-
1 per
per, prep. with acc. (by solecism with abl. PER QVO, = whereby, Inscr. Miseni Repert. ex a. p. Chr. n. 159; Inscr. Orell. 3300) [kindr. with Gr. para; Sanscr. pāra, ulterior; Lith. pèr; cf.: parumper, paulisper; v. Curt. Griech. Etym. p. 269], denotes, like the Gr. dia, motion through a space, or extension over it.I.Lit., of space, through, through the midst of, throughout, all over, all along: per amoena salicta raptare aliquem, Enn. ap. Cic. Div. 1, 20, 40 (Ann. v. 40 Vahl.): inde Fert sese (equus) campi per caerula laetaque prata, id. ap. Macr. S. 6, 3 (id. v. 505 ib.): per amoenam urbem leni fluit agmine flumen, id. ap. id. ib. 6, 4 (id. v. 177 ib.):II.per membranas oculorum cernere,
Cic. N. D. 2, 57, 142:coronam auream per forum ferre,
id. Att. 14, 16, 2:iit hasta per tempus utrumque,
Verg. A. 9, 418:se per munitiones deicere,
Caes. B. G. 3, 26:per mare pauperiem fugiens, per saxa, per ignes,
Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 46:per ignes,
Ov. M. 8, 76:per Averna,
id. ib. 14, 105:per caelum,
Verg. A. 4, 700:per vias fabulari,
in all the streets, Plaut. Cist. 5, 1:per totam urbem,
id. Ep. 2, 2, 11:qui per provincias atque imperium tuum pecunias ei credidissent,
in the provinces, Cic. Fam. 1, 7, 6:invitati hospitaliter per domos,
Liv. 1, 9:via secta per ambas (zonas),
Verg. G. 1, 238; 245:nascuntur copiosissime in Balearibus ac per Hispanias,
in, Plin. 19, 5, 30, § 94:per illas gentes celebratur,
throughout, Tac. A. 12, 12:gustūs elementa per omnia quaerunt,
Juv. 11, 14.—Placed after the noun: viam per,
Lucr. 6, 1264:transtra per et remos et pictas abiete puppes,
Verg. A. 5, 663; 6, 692.Transf.A.Of time, through, throughout, during, for:B.quod des bubus per hiemem,
the winter through, during the winter, Cato, R. R. 25:nulla res per triennium, nisi ad nutum istius, judicata est,
Cic. Verr. 1, 5, 13:nulla abs te per hos dies epistula... venerat,
during these days, id. Att. 2, 8, 1:per decem dies ludi facti sunt,
id. Cat. 3, 8, 20:per idem tempus,
during, at, in the course of, id. Brut. 83, 286; Suet. Galb. 10:per noctem cernuntur sidera,
during the night, in the night-time, Plin. 2, 10, 7, § 48:per inducias,
during, Liv. 38, 2: per multa bella, id. 8, 13:per ludos,
id. 2, 18:per comitia,
Suet. Caes. 80:per somnum,
id. ib. 45: per tempus, during, i. e. at the right time, = in tempore, Plaut. Poen. 1, 1, 6; Ter. And. 4, 4, 44; id. Hec. 4, 3, 16.—So distr.:per singulas noctes,
Suet. Caes. 1; id. Calig. 22; cf.:per haec,
meanwhile, id. Claud. 27:per quae,
id. Tib. 52.—To indicate the agent, instrument, or means, through, by, by means of:C.statuerunt injurias per vos ulcisci,
Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 3, § 9:detrimenta publicis rebus per homines eloquentissimos importata,
id. de Or. 1, 9, 38:quid ais? vulgo occidebantur? Per quos? et a quibus?
by whom? and by whose command? id. Rosc. Am. 29, 80:quae domi gerenda sunt, ea per Caeciliam transiguntur,
id. ib. 51, 149:quod nefarium stuprum non per illum factum est,
id. Cat. 2, 4, 7.—Placed after its case:Exerce vocem, quam per vivis et colis,
Plaut. Poen. prol. 13.—Esp.: per fidem decipere, fallere, etc. (= datā fide): per fidem deceptus sum, through confidence, i. e. in my host who betrayed me, Plaut. Most. 2, 2, 69; Cic. Inv. 1, 39, 71; Caes. B. G. 1, 46, 3.—So, per se, per te, through himself, by himself, of himself, etc.:homo per se cognitus, sine ullā commendatione majorum,
Cic. Brut. 25, 96:per me tibi obstiti, = solus,
by myself, id. Cat. 1, 5, 11:satis per te tibi consulis,
Hor. Ep. 1, 17, 1:per se solus,
Liv. 1, 49.—With ipse:nihil ipsos per se sine P. Sullā facere potuisse,
Cic. Sull. 24, 67:ipsum per se, suā vi, sua naturā, sua sponte laudabile,
id. Fin. 2, 15, 50.—To form an adverb. expression, in, by, through, etc.:non dubitavi id a te per litteras petere,
by letter, Cic. Fam. 2, 6, 2:per summum dedecus vitam amittere,
in the most infamous manner, most infamously, id. Rosc. Am. 11, 30:per iram facere aliquid,
in anger, id. Tusc. 4, 37, 79:per commodum,
Liv. 30, 29, 3 (cf. II. A. supra):per commodum rei publicae,
id. 10, 25, 17; 22, 57, 1; 31, 11, 2:per ludum et jocum,
sporting and jesting, in sport and jest, Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 60, § 155; cf. id. ib. 2, 5, 70, §181: per vim,
forcibly, Sall. J. 23, 1:per dolum,
id. ib. 11, 8:per otium,
at leisure, Liv. 4, 58, 12:ceteris copiis per otium trajectis,
id. 21, 28, 4:cibo per otium capto,
id. 21, 55, 1:per tumultum = tumultuose,
id. 44, 45, 14. —To designate the reason, cause, inducement, etc., through, for, by, on account of, for the sake of:D.per metum mussari,
Plaut. Aul. 2, 1, 12:qui per virtutem perit, at non interit,
id. Capt. 3, 5, 32:cum antea per aetatem nondum hujus auctoritatem loci attingere auderem,
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 1, 1:per aetatem,
Caes. B. G. 2, 16 fin.:Druso propinquanti quasi per officium obviae fuere legiones,
Tac. A. 1, 24:ut nihil eum delectaret, quod aut per naturam fas esset aut per leges liceret,
Cic. Mil. 16, 43:cum per valetudinem posses, venire tamen noluisti,
id. Fam. 7, 1, 1: per me, per te, etc., as far as concerns me, you, etc.:si per vos licet,
Plaut. As. prol. 12:per me vel stertas licet,
Cic. Ac. 2, 29, 93; cf.:sin hoc non licet per Cratippum,
id. Off. 3, 7, 33:fides publica per sese inviolata,
Sall. J. 33, 3:per me ista pedibus trahantur,
Cic. Att. 4, 16, 10:per me stetisse, quo minus hae fierent nuptiae,
Ter. And. 4, 2, 16:si per suos esset licitum,
Nep. Eum. 10, 3:inspicere vitia nec per magistros nec per aetatem licebat,
Macr. S. 1, 24. —Hence, in oaths, entreaties, asseverations, etc., by a god, by men, or by inanimate or abstract things, by:IOVRANTO PER IOVEM, etc., Tab. Bant. lin. 15: per pol saepe peccas,
Plaut. Cas. 2, 6, 18; cf.:si per plures deos juret,
Cic. Rab. Post. 13, 36:quid est enim, per deos, optabilius sapientiā?
id. Off. 2, 2, 5:per deos atque homines,
id. Div. 2, 55, 116:per dexteram te istam oro,
id. Deiot. 3, 8; cf.:per tuam fidem Te obtestor,
Ter. And. 1, 5, 55:nunc te per amicitiam et per amorem obsecro,
id. ib. 2, 1, 26:per pietatem!
Plaut. Trin. 2, 2, 4:per comitatem edepol, pater, etc.,
id. ib. 2, 2, 52.—In this signif. often separated from its object:per ego vobis deos atque homines dies, ut, etc.,
Plaut. Men. 5, 7, 1:per ego te deos oro,
Ter. And. 3, 3, 6; 5, 1, 15:per ego te, fili... precor quaesoque, etc.,
Liv. 23, 9, 2:per ego has lacrimas... te Oro,
Verg. A. 4, 314; 12, 56; Tib. 4, 5, 7; Ov. F. 2, 841:per vos Tyrrhena faventum Stagna deum, per ego et Trebiam cineresque Sagunti Obtestor,
Sil. 12, 79 sq.; 1, 658; Stat. Th. 11, 367.—With ellips. of object:per, si qua est... Intemerata fides, oro, i. e. per eam,
Verg. A. 2, 142; 10, 903:per, si quid merui de te bene, perque manentem amorem, Ne, etc.,
Ov. M. 7, 854.—Sometimes to indicate an apparent or pretended cause or inducement, under the show or pretext of, under color of:qui per tutelam aut societatem aut rem mandatam aut fiduciae rationem fraudavit quempiam,
Cic. Caecin. 3, 7:naves triremes per causam exercendorum remigum ad fauces portus prodire jussit,
under pretext of, Caes. B. C. 3, 24;v. causa: per speciem alienae fungendae vicis suas opes firmavit,
Liv. 1, 41 fin.:per simulationem officii,
Tac. H. 1, 74.—In composition, it usually adds intensity to the signif., thoroughly, perfectly, completely, exceedingly, very much, very (very often in Cicero's epistolary style, and in new-formed words, as perbenevolus, percautus, percupidus, perbelle, perofficiose, pergaudeo; see these articles): pervelle, perfacilis, peramanter; sometimes it denotes the completion of an action, e. g. perorare, peragere;sometimes it is repeated: perdifficilis et perobscura quaestio,
Cic. N. D. 1, 1, 1; so id. Rep. 1, 12, 18; id. Brut. 43, 158; id. Cael. 20 fin.; id. Fam. 9, 20, 3 al.;but also: perexiguā et minuta,
id. Tusc. 2, 13, 30:percautus et diligens,
id. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 6, § 18 al.; cf. Madv. ad Cic. Fin. p. 410.—It frequently occurs in tmesi:nobis ista sunt pergrata perque jucunda,
Cic. de Or. 1, 47, 205:per mihi mirum visum est,
id. ib. 49, 214:per enim magni aestimo,
id. Att. 10, 1, 1:ibi te quam primum per videre velim, = videre pervelim,
id. ib. 15, 4, 2:Platoni per fuit familiaris,
Gell. 2, 18, 1:per, inquit, magister optime, exoptatus mihi nunc venis,
id. 18, 4, 2.—Per quam (also perquam), very, exceedingly, extremely:per quam breviter perstrinxi,
Cic. de Or. 2, 49, 201:per quam modica civium merita,
Plin. Pan. 60:per quam velim scire,
very much indeed, id. Ep. 7, 27, 1:PARENTES PER QVAM INFELICISSIMI,
Inscr. Murat. 953, 2.—As one word:illorum mores perquam meditate tenes,
Plaut. Bacch. 3, 6, 16:propulit perquam indignis modis,
id. Rud. 3, 3, 9:erat perquam onerosum,
Plin. Ep. 2, 11, 13:perquam honorificum,
id. ib. 3, 4, 3.—Separated by an intervening word:per pol quam paucos reperias,
Ter. Hec. 1, 1, 1.—Placed after the word it governs; v. supra, I. fin. and II. B. -
2 per
per praep. with acc. [1 PAR-]. I. In space, through, across, through the midst of, from side to side of, traversing: itinera duo, unum per Sequanos... alterum per provinciam, Cs.: qui per agros fluit: it hasta per tempus utrumque, V.: per medios hostīs evasit, L.— Through, over, throughout, all over, along, among: per totam Italiam, S.: per omnīs partīs provinciae: per viam, along, L.: aegro per manūs tractus servatur, from hand to hand, Cs.: invitati hospita<*>iter per domos, from house to house, L.: passim per herbam Corpora fusa, V.: imperium per omnīs in orbem ibat, went around, L.: per alia atque alia pavida consilia trepidans, from one place to another, L.: Transtra per et remos, V.—With ora, oculos or aurīs, before, to: incedunt per ora vestrum, S.: traducti per hostium oculos, L.: vestras per aurīs ire, V.— II. In time, through, during, for, throughout, in the course of: per hosce annos: per triennium: per eos forte dies, L.— At, at the time of, during: per idem tempus: per meridiem, at noon, L.: per ludos, L.: per lunam, V.: per infrequentiam comitia perficiunt, L.: per tempus, at the right time, T.— III. Of agency, through, by, by the hands of, by the agency of: quae comperta sunt per me: per homines explorare, S.: per procuratores agere: quo minus cum eis amicitia esset, per populum R. stetisse, L.: occidebantur? per quos? et a quibus? by whose hands, and at whose instance? —With pronn. reflex., in person, alone, of oneself: milites qui per se de conciliandā pace egerint, Cs.: homo per se cognitus, by his own merit: per me tibi obstiti, single-handed: per se solus, L.—Restrictive, by, for, as far as regards: per me vel stertas licet, I don't care if: per me isti pedibus trahantur: si per suos esset licitum, N.— IV. Of means or manner, through, by, by means of: id a te per litteras petere: vates per avīs consulti, L.: per litteras certior fit, S.— Through, by, under pretence of, by the pretext of: nos per fidem fallere: per causam exercendorum remigum prodire, Cs.: per Caecilium Sulla accusatur, in the name of: per speciem alienae fungendae vicis suas opes firmavit, L.— Through, by, for the sake of, on account of, with a view to: cum per aetatem nondum auderem, etc. —Esp., in oaths and adjurations: si per plurīs deos iuret, by: per tuam fidem Te obtestor, T.: per ego te deos oro, T.—Poet. in ellipsis: per, si qua est... Intemerata fides, oro, V.—Of manner, in adverb. phrases, by, through, with, at, in: per vim, violently, T.: per ludum et iocum, in sport: per summum dedecus, most infamously: per iram, angrily: per commodum rei p., without injury, L.: per otium, at leisure, L.: per commodum, leisurely, L.: per ignaviam et superbiam aetatem agere, in inglorious pride, S.: per turpitudinem, basely, S.: per virtutem emori, bravely, S.: Per facinus, wickedly, O.: haud per ambages portendere, not obscurely, L.: per tumultum, in disorder, L.* * *through (space); during (time); by, by means of -
3 per-quam or per quam
per-quam or per quam adv., as much as possible, extremely, exceedingly, T.: perquam grave est dictu: pauci, L.: breviter: per pol quam paucos reperias, T. -
4 per quam
per-quam, adv. (also, less correctly, written separately, per quam, v. per fin.), as much as possible, extremely, exceedingly:illorum mores perquam meditate tenes,
Plaut. Bacch. 3, 6, 16:perquam indignis modis,
id. Rud. 3, 3, 9:perquam breviter,
Cic. de Or. 2, 49, 201:perquam modica,
Plin. Pan. 60:perquam velim scire,
id. Ep. 7, 27, 1:parentes perquam infelicissimi,
Inscr. Murat. 953, 2:sagax,
Amm. 14, 5, 6. —In tmesi:per pol quam paucos reperias,
Ter. Hec. 1, 1, 1. -
5 per-agrō
per-agrō āvī, ātus, āre [per+ager], to wander through, travel, pass through, traverse: orbem terrarum: saltūs silvasque, V.—Fig., to go through, traverse, spread, search, penetrate: qua fines imperi sunt, ea... laetitia peragravit: eloquentia omnes peragravit insulas: orator ita peragrat per animos hominum, ut, etc. -
6 per-currō
per-currō percucurrī or percurrī, cursus, ere, to run, run along, run all the way, run through, hasten through, traverse, run over, pass over: curriculo percurre (ad villam), run quickly, T.: per temonem (currūs), along the pole, Cs.: agrum Picenum, Cs.: aristas, speed over, O.: pectine telas, V.: rima percurrit lumine nimbos, V.—Fig., of speech, to run over, go through, treat in succession: per omnīs civitates percurrit mea oratio: partes, quas modo percucurri: multas res oratione: Percurram quot villas possideat, Iu.—Of thought or vision, to run over, scan briefly, look over: id brevi: oculo, H.: paginas in annalibus magistratuum, look over, L.—Of feeling, to run through, penetrate: pectora metu percurrente, Cu. -
7 per-grātus
per-grātus adj., very agreeable, extremely pleasant: litterae: id militibus fuit pergratum, ut, etc., Cs.: pergratum mihi feceris, si, etc., you would do me a great favor.—In tmesi: per mihi, per, inquam, gratum feceris, si, etc. -
8 per-lubēns or per-libēns
per-lubēns or per-libēns entis, adj., very glad: me perlubente, to my great delight. -
9 per-rumpō
per-rumpō rūpī, ruptus, ere, to break through, force a way through, get across: per medios hostīs, Cs.: in vestibulum templi, L.: nec per castra perrumpi posse, L.: paludem, Cs.: perrumpitur concretus aër: bipenni Limina, V.: Perrupit Acheronta, H.—Fig., to break through, break down, overcome: leges: quaestiones: fastidia, H. -
10 per-scītus
per-scītus adj., very clever, very fine.—In tmesi: Per ecastor scitus puer, T.: per mihi scitum videtur. -
11 per-vādō
per-vādō sī, —, ere, to go through, pass through, extend, prevail, spread through: incendium per agros pervasit: per aequa et iniqua loca pervadunt, L.: murmur totam contionem pervasit, L.: Thessaliam cum exercitu, L.—To go, come, arrive: alquo loco: in Italiam: in nares: ad castra, L.—Fig., to extend, spread, penetrate, pervade: quo non illius diei fama pervaserit: victoriae fama cum pervasisset in Asiam, L.: opinio animos gentium pervaserat: cum fama ea urbem pervasisset, L. -
12 per-accommodātus
per-accommodātus adj., very convenient: per fore accommodatum tibi, si, etc. -
13 per-benīgnē
per-benīgnē adv., very kindly, T.: per mihi benigne respondit. -
14 per-brevis
per-brevis e, adj., very short, brief, concise: orator: perbrevi tempore: altera pars per mihi brevis videtur.— Abl adv.: perbrevi, in a very short time. -
15 per-dūrō
per-dūrō —, —, āre [per+durus], to last, endure: apud vos, T.: longum in aevum, O. -
16 per-fugiō
per-fugiō fūgī, —, ere, to flee for refuge: per tramites occulte in Galliam, S.: ad Porsinnam, L.: Corinthum, N.—To go over, desert: a Pompeio ad Caesarem, Cs.—Fig., to take refuge: in fidem Aetolorum, L. -
17 per-legō or pellegō
per-legō or pellegō lēgī, lēctus, ere, to view all over, examine thoroughly, scan, survey: omnia oculis, V.: dispositas per atria ceras, O.—To read through, peruse: perlectis litteris, S.: perlectam (epistulam), recitat, Cs.: quando autem pelleget?: leges, Iu.: senatum, i. e. revise the roll, L. -
18 per-meō
per-meō —, —, āre, to go over, pass through, cross, traverse: maria ac terras, O.: longius in hostes, Ta.—Fig., to penetrate, pervade: (intellegentia) per omnia. -
19 per-mīrus
per-mīrus adj., very wonderful, amazing: illud vero mihi permirum accidit, fuisse, etc.—In tmesi: per mihi mirum visum est. -
20 per-mōtiō
per-mōtiō ōnis, f [per+1 MV-], a moving, exciting, excitement: mentis: permotionis causā, to stir the feelings.—An emotion: permotiones animis datae.
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per stirpes — per stir·pes /pər stər pēz, per stir pās/ adv or adj [Latin, by familial stocks]: by right of representation the estate was divided per stirpes used of a method of distributing an esp. intestate estate compare per capita ◇ Per stirpes… … Law dictionary
