito take it, I don't need it
    ¡toma! ( Esp fam): ¡toma! ése sí que es un tío guapo hey! now that's what I call handsome! ( colloq)
    ¿no querías pelea? pues ¡toma! you wanted a fight? well, now you're going to get one!
    tomá de acá ( RPl fam): ¿que le preste la bici? ¡tomá de acá! lend him my bike? no way! o like hell I will! ( colloq)
    ¡toma ya! ( Esp fam): ¡toma ya! ¡qué estupideces dices, tío! boy o good grief o ( AmE) jeez! you really do come out with some stupid remarks! ( colloq)
    ¡toma ya! lo ha vuelto a tirar for heaven's sake, he's knocked it over again!, jeez ( AmE) o ( BrE) for Pete's sake, he's knocked it over again! ( colloq)
    B ( esp AmL) (beber alcohol) to drink
    C ( AmL) (ir) to go
    tomar a la derecha to turn o go right
    D «injerto» to take
    A
    1 ‹vacaciones› to take
    se tomó el día libre he took the day off
    2 ‹tiempo› to take
    tómate todo el tiempo que quieras take as long as you like
    B ‹molestia/trabajo›
    ni siquiera se tomó la molestia de avisarnos he didn't even bother to tell us
    se tomó el trabajo de buscar en los archivos he went to the trouble of looking through the files
    me tomé la libertad de usar el teléfono I took the liberty of using your phone
    ya me tomaré la revancha I'll get even o I'll get my own back one of these days
    C ( enf)
    1 ‹café/vino› to drink
    se toma todo lo que gana ( AmL); he spends everything he earns on drink
    2 ‹medicamento/vitaminas› to take
    3 ‹desayuno/merienda› to eat, have; ‹helado/yogur› to have
    tómate toda la sopa eat up all your soup
    se tomó un filete ( Esp); he had a steak
    D ‹autobús/tren/taxi› to take
    tomárselas ( RPl fam); to go, clear off ( colloq)
    yo me las tomo I'm off! ( colloq), I'm taking off! ( AmE colloq)
    E ( Med)
    1 ( refl) to take
    se tomó la temperatura she took her temperature
    2 ( caus):
    tomarse la presión or la tensión to have one's blood pressure taken
    F ( caus) ( esp AmL) ‹foto› to have … taken
    me tomé unas fotos para el pasaporte I had some photos taken for my passport
    G ( enf) (reaccionar frente a) ‹comentario/noticia› to take
    se lo tomó a broma or chiste or risa she took it as a joke
    se tomó muy a mal que no la llamaras she was very put out that you didn't phone her
    H ( Chi) ‹universidad/fábrica› to occupy
    * * *

     

    tomar ( conjugate tomar) verbo transitivo
    1 ( en general) to take;

    la tomé de la mano I took her by the hand;
    toma lo que te debo here's what I owe you;
    ¿lo puedo tomar prestado? can I borrow it?;
    tomó el asunto en sus manos she took charge of the matter;
    tomar precauciones/el tren/una foto to take precautions/the train/a picture;
    tomarle la temperatura a algn to take sb's temperature;
    tomar algo por escrito to write sth down;
    tomar algo/a algn POR algo/algn to take sth/sb for sth/sb;
    ¿por quién me has tomado? who o what do you take me for?;
    lo tomó a mal/a broma he took it the wrong way/as a joke;
    eso toma demasiado tiempo that takes up too much time
    2


    b) (servirse, consumir) to have;

    ◊ ¿qué vas a tomar? what are you going to have?

    3 (esp AmL)

    b) [ profesor] ‹alumnos/clases› to take on

    c) [ colegio] ‹ niño› to take

    4 ( apoderarse de) ‹fortaleza/tierras› to seize;
    ‹universidad/fábrica› to occupy
    5 ( adquirir) ‹ forma› to take;
    ‹ aspecto› to take on;
    ‹velocidad/altura› to gain;
    ‹ costumbre› to get into
    6 ( cobrar):
    ◊ le he tomado cariño a esta casa/a la niña I've become quite attached to this house/quite fond of the girl

    7 ( exponerse a):

    tomar (el) sol to sunbathe;
    vas a tomar frío (CS) you'll get o catch cold
    verbo intransitivo
    1 ( asir):
    ◊ toma, aquí tienes tus tijeras here are your scissors;

    tome, yo no lo necesito take it, I don't need it
    2 (esp AmL) ( beber alcohol) to drink
    3 (AmL) (ir) to go;

    tomar a la derecha to turn o go right
    4 [ injerto] to take
    tomarse verbo pronominal
    1 ‹vacaciones/tiempo› to take;

    2 ‹molestia/libertad› to take;
    ◊ tomarse la molestia/libertad de hacer algo to take the trouble to do sth/the liberty of doing sth

    3 ( enf)
    a) ‹café/vino› to drink

    b) ‹medicamento/vitaminas› to take

    c) ‹desayuno/merienda/sopa› to eat, have;

    ‹helado/yogur› to have
    4 ‹autobús/tren/taxi› to take
    5 (Med)
    a) ( refl) to take;


    b) ( caus):


    6 ( caus) (esp AmL) ‹ foto› to have … taken
    7 ( enf) ( reaccionar frente a) ‹comentario/noticia› to take;

    8 (Chi) ‹universidad/fábrica› to occupy
    tomar verbo transitivo
    1 (coger, agarrar) to take: tomó mi mano, he took my hand
    toma las llaves, here are the keys
    2 (autobús, taxi, etc) to take, catch: tomé el ascensor, I took the lift o elevator
    tengo que tomar el próximo tren, I have to catch the next train
    3 (alimentos) to have
    (bebidas) to drink
    (medicinas) to take
    4 (adoptar) to take, adopt: tomaron medidas desesperadas, they took desperate measures
    5 (tener cierta reacción) no lo tomes a broma, don't take it as a joke
    6 (juzgar) no me tomes por idiota, don't think I'm stupid
    (confundirse) le tomaron por Robert Redford, they mistook him for Robert Redford
    7 (el aire, el fresco, etc) to get
    tomar el sol, to sunbathe
    8 (en carretera) decidió tomar la autopista, he decided to take the motorway
    9 (apuntes, notas) to take
    10 (fotos) to take
    11 Av tomar tierra, to land, touch down 12 ¡toma! excl (sorpresa) well!, why!
    (asentimiento) of course!
    ' tomar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    adelantarse
    - aire
    - apetecer
    - apunte
    - arma
    - asunto
    - baño
    - birra
    - cachondeo
    - carrerilla
    - carta
    - competer
    - concernir
    - conciencia
    - contingencia
    - copa
    - cuerpo
    - deber
    - decisión
    - delantera
    - derivar
    - desviarse
    - determinar
    - determinación
    - drogodependencia
    - especificación
    - granulada
    - granulado
    - impulso
    - iniciativa
    - jugar
    - mal
    - meterse
    - nota
    - parte
    - partida
    - partido
    - pecho
    - pensar
    - pito
    - poder
    - posesión
    - precaución
    - pulso
    - reírse
    - relevo
    - represalia
    - resolver
    - sol
    - tierra
    English:
    account
    - action
    - antidepressant
    - beach
    - borrow
    - capture
    - catch
    - change
    - clamp down
    - coffee break
    - come off
    - compel
    - confuse
    - corner
    - crack down
    - crackdown
    - cut across
    - drink
    - eight
    - either
    - engage in
    - face value
    - form
    - govern
    - have
    - join
    - join in
    - jot down
    - laugh off
    - less
    - lightly
    - make
    - measure
    - mental
    - mickey
    - mind
    - monotony
    - muck about
    - muck around
    - note
    - occupy
    - off
    - office
    - pause
    - precaution
    - provision
    - record
    - rest
    - retaliate
    - rib
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [agarrar] to take;
    me tomó de un brazo he took me by the arm;
    tomó el dinero y se fue she took the money and left;
    tómalo, ya no me hace falta take o have it, I no longer need it;
    toma el libro que me pediste here's the book you asked me for;
    Fam
    ¡toma ésa! [expresa venganza] that'll teach you!, chew on that!
    2. [sacar, obtener] to take;
    este ejemplo lo tomé del libro I took this example from the book;
    fue al sastre para que le tomara las medidas he went to the tailor's to have his measurements taken;
    toma unos planos de la casa [con cámara] take a few shots of the house;
    tomar fotos (a o [m5] de) to take photos (of);
    tomar declaración a alguien to take a statement from sb;
    tomarle la lección a alguien to test sb on what they've learned at school;
    tomar unas muestras de orina/sangre (a alguien) to take some urine/blood samples (from sb);
    tomar la tensión/temperatura a alguien to take sb's blood pressure/temperature
    3. [ingerir] [alimento, medicina, droga] to take;
    ¿qué quieres tomar? [beber] what would you like (to drink)?;
    Esp [comer] what would you like (to eat)?;
    ¿quieres tomar algo (de beber)? would you like something to drink?;
    Esp
    ¿quieres tomar algo (de comer)? would you like something to eat?;
    tomé sopa I had soup;
    no tomo alcohol I don't drink (alcohol)
    4. [exponerse a]
    tomar el sol, Am [m5] tomar sol to sunbathe;
    salir a tomar el aire, Am [m5] salir a tomar aire to go out for a breath of fresh air;
    salir a tomar el fresco to go out for a breath of fresh air;
    RP
    tomar frío to catch a chill;
    tomó frío, por eso se engripó she caught a chill, that's why she came down with flu
    5. [desplazarse mediante] [autobús, tren] to catch;
    [taxi, ascensor, telesilla] to take;
    tomaré el último vuelo I'll be on the last flight;
    podríamos tomar el tren we could go by train;
    tomaron un atajo they took a short-cut
    6. [recibir] to take;
    toma lecciones de piano she is taking o having piano lessons;
    he tomado un curso de jardinería I've taken o done a course on gardening;
    toma mi consejo y… take my advice and…;
    ¿tomas a María por esposa? do you take María to be your lawfully wedded wife?
    7. [apuntar] [datos, información] to take down;
    tomar apuntes o [m5] notas to take notes;
    tomar algo por escrito to take o write sth down;
    el secretario iba tomando nota de todo the secretary noted everything down
    8. [baño, ducha] to take, to have
    9. [adoptar] [medidas, precauciones, decisión] to take;
    [actitud, costumbre, modales] to adopt;
    tomar la determinación de hacer algo to determine o decide to do sth;
    el Presidente debe tomar una postura sobre este asunto the President should state his opinion on this matter
    10. [adquirir, cobrar] [velocidad] to gain, to gather;
    las cosas están tomando mejor aspecto con este gobierno things are looking up under this government;
    el avión fue tomando altura the plane climbed;
    tomar confianza to grow in confidence, to become more assured;
    la obra ya está tomando forma the play is beginning to take shape;
    tomar fuerzas to gather one's strength;
    voy tomándole el gusto a esto del esquí acuático water-skiing is starting to grow on me;
    tomar interés por algo to get o grow interested in sth;
    tomarle manía/cariño a to take a dislike/a liking to;
    las negociaciones tomaron un rumbo favorable the negotiations started to go better
    11. [asumir, encargarse de]
    tomar el control to take control;
    el copiloto tomó el mando the copilot took over;
    12. [reaccionar a] to take;
    ¿qué tal tomó la noticia? how did she take the news?;
    las cosas hay que tomarlas como vienen you have to take things as they come;
    tómalo con calma take it easy
    13. [llevar] [tiempo] to take;
    me tomó mucho tiempo limpiarlo todo it took me a long time to clean it all
    14. [contratar] to take on
    15. [invadir] to take;
    las tropas tomaron la ciudad the troops took o seized the city;
    los estudiantes tomaron la universidad the students occupied the university
    16. Fam
    tomarla con alguien to have it in for sb
    17. [confundir]
    tomar a alguien por algo/alguien to take sb for sth/sb;
    ¿por quién me tomas o [m5] has tomado? what do you take me for?;
    lo tomé por el jefe I took o mistook him for the boss;
    ¿tú me tomas por tonto o qué? do you think I'm stupid or something?
    ♦ vi
    1. [encaminarse] to go;
    toma a la derecha/izquierda turn o go right/left;
    tomamos hacia el sur we headed south;
    toma por ahí/por ese camino go that way/down that road
    2. [en imperativo] [al dar algo]
    ¡toma! here you are!;
    toma, dale esto a tu madre here, give this to your mother
    3. Fam [como interjección]
    ¡toma! [expresa sorpresa] good grief!, Br blimey!;
    necesito unas vacaciones – ¡tomar! ¡y yo! I need a Br holiday o US vacation – what, and I don't?;
    ¡tomar ya!, ¡qué golazo! how's that for a goal?
    4. Am [beber alcohol] to drink
    * * *
    I v/t take; decisión tb
    make; bebida, comida have;
    tomarla con alguien fam have it in for s.o. fam ;
    tomar el sol sunbathe;
    ¡toma! here (you are);
    ¡toma ya! serves you right!;
    ¿por quién me toma? what do you take me for?;
    toma y daca give and take;
    tomar las de Villadiego fam hightail it fam
    II v/i
    1 L.Am.
    drink
    2
    :
    tomar por la derecha take a right, turn right
    * * *
    tomar vt
    1) : to take
    tomé el libro: I took the book
    tomar un taxi: to take a taxi
    tomar una foto: to take a photo
    toma dos años: it takes two years
    tomaron medidas drásticas: they took drastic measures
    2) beber: to drink
    3) capturar: to capture, to seize
    4)
    tomar el sol : to sunbathe
    5)
    tomar tierra : to land
    tomar vi
    : to drink (alcohol)
    * * *
    tomar vb
    1. (en general) to take [pt. took; pp. taken]
    toma, es tuyo here, this is yours
    2. (comer, beber) to have
    ¿quieres tomar algo? would you like a drink?
    ¿me tomas por tonto? do you take me for a fool?

    Spanish-English dictionary > tomar

  • 34 KOMA

    * * *
    I)
    (kem; kom or kvam, kómum or kvamúm; kominn), v.
    1) to come (litlu síðarr kómu Finnar aptr heim);
    2) to come, arrive (bréf kómu frá Skúla jarli);
    kom svá, at (it came to pass, that) Bárði var heitit meyjunni;
    3) with dat. of the object, to make to come, to take, bring, carry, etc.;
    hann skyldi koma Þór í Geirröðargarða, he should make Th. come to G.;
    hann kom Þórhaddi heilum yfir ána, he brought Th. safe across the river;
    koma e-m í hel, to put one to death;
    koma e-m til falls, to make one fall;
    koma e-m í sætt við e-n, to reconcile one with another;
    koma sér vel hjá e-m, to bring oneself into favour with, be agreeable to (þeir kómu sér vel við alla);
    koma e-u til leiðar (til vegar), to effect, bring about;
    koma orðum við e-n, to speak with a person (hann gørði sik svá reiðan, at ekki mátti orðum við hann koma);
    4) with preps.:
    koma e-u af sér, to get rid of (allt mun ek til vinna at koma af mér yðvarri reiði);
    koma e-u af, to abolish (Þvi hafði eigi orðit af komitmeði öllu);
    koma at e-m, to come upon one (kómu þessir at honum fyrir Sjólandi með tveim skipum);
    koma at hendi, to happen (mikill vandi er kominn at hendi);
    impers., Gunnarr játaði því, en þá er at kom, vildi hann eigi, G. agreed to it, but when it came to the point he would not;
    koma at e-u, to come at, regain, recover (koma at hamri);
    koma sér at e-u, to bring oneself to (Þ. kom sér ekki at því);
    koma á e-t, to come on, hit (höggit kom á lærit);
    koma e-u á, to bring about, effect (máttu þeir øngum flutningum á koma);
    koma kristni (dat.) á England, to christianize E.;
    koma fram, to come forth, appear, emerge (sigldi E. suðr með landi ok kom fram í Danmörk); to be produced, brought forward (nú mun pat fram koma sem ek sagða);
    koma e-u fram, to bring about, effect (koma fram hefndum);
    koma fyrir e-t, to be an equivalent for (fyrir víg Hjartar skyldi koma víg Kols);
    allt mun koma fyrir eitt, it will all come to the same;
    koma fyrir ekki, to come to naught, be of no avail;
    e-m þykkir fyrir ván komit, at, one thinks it past all hope, that;
    koma e-u fyrir, to destroy (hann kom hverjum hesti fyrir);
    koma í e-t, to come into, enter;
    koma niðr, to come down;
    hann reyndi eptir, hvar G. væri niðr kominn, what had become of G.;
    kom þar niðr tal hennar, at hon sagði honum, hversu, the end of her talk was, that she told him how koma;
    koma hart niðr, to pay dearly for it (ek hafða illa til gört, enda kom ek hart niðr);
    koma saman, to come together, gather (er saman kom liðit); to agree;
    þat kom saman (or ásamt) með þeim, they agreed on it;
    impers., kom þeim vel saman (ásamt), they agreed well;
    koma e-u saman, to bring about, effect;
    koma saman sættum með e-m, to reconcile them;
    koma til e-s, to come to a person or place (jarlinn kom með allan her sinn til Dyflinnar);
    koma till ríkis, to come to, or succeed to, the throne;
    koma til e-s, to cause: þat kemr til þess, at, the reason is, that; to help, avail: koma til lítils, to come to little, be of small avail (= koma fyrir lítit); to concern: þetta mál kemr ekki til þín, this quarrel is no business of thine; þat er til mín kemr, so far as I am concerned; to mean, signify (Þ. kvezk skilja, hvar orð hans kómu til); to be of value: sverð þat, er til kom mörk gulls, that was worth a ‘mark’ of gold; mikit þykkir til e-s koma, one is much thought of, is thought to be of great importance;
    koma til, to be born;
    koma e-m undan, to help one to escape;
    koma undir e-n, to come unto one;
    ef undir oss skal koma kjörit, if we are to choose;
    koma e-m undir, to get one down, overcome one;
    koma upp, to come up;
    tungl kemr upp, the moon rises;
    eldr kom upp, fire broke out;
    kom þá upp af tali þeirra, at, the end of their talk was, that; to come out, become known (kom þat þá upp, at hann hafði beðit hennar);
    koma e-u upp, to open (kerling tekr hörpuna ok vildi upp koma);
    hann mátti lengi eigi orði upp koma, it was long before he could utter a word;
    koma við e-t, to touch (komit var við hurðina);
    þeir kómu við sker, they struck on a reef;
    hann kemr við margar sögur, he appears in many sagas; to be added to (koma þær nætr við hinar fyrri);
    koma við, to fit, be convenient, suit;
    koma e-u við, to employ, make use of (ek mátta eigi boganum við koma); hann kom því við (he brought about), at engi skyldi fara með vápn; urðu þeir at flýja sem því kómu við, all fled that could;
    koma sér við, to bring about, effect, be able to do (ek mun veita þér slíkt lið sem ek má mér við koma); to behave (hversu hann kom sér við í þessum málum);
    koma yfir, to pass over (hvert kveld, er yfir kom);
    5) refl., komast;
    * * *
    pres. sing. kem, kemr, kemr; an older form komr is used constantly in very old and good vellum MSS., as the Kb. of Sæm.; and even spelt keomr or ceomr (in Eluc., Greg., etc.); reflex. komsk, 2nd pers. kømztu ( pervenis), Sdm. 10: pret. kom, kom-k, I came, Skm. 18: 2nd pers. komt, 17, mod. komst: the pret. plur. varies, kvámu being the oldest form; kvómu, often in the MSS.; kómu, as it is still pronounced in the west of Icel.; the usual and latest form is komu, with a short vowel; the spelling of the MSS. cannot always be ascertained, as the word is usually written kumu or qumu: pret. subj. kvæmi and kꝍmi (kæmi): imperat. kom, kom-ðú, proncd, kondu, come thou! pret. infin. kómu ( venisse), Fms. i. 224 (in a verse), Geisli 62:—with suff. neg., pres. kmr-at or kømr-að, Akv. 11, Grág. ii. 141, Gkv. 3. 8; pret. kom-a, kom-að, came not, Ls. 56, Þorf. Karl. (in a verse), Þd. 18; 2nd pers. komtaðu ( non venisti), Am. 99; subj. kømi-a ( non veniret), Gs. 10: reflex., pres. kømsk-at, Grág. ii. 180; pret. komsk-at ( could not come), Am. 3:—a middle form, pres. 1st pers. komum-k (komumsk), Ó. H. 140, 214, Skm. 10, 11; subj. pres. komimk, Ó. H. 85; pret. kømomc, Hbl. 33 (Bugge); part. pass. kominn, see Gramm. p. xix. The preterite forms kvam and kvaminn, used in the Edition of the Sturl. and in a few other mod. Editions without warrant in the MSS., are due to the fact that the Edition of Sturl. was published from a transcript now in the Advocates’ Library in Edinburgh, made by the learned priest Eyjolf á Völlum (died A. D. 1745), who used this spelling: in prehistoric times, before the age of writing, it may be assumed for certain that this verb had a v throughout, as in Gothic: [Ulf. qiman, i. e. qwiman, = ἔρχεσθαι; A. S. cuman; Engl. come; O. H. G. queman; Germ. kommen; Dutch komen; Dan. komme; Swed. komma; Lat. venio, qs. gvenio; the Ormul. spells cumenn, indicating a long root vowel; cp. North. E. coom.]
    A. To come; sá þeirra sem fyrr kæmi, Fms. ix. 373; konungr kom norðr til Túnsbergs, 375; kómu Finnar heim, i. 9; þeir mágar kómu ór hjúkólfi, Sturl. ii. 124; kömr hann á konungs fund, Fms. ix. 221; þá vóru þeir norðan komnir, 308; hér er nú komin ær ein kollótt, Sturl. i. 159, passim.
    2. to become, arrive; bréf kómu frá Skúla jarli, Fms. ix. 375; ef svá síðarliga kömr skip til hlunns, Sks. 28; en er vár kom, Eg. 167; koma at máli við e-n, to have an interview, talk with one, 467; konungi kom njósn, Fms. vii. 57; þá komu honum þau tíðendi, i. 37; þetta kom allt fyrir Ingimar, vii. 114; kom honum þat (it came to him, he got it) fyrir útan fé, en engum kom fyrr, x. 394; hvat sem á bak kemr, whatsoever may befall, Nj. 193; koma e-m at haldi, or í hald, to avail oneself, 192, Fms. x. 413; koma at gagni, to ‘come in useful,’ be of use, Nj. 264; koma at úvörum, to come at unawares, Ld. 132; koma e-m fyrir úvart, id., Fms. xi. 290; koma á úvart, Nj. 236; koma í þörf = koma í gagn, Fms. vii. 14; hvar kom kapp þitt þá? Bs. i. 18; mál koma í dóm, to be brought up for judgment, Fms. vii. 115; líðr vetrinn, kemr þar ( that time comes) er menn fara til Gulaþings, Eg. 340; var þá svá komit, at allir menn vóru sofa farnir, 376; kom svá ( it came to pass) at Bárði var heitið meyjunni, 26; svá kemr, kemr þar, at, it comes to pass. Fb. i. 174, ii. 48, 68; láta koma, to let come, put; síðan létu þeir koma eld í spánuna, Fms. xi. 34.
    3. in greeting; kom heill, welcome! kom heill ok sæll, frændi! Nj. 175: mod. komdu (kondu) sæll! komið þér sælir!
    II. with prepp.; koma á, to hit; ef á kömr, Grág. ii. 7:—koma at, to come to, arrive, happen; láttu at því koma, let it be so, Dropl. 24; kom þat mjök optliga at honum, of sickness, Fms. vii. 150; kom at þeim svefnhöfgi, sleep came upon them, Nj. 104; koma at hendi, to happen; mikill vandi er kominn at hendi, 177, Hom. 80; koma at e-u, to come at, regain, recover; koma at hamri, Þkv. 32:—koma fram, to come forth, appear, stund var í milli er þeir sá framstafninn ok inn eptri kom fram, Fms. ii. 304; engin kom önnur vistin fram, Eg. 549; nú eru öll sóknar-gögn fram komin, Nj. 143: to emerge, hann kom fram í Danmörk, Hkr. i. 210, 277, Ísl. ii. 232, Eg. 23, Landn. 134, Orkn. 152: to arrive, sendimenn fóru ok fram kómu, Fms. xi. 27; reifa mál þau fyrst er fyrst eru fram komin, each in its turn, Grág. i. 64: to be fulfilled, happen, því er á þínum dögum mun fram koma, Ld. 132; nú mun þat fram komit sem ek sagða, Eg. 283; kom nú fram spásagan Gests, Ld. 286; öll þessi merki kómu fram ok fylldusk, Stj. 444; aldrei skal maðr arf taka eptir þann mann er hann vegr, eðr ræðr bana fram kominn, whom he has slain, or whose death he has devised with effect, Grág. ii. 113; staðar-prýði flest fram komin, Bs. i. 146; vera langt fram kominn, mod. áfram kominn, to be ‘in extremis,’ at the point of death, 644; er sú frásögn eigi langt fram komin, this story comes from not far off, i. e. it is derived from first, not second hand, Fms. viii. 5:—koma fyrir, to come as payment, tvau hundrað skyldu koma fyrir víg Snorra (of weregild), Sturl. ii. 158; henni kvaðsk aldri hefnt þykkja Kjartans, nema Bolli kæmi fyrir, Ld. 240; allt mun koma fyrir eitt, it will come to the same, Lv. 11, Nj. 91, Fms. i. 208; koma fyrir ekki, to come to naught, be of no avail, Ísl. ii. 215, Fms. vi. 5:—koma í, to enter, come in, a fisherman’s term; koma í drátt, to hook a fish; at í komi með ykkr Þorbrandssonum, that ye and the Th. come to loggerheads, Eb. 80:—koma með, to come with a thing, to bring; kondu með það, fetch it!—koma til, to come to; vera kann at eigi spillisk þótt ek koma til, Eg. 506; nú er rétt lögruðning til ykkar komin, Nj. 236; koma til ríkis, to come to a kingdom, Eg. 268; þeir létu til hans koma um alla héraðs-stjórn, Fs. 44: to befall, kom svá til efnis, it so happened, Mar.; þeim hlutum sem hafinu kunni opt til at koma, Stj. 105, Sks. 323: to mean, signify, en hvar kom þat til er hann sagði, Ó. H. 87; ef þat kom til annars, en þess er hann mælti, id.: to cause, hygg ek at meir komi þar til lítilmennska, Eb. 172; konungr spurði hvat til bæri úgleði hans, hann kvað koma til mislyndi sína, Fms. vi. 355, Fb. ii. 80, Band. 29 new Ed.: to concern, þetta mál er eigi kom síðr til yðvar en vár, Fms. vii. 130; þetta mál kemr ekki til þín, Nj. 227; þat er kemr til Knúts, Fms. v. 24; þat er til mín kemr, so far as I am concerned, iv. 194; hann kvað þetta mál ekki til sín koma, vi. 100; þeir eru orðmargir ok láta hvervetna til sín koma, meddle in all things, 655 xi. 2: to belong to, skulu þeir gjalda hinum slíka jörð sem til þeirra kemr, proportionally, Jb. 195; kemr þat til vár er lögin kunnum, Nj. 149; sú sök er tylptar-kviðr kömr til, Grág. i. 20; tylptar-kviðar á jafnan á þingi at kveðja, þar sem hann kömr til saka, ii. 37; þá er komit til þessa gjalds ( it is due), er menn koma í akkeris-sát, 408: to help, avail, koma til lítils, to come to little, be of small avail, Nj. 149, Fms. vi. 211; at göra litla fésekt, veit ek eigi hvat til annars kemr, I am not aware what else will do, I believe that will meet the case best, Band. 36 new Ed.; koma til, to ‘come to,’ of a person in a swoon, etc.; veit ek eigi til hvers koma mun sú tiltekja Fb. i. 177, Fms. xi. 103; hvar til þessi svör skulu koma, i. 3; það kemr til, it will all come right; kom þar til með kóngum tveim, two kings came to a quarrel, Skíða R. 48: to be of value, importance, authority, þótti allt meira til hans koma, Fas. i. 16; hvart sem til hans kæmi meira eðr minna, Fms. xi. 76; sverð þat er til kom hálf mörk gulls, Ld. 32; svá fémikill at til kómu tuttugu merkr gulls, Fms. xi. 85; mér þykir lítið til hans koma, I think little of him:—koma saman, to come together, live together, marry, K. Á. 134: to agree, þat kom saman með þeim, they agreed on it, Dropl. 9, Gísl. 41; kom þat ásamt með þeim, id., Fb. i. 168; koma vel ásamt, to agree well, Nj. 25:—koma undir e-n, to come unto one, ef undir oss bræðr skal koma kjörit, if we are to choose, Nj. 192; öll lögmæt skil þau er undir mik koma á þessu þingi, 239: to depend on, það er mikit undir komið, at …, be of importance:—koma upp, to come up, break out; kom þá upp grátr fyrir henni, she burst into tears, Fms. ix. 477; er lúðrar kvæði við, ok herblástr kæmi upp, v. 74; er seiðlætin kómu upp, Ld. 152; eldr kom upp, fire came up, Ölk. 35, (hence elds-uppkoma, an upcome of fire, an eruption); ef nokkut kemr síðan sannara upp, Fms. vii. 121: þá kom þat upp at hann hafði beðit hennar, Eg. 587; kom þat upp af tali þeirra, at …, Fms. vii. 282; þat kom upp ( it ended so) at hverr skyldi vera vin annars, i. 58: to turn up, ek ætla mér góðan kost hvárn sem upp kemr, Eg. 715; mun nú hamingjan skipta hverr upp kemr, 418; at sakar görðisk eða upp kæmi, Grág. i. 27; skaut til Guðs sínu máli, ok bað hann láta þat upp koma er hann sæi at bazt gegni, Ó. H. 195, Stj. 385:—koma við, to touch, hit; sé eigi komið við, if it is not touched, Grág. ii. 65; komit var við hurðina, Fas. i. 30; at þeir skyldi koma við torfuna, Ld. 60; hefi ek aldrei svá reitt vápn at manni, at eigi hafi við komit, Nj. 185; hann kemr við margar sögur, he comes up, appears in many Sagas, Ld. 334; koma þeir allir við þessa sögu síðan, Nj. 30; sem ek kom við (as I mentioned, touched upon) í morgin, Fms. ii. 142; er mestr er, ok úskapligast komi við, Ld. 118: to fit, þat kemr lítt við, ‘tis not meet, it won’t do, Lv. 20; mun ek gefa þér tveggja dægra byr þann er bezt kemr við, Fas. iii. 619: koma við, to land, call; þeir vóru komnir við Ísland, Eg. 128; þeir kómu við Hernar, Nj. 4; þeir kómu suðr við Katanes, 127; þeir kómu við sker ( struck on a skerry) ok brutu stýri sín, Fms. ix. 164; hann hafði komit við hval, he had struck against a whale, Sturl. ii. 164; hence in mod. usage, koma við, to call, make a short stay, also on land: to be added to, tekr heldr at grána gamanit ok koma kveðlingar við, i. 21; koma þær nætr við inar fyrri, Rb. 58; þá koma enn ellefu nætr við, 22:—koma yfir, to overcome, pass over; íss er yfir kömr, Hm. 81; hvert kveld er yfir kom, Finnb. 230; hryggleikr kom yfir, 623. 57; at sá dagr myndi ekki yfir koma, Sks. 111.
    B. With the dat. of the object, to make to come, put, bring, carry; páfa þess, er Kristni (dat.) kom á England, who Christianised England, Íb. 14; koma mönnum til réttrar trúar, Fms. i. 146; koma orðum við e-n, to speak to a person; görðisk hann styggr svá at fáir menn máttu orðum við hann koma, i. e. that no one could come to words with him, Eg. 3; hann görði sik svá reiðan, at ekki mátti orðum við hann koma, Fms. i. 83, xi. 293; koma vélræðum við e-n, to plan against one, Eg. 49; koma flugu í munn e-m, Nj. 64, 68; þú skalt ekki láta í skorta at koma þeim í (málit) með þér, 271; hann skyldi koma Þór í Geirröðar-garða, make Thor come to G., Edda 60; hann kom Þorhaddi heilum yfir ána, he brought Th. safe across the river, Þorst. Síðu H. 181; koma kaupi, to bring about a bargain, Gþl. 415; koma e-m í hel, to put one to death, Anal. 233; koma e-m til falls, to make one fall, Edda 34; koma e-m í sætt, Fs. 9; mun ek koma þér í sætt við konung, Eg. 227; hann kom sér í mikla kærleika við jarlinn, Nj. 268; koma sér í þjónustu, Fs. 84; koma sér vel, to put oneself in favour, be engaging; ek hefi komit mér vel hjá meyjum, Kormak; þeir komu sér vel við alla, Fas. iii. 529, Fs. 96, Nj. 66; koma sér ílla, to make oneself hated; það kemr sér ílla, it is ill seen, unpleasant; as also, það kemr sér vel, a thing is agreeable, acceptable; koma e-u til leiðar, to effect, make, Nj. 250, Eb. 118; koma e-u til vegar, id., Ld. 320; koma tölu á, to put, count on, count, number, Anal. 217; koma friði, sættum á, to bring peace, agreement about: hann kom þeim á flótta, he put them to flight, Fms. vii. 235; tóku þar allt er þeir kómu höndum á, all they could catch, ix. 473; koma e-m ór eldi, Fb. i. 300; tók hann merkit ok kom því (put it, hid it) í millum klæða sinna, Nj. 274: Gunnarr kom þangat at þeim örunum, 115; allt þat er bitið var ok blóði kom út á, where it was bitten so as to make blood flow, Fms. vii. 187.
    II. with prepp.; koma e-u fram, to effect; koma fram ferð, máli, Nj. 102; til lítils þætti þat koma, en enginn kvæmi sínu máli fram þótt til alþingis væri stefnt, 149, Fb. ii. 90; þat skal aldri verða at hann komi þessu fram, Eg. 765; ef ek kem hefndum fram, Ld. 262; koma fram lögum við e-n. Eg. 722:—koma e-u á, to bring about, introduce:—koma e-u af, to abolish; þó fékk hann því ekki af komit, Bs. i. 165; koma e-u af sér, to get rid of, Fs. 96, Eb. 40, 41:—koma e-u fyrir, to arrange; koma e-m fyrir, to get a place for one; hann kom honum fyrir í skóla: to destroy (fyrir-koma), hann kom hverjum hesti fyrir, Glúm. 356:—koma e-u upp, to open; áðr ek kom henni upp, before I could open it, Fms. iii. 74; kerling tekr hörpuna ok vildi upp koma ( open), nú fær hón upp komit hörpunni, Fas. i. 233; hann mátti lengi eigi orði upp koma fyrir harmi, it was long before he could speak, utter a word, Fms. vi. 234; sá svarar er mátti máli upp koma, vii. 288:—koma e-m undir, to overthrow one, get one down; varð at kenna afls-munar áðr hann kæmi honum undir, Eb. 172:—koma e-m undan, to make one escape. Fms. vii. 265, 623. 18:—ek ætla at koma mér útan, I think to go abroad, Nj. 261:—koma e-u við, to bring about, effect, to be able to do; ek mun veita þér slíkt sem ek má mér við koma, as I can, Nj.; þú munt öðru koma við en gabba oss, Anal. 77; hann kom því við ( brought about) at engi skyldi fara með vápn, Fms. vii. 240; ef váttum kvæmi við, in a case where witnesses were at hand, Íb. 12; liðit flýði allt þat er því kom við, all that could fled, Eg. 529; Guðmundr hafði almanna-lof hversu hann kom sér við ( how he behaved) þessum málum, Nj. 251; komi þeir til er því koma við, who can, Gþl. 371; menn skyldi tala hljótt ef því kæmi við, Sturl. iii. 147; ef því kemr við, if it is possible, Gþl. 429; urðu þeir at flýja sem því kómu við, Fb. ii. 187; ekki mun oss þetta duga, at hann komi boganum við, Nj. 96.
    C. Reflex. komask, to come to the end, get through, reach, Lat. pervenire; the difference between the active and reflex. is seen from such phrases as, hann kemr ef hann kemst, he will come if he can; or, eg komst ekki á stað, I could not get off; eg komst ekki fyrir íllviðri, I could not come for bad weather; or, to come into a certain state, with the notion of chance, hap, komask í lífs háska, to come into danger of life; komask í skipreika, to be shipwrecked, and the like; Þorfinnr kom öngu hljóði í lúðrinn, ok komsk eigi upp blástrinn, Fms. ix. 30; komask á fætr, to get on one’s legs, Eg. 748; hann komsk við svá búit í ríki sitt, Hkr. i. 76; meina honum vötn eða veðr svá at hann má ekki komask til þess staðar, Grág. i. 496; hann komsk með sundi til lands, Eg. 261; kómusk sauðirnir upp á fjallit fyrir þeim, Nj. 27; ef Gunnarr færi eigi utan ok mætti hann komask, 111; ef maðr byrgir mann inni í húsi, svá at hann má eigi út komask, so that he cannot get out, Grág. ii. 110; en allt fólk flýði með allt lausa-fé er með fékk komisk, with all the property they could carry with them, Fms. i. 153; ek komumk vel annar-staðar út, þótt hér gangi eigi, Nj. 202; komask á milli manna, to get oneself among people, intrude oneself, 168; komsk hann í mestu kærleika við konung, Eg. 12; komask at orði, to come by a word, to express oneself; einsog hann að orði komsk, passim.
    II. with prepp.; komast á, to get into use; það komst á:—komask af, to get off, escape, save one’s life; hann bað menn duga svá at af kæmisk skipit, Fms. x. 98; tveir druknuðu, en hinir kómusk af:—komask at e-u, to get at a thing, procure; mörgum manns-öldrum síðarr komsk at bók þeirri Theodosius, Niðrst. 10; Hrani gat komisk at trúnaði margra ríkra manna, Fms. iv. 62; þú hefir at þessum peningum vel komisk, ‘tis money well gotten, i. 256; eigi skaltú ílla at komask, thou shall not get it unfairly, vii. 124:—komast eptir, to enquire into, get information of:—komask fyrir, to prevent, come in another’s way:—koma hjá e-u, to evade, pass by, escape doing:—komast til e-s, to come towards, and metaph. to have time for a thing, ek komst ekki til þess, I have no time; eg komst ekki til að fara:—komask undan, to escape; allt þat lið er undan komsk, Eg. 261; ekki manns barn komsk undan, Fms. xi. 387; komask undan á flótta, Eg. 11:—komask við, to be able; komusk þeir ekki í fyrstu við atlöguna, Fms. vii. 264; ef hann vill refsa údáða-mönnum, ok má þó við komask, N. G. L. i. 123; brenn allt ok bæl, sem þú mátt við komask, Fær. 64; ef ek viðr of kœmimk, Hbl. 33; þá er ek komumk við, Eg. 319; komask við veðri, to get abroad, Rd. 252; hann lét þat ekki við veðri komask, Fms. vii. 165: to be touched (við-kvæmni), hann komsk við mjök ok felldi tár, iii. 57; eða hann komisk við ( repent) ok hverfi aptr at íllsku sinni, Greg. 41; þá komsk mjök við inn válaði, svá at hann matti eigi lengi orði upp koma fyrir harmi, Fms. vi. 234; þá komsk hón við ákaflega mjök, Clem. 32; með við komnu hjarta, with a touched heart, Bs. i. 561, Karl. 166:—komask yfir e-t, to overcome, get hold of; er hann komsk yfir fét, Bárð. 175.
    D. Part. kominn, in special phrases; inn komni maðr, a new comer, stranger, Gullþ. 47; at kominn, arrived; hinn aðkomni maðr, a guest; at kominn, just come to, on the brink of; kominn at andláti, at dauða, to be at the last gasp; var at komit, at …, it was on the point of happening, that …, Str. 8; vóru þeir mjök at komnir ( much exhausted) svá magrir vóru þeir, Fas. iii. 571:—heill kominn, hail! Blas. 42; vel kominn, welcome! vertu vel kominn! ver með oss vel kominn, Þiðr. 319, Fs. 158; hann bað þá vera vel komna, passim; so also, það er vel komið, ‘it is welcome,’ i. e. with great pleasure, granting a favour:—placed, ertu maðr sannorðr ok kominn nær frétt, Nj. 175; Pétri var svá nær komit, P. was so closely pursued, Fms. ix. 48; ok nú eigi allfjarri yðr komit, xi. 123; svá vel er sá uppsát komin, at …, ix. 368: situated, hann (the hospital) er kominn á fjall upp, is situated on a fell, Symb. 18; útsker þat er komit af þjóðleið, Eg. 369: metaph., vel, ílla kominn, well placed, in good, bad estate; ek þykjumk hér vel kominn; hann var vel til náms kominn, he was in a good place for learning, Bs. i. 153; þat fé er ílla komit er fólgit er í jörðu, Grett. 39 new Ed.; mér þykkir son minn hvergi betr kominn, methinks my son is nowhere better off, in better hands, Fms. vi. 5; lítt ertú nú kominn, Njarð. 376; þykkjumk ek hér vel kominn með þér, Nj. 258:—kominn af, or frá e-m, come of, descended from, Landn., Eb., passim:—kominn á sik vel, in a good state, accomplished, Orkn. 202; hverjum manni betr á sik kominn, Ld. 110; kominn á sik manna bezt, Ísl. ii. 203: vera á legg kominn, to be grown up, Fms. xi. 186; vera svá aldrs kominn, to be of such an age, Fs. 4, 13, Sturl. iii. 100, Fms. xi. 56; hér er allvel á komit, it suits well enough, Bs. i. 531: hann sagði henni hvar þá var komit, how matters stood, Nj. 271, Fms. ii. 152; hann undi vel við þar sem komit var, as it stood, in statu quo, Nj. 22; Sveinn segir honum sem komit var þessu máli, Fms. ii. 159; at svá komnu, as matters stand, Bs. i. 317; málum várum er komit í únýtt efni, Nj. 164, 190:—vera kominn til e-s, to be entitled to, have due to one; ef hann fengi þat er hann var eigi til kominn, Fms. x. 7; þeir er til einskis eru komnir, ix. 248; fá þeir margir af yðr sæmd mikla er til minna eru komnir, en hann, Eg. 111; þeim til sæmdar er til þess er kominn, Sks. 311, rétt komnir til konungdóms, rétt kominn til Noregs, right heir to the kingdom, to Norway, Fms. ix. 332; lézk Sigvaldi nú kominn til ráða við Astríði, xi. 104: fit for, entitled to, hann þótti vel til kominn at vera konungr yfir Danmörk, i. 65: shapen, þetta mál er svá til komit, vii. 130; sagðisk hann eigi verr til manns kominn en Sturla bróðir hans, Sturl.; eigi þóttusk þeir til minna vera komnir fyrir ættar sakir, entitled to less, Eb. 17.
    II. part. pres. komandi, a new comer, stranger, Fbr. 168, Stj. 525: one to come, future generations, verandum ok viðr-komendum, N. G. L. i. 121; allir menn verandi ok eptir-komandi, D. I. i. 3; komendr, pl. guests, comers.

    Íslensk-ensk orðabók > KOMA

  • 35 охватывать

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    Floods never engulf an entire continent.

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    This curve encloses the same area as...

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    Each colour is considered as stretching over a certain range of frequency.

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    The term marine life embraces the plants and animals that drift in the open sea.

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    A very broad band of wavelengths brackets most of the terrestrial infrared radiation...

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    The oscillator covers (or embraces) the range 1 kc/s-10 Mc/s.

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    Investigation will cover the fields of nuclear structure, reactor design and material damage.

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    The mean lives... encompass a tremendous range.

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    To span the same energy range a proton synchrotron would need to accelerate protons from... to...

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    Oceanography encompasses the study of all aspects of the oceans.

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    The chain is wrapped on the sprocket.

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    An outer part, the cortex, envelops (or encloses) an inner, the medulla.

    Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > охватывать

  • 36 Wert

    Wert m GEN worth, value • an Wert gewinnen BÖRSE gain value • an Wert verlieren RW, WIWI depreciate (Vermögenswerte, Aktiva) • den Wert mindern WIWI lower the value • im Wert sinken BÖRSE go down in value • im Wert steigen RW appreciate • im Wert verringern BÖRSE write down • ohne Wert GEN, IMP/EXP without value • sich unter Wert verkaufen GEN undersell oneself
    * * *
    m < Geschäft> worth, value ■ an Wert gewinnen < Börse> gain value ■ an Wert verlieren <Rechnung, Vw> Vermögenswerte, Aktiva depreciate ■ den Wert mindern <Vw> lower the value ■ im Wert sinken < Börse> go down in value ■ im Wert steigen < Rechnung> appreciate ■ im Wert verringern < Börse> write down ■ sich unter Wert verkaufen < Geschäft> undersell oneself
    --------
    : über den Daumen gepeilter Wert
    < Geschäft> ballpark figure
    * * *
    Wert
    value, worth, (Bedeutung) amount, significance, (Gegenwert) equivalent, (Kostbarkeit) valuableness, (Münze) standard, (Preis) price, rate, (Schätzung) appreciation, (Vermögen) asset, (Vorzug) good, merit, desert, (Wertstellung) value (availability, US) date;
    • an Wert in value;
    • an Wert verloren diminished in value;
    • dem Wert nach ad valorem (lat.);
    • dem nominellen Wert entsprechend by tale;
    • im Werte von valued at;
    • nach dem Wert ad valorem (lat.);
    • über Wert above value;
    • unter Wert below value;
    • von geringem Wert uncostly, of small value;
    • von gleichem Wert equivalent, of the same value;
    • von hohem Wert of great value (price);
    • Wert 1. März value (due) 1st of March;
    • Wert erhalten (auf Wechsel) value received;
    • Wert in bar erhalten value received in cash;
    • Wert heute value from today;
    • Werte (Aktiva) assets, (Anlagen) investment, (Wertpapiere) securities, stocks;
    • abgeleiteter Wert imputed value;
    • abgeschriebener Wert depreciated value;
    • steuerlich voll abgeschriebener Wert written down value;
    • abnehmender Wert diminishing value;
    • anerkannter Wert fair market value;
    • angeblicher Wert nominal value, (Wechsel) face value;
    • angegebener Wert (Zoll) declared value;
    • angemessener Wert fair and reasonable (just) value;
    • angenommener Wert assumed (fictitious) value;
    • willkürlich angenommener Wert arbitrary (fictitious) value;
    • angerechneter Wert imputed value;
    • zu hoch angesetzter Wert exaggerated value;
    • annähernder Wert approximate value;
    • ausländische Werte foreign stocks, foreigners;
    • ausmachender Wert (Effekten) cost of securities;
    • äußerer Wert face value;
    • beeinträchtigter Wert nuisance value;
    • behaupteter Wert hold-up value;
    • beitragspflichtiger Wert contributory value;
    • bereinigte Werte adapted figures;
    • berichtigter Wert absorption value;
    • beschlagnahmefähige Werte attachable assets;
    • besonderer Wert quality;
    • bestätigter Wert certified value;
    • bleibender Wert lasting value;
    • börsengängige Werte dividend-paying (marketable, stock) securities;
    • börsennotierte Werte stock-exchange (quoted, listed, US) securities;
    • buchmäßiger Wert accounting (book) value;
    • chemische Werte chemical issues;
    • deklarierter Wert (Zoll) declared (registered) value;
    • dichtester Wert (Statistik) mode;
    • durchschnittlicher Wert average (mean) value;
    • effektiver Wert actual value;
    • eigentlicher Wert intrinsic value;
    • an der Börse eingeführte Werte quoted (listed, US) securities;
    • erhöhter Wert enhanced value;
    • künstlich erhöhte Werte inflated values;
    • durch Warenknappheit erhöhter Wert scarcity value;
    • erklärter Wert stated value, (Postsendung) insured value;
    • errechneter Wert computed value;
    • fester Wert stable value,firm stock (Br.);
    • festgelegter Wert (Versicherungspolice) agreed value;
    • gerichtlich festgesetzter Wert extended value;
    • gesetzlich festgesetzter Wert statutory value;
    • festgestellter Wert stated value;
    • feststellbarer Wert ascertainable value;
    • festverzinsliche Werte fixed-income investment,fixed-interest (fixed-yield, income-bearing) securities;
    • fiktiver Wert fictitious (apparent) value;
    • finanzieller Wert monetary value;
    • führende Werte [market] leaders, trading favo(u)rites, leading descriptions (shares) (Br.);
    • seit je führende Werte traditional leaders on prices;
    • gangbare Werte salable stocks;
    • gängiger Wert fair market value;
    • garantierter Wert warranted value;
    • gegenwärtiger Wert present (today’s) value;
    • gehaltene Werte (Börse) firm stock (US);
    • gehandelte Werte negotiable stocks;
    • im Freiverkehr gehandelte Werte open-market papers, curb stocks (US);
    • international gehandelte Werte international (interbourse, Br.) securities;
    • telefonisch gehandelte Werte telephone (curb) stocks (US);
    • gemeiner Wert fair market (principal, Br.) value;
    • geschätzter Wert valuation, estimated value;
    • lagemäßig gestiegener Wert (Grundstück) plottage value;
    • greifbare Werte tangible values (assets);
    • häufigster Wert (Statistik) mode;
    • heimische Werte home descriptions;
    • immaterielle Werte intangible value, (Bilanz) intangible assets, (Firma) goodwill;
    • innerer Wert intrinsic (true) value, (Geld) domestic value;
    • kapitalisierter Wert [earning-]capitalized value;
    • künstlerischer Wert artistic merit;
    • marktgängige Werte securities dealt in for cash;
    • mündelsichere Werte gilt-edged (trustee) securities (Br.), trustee (widow and orphan) stocks (US);
    • nomineller Wert nominal value;
    • amtlich notierte Werte quoted (listed, US) securities;
    • amtlich nicht notierte Werte unquoted (unlisted, US, offboard, US) securities;
    • selten notierte Werte uncurrent securities;
    • Not leidende Werte suffering securities;
    • realer Wert effective value;
    • durch sofortigen Verkauf realisierbarer Wert salvage value;
    • rechnungsmäßiger Wert (Versicherung) actuarial value;
    • reeller Wert actual (real) value;
    • reiner Wert net worth (US);
    • relativer Wert relative value;
    • restlicher Wert residual value;
    • risikoreiche Werte high-risk issues;
    • schwache Werte laggards;
    • seltenster Wert antimode;
    • sichere Werte sound stocks;
    • statistischer Wert statistical value;
    • niedrig stehende Werte low-grade securities;
    • steuerbarer (steuerlicher, steuerpflichtiger) Wert ratable (Br.) (taxable) value, assessable value (Br.) (valuation, US), assessed value (valuation, US);
    • subjektiver Wert subjective value;
    • tatsächlicher Wert effective (real, actual) value;
    • unerheblicher Wert trifling value;
    • ungefährer Wert approximate value;
    • unkündbare Werte irredeemable securities;
    • unnotierte Werte securities not quoted (listed, US) on the stock exchange;
    • unverzinsliche Werte non-interest-bearing securities;
    • unverzollter Wert bonded value;
    • ursprünglicher Wert sterling (original) value;
    • veranlagter Wert assessed (ratable, Br.) value;
    • veranschlagter Wert imputed (estimated, appraised, assessed) value;
    • frei vereinbarter Wert (Versicherungspolice) agreed value;
    • verhältnismäßiger Wert relative value;
    • verlangte Werte (Börse) stocks wanted;
    • verminderter Wert diminished (reduced) value;
    • vernünftiger Wert prudent value;
    • verschiedene Werte (Bilanz) sundry (miscellaneous) securities;
    • versicherbarer Wert insurable (insurance) value;
    • versicherungsmathematischer Wert actuarial value;
    • verzollter Wert declared value;
    • volkswirtschaftlicher Wert net social benefit;
    • wirklicher Wert intrinsic (true) value;
    • wirtschaftlicher Wert industrial (economic) value,capital assets;
    • zollpflichtiger Wert dutiable value;
    • zukünftiger Wert future value;
    • zweifacher Wert double value;
    • berichtigter, erklärter Wert des Aktienkapitals [zur Berechnung der Kapitalsteuer] adjusted declared value [for the computation of capital levy];
    • Wert des Anlagevermögens value of fixed assets;
    • Wert der Arbeit price of labo(u)r;
    • Wert in bar value in cash;
    • Wert als Bauerwartungsland development value inherent in the land (Br.);
    • Wert erschlossenen Baulands developed value of land;
    • immaterielle Werte von Bedeutung intangibles of value;
    • Wert zum Einzug (Wechselvermerk) only for collection;
    • Wert laut Faktura value as per invoice;
    • wirtschaftlicher Wert eines Geschäftes general standing of a business;
    • beitragspflichtiger Wert zur großen Havarie contributory general value;
    • Wert heute value from today;
    • Wert einer nachgewiesenen Konkursforderung proof value;
    • Wert des Maschinenparks value of the machinery;
    • Wert nach dem Niederstwertprinzip market price;
    • Wert der umlaufenden Noten currency circulation;
    • Wert in Rechnung (auf Wechsel) value in account;
    • Wert des Streitgegenstands value of matter in controversy;
    • Wert der einzelnen Stücke denominational value;
    • Wert einer Summe summation value;
    • Wert eines Treuhandvermögens trust asset (settlement) value;
    • Wert bei Verfall value when due (on expiration, on maturity);
    • Wert des landwirtschaftlichen Vermögens agricultural value;
    • Wert in Waren received value;
    • effektiver Wert einer Ware actual cost of goods;
    • Wert der geretteten Waren (Seeversicherung) salvage value;
    • Wert bei Wiedererlangung repossession value;
    • Wert im beschädigten Zustand (Versicherungswesen) damaged value;
    • Wert im unbeschädigten Zustand (Versicherungswesen) sound value;
    • Werte abstoßen to shake out stocks;
    • Wert [bei der Verzollung] angeben to declare the value;
    • unter dem Wert angeben to enter short;
    • Wert beeinträchtigen to impair (diminish) the value;
    • nach dem Wert befrachten to freight ad valorem;
    • seinen Wert behalten to maintain its value;
    • einer Sache geringen Wert beimessen to set a low value on s. th.;
    • Wert berechnen to compute (calculate) the value;
    • inflationssichere Werte bereinigen to reassess inflation-hedge assets;
    • hohen Wert besitzen to be of great value;
    • Wert bestimmen to appraise;
    • doppelten Wert bezahlen to pay double the value;
    • unter dem Wert bieten to underbid;
    • auf guten Werten sitzen bleiben to hold sound stocks;
    • Wert erhöhen to improve the value, to appreciate;
    • sich im Wert erhöhen to increase in value;
    • Wert ermitteln to assess the value, to appraise s. th., to make a valuation;
    • Werte festlegen to lock up a stock;
    • Wert festsetzen to assess (fix) a value;
    • an Wert gewinnen to improve, to gain;
    • in der Öffentlichkeit an Wert gewinnen to be rising in the estimation of the public;
    • geringen Wert haben to be of inferior quality;
    • im Wert herabsetzen to discount, to depreciate in value;
    • Wert einer Anlage heraufsetzen to write up the value of an asset;
    • vollen Wert aus einer Sache herausholen to get the full value of s. th.;
    • etw. für ein Viertel des Wertes kaufen to buy s. th. at a quarter of the price;
    • Wert schätzen to appraise the value;
    • im Wert schwanken to fluctuate in value;
    • im Wert gestiegen sein to show an appreciation;
    • im Wert steigen to increase (advance, improve) in value, to appreciate;
    • im Wert erheblich steigern to appreciate greatly;
    • im Wert übersteigen, an Wert übertreffen to exceed in value;
    • unter Wert verkaufen to sell below price (at an underrate);
    • unter dem fakturierten Wert verkaufen to sell at a loss on the invoice;
    • dem Wert entsprechend verkaufen to sell for value;
    • an Wert verlieren to deteriorate, to lower (lose, drop, fall) in value;
    • fortlaufend an Wert verlieren to go down in value all the time;
    • wirtschaftlich an Wert verlieren to decline in economic usefulness;
    • unter dem Wert vermieten to rent below value;
    • [im] Wert vermindern to reduce the value, to debase;
    • sich im Wert verringern to decline in value;
    • an Wert zunehmen to improve (appreciate) in value.

    Business german-english dictionary > Wert

  • 37 wert

    Wert m GEN worth, value • an Wert gewinnen BÖRSE gain value • an Wert verlieren RW, WIWI depreciate (Vermögenswerte, Aktiva) • den Wert mindern WIWI lower the value • im Wert sinken BÖRSE go down in value • im Wert steigen RW appreciate • im Wert verringern BÖRSE write down • ohne Wert GEN, IMP/EXP without value • sich unter Wert verkaufen GEN undersell oneself
    * * *
    adj < Geschäft> useful, valuable ■ sein Geld wert sein < Geschäft> value for money ■ wert sein < Börse> be worth
    * * *
    Wert
    value, worth, (Bedeutung) amount, significance, (Gegenwert) equivalent, (Kostbarkeit) valuableness, (Münze) standard, (Preis) price, rate, (Schätzung) appreciation, (Vermögen) asset, (Vorzug) good, merit, desert, (Wertstellung) value (availability, US) date;
    • an Wert in value;
    • an Wert verloren diminished in value;
    • dem Wert nach ad valorem (lat.);
    • dem nominellen Wert entsprechend by tale;
    • im Werte von valued at;
    • nach dem Wert ad valorem (lat.);
    • über Wert above value;
    • unter Wert below value;
    • von geringem Wert uncostly, of small value;
    • von gleichem Wert equivalent, of the same value;
    • von hohem Wert of great value (price);
    • Wert 1. März value (due) 1st of March;
    • Wert erhalten (auf Wechsel) value received;
    • Wert in bar erhalten value received in cash;
    • Wert heute value from today;
    • Werte (Aktiva) assets, (Anlagen) investment, (Wertpapiere) securities, stocks;
    • abgeleiteter Wert imputed value;
    • abgeschriebener Wert depreciated value;
    • steuerlich voll abgeschriebener Wert written down value;
    • abnehmender Wert diminishing value;
    • anerkannter Wert fair market value;
    • angeblicher Wert nominal value, (Wechsel) face value;
    • angegebener Wert (Zoll) declared value;
    • angemessener Wert fair and reasonable (just) value;
    • angenommener Wert assumed (fictitious) value;
    • willkürlich angenommener Wert arbitrary (fictitious) value;
    • angerechneter Wert imputed value;
    • zu hoch angesetzter Wert exaggerated value;
    • annähernder Wert approximate value;
    • ausländische Werte foreign stocks, foreigners;
    • ausmachender Wert (Effekten) cost of securities;
    • äußerer Wert face value;
    • beeinträchtigter Wert nuisance value;
    • behaupteter Wert hold-up value;
    • beitragspflichtiger Wert contributory value;
    • bereinigte Werte adapted figures;
    • berichtigter Wert absorption value;
    • beschlagnahmefähige Werte attachable assets;
    • besonderer Wert quality;
    • bestätigter Wert certified value;
    • bleibender Wert lasting value;
    • börsengängige Werte dividend-paying (marketable, stock) securities;
    • börsennotierte Werte stock-exchange (quoted, listed, US) securities;
    • buchmäßiger Wert accounting (book) value;
    • chemische Werte chemical issues;
    • deklarierter Wert (Zoll) declared (registered) value;
    • dichtester Wert (Statistik) mode;
    • durchschnittlicher Wert average (mean) value;
    • effektiver Wert actual value;
    • eigentlicher Wert intrinsic value;
    • an der Börse eingeführte Werte quoted (listed, US) securities;
    • erhöhter Wert enhanced value;
    • künstlich erhöhte Werte inflated values;
    • durch Warenknappheit erhöhter Wert scarcity value;
    • erklärter Wert stated value, (Postsendung) insured value;
    • errechneter Wert computed value;
    • fester Wert stable value,firm stock (Br.);
    • festgelegter Wert (Versicherungspolice) agreed value;
    • gerichtlich festgesetzter Wert extended value;
    • gesetzlich festgesetzter Wert statutory value;
    • festgestellter Wert stated value;
    • feststellbarer Wert ascertainable value;
    • festverzinsliche Werte fixed-income investment,fixed-interest (fixed-yield, income-bearing) securities;
    • fiktiver Wert fictitious (apparent) value;
    • finanzieller Wert monetary value;
    • führende Werte [market] leaders, trading favo(u)rites, leading descriptions (shares) (Br.);
    • seit je führende Werte traditional leaders on prices;
    • gangbare Werte salable stocks;
    • gängiger Wert fair market value;
    • garantierter Wert warranted value;
    • gegenwärtiger Wert present (today’s) value;
    • gehaltene Werte (Börse) firm stock (US);
    • gehandelte Werte negotiable stocks;
    • im Freiverkehr gehandelte Werte open-market papers, curb stocks (US);
    • international gehandelte Werte international (interbourse, Br.) securities;
    • telefonisch gehandelte Werte telephone (curb) stocks (US);
    • gemeiner Wert fair market (principal, Br.) value;
    • geschätzter Wert valuation, estimated value;
    • lagemäßig gestiegener Wert (Grundstück) plottage value;
    • greifbare Werte tangible values (assets);
    • häufigster Wert (Statistik) mode;
    • heimische Werte home descriptions;
    • immaterielle Werte intangible value, (Bilanz) intangible assets, (Firma) goodwill;
    • innerer Wert intrinsic (true) value, (Geld) domestic value;
    • kapitalisierter Wert [earning-]capitalized value;
    • künstlerischer Wert artistic merit;
    • marktgängige Werte securities dealt in for cash;
    • mündelsichere Werte gilt-edged (trustee) securities (Br.), trustee (widow and orphan) stocks (US);
    • nomineller Wert nominal value;
    • amtlich notierte Werte quoted (listed, US) securities;
    • amtlich nicht notierte Werte unquoted (unlisted, US, offboard, US) securities;
    • selten notierte Werte uncurrent securities;
    • Not leidende Werte suffering securities;
    • realer Wert effective value;
    • durch sofortigen Verkauf realisierbarer Wert salvage value;
    • rechnungsmäßiger Wert (Versicherung) actuarial value;
    • reeller Wert actual (real) value;
    • reiner Wert net worth (US);
    • relativer Wert relative value;
    • restlicher Wert residual value;
    • risikoreiche Werte high-risk issues;
    • schwache Werte laggards;
    • seltenster Wert antimode;
    • sichere Werte sound stocks;
    • statistischer Wert statistical value;
    • niedrig stehende Werte low-grade securities;
    • steuerbarer (steuerlicher, steuerpflichtiger) Wert ratable (Br.) (taxable) value, assessable value (Br.) (valuation, US), assessed value (valuation, US);
    • subjektiver Wert subjective value;
    • tatsächlicher Wert effective (real, actual) value;
    • unerheblicher Wert trifling value;
    • ungefährer Wert approximate value;
    • unkündbare Werte irredeemable securities;
    • unnotierte Werte securities not quoted (listed, US) on the stock exchange;
    • unverzinsliche Werte non-interest-bearing securities;
    • unverzollter Wert bonded value;
    • ursprünglicher Wert sterling (original) value;
    • veranlagter Wert assessed (ratable, Br.) value;
    • veranschlagter Wert imputed (estimated, appraised, assessed) value;
    • frei vereinbarter Wert (Versicherungspolice) agreed value;
    • verhältnismäßiger Wert relative value;
    • verlangte Werte (Börse) stocks wanted;
    • verminderter Wert diminished (reduced) value;
    • vernünftiger Wert prudent value;
    • verschiedene Werte (Bilanz) sundry (miscellaneous) securities;
    • versicherbarer Wert insurable (insurance) value;
    • versicherungsmathematischer Wert actuarial value;
    • verzollter Wert declared value;
    • volkswirtschaftlicher Wert net social benefit;
    • wirklicher Wert intrinsic (true) value;
    • wirtschaftlicher Wert industrial (economic) value,capital assets;
    • zollpflichtiger Wert dutiable value;
    • zukünftiger Wert future value;
    • zweifacher Wert double value;
    • berichtigter, erklärter Wert des Aktienkapitals [zur Berechnung der Kapitalsteuer] adjusted declared value [for the computation of capital levy];
    • Wert des Anlagevermögens value of fixed assets;
    • Wert der Arbeit price of labo(u)r;
    • Wert in bar value in cash;
    • Wert als Bauerwartungsland development value inherent in the land (Br.);
    • Wert erschlossenen Baulands developed value of land;
    • immaterielle Werte von Bedeutung intangibles of value;
    • Wert zum Einzug (Wechselvermerk) only for collection;
    • Wert laut Faktura value as per invoice;
    • wirtschaftlicher Wert eines Geschäftes general standing of a business;
    • beitragspflichtiger Wert zur großen Havarie contributory general value;
    • Wert heute value from today;
    • Wert einer nachgewiesenen Konkursforderung proof value;
    • Wert des Maschinenparks value of the machinery;
    • Wert nach dem Niederstwertprinzip market price;
    • Wert der umlaufenden Noten currency circulation;
    • Wert in Rechnung (auf Wechsel) value in account;
    • Wert des Streitgegenstands value of matter in controversy;
    • Wert der einzelnen Stücke denominational value;
    • Wert einer Summe summation value;
    • Wert eines Treuhandvermögens trust asset (settlement) value;
    • Wert bei Verfall value when due (on expiration, on maturity);
    • Wert des landwirtschaftlichen Vermögens agricultural value;
    • Wert in Waren received value;
    • effektiver Wert einer Ware actual cost of goods;
    • Wert der geretteten Waren (Seeversicherung) salvage value;
    • Wert bei Wiedererlangung repossession value;
    • Wert im beschädigten Zustand (Versicherungswesen) damaged value;
    • Wert im unbeschädigten Zustand (Versicherungswesen) sound value;
    • Werte abstoßen to shake out stocks;
    • Wert [bei der Verzollung] angeben to declare the value;
    • unter dem Wert angeben to enter short;
    • Wert beeinträchtigen to impair (diminish) the value;
    • nach dem Wert befrachten to freight ad valorem;
    • seinen Wert behalten to maintain its value;
    • einer Sache geringen Wert beimessen to set a low value on s. th.;
    • Wert berechnen to compute (calculate) the value;
    • inflationssichere Werte bereinigen to reassess inflation-hedge assets;
    • hohen Wert besitzen to be of great value;
    • Wert bestimmen to appraise;
    • doppelten Wert bezahlen to pay double the value;
    • unter dem Wert bieten to underbid;
    • auf guten Werten sitzen bleiben to hold sound stocks;
    • Wert erhöhen to improve the value, to appreciate;
    • sich im Wert erhöhen to increase in value;
    • Wert ermitteln to assess the value, to appraise s. th., to make a valuation;
    • Werte festlegen to lock up a stock;
    • Wert festsetzen to assess (fix) a value;
    • an Wert gewinnen to improve, to gain;
    • in der Öffentlichkeit an Wert gewinnen to be rising in the estimation of the public;
    • geringen Wert haben to be of inferior quality;
    • im Wert herabsetzen to discount, to depreciate in value;
    • Wert einer Anlage heraufsetzen to write up the value of an asset;
    • vollen Wert aus einer Sache herausholen to get the full value of s. th.;
    • etw. für ein Viertel des Wertes kaufen to buy s. th. at a quarter of the price;
    • Wert schätzen to appraise the value;
    • im Wert schwanken to fluctuate in value;
    • im Wert gestiegen sein to show an appreciation;
    • im Wert steigen to increase (advance, improve) in value, to appreciate;
    • im Wert erheblich steigern to appreciate greatly;
    • im Wert übersteigen, an Wert übertreffen to exceed in value;
    • unter Wert verkaufen to sell below price (at an underrate);
    • unter dem fakturierten Wert verkaufen to sell at a loss on the invoice;
    • dem Wert entsprechend verkaufen to sell for value;
    • an Wert verlieren to deteriorate, to lower (lose, drop, fall) in value;
    • fortlaufend an Wert verlieren to go down in value all the time;
    • wirtschaftlich an Wert verlieren to decline in economic usefulness;
    • unter dem Wert vermieten to rent below value;
    • [im] Wert vermindern to reduce the value, to debase;
    • sich im Wert verringern to decline in value;
    • an Wert zunehmen to improve (appreciate) in value.

    Business german-english dictionary > wert

  • 38 ÓÐINN

    (dat. Óðni), m. Odin.
    * * *
    m., dat. Óðni; [A. S. Wodan; O. H. G. Wodan, in the Old High German song Phol ende Wodan vuoron zi holza; in the Norse the w is dropped, whence Odinn]:—Odin, Wodan, the name of the founder of the ancient Northern and Teutonic religion, who was afterwards worshipped as the supreme god, the fountain-head of wisdom, the founder of culture, writing, and poetry, the progenitor of kings, the lord of battle and victory; so that his name and that of Allföðr (Allfather, the father of gods and men) were blended together. For Odin as an historical person see esp. Yngl. S., the first chapters of which were originally written by Ari the historian, who himself traced his pedigree back to Odin. For the various tales of Odin as a deity see the Edda and the old poems; for the legends explaining how Odin came by his wisdom, how he was inspired, how he pawned his eye in the well of Mimir, see Vsp. 22; how he hung in the world-tree Yggdrasil, Hm. 139 sqq.; and the most popular account, how he carried away the poetical mead from the giant Suptung, etc., see Hm. 104–110. and Edda 47–49; for his travelling in disguise in search of wisdom among giants and Norns, Vþm., Gm., Vsp. For Odin’s many names and attributes see Edda (Gl.) The greatest families, the Ynglings in Sweden, Skjöldungs in Denmark, and the Háleygir in Norway, traced their pedigrees back to Odin, see the poems Ýt., Ht., Langfeðgatal. In translations from the Latin, Odin was, strangely enough, taken to represent Mercury; thus, kölluðu þeir Pál Óðin, en Barnabas Þór, they called Paul Odin, but Barnabas they called Thor, is an ancient rendering of Acts xiv. 12, cp. Clem., Bret., and passim. This seems to have originated with the Romans themselves; for Tacitus says, ‘deorum maxime Mercurium colunt,’ by which he can only mean Wodan; the Romans may have heard the German tales of Wodan’s wonderful travels, his many assumed names and disguises, his changes of shape, his eloquence, his magical power,—tales such as abound in the Edda,—and these might make the Romans think of the Greek legends of Hermes: accordingly, when the planetary week days were adopted from the Lat., ‘dies Mercurii’ was rendered into A. S. by Wodansdäg, in Engl. Wednesday, in Dan. Onsdag, in Norse Óðins-dagr, Orkn. 386, Fms. ix. 282: Óðins-nótt, f. Wednesday night, N. G. L. i. 17. Óðins-hani, a, m. a bird, tringa hyperborea, or the phalaropus cinereus, or the red phalarope, see Fjölnir viii, Faber, Edda (Gl.)
    II. Northern local names, Óðins-vé, n. the sanctuary of Odin = Odense in Fünen in Denmark, Knytl. S.: Óðins-salr, m. in Norway. Munch’s Norg. Beskr. 79: Óðins-lundr, m. Odin’s grove. In a single instance Athens is rendered by Óðins-borg, and the Athenians by Óðins-borgar-menn, Post. 645. 90; the name can only have been formed from the Greek name pronounced with the th sound, perhaps by the Northmen at Constantinople, who may have associated the name, thus sounded, with Odin’s supposed travels from the east to Sweden, and his halts at various places, which were afterwards called after him, as recorded in Yngl. S. As a pr. name, Othen villicus, Dipl. Arna-Magn. (Thorkelin) i. 23; Oden Throndsson, D. N. iv. 756, 764; Ódin-dís, f., Baut., but very rare. It is noteworthy that the name of Odin is, in the old poets, hardly ever used as appellative in poët. circumlocutions of a ‘man;’ málm-Óðinn is a απ. λεγ. = warrior.

    Íslensk-ensk orðabók > ÓÐINN

  • 39 vápna-tak

    n. [A. S. wæpen-getæc; Engl. wapentake]
    I. a weapon-grasping, a law phrase; in their assemblies the ancients used to express their consent bv waving or brandishing their weapons, ‘si placuit [sententia] frameas concutiunt, honoratissimum assensus genus est armis laudare,’ Tacit. Germ. ch. 11; ‘more Dacorum tela mutuae voluntatis pacto una concusserunt,’ Dudo De Moribus et Actis Normannorum, iii. 96; ‘collisione armorum et contactu,’ Andreas Suneson (Lex Scan.); var Sverri gefit konungs-nafn á þessu átta-fylkna-þingi ok dæmt með vápna-taki. Fms. viii. 41; æptu allir upp með vápna-taki, at þeir skyldi allir vera útlægir, Hkr. iii. 325, v. l.
    2. metaph. a vote or decree, resolution passed at a public assembly; veita göra vápnatak, eiga v. at e-u; skulu þingmenn honum jörð dæma ok veita honum v. til þess, at hann knegi verja jörð sína með lögum ok dómi, N. G. L. i. 89; þá eigu býjar-menn at leggja dóm á ok veita v. at, Grág. ii. 409 (referring to Norway); beiddi þess alla er á vóru þinginu, liðsmenn, bændr ok bæjarmenn, at þeir skyldi göra v. at því, at dæma með lögum …, Fms. vii. 293; áttu þeir handfesti ok v. at þessu heiti er konungr mælti fyrir, viii. 55; var þá gört lögtekit, ok átt v. at, at Sveinn konungr skyldi kjósa þann af sonum sínum sem hann vildi til konungs eptir sik í Danmörk, xi. 213; njóti sá vátta sinna ok æsti bændr vápnataks, N. G. L. i. 250; þá eigu þingmenn honum með vápnataki jörð at skeyta, 96; ef maðr rýfr þann dóm er dæmdr er á alþingi, ok v. er at átt innan Lögréttu ok útan, Js. 7, N. G. L. ii. 190; ok vér saman settum ok samþyktum ok lýst vár þá í Túnsbergi fyrir almúganum ok v. á tekit ( resolved) at fyrir lög skyldi dæma …, iii. 206.
    II. in the Icel. parliament (alþingi) the word assumed a peculiar sense, for in the Grág. ‘vápnatak’ means the breaking up of the session, when the men resumed their weapons, which had been laid aside during the session (see vápnaburðr, vápn A); þat skal vera fjórtán nóttum eptir vápnatak, en þat heitir v. er alþýða ríðr af alþingi, Hrafn. 19, referring to the middle of the 10th century, where however it may be an anachronism; but in the Grágás and in Icel. of the 12th and 13th centuries it was a standing term, see Grág. passim; eptir vápnatak, i. 80; fjórtán nóttum eptir vápnatak, 123, 194, ii. 178.
    III. in that part of England which formed the ancient Denelagu, ‘wæpentak’ or ‘wapentagia’ came to mean a subdivision, answering to ‘hundred’ in the Saxon shires. Although altered in sense, this word was no doubt imported from the Danish, for in Leges Edvardi Confessoris, ch. 30, the words ‘sub lege Anglorum’ and ‘lingua Anglica’ are simply an error of a scribe for Danorum, Danica, for ‘taka’ is not A. S., but Norse, see Konrad Maurer, Germania xiv. 317 sqq.

    Íslensk-ensk orðabók > vápna-tak

  • 40 для упрощения принимаем, что

    Для упрощения принимаем, что-- For simplicity, this vapor is assumed to be saturated and at the mean condenser pressure, p.

    Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > для упрощения принимаем, что

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