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1 apposition
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2 apposition
apposition [‚æpə'zɪʃən]apposition f;∎ Grammar a noun/phrase in apposition un nom/une expression en apposition -
3 apposition
[ˌæpə'zɪʃn]noun apposition f -
4 endorsement
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5 affixation of a mark
PI apposition d'une marqueEnglish-French dictionary of law, politics, economics & finance > affixation of a mark
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6 affixing of the emblem
Hum. apposition de l'emblème [de la Croix Rouge, p. ex.]English-French dictionary of law, politics, economics & finance > affixing of the emblem
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7 own-branding
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8 application
A n1 ( request) ( for job) candidature f (for à) ; (for membership, admission, passport, loan, promotion, transfer) demande f (for de) ; ( for shares) souscription f (for de) ; to make an application for a job ou a job application poser sa candidature à un poste ; to make an application for a university place faire une demande d'inscription à une université ; university application dossier m d'inscription ; a letter of application une lettre de candidature ; to fill out a job/passport application remplir un formulaire de candidature/de demande de passeport ; on application sur demande ;2 ( spreading) application f (to à) ; one application is sufficient une (seule) couche suffit ; for external application only réservé à l'usage externe ;3 ( positioning) ( of sticker) apposition f ; ( of decorations) disposition f ; (of beads, sequins) application f ;4 ( implementation) (of law, penalty, rule) application f ; (of logic, theory, training) application f ; to put one's training into application mettre sa formation en pratique ;5 ( use) application f ; to have military applications avoir des applications militaires ; the application of computers to l'application de l'ordinateur à ;6 Comput application f ; -
9 Usage note : a
The determiner or indefinite article a or an is translated by un + masculine noun and by une + feminine noun:a tree= un arbrea chair= une chaiseThere are, however, some cases where the article is not translated:with professions and trades:her mother is a teacher= sa mère est professeurwith other nouns used in apposition:he’s a widower= il est veufwith what a:what a pretty house!= quelle jolie maison!For translations of a few, a little, a lot, a great many see the entries few, little, lot, many.When expressing prices in relation to weight, the definite article le/la is used in French:ten euros a kilo= dix euros le kiloIn other expressions where a/an means per, the French translation is usually par:twice a day= deux fois par jourFor translations of all other expressions using the indefinite article such as to make a noise, to make a fortune, at a blow etc. consult the appropriate noun entry (noise, fortune, blow etc.). -
10 Usage note : be
I am tired= je suis fatiguéCaroline is French= Caroline est françaisethe children are in the garden= les enfants sont dans le jardinIt functions in very much the same way as to be does in English and it is safe to assume it will work as a translation in the great majority of cases.Note, however, that when you are specifying a person’s profession or trade, a/an is not translated:she’s a doctor= elle est médecinClaudie is still a student= Claudie est toujours étudianteThis is true of any noun used in apposition when the subject is a person:he’s a widower= il est veufButLyons is a beautiful city= Lyon est une belle villeFor more information or expressions involving professions and trades consult the usage note Shops, Trades and Professions.For the conjugation of the verb être see the French verb tables.Grammatical functionsThe passiveêtre is used to form the passive in French just as to be is used in English. Note, however, that the past participle agrees in gender and number with the subject:the rabbit was killed by a fox= le lapin a été tué par un renardthe window had been broken= la fenêtre avait été casséetheir books will be sold= leurs livres seront vendusour doors have been repainted red= nos portes ont été repeintes en rougeIn spoken language, French native speakers find the passive cumbersome and will avoid it where possible by using the impersonal on where a person or people are clearly involved : on a repeint nos portes en rouge.Progressive tensesIn French the idea of something happening over a period of time cannot be expressed using the verb être in the way that to be is used as an auxiliary verb in English.The presentFrench uses simply the present tense where English uses the progressive form with to be:I am working= je travailleBen is reading a book= Ben lit un livreIn order to accentuate duration être en train de is used: je suis en train de travailler ; Ben est en train de lire un livre.The futureFrench also uses the present tense where English uses the progressive form with to be:we are going to London tomorrow= nous allons à Londres demainI’m (just) coming!= j’arrive!I’m (just) going!= j’y vais!The pastTo express the distinction between she read a newspaper and she was reading a newspaper French uses the perfect and the imperfect tenses: elle a lu un journal/elle lisait un journal:he wrote to his mother= il a écrit à sa mèrehe was writing to his mother= il écrivait à sa mèreHowever, in order to accentuate the notion of describing an activity which went on over a period of time, the phrase être en train de (= to be in the process of) is often used:‘what was he doing when you arrived?’‘he was cooking the dinner’= ‘qu’est-ce qu’il faisait quand tu es arrivé?’ ‘il était en train de préparer le dîner’she was just finishing her essay when …= elle était juste en train de finir sa dissertation quand …The compound pastCompound past tenses in the progressive form in English are generally translated by the imperfect in French:I’ve been looking for you= je te cherchaisFor progressive forms + for and since (I’ve been waiting for an hour, I had been waiting for an hour, I’ve been waiting since Monday etc.) see the entries for and since.ObligationWhen to be is used as an auxiliary verb with another verb in the infinitive ( to be to do) expressing obligation, a fixed arrangement or destiny, devoir is used:she’s to do it at once= elle doit le faire tout de suitewhat am I to do?= qu’est-ce que je dois faire?he was to arrive last Monday= il devait arriver lundi derniershe was never to see him again= elle ne devait plus le revoir.In tag questionsFrench has no direct equivalent of tag questions like isn’t he? or wasn’t it? There is a general tag question n’est-ce pas? (literally isn’t it so?) which will work in many cases:their house is lovely, isn’t it?= leur maison est très belle, n’est-ce pas?he’s a doctor, isn’t he?= il est médecin, n’est-ce pas?it was a very good meal, wasn’t it?= c’était un très bon repas, n’est-ce pas?However, n’est-ce pas can very rarely be used for positive tag questions and some other way will be found to express the extra meaning contained in the tag: par hasard ( by any chance) can be very useful as a translation:‘I can’t find my glasses’ ‘they’re not in the kitchen, are they?’= ‘je ne trouve pas mes lunettes’ ‘elles ne sont pas dans la cuisine, par hasard?’you haven’t seen Gaby, have you?= tu n’as pas vu Gaby, par hasard?In cases where an opinion is being sought, si? meaning more or less or is it? or was it? etc. can be useful:it’s not broken, is it?= ce n’est pas cassé, si?he wasn’t serious, was he?= il n’était pas sérieux, si?In many other cases the tag question is simply not translated at all and the speaker’s intonation will convey the implied question.In short answersAgain, there is no direct equivalent for short answers like yes I am, no he’s not etc. Where the answer yes is given to contradict a negative question or statement, the most useful translation is si:‘you’re not going out tonight’ ‘yes I am’= ‘tu ne sors pas ce soir’ ‘si’In reply to a standard enquiry the tag will not be translated:‘are you a doctor?’ ‘yes I am’= ‘êtes-vous médecin?’ ‘oui’‘was it raining?’ ‘yes it was’= ‘est-ce qu’il pleuvait?’ ‘oui’ProbabilityFor expressions of probability and supposition ( if I were you etc.) see the entry be.Other functionsExpressing sensations and feelingsIn expressing physical and mental sensations, the verb used in French is avoir:to be cold= avoir froidto be hot= avoir chaudI’m cold= j’ai froidto be thirsty= avoir soifto be hungry= avoir faimto be ashamed= avoir hontemy hands are cold= j’ai froid aux mainsIf, however, you are in doubt as to which verb to use in such expressions, you should consult the entry for the appropriate adjective.Discussing health and how people areIn expressions of health and polite enquiries about how people are, aller is used:how are you?= comment allez-vous?( more informally) comment vas-tu?( very informally as a greeting) ça va?are you well?= vous allez bien?how is your daughter?= comment va votre fille?my father is better today= mon père va mieux aujourd’huiDiscussing weather and temperatureIn expressions of weather and temperature faire is generally used:it’s cold= il fait froidit’s windy= il fait du ventIf in doubt, consult the appropriate adjective entry.Visiting somewhereWhen to be is used in the present perfect tense to mean go, visit etc., French will generally use the verbs venir, aller etc. rather than être:I’ve never been to Sweden= je ne suis jamais allé en Suèdehave you been to the Louvre?= est-ce que tu es déjà allé au Louvre?or est-ce que tu as déjà visité le Louvre?Paul has been to see us three times= Paul est venu nous voir trois foisNote too:has the postman been?= est-ce que le facteur est passé?The translation for an expression or idiom containing the verb to be will be found in the dictionary at the entry for another word in the expression: for to be in danger see danger, for it would be best to … see best etc.This dictionary contains usage notes on topics such as the clock, time units, age, weight measurement, days of the week, and shops, trades and professions, many of which include translations of particular uses of to be. -
11 a
a2 [ə, stressed eɪ]ⓘ GRAM a devient an [ən, stressed æn] devant voyelle ou h muet(a) (before countable nouns) un (une);∎ a book un livre;∎ a car une voiture;∎ an hour [ən'aʊə(r)] une heure;∎ a unit [ə'ju:nɪt] une unité;∎ an uncle [ən'ʌŋkəl] un oncle;∎ an MP [ən'em'pi:] un député;∎ a man and (a) woman un homme et une femme;∎ a cup and saucer une tasse et sa soucoupe;∎ a wife and mother (same person) une épouse et mère;∎ I can't see a thing je ne vois rien;∎ he has a broken leg il a une jambe cassée;∎ would you like a coffee? voulez-vous un café?;∎ an expensive German wine un vin allemand cher(b) (before professions, nationalities)∎ she's a doctor elle est médecin;∎ he is an Englishman/a father il est anglais/père;∎ have you seen a doctor? as-tu vu un médecin?∎ a thousand dollars mille dollars;∎ a dozen eggs une douzaine d'œufs;∎ a third/fifth un tiers/cinquième;∎ a twentieth of a second un vingtième de seconde;∎ an hour and a half une heure et demie∎ £2 a dozen/a hundred grammes deux livres la douzaine/les cent grammes;∎ five francs a head cinq francs par tête;∎ three times a year trois fois par an;∎ fifty kilometres an hour cinquante kilomètres à l'heure(e) (before terms of quantity, amount)∎ a few weeks/months quelques semaines/mois;∎ a lot of money beaucoup d'argent;∎ a great many visitors de très nombreux visiteurs;∎ have a little more wine reprenez donc un peu de vin;∎ he raised a number of interesting points il a soulevé un certain nombre de questions intéressantes(f) (before periods of time) un (une);∎ I'm going for a week/month/year je pars (pour) une semaine/un mois/un an;∎ we talked for a while nous avons parlé un moment(g) (before days, months, festivals) un (une);∎ the meeting was on a Tuesday la réunion a eu lieu un mardi;∎ it was an exceptionally cold March ce fut un mois de mars particulièrement froid;∎ we had an unforgettable Christmas nous avons passé un Noël inoubliable∎ Caen, a large town in Normandy Caen, ville importante de Normandie;∎ forty years a sailor and he still gets seasick! il a beau être marin depuis quarante ans, il lui arrive toujours d'avoir le mal de mer∎ a triangle has three sides le triangle a trois côtés;∎ a cheetah can outrun a lion le guépard court plus vite que le lion;∎ a computer is a useful machine les ordinateurs sont des machines bien utiles∎ a wide knowledge of the subject une connaissance approfondie du sujet;∎ he felt a joy he could not conceal il éprouvait une joie qu'il ne pouvait dissimuler∎ there's been a general falling off in sales il y a eu une chute des ventes∎ to have a red nose avoir le nez rouge;∎ I have a sore throat/back/knee j'ai mal à la gorge/au dos/au genou;∎ to have a taste for sth avoir le goût de qch∎ a Miss Jones was asking for you une certaine Miss Jones vous a demandé;∎ he's been described as a new James Dean on le donne pour le nouveau James Dean;∎ her mother was a Sinclair sa mère était une Sinclair∎ it's a genuine Matisse c'est un Matisse authentique;∎ there's a new Stephen King/Spielberg out next month il y a un nouveau Stephen King/Spielberg qui sort le mois prochain(o) (after half, rather, such, what)∎ half a glass of wine un demi-verre de vin;∎ she's rather an interesting person c'est quelqu'un d'assez intéressant;∎ you're such an idiot! tu es tellement bête!;∎ what a lovely dress! quelle jolie robe!(p) (after as, how, so, too + adj)∎ that's too big a slice for me cette tranche est trop grosse pour moi;∎ how big a bit do you want? combien en veux-tu?;∎ she's as nice a girl as you could wish to meet c'est la fille la plus gentille du monde -
12 appositive
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13 own-branding
Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > own-branding
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14 placing
См. также в других словарях:
apposition — [ apozisjɔ̃ ] n. f. • 1213; lat. appositio 1 ♦ Action d apposer. Apposition d un sceau, des scellés. 2 ♦ (1606) Gramm. Procédé par lequel deux termes simples (noms, pronoms) ou complexes (propositions) sont juxtaposés sans lien; le terme… … Encyclopédie Universelle
apposition — APPOSITION. s. f. L action d apposer. L apposition du scellé se fit dans les formes ordinaires. Il sera pourvu à la sûreté de ces effets, de ces titres, de ces papiers, par apposition de scellé.Apposition, se dit aussi en Physique, en parlant De… … Dictionnaire de l'Académie Française 1798
apposition — Apposition. s. f. v. L action d apposer. L apposition du scellé se fit dans les formes ordinaires. il sera pourveu à la seureté de ces effets, de ces titres, de ces papiers par apposition de scellé. Apposition, en termes de Grammaire & de… … Dictionnaire de l'Académie française
apposition — 1. Apposition is the placing of a noun or noun phrase beside another noun and noun phrase, where it shares the same grammatical function, as in A portrait of Benjamin Disraeli, the famous statesman, in which the famous statesman is in apposition… … Modern English usage
Apposition — Ap po*si tion, n. [L. appositio, fr. apponere: cf. F. apposition. See {Apposite}.] 1. The act of adding; application; accretion. [1913 Webster] It grows . . . by the apposition of new matter. Arbuthnot. [1913 Webster] 2. The putting of things in… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
Apposition — Sf gleichgeordnete Ergänzung eines Substantivs per. Wortschatz fach. (18. Jh.) Entlehnung. Entlehnt aus ml. appositio, eigentlich Zusatz , zu l. appōnere (appositum) hinstellen, dazusetzen , aus l. ad zu, an und l. pōnere legen, stellen, setzen … Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen sprache
apposition — [ap΄ə zish′ən] n. [L appositio, a setting before < appositus: see APPOSE] 1. an apposing or being apposed; putting side by side 2. the position resulting from this 3. Gram. a) the placing of a word or expression beside another so that the… … English World dictionary
apposition — apposition. См. аппозиционный рост. (Источник: «Англо русский толковый словарь генетических терминов». Арефьев В.А., Лисовенко Л.А., Москва: Изд во ВНИРО, 1995 г.) … Молекулярная биология и генетика. Толковый словарь.
Appositĭon — (v. lat.), 1) Hinzusetzung; 2) (Gramm.), die unmittelbare Beisetzung eines Substantivs od. eines als Substantiv gebrauchten Adjectivs zu einem Substantiv od. Personalpronomen als Erklärung od. nähere Bestimmung, z.B. Paris, die Hauptstadt… … Pierer's Universal-Lexikon
Apposition — (lat., »Zusatz«), in der Grammatik ein durch einen verkürzten attributiven Nebensatz entstandenes Attribut (s. d.), z. B. »Alexander, der Besieger so vieler Völker, unterlag der Leidenschaft«, statt »Alexander, welcher (oder: obgleich er) der… … Meyers Großes Konversations-Lexikon
Apposition — (lat.), Hinzusetzung, in der Grammatik die näher bestimmende Hinzufügung eines Substantivs in gleichem Kasus zu einem andern Substantiv, z. B.: »Karl der Große«, »Mein Bruder, der Arzt« … Kleines Konversations-Lexikon
