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61 sereno
adj.1 serene, calm, composed, cool.2 serene, quiet, motionless.3 serene, quiet.m.1 night watchman, watchman, night watch in streets.2 night dew, dew.3 Sereno.pres.indicat.1st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: serenar.* * *► adjetivo3 figurado (ambiente etc) calm, peaceful, quiet1 (vigilante) night watchman2 (ambiente de la noche) night air, night dew\dormir al sereno to sleep out in the open————————1 (vigilante) night watchman2 (ambiente de la noche) night air, night dew* * *1. ADJ1) (=apacible) [persona] calm, serene; [cara, expresión] serene2) (Meteo) [tiempo] settled, fine; [cielo] cloudless, clear3) (=calmado) [ambiente] calm, quiet; [tarde, noche] still, peaceful; [aguas] calm, still4) (=sobrio)2. SM1) (=humedad) night dew2) (=vigilante) night watchman* * *I- na adjetivo1)a) <rostro/expresión/belleza> serene; < persona> serene, calm2) ( no borracho) soberII1) ( vigilante nocturno) night watchman2) (Meteo) night dew* * *I- na adjetivo1)a) <rostro/expresión/belleza> serene; < persona> serene, calm2) ( no borracho) soberII1) ( vigilante nocturno) night watchman2) (Meteo) night dew* * *sereno11 = watchman [watchmen, -pl.], night watchman.Ex: These descriptors are still alive: boatmen, city council-men, firemen, foremen, longshoremen, stunt men, statesmen, watchmen, man and manpower.
Ex: Night watchmen patrolled the streets between 9 or 10 pm until sunrise.sereno22 = composed, equable, serene, sedate, calm [calmer -comp., calmest -sup.], cool-headed.Ex: 'I'll see, Bernice, if I can find something for you on what to do when you suspect someone is becoming an alcoholic,' she added trying to appear composed.
Ex: Laura Carpozzi approached the banker with an equable, friendly smile.Ex: The hysteria about the usefulness of microcomputers to libraries is unprecedented in the normally serene and predictable library environment.Ex: His rebelliousness against family tradition and sedate good taste surfaced disturbingly in his account of bringing his mother's body home from Italy.Ex: Her calm confident eyes silently invited him to relieve his mind, and he could not resist the temptation.Ex: But it is obvious that modern leftist philosophers are not simply cool-headed logicians systematically analyzing the foundations of knowledge.* * *A1 ‹rostro/expresión/belleza› serene; ‹persona› serene, calm2 ‹cielo› cloudless, clear; ‹tarde› still; ‹mar› calm, tranquil ( liter)el lago estaba sereno the waters of the lake were still o placid, the lake was calmB (no borracho) soberA (vigilante nocturno) night watchmanB ( Meteo) night dewdormir al sereno to sleep out in the open* * *
Del verbo serenar: ( conjugate serenar)
sereno es:
1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo
serenó es:
3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo
Multiple Entries:
serenar
sereno
sereno 1◊ -na adjetivo
‹ persona› serene, calm
‹ tarde› still;
‹ mar› calm, tranquil (liter)
sereno 2 sustantivo masculino ( vigilante nocturno) night watchman
serenar vt to calm, soothe
sereno,-a
I adjetivo
1 (tranquilo) calm
2 (sobrio) sober
II sustantivo masculino night watchman
♦ Locuciones: al sereno, out in the open (at night)
' sereno' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
pito
- serena
- tranquila
- tranquilo
- casilla
- imperturbable
English:
collected
- composed
- cool
- self-composed
- self-controlled
- self-possessed
- serene
- watchman
- night
- unruffled
* * *sereno, -a♦ adj1. [sobrio] sober2. [tranquilo] calm, serene3. [cielo] clear;[tiempo] fine♦ nm2. [humedad] night dew* * *I m:dormir al sereno sleep outdoorsII adj calm, serene* * *sereno, -na adj1) sosegado: serene, calm, composed2) : fair, clear (of weather)3) : calm, still (of the sea)♦ serenamente advsereno nm: night watchman* * *sereno adj calm -
62 अदिति _aditi
अदिति a. [न दीयते खण्ड्यते बध्यते बृहत्त्वात्; दो-क्तिच्] Free, not tied. आदित्यासो अदितयः स्याम Rv.7.52.1. boundless, unlimited, inexhaustible; entire, unbroken; happy, pious (mostly Ved. in all these senses).-तिः [अत्ति प्राणिजातम्; अद्इतिच्]1 Devourer i. e. death; यद्यदेवासृज तत्तदत्तुमध्रियत, सर्वं वा अत्तीति तददितेरदितित्वम् Bṛi. Ār. Up.1.2.5.-2 An epithet of God.-तिः f. [न दातुं शक्तिः]1 Inability to give, poverty.-2 [दातुं छेत्तुम् अयोग्या] (a) The earth. (b) The goddess Aditi, mother of the Ādityas, in mytho- logy represented as the mother of gods; see further on. (c) Freedom, security; boundlessness, immensity of space (opp. to the earth). (d) Inexhaustible abundance, perfection. (e) The lunar mansion called पुनर्वसु. (f) Speech; या प्राणेन संभवत्यदितिर्देवतामयी (शब्दादीनां अदनात् अदितिः Śaṅkara). (g) A cow. cf. ŚB. on MS. 1-3-49. (h) Milk; wife (?).-ती ( dual) Heaven and earth. [अदिति literally means 'unbounded', 'the bound- less Heaven', or according to others, 'the visible in- finite, the endless expanse beyond the earth, beyond the clouds, beyond the sky'. According to Yāska अदिति- रदीना देवमाता, and the verse beginning with अदितिर्द्यौः &c. Rv.1.89.16. he interprets by taking अदिति to mean अदीन i. e. अनुपक्षीण, न ह्येषां क्षयो$स्ति इति. [In the Ṛigveda Aditi is frequently implored 'for blessing on children and cattle, for protection and for forgiveness'. She is called 'Devamātā' being strangely enough represented both as mother and daughter of Dakṣa. She had 8 sons; she approached the gods with 7 and cast away the 8th (Mārtaṇḍa, the sun.) In another place Aditi is addressed as 'supporter of the sky, sustainer of the earth, sovereign of this world, wife of Viṣṇu', but in the Mahābhārata, Rāmāyaṇa and Purāṇas, Viṣṇu is said to be the son of Aditi, one of the several daughters of Dakṣa and given in marriage of Kaśyapa by whom she was the mother of Viṣṇu in his dwarf incarnation, and also of Indra, and she is called mother of gods and the gods her sons, 'Aditinandanas'; See Dakṣa and Kaśyapa also].-Comp. -जः, -नन्दनः a god, divine being. -
63 विन्ध्यः _vindhyḥ
विन्ध्यः [विदधाति करोति भयम् Uṇ.4.121]1 N. of a range of mountain which separates Hindustan proper from the Deccan or south; it is one of the seven Kula- parvatas (q. v.) and forms the southern limit of Madhya- deśa; see Ms.2.21. [According to a legend, the Vindhya mountain, being jealous of the mount Meru (or Himālaya) demanded that the sun should revolve round himself as about Meru, which the sun declined to do; whereupon the Vindhya began to rise higher and higher so as to obstruct the path of the sun and moon. The gods being alarmed sought the aid of the sage Agastya, who approached the mountain and re- quested that by bending down he would give him an easy passage to the south, and that he would retain the same position till his return. This Vindhya con- sented to do (because according to one account, he regarded Agastya as his teacher); but Agastya never returned from the south, and Vindhya never attained the height of Meru.]-2 A hunter.-न्ध्या 1 N. of a plant (लवली).-2 Small cardamoms.-3 A measure of time (त्रुटि); L. D. B.-Comp. -अटवी the great Vindhya forest.-कूटः, -कूटनम् epithets of the sage Agastya.-गिरिः the Vindhya range of hills; also विन्ध्याचल, विन्ध्याद्रि.-वासिन् m. an epithet of the grammarian व्याडि. (-नी) an epithet of Durgā. -
64 aborder
aborder [abɔʀde]➭ TABLE 11. transitive verba. ( = arriver à) to reachb. [+ personne] to approachc. [+ sujet] to broach ; [+ problème] to tackled. [+ bateau] to board ; ( = heurter) to collide with2. intransitive verb[bateau] to land* * *abɔʀde
1.
1) ( commencer à traiter) to tackle [problème, sujet]2) ( approcher) to approach [personne, obstacle]3) ( entamer) to enter4) [voyageur, navire] to reach [lieu, rive]
2.
verbe intransitif [voyageur, navire] to land* * *abɔʀde1. vi2. vt1) [sujet, difficulté] to tackle2) [phase] to go into, to enter, [match, entreprise] to go into3) [virage] to approach4) [personne] to approach5) (en bateau) [rivage] to reach6) [navire] to board, (= heurter) to collide with* * *aborder verb table: aimerA vtr1 ( commencer à traiter) to tackle [problème, sujet, détails]; vous n'abordez pas le problème comme il faut you're not going about the problem the right way;2 ( approcher) to approach [personne, obstacle]; aborder qn dans la rue to approach sb in the street; il a abordé le virage trop vite he approached the bend too fast; il n'a pas ralenti avant d'aborder le virage he didn't slow down on the approach to the bend;3 ( entamer) to enter; ils ont abordé la discussion avec méfiance they entered the discussion cautiously; la compagnie aborde une période délicate the company is entering a delicate period;4 [voyageur, navire] to reach [lieu, rive];B vi [voyageur, navire] to land; nous avons abordé à Venise/sur une île we landed in Venice/on an island.[abɔrde] verbe transitifquand le policier l'a abordé when the detective came ou walked up to him2. [arriver à l'entrée de] to enterje suis tombé de vélo au moment où j'abordais la dernière montée/le virage I fell off my bike as I was coming up to the last climb/the bend3. [faire face à - profession] to take up (separable) ; [ - nouvelle vie] to embark on (inseparable) ; [ - tâche] to tackle, to get to grips with ; [ - retraite] to approachà 18 ans, on est prêt à aborder la vie when you're 18, you're ready to start out in life4. [se mettre à examiner - texte, problème] to approachchez nous, on n'abordait pas ces sujets-là we never used to mention those topics in our houseil n'a pas eu le temps d'aborder le sujet he didn't have time to get onto ou to broach the subject————————[abɔrde] verbe intransitifto (touch) ou reach land -
65 विन्ध्य
vindhyam. (of doubtful derivation)
N. of a low range of hills connecting the Northern extremities of the Western andᅠ Eastern Ghauts, andᅠ separating Hindūstān proper from the Dekhan
(the Vindhya range is reckoned among the seven principal ranges of Bhārata-varsha < seeᅠ kulagiri>,
andᅠ according to Manu II, 21, forms the Southern limit of Madhya-deṡa orᅠ the middle region;
according to a legend related in MBh. III, 8782 etc.., the personified Vindhya, jealous of Himâlaya, demanded that the sun should revolve round him in the same way as about Meru, which the sun declining to do, the Vindhya then began to elevate himself that he might bar the progress of both sun andᅠ moon;
the gods alarmed, asked the aid of the saint Agastya, who approached the Vindhya andᅠ requested that by bending down he would afford him an easy passage to the South country, begging at the same time that he would retain a low position till his return;
this he promised to do, but Agastya never returned, andᅠ the Vindhya range consequently never attained the elevation of the Himâlaya) Mn. MBh. etc.;
N. of a prince HPariṡ. ;
a hunter L. ;
(ā) f. Averrhoa Acida L. ;
small cardamoms L. ;
- विन्ध्यकन्दर
- विन्ध्यकूट
- विन्ध्यकूटक
- विन्ध्यकूटन
- विन्ध्यकेतु
- विन्ध्यकैलासवासिनी
- विन्ध्यगिरि
- विन्ध्यचुलिक
- विन्ध्यनिलया
- विन्ध्यनिवासिन्
- विन्ध्यपर
- विन्ध्यपर्वत
- विन्ध्यपालक
- विन्ध्यपुलिक
- विन्ध्यमूलिक
- विन्ध्यमौलेय
- विन्ध्यवत्
- विन्ध्यवन
- विन्ध्यवर्मन्
- विन्ध्यवासिन्
- विन्ध्यशक्ति
- विन्ध्यशैल
- विन्ध्यसेन
- विन्ध्यस्थ
-
66 Land
1. n земля, сушаland return — радио сигнал, отражённый от земной поверхности
to come in sight of land, to spy land — увидеть землю
to reach land — пристать к берегу; выйти на сушу; закончить морское путешествие
land cleared for cultivation — земля, расчищенная для посева
land that pays well — земля, которая приносит хороший доход
the land necessary therefor — земля, необходимая для этого
2. n страна; территорияnative land — родина, отчизна
building land — территория, пригодная для застройки
3. n царство; предел4. n почва, земляland in crop, cropped land — земля под культурой
land uncleared of weeds — земля, не очищенная от сорняков
land retirement — выдувание почвы, ветровая эрозия почвы
5. n земельный участок; землевладение, земельная собственностьunusable land — земельный участок, непригодный для застройки
6. n поместье, земельные владенияto own lands — иметь поместье, быть помещиком; быть крупным землевладельцем
7. n шотл. доходный дом8. n тех. узкая фаска9. n воен. поле нарезаhow the land lies — как обстоят дела, каково положение дел?
10. v высаживать, выгружать11. v высаживаться, приставать к берегу, причаливатьto land at Dover — высадиться на Дувре, прибыть в Дувр
12. v ав. косм. приземляться, делать посадкуto land at the Croydon aerodrome — приземляться на Кройдонском аэродроме, прибыть на Кройдонский аэродром
compelled to land — вынудил к посадке; вынужденный к посадке
13. v ав. косм. посадить14. v спорт. приземляться после прыжка15. v прибывать; достигать16. v приводить, помещать17. v доводить; приводить18. v очутиться, оказаться19. v вытаскивать на берег20. v разг. поймать21. v спорт. жарг. победить22. v разг. нанести, попасть, угодитьhe never landed a punch — он никогда не достаёт противника;
23. v разг. навязыватьСинонимический ряд:1. country (noun) continent; country; fatherland; home; homeland; mother country; motherland; nation; native country; native land; polity; province; state2. estate (noun) acres; estate; manor; quinta3. expanse (noun) area; expanse; field; region; stretch; sweep; terrain; territory; turf4. property (noun) acreage; farm; farmland; mine; property; quarry; ranch; ranchland; real estate; tract5. soil or dirt (noun) clay; gravel; loam; marl; rock; sand; soil or dirt6. solid earth (noun) bank; dirt; dry land; earth; ground; mountains; peninsula; plains; shore; soil; solid earth; terra firma7. alight (verb) alight; come down in aircraft; debark; descend; disembark; go ashore; light; perch; roost; settle; sit down; touch down8. come into port (verb) berth; come into port; come to berth; moor9. drop anchor (verb) bring in; bring into her slip; come to land; dock; drop anchor; harbor; make land; put in; set down; set on shore10. get (verb) acquire; annex; chalk up; come by; compass; gain; get; have; obtain; pick up; procure; pull; secure; win11. leave the ship (verb) arrive; leave the shipАнтонимический ряд:depart; sea; set sail; take off -
67 Spain
Portugal's independence and sovereignty as a nation-state are based on being separate from Spain. Achieving this on a peninsula where its only landward neighbor, Spain, is stronger, richer, larger, and more populous, raises interesting historical questions. Considering the disparity in size of population alone — Spain (as of 2000) had a population of 40 million, whereas Portugal's population numbered little over 10 million—how did Portugal maintain its sometimes precarious independence? If the Basques, Catalans, and Galicians succumbed to Castilian military and political dominance and were incorporated into greater Spain, how did little Portugal manage to survive the "Spanish menace?" A combination of factors enabled Portugal to keep free of Spain, despite the era of "Babylonian Captivity" (1580-1640). These include an intense Portuguese national spirit; foreign assistance in staving off Spanish invasions and attacks between the late 14th century and the mid l9th century, principally through the Anglo- Portuguese Alliance and some assistance from France; historical circumstances regarding Spain's own trials and tribulations and decline in power after 1600.In Portugal's long history, Castile and Leon (later "Spain," as unified in the 16th century) acted as a kind of Iberian mother and stepmother, present at Portugal's birth as well as at times when Portuguese independence was either in danger or lost. Portugal's birth as a separate state in the 12th century was in part a consequence of the king of Castile's granting the "County of Portucale" to a transplanted Burgundian count in the late 11th century. For centuries Castile, Leon, Aragon, and Portugal struggled for supremacy on the peninsula, until the Castilian army met defeat in 1385 at the battle of Aljubarrota, thus assuring Portugal's independence for nearly two centuries. Portugal and its overseas empire suffered considerably under rule by Phillipine Spain (1580-1640). Triumphant in the War of Restoration against Spain (1640-68), Portugal came to depend on its foreign alliances to provide a counterweight to a still menacing kindred neighbor. Under the Anglo-Portuguese Alliance, England (later Great Britain) managed to help Portugal thwart more than a few Spanish invasion threats in the next centuries. Rumors and plots of Spain consuming Portugal continued during the 19th century and even during the first Portuguese republic's early years to 1914.Following difficult diplomatic relations during Spain's subsequent Second Republic (1931-36) and civil war (1936-39), Luso-Span-ish relations improved significantly under the authoritarian regimes that ruled both states until the mid-1970s. Portugal's prime minister Antônio de Oliveira Salazar and Spain's generalissimo Francisco Franco signed nonaggression and other treaties, lent each other mutual support, and periodically consulted one another on vital questions. During this era (1939-74), there were relatively little trade, business, and cultural relations between the two neighbors, who mainly tended to ignore one another. Spain's economy developed more rapidly than Portugal's after 1950, and General Franco was quick to support the Estado Novo across the frontier if he perceived a threat to his fellow dictator's regime. In January 1962, for instance, Spanish army units approached the Portuguese frontier in case the abortive military coup at Beja (where a Portuguese oppositionist plot failed) threatened the Portuguese dictatorship.Since Portugal's Revolution of 25 April 1974, and the death of General Franco and the establishment of democracy in Spain (1975-78), Luso-Spanish relations have improved significantly. Portugal has experienced a great deal of Spanish investment, tourism, and other economic activities, since both Spain and Portugal became members of the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1986.Yet, Portugal's relations with Spain have become closer still, with increased integration in the European Union. Portugal remains determined not to be confused with Spain, and whatever threat from across the frontier exists comes more from Spanish investment than from Spanish winds, marriages, and armies. The fact remains that Luso-Spanish relations are more open and mutually beneficial than perhaps at any other time in history. -
68 Bell, Alexander Graham
SUBJECT AREA: Telecommunications[br]b. 3 March 1847 Edinburgh, Scotlandd. 3 August 1922 Beinn Bhreagh, Baddeck, Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia, Canada[br]Scottish/American inventor of the telephone.[br]Bell's grandfather was a professor of elocution in London and his father an authority on the physiology of the voice and on elocution; Bell was to follow in their footsteps. He was educated in Edinburgh, leaving school at 13. In 1863 he went to Elgin, Morayshire, as a pupil teacher in elocution, with a year's break to study at Edinburgh University; it was in 1865, while still in Elgin, that he first conceived the idea of the electrical transmission of speech. He went as a master to Somersetshire College, Bath (now in Avon), and in 1867 he moved to London to assist his father, who had taken up the grandfather's work in elocution. In the same year, he matriculated at London University, studying anatomy and physiology, and also began teaching the deaf. He continued to pursue the studies that were to lead to the invention of the telephone. At this time he read Helmholtz's The Sensations of Tone, an important work on the theory of sound that was to exert a considerable influence on him.In 1870 he accompanied his parents when they emigrated to Canada. His work for the deaf gained fame in both Canada and the USA, and in 1873 he was apponted professor of vocal physiology and the mechanics of speech at Boston University, Massachusetts. There, he continued to work on his theory that sound wave vibrations could be converted into a fluctuating electric current, be sent along a wire and then be converted back into sound waves by means of a receiver. He approached the problem from the background of the theory of sound and voice production rather than from that of electrical science, and by 1875 he had succeeded in constructing a rough model. On 7 March 1876 Bell spoke the famous command to his assistant, "Mr Watson, come here, I want you": this was the first time a human voice had been transmitted along a wire. Only three days earlier, Bell's first patent for the telephone had been granted. Almost simultaneously, but quite independently, Elisha Gray had achieved a similar result. After a period of litigation, the US Supreme Court awarded Bell priority, although Gray's device was technically superior.In 1877, three years after becoming a naturalized US citizen, Bell married the deaf daughter of his first backer. In August of that year, they travelled to Europe to combine a honeymoon with promotion of the telephone. Bell's patent was possibly the most valuable ever issued, for it gave birth to what later became the world's largest private service organization, the Bell Telephone Company.Bell had other scientific and technological interests: he made improvements in telegraphy and in Edison's gramophone, and he also developed a keen interest in aeronautics, working on Curtiss's flying machine. Bell founded the celebrated periodical Science.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsLegion of Honour; Hughes Medal, Royal Society, 1913.Further ReadingObituary, 7 August 1922, The Times. Dictionary of American Biography.R.Burlingame, 1964, Out of Silence into Sound, London: Macmillan.LRD -
69 Hamilton, Harold Lee (Hal)
[br]b. 14 June 1890 Little Shasta, California, USAd. 3 May 1969 California, USA[br]American pioneer of diesel rail traction.[br]Orphaned as a child, Hamilton went to work for Southern Pacific Railroad in his teens, and then worked for several other companies. In his spare time he learned mathematics and physics from a retired professor. In 1911 he joined the White Motor Company, makers of road motor vehicles in Denver, Colorado, where he had gone to recuperate from malaria. He remained there until 1922, apart from an eighteenth-month break for war service.Upon his return from war service, Hamilton found White selling petrol-engined railbuses with mechanical transmission, based on road vehicles, to railways. He noted that they were not robust enough and that the success of petrol railcars with electric transmission, built by General Electric since 1906, was limited as they were complex to drive and maintain. In 1922 Hamilton formed, and became President of, the Electro- Motive Engineering Corporation (later Electro-Motive Corporation) to design and produce petrol-electric rail cars. Needing an engine larger than those used in road vehicles, yet lighter and faster than marine engines, he approached the Win ton Engine Company to develop a suitable engine; in addition, General Electric provided electric transmission with a simplified control system. Using these components, Hamilton arranged for his petrol-electric railcars to be built by the St Louis Car Company, with the first being completed in 1924. It was the beginning of a highly successful series. Fuel costs were lower than for steam trains and initial costs were kept down by using standardized vehicles instead of designing for individual railways. Maintenance costs were minimized because Electro-Motive kept stocks of spare parts and supplied replacement units when necessary. As more powerful, 800 hp (600 kW) railcars were produced, railways tended to use them to haul trailer vehicles, although that practice reduced the fuel saving. By the end of the decade Electro-Motive needed engines more powerful still and therefore had to use cheap fuel. Diesel engines of the period, such as those that Winton had made for some years, were too heavy in relation to their power, and too slow and sluggish for rail use. Their fuel-injection system was erratic and insufficiently robust and Hamilton concluded that a separate injector was needed for each cylinder.In 1930 Electro-Motive Corporation and Winton were acquired by General Motors in pursuance of their aim to develop a diesel engine suitable for rail traction, with the use of unit fuel injectors; Hamilton retained his position as President. At this time, industrial depression had combined with road and air competition to undermine railway-passenger business, and Ralph Budd, President of the Chicago, Burlington \& Quincy Railroad, thought that traffic could be recovered by way of high-speed, luxury motor trains; hence the Pioneer Zephyr was built for the Burlington. This comprised a 600 hp (450 kW), lightweight, two-stroke, diesel engine developed by General Motors (model 201 A), with electric transmission, that powered a streamlined train of three articulated coaches. This train demonstrated its powers on 26 May 1934 by running non-stop from Denver to Chicago, a distance of 1,015 miles (1,635 km), in 13 hours and 6 minutes, when the fastest steam schedule was 26 hours. Hamilton and Budd were among those on board the train, and it ushered in an era of high-speed diesel trains in the USA. By then Hamilton, with General Motors backing, was planning to use the lightweight engine to power diesel-electric locomotives. Their layout was derived not from steam locomotives, but from the standard American boxcar. The power plant was mounted within the body and powered the bogies, and driver's cabs were at each end. Two 900 hp (670 kW) engines were mounted in a single car to become an 1,800 hp (l,340 kW) locomotive, which could be operated in multiple by a single driver to form a 3,600 hp (2,680 kW) locomotive. To keep costs down, standard locomotives could be mass-produced rather than needing individual designs for each railway, as with steam locomotives. Two units of this type were completed in 1935 and sent on trial throughout much of the USA. They were able to match steam locomotive performance, with considerable economies: fuel costs alone were halved and there was much less wear on the track. In the same year, Electro-Motive began manufacturing diesel-electrie locomotives at La Grange, Illinois, with design modifications: the driver was placed high up above a projecting nose, which improved visibility and provided protection in the event of collision on unguarded level crossings; six-wheeled bogies were introduced, to reduce axle loading and improve stability. The first production passenger locomotives emerged from La Grange in 1937, and by early 1939 seventy units were in service. Meanwhile, improved engines had been developed and were being made at La Grange, and late in 1939 a prototype, four-unit, 5,400 hp (4,000 kW) diesel-electric locomotive for freight trains was produced and sent out on test from coast to coast; production versions appeared late in 1940. After an interval from 1941 to 1943, when Electro-Motive produced diesel engines for military and naval use, locomotive production resumed in quantity in 1944, and within a few years diesel power replaced steam on most railways in the USA.Hal Hamilton remained President of Electro-Motive Corporation until 1942, when it became a division of General Motors, of which he became Vice-President.[br]Further ReadingP.M.Reck, 1948, On Time: The History of the Electro-Motive Division of General Motors Corporation, La Grange, Ill.: General Motors (describes Hamilton's career).PJGRBiographical history of technology > Hamilton, Harold Lee (Hal)
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70 Héroult, Paul Louis Toussaint
SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy[br]b. 1863 Thury-Harcourt, Caen, Franced. 9 May 1914 Antibes, France[br]French metallurigst, inventor of the process of aluminium reduction by electrolysis.[br]Paul Héroult, the son of a tanner, at the age of 16, while still at school in Caen, read Deville's book on aluminium and became obsessed with the idea of developing a cheap way of producing this metal. After his family moved to Gentillysur-Bièvre he studied at the Ecole Sainte-Barbe in Paris and then returned to Caen to work in the laboratory of his father's tannery. His first patent, filed in February and granted on 23 April 1886, described an invention almost identical to that of C.M. Hall: "the electrolysis of alumina dissolved in molten cryolite into which the current is introduced through suitable electrodes. The cryolite is not consumed." Early in 1887 Héroult attempted to obtain the support of Alfred Rangod Pechiney, the proprietor of the works at Salindres where Deville's process for making sodium-reduced aluminium was still being operated. Pechiney persuaded Héroult to modify his electrolytic process by using a cathode of molten copper, thus making it possible produce aluminium bronze rather than pure aluminium. Héroult then approached the Swiss firm J.G.Nehe Söhne, ironmasters, whose works at the Falls of Schaffhausen obtained power from the Rhine. They were looking for a new metallurgical process requiring large quantities of cheap hydroelectric power and Héroult's process seemed suitable. In 1887 they established the Société Metallurgique Suisse to test Héroult's process. Héroult became Technical Director and went to the USA to defend his patents against those of Hall. During his absence the Schaffhausen trials were successfully completed, and on 18 November 1888 the Société Metallurgique combined with the German AEG group, Oerlikon and Escher Wyss, to establish the Aluminium Industrie Aktiengesellschaft Neuhausen. In the early electrolytic baths it was occasionally found that arcs between the bath surface and electrode could develop if the electrodes were inadvertently raised. From this observation, Héroult and M.Killiani developed the electric arc furnace. In this, arcs were intentionally formed between the surface of the charge and several electrodes, each connected to a different pole of the AC supply. This furnace, the prototype of the modern electric steel furnace, was first used for the direct reduction of iron ore at La Praz in 1903. This work was undertaken for the Canadian Government, for whom Héroult subsequently designed a 5,000-amp single-phase furnace which was installed and tested at Sault-Sainte-Marie in Ontario and successfully used for smelting magnetite ore.[br]Further ReadingAluminium Industrie Aktiengesellschaft Neuhausen, 1938, The History of the Aluminium-Industrie-Aktien-Gesellschaft Neuhausen 1888–1938, 2 vols, Neuhausen.C.J.Gignoux, Histoire d'une entreprise française. "The Hall-Héroult affair", 1961, Metal Bulletin (14 April):1–4.ASDBiographical history of technology > Héroult, Paul Louis Toussaint
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71 Scott de Martinville, Edouard-Léon
SUBJECT AREA: Recording[br]b. 25 April 1817 Paris, Franced. 29 April 1879 Paris, France[br]French amateur phonetician, who developed a recorder for sound waves.[br]He was the descendant of a Scottish family who emigrated to France in 1688. He trained as a printer and later became a proof corrector in printing houses catering predominantly for scientific publishers. He became interested in shorthand systems and eventually turned his interest to making a permanent record of sounds in air. At the time it was already known (Young, Duhamel, Wertheim) to record vibrations of bodies. He made a theoretical study and deposited under sealed wrapper a note in the Académie des Sciences on 26 January 1857. He approached the scientific instrument maker Froment and was able to pay for the manufacture of one instrument due to support from the Société d'Encouragement à l'Industrie Nationale. This funding body obtained a positive report from the physicist Lissajous on 6 January 1858. A new model phonautograph was constructed in collaboration with the leading scientific instrument maker in Paris at the time, Rudolph Koenig, and a contract was signed in 1859. The instrument was a success, and Koenig published a collection of traces in 1864.Although the membrane was parallel to the rotating surface, a primitive lever system generated lateral movements of a bristle which scratched curves in a thin layer of lampblack on the rotating surface. The curves were not necessarily representative of the vibrations in the air. Scott did not imagine the need for reproducing a recorded sound; rather, his intention was to obtain a trace that would lend itself to mathematical analysis and visual recognition of sounds. Obviously the latter did not require the same degree of linearity as the former. When Scott learned that similar apparatus had been built independently in the USA, he requested that his sealed wrapper be opened on 15 July 1861 in order to prove his scientific priority. The contract with Koenig left Scott without influence over his instrument, and eventually he became convinced that everyone else, including Edison in the end, had stolen his invention. Towards the end of his life he became interested mainly in the history of printing, and he was involved in the publishing of a series of books about books.[br]Bibliography25 March 1857, amended 29 July 1859, French patent no. 31,470.Further ReadingP.Charbon, 1878, Scott de Martinville, Paris: Hifi Stereo, pp. 199–205 (a good biography produced at the time of the centenary of the Edison phonograph).V.J.Philips, 1987, Waveforms, Bristol: Adam Hilger, pp. 45–8 (provides a good account of the importance of his contributions to accurate measurements of temporal phenomena).GB-NBiographical history of technology > Scott de Martinville, Edouard-Léon
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72 ease
i:z 1. noun1) (freedom from pain or from worry or hard work: a lifetime of ease.) komfort, behagelighet, velvære2) (freedom from difficulty: He passed his exam with ease.) letthet3) (naturalness: ease of manner.) utvungenhet2. verb1) (to free from pain, trouble or anxiety: A hot bath eased his tired limbs.) lette, redusere, lindre2) ((often with off) to make or become less strong, less severe, less fast etc: The pain has eased (off); The driver eased off as he approached the town.) minske(s), senke(s), sette ned3) (to move (something heavy or awkward) gently or gradually in or out of position: They eased the wardrobe carefully up the narrow staircase.) flytte/skyve forsiktig•- easily- easiness
- easy 3. interjection(a command to go or act gently: Easy! You'll fall if you run too fast.) Forsiktig!; Rolig!; Pass på!- easy-going
- at ease
- easier said than done
- go easy on
- stand at ease
- take it easy
- take one's easelette--------ro--------velbehagIsubst. \/iːz\/1) velvære, velbehag2) ro, hvile3) sorgløshet4) ledighet, naturlighet5) bekvemmelighet, makelighet6) letthetat (one's) ease bekvemt, behagelig rolig, trygg ubesværet, veltilpass, hjemmevant makelig, i ro og mak(stand) at ease! ( militærvesen) på stedet hvil!, hvil!ease of manner utvungen opptreden, ledighet, naturlighetill at ease ille til mote, urolig, utrygga life of ease en bekymringsfri (eller behagelig) tilværelselive at ease ha en bekymringsfri tilværelse, ha det braput\/set a person at ease få noen til å føle seg vel, få noen til å falle til ro, gjøre noen tryggtake one's ease hvile seg, ta det roligwith ease med letthet, lett og ledig, lekende lett, uten vanskeligheterIIverb \/iːz\/1) (om smerter, plager) lindre2) berolige, roe ned3) lette, minske4) ( om tempo) sette ned, senke gradvis5) forenkle6) (teknikk, også i sjøfart) løsne, slakke, lirke, få til å gå lettere7) (om priser, rente) sette ned, senke8) ( om søm) tilpasse, legge ut9) ( om aksjer) synke i verdiease down (om maskin, motor) sette ned farten\/turtalletease in lirke på, få til å gå lettereease into gi en innføring iease off (om seil, skjøte) gjøre mindre stram, slakke på bli mindre spent, bli mindre trykkendeta det (litt mer) med roease oneself gjøre sitt fornødneease one's mind roe segease out gradvis presse utease somebody of something ( også spøkefullt) befri noen for noe• ease somebody of his\/her moneyease the engines! ( sjøfart) sakte (forover)!ease up ta det (litt mer) med roease up on ta det (litt mer) med ro med• ease up on the boy! -
73 temeroso
adj.1 fearful, full of care, afraid, faint-hearted.2 fearful, shy.* * *► adjetivo1 fearful, timid2 (medroso) frightful, fearsome\temeroso,-a de afraid oftemeroso,-a de Dios God-fearing* * *(f. - temerosa)adj.* * *ADJ1) (=con temor) fearful, frightened2)temeroso de Dios — God-fearing, full of the fear of God
3) (=espantoso) fearsome* * *- sa adjetivo frightenedhuyeron temerosos — they fled in fear (liter)
temeroso DE alguien/algo — fearful of somebody/something (liter), afraid of somebody/something
* * *= fearful, afraid, timorous.Ex. From my observations, most employees are inherently fearful and immature.Ex. The mother, a little afraid and expecting the worst, was unsettled, despite all her efforts to be open-minded, by her preconceptions not only about the drug but about the rights and wrongs of the position she had put herself into.Ex. Even on his pet subject of mathematics, Wilson is a timorous exegete.----* persona temerosa = risk taker.* temeroso de Dios = God-fearing.* * *- sa adjetivo frightenedhuyeron temerosos — they fled in fear (liter)
temeroso DE alguien/algo — fearful of somebody/something (liter), afraid of somebody/something
* * *= fearful, afraid, timorous.Ex: From my observations, most employees are inherently fearful and immature.
Ex: The mother, a little afraid and expecting the worst, was unsettled, despite all her efforts to be open-minded, by her preconceptions not only about the drug but about the rights and wrongs of the position she had put herself into.Ex: Even on his pet subject of mathematics, Wilson is a timorous exegete.* persona temerosa = risk taker.* temeroso de Dios = God-fearing.* * *temeroso -safrightenedhuyeron temerosos they fled in fear ( liter)avanzaron temerosos hacia la puerta they approached the door fearfullytemeroso DE algn/algo fearful OF sb/sth ( liter), afraid OF sb/sth, frightened OF sb/sthtemeroso de Dios God-fearing* * *
temeroso,-a adjetivo
1 (que causa temor) frightful
2 (que siente temor) fearful, timid: estaba temerosa de su reacción, she was fearful of his reaction
' temeroso' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
temerosa
English:
fearful
* * *temeroso, -a adj[con temor] fearful;se escondían temerosos they hid in fear;estar temeroso de algo/alguien to fear sth/sb;temeroso de Dios God-fearing* * *adj fearful, frightened* * *temeroso, -sa adjmiedoso: fearful, frightened -
74 posu|nąć
pf — posu|wać impf (posunęła, posunęli — posuwam) Ⅰ vt 1. (przenieść sunąc) to move (on)- posunąć stolik do okna to move a table towards the window- posuwać ciężkie meble po podłodze to move heavy furniture across the floor2. przen. (doprowadzić do pewnej granicy) troskliwość posunięta do przesady overprotectiveness- posuwać odwagę do szaleństwa to carry courage to the point of recklessness- posunął żart za daleko he carried the joke too far, he went too far with his joke3. wulg. to fuck wulg.- posuwał ją przez parę miesięcy he fucked her for a few monthsⅡ vi przest. (podejść) posunął ku paniom w lansadach he approached the ladies with long swinging strides, he advanced towards the ladies with long swinging strides Ⅲ posunąć się — posuwać się 1. (przebyć pewną drogę) to progress, to advance- posunąć się do wyjścia to make one’s way towards the exit- posuwać się z wolna to move on slowly- posuwać się krok za krokiem a. noga za nogą to trudge wearily step by step, to drag one’s feet- samochód posuwał się z trudem po zatłoczonej jezdni the car was making slow progress a. negotiating its way on the busy road- praca nad słownikiem posuwała się pełną parą the work on the dictionary was in full swing- jego praca doktorska niewiele się posunęła he hasn’t made much progress with his doctoral thesis3. przen. (przekroczyć pewną granicę) posunąć się do rękoczynów to actually use force, to resort to fisticuffs- posunęła się do twierdzenia, że… she went as far as to assert that…- w dowcipkowaniu posunął się za daleko he went too far with leg-pulling a. wisecracking pot.4. (zrobić miejsce) to move on- posunąć się w ławce to move on a. down on the benchⅣ posunąć się książk. (postarzeć się) to age- dziadek ostatnio bardzo się posunął grandpa has aged a lot recently■ posunąć się w latach to grow old- posuwać nogami to plod (along), to trudge (along)- posunąć pracę/sprawę naprzód to make progress with one’s work/the matterThe New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > posu|nąć
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75 Р-26
HE РАЗ INP Invar adva few, several, or multiple timesmore than oncetime and (time) again many a time many times.«Ты в России-то бывал?» - «Бывал, - говорю, - не раз» (Алешковский 1). "Have you ever been to Russia?" "Yep," I said "More than once" (1a).«А лошадь его славилась в целой Кабарде, - и точно, лучше этой лошади ничего выдумать невозможно. Недаром ему завидовали все наездники и не раз пытались ее украсть, только не удавалось» (Лермонтов 1). "As for his horse, it was famous in all Kabarda, and indeed, you couldn't think of a better horse. The horsemen all around had very good reason to envy him, and time and again they tried to steal the animal, but in vain" (1b).Ирина Викторовна вышла из троллейбуса, обогнула ограду и тоже подошла к Огню и Могиле. Она видела и то и другое не раз, но теперь всматривалась в прозрачную яркость и в синеву огня с особым вниманием...(Залыгин 1). Irina Viktorovna got out of the bus, stepped round the barrier and approached the flame and the tomb. She had seen both many times before, but now she looked into the bright transparent blue of the flame with special attention... (1a) -
76 не раз
• НЕ РАЗ[NP; Invar; adv]=====⇒ a few, several, or multiple times:- many a time;- many times.♦ "Ты в России-то бывал?" - "Бывал, - говорю, - не раз" (Алешковский 1). "Have you ever been to Russia?" "Yep," I said "More than once" (1a).♦ "А лошадь его славилась в целой Кабарде, - и точно, лучше этой лошади ничего выдумать невозможно. Недаром ему завидовали все наездники и не раз пытались ее украсть, только не удавалось" (Лермонтов 1). "As for his horse, it was famous in all Kabarda, and indeed, you couldn't think of a better horse. The horsemen all around had very good reason to envy him, and time and again they tried to steal the animal, but in vain" (1b).♦ Ирина Викторовна вышла из троллейбуса, обогнула ограду и тоже подошла к Огню и Могиле. Она видела и то и другое не раз, но теперь всматривалась в прозрачную яркость и в синеву огня с особым вниманием...(Залыгин 1). Irina Viktorovna got out of the bus, stepped round the barrier and approached the flame and the tomb. She had seen both many times before, but now she looked into the bright transparent blue of the flame with special attention... (1a) -
77 approach
[ə'prəu ] 1. verb(to come near (to): The car approached (the traffic lights) at top speed; Christmas is approaching.) nálgast2. noun1) (the act of coming near: The boys ran off at the approach of a policeman.) koma, það að e-ð nálgast2) (a road, path etc leading to a place: All the approaches to the village were blocked by fallen rock.) aðkoma, aðkomuleið3) (an attempt to obtain or attract a person's help, interest etc: They have made an approach to the government for help; That fellow makes approaches to (= he tries to become friendly with) every woman he meets.) leita til; reyna við•- approaching -
78 approach
bekötőút, feljáró, megközelítés, odavezető út to approach: megközelít* * *[ə'prəu ] 1. verb(to come near (to): The car approached (the traffic lights) at top speed; Christmas is approaching.) (meg)közelít; közeledik2. noun1) (the act of coming near: The boys ran off at the approach of a policeman.) közeledés2) (a road, path etc leading to a place: All the approaches to the village were blocked by fallen rock.) odavezető út3) (an attempt to obtain or attract a person's help, interest etc: They have made an approach to the government for help; That fellow makes approaches to (= he tries to become friendly with) every woman he meets.) kérelem; megkörnyékezés (főleg {i plural}•- approaching -
79 approach
[ə'prəu ] 1. verb(to come near (to): The car approached (the traffic lights) at top speed; Christmas is approaching.) aproximar-se2. noun1) (the act of coming near: The boys ran off at the approach of a policeman.) aproximação2) (a road, path etc leading to a place: All the approaches to the village were blocked by fallen rock.) acesso3) (an attempt to obtain or attract a person's help, interest etc: They have made an approach to the government for help; That fellow makes approaches to (= he tries to become friendly with) every woman he meets.) abordagem•- approaching* * *ap.proach[əpr'outʃ] n 1 aproximação, avizinhação. 2 caminho, acesso, passagem. 3 similitude, parecença, semelhança. 4 approach ou approaches a) tentativas de aproximação, introdução. b) Amer propostas impróprias. 5 Golf lance em direção ao alvo. 6 altitude. • vt 1 aproximar-se, avizinhar-se. 2 chegar, vir. 3 aproximar-se em qualidade, caráter ou estado, assemelhar-se. 4 abordar, tentar travar conhecimento, seduzir, corromper. 5 introduzir, conduzir a, juntar. approach and landing area Aeron espaço aéreo de dimensões definidas nas vizinhanças de um aeroporto. this is his nearest approach to friendliness isto é a sua maior amabilidade. -
80 approach
n. yaklaşma, yanaşma, yaklaşım, benzerlik, ilk adım, teşebbüs, girişim, başlangıç, yol————————v. yaklaşmak, yanaşmak; benzemek, andırmak; ulaşmak, varmak, ele almak, koyulmak; girişmek, başvurmak, görüşmek, temasta bulunmak* * *1. yaklaş (v.) 2. yaklaşım (n.)* * *[ə'prəu ] 1. verb(to come near (to): The car approached (the traffic lights) at top speed; Christmas is approaching.) yaklaşmak, yanaşmak2. noun1) (the act of coming near: The boys ran off at the approach of a policeman.) yaklaşma, yakına gelme2) (a road, path etc leading to a place: All the approaches to the village were blocked by fallen rock.) giriş, giriş yolu3) (an attempt to obtain or attract a person's help, interest etc: They have made an approach to the government for help; That fellow makes approaches to (= he tries to become friendly with) every woman he meets.) başvuru•- approaching
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