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101 voir
voir [vwaʀ]━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━➭ TABLE 301. <a. to see• vous n'avez encore rien vu ! you ain't seen nothing yet! (inf)• c'est ce que nous verrons ! we'll see about that!• on aura tout vu ! we've seen everything now!• comment voyez-vous l'avenir ? how do you see the future?► voir + infinitif• notre pays voit renaître le fascisme our country is witnessing the rebirth of fascism► aller voir to go and see• fais voir ! let me have a look!• va te faire voir (ailleurs) ! (inf!) get lost! (inf!)• qu'il aille se faire voir (chez les Grecs) ! (inf!) he can go to hell! (inf!)► à le (ou te etc) voir• à le voir, on ne lui donnerait pas 90 ans to look at him, you wouldn't think he was 90b. ( = pouvoir voir, imaginer)━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━• est-ce que tu le vois ? can you see it?• tu me vois aller lui dire ça ? can you see me telling him that?• il va encore protester, je vois ça d'ici he's going to start protesting again, I can see it comingc. ( = examiner, étudier) [+ dossier] to look at ; [+ circulaire] to reade. (locutions)• tu vas le faire tout de suite, vu ? (inf) you're going to do it straightaway, okay?• nous n'avons pas la même façon de voir les choses we see things differently► c'est tout vu ! (inf) that's for sure!► à voir• à voir son train de vie, elle doit être très riche if her lifestyle is anything to go by, she must be very well-off• il ne fera plus cette erreur -- c'est à voir he won't make the same mistake again -- we'll see► il n'y a qu'à voir• il n'a pas de goût, il n'y a qu'à voir comment il s'habille he's got no taste, you only have to look at the clothes he wears► rien à voir• cela a quelque chose à voir avec... this has got something to do with...• son nouveau film ? rien à voir avec les précédents his new film? it's nothing like his previous work• le résultat n'a plus grand-chose à voir avec le projet initial the result bears very little relation to the initial project► pour voir just to see• essaie un peu, pour voir ! just you try!► passer voir• je suis passé le voir I went to see him► vouloir + voir• je veux voir ça ! I want to see that!• je voudrais t'y voir ! I'd like to see you try!• tu aurais dû refuser ! -- j'aurais voulu t'y voir ! you should have said no! -- I'd like to see what you'd have done!► bien voir• nous allons bien voir ! we'll soon find out!• j'ai quelques économies, ça me permettra de voir venir (inf) I've got some savings which should be enough to see me through (inf)• on va perdre, ça je le vois venir (gros comme une maison) (inf) ( = prévoir) we're going to lose, I can see it coming (a mile off (inf))• je te vois venir (avec tes gros sabots) (inf) I can see what you're leading up to► se faire mal voir• si elle ne revient pas travailler lundi, elle va se faire mal voir if she doesn't come back to work on Monday, it won't look too good2. <a. to see• dis-moi voir... tell me...• essaie voir ! (inf) just you try it!• regarde voir ce qu'il a fait ! (inf) just look what he's done!• un peu de charité, voyons ! (rappel à l'ordre) come on now, let's be charitable!• voyons voyons ! let's see now !• c'est trop lourd pour toi, voyons ! come on now, it's too heavy for you!3. <4. <► se voira. (soi-même) to see o.s.• il la trouve moche -- il ne s'est pas vu ! he thinks she's ugly -- has he looked in the mirror lately?c. ( = se trouver) se voir contraint de to find o.s. forced to• je me vois dans la triste obligation de... I have the sad task of...d. ( = être visible) [tache, couleur, sentiments] to showe. ( = se produire) cela se voit tous les jours it happens every day• cela ne s'est jamais vu ! it's unheard of!f. (fonction passive) ils se sont vu interdire l'accès du musée they were refused admission to the museum* * *vwaʀ
1.
1) ( percevoir par les yeux) to see [personne, objet]à le voir, on le prendrait pour un clochard — to look at him, you'd think he was a tramp
2) (être spectateur, témoin de) [personne] to see [film, incident]; [lieu] to see [événement, évolution]3) ( se figurer) to see4) ( juger) to seevoir favorablement quelque chose — to be favourably [BrE] disposed toward(s) something
5) (comprendre, déceler) to see [moyen, avantage]6) (constater, découvrir) to seevoir si/pourquoi — to find out ou to see if/why
on verra bien — well, we'll see
‘je ne paierai pas!’ - ‘c'est ce que nous verrons!’ — ‘I won't pay!’ - ‘we shall see about that!’
touches-y, pour voir! — ( menace) you just touch it!
7) (examiner, étudier) to see [malade]; to look at [problème, dossier]8) (recevoir, se rendre chez) to see [client, médecin, ami]9) ( visiter) to see [ville, monument]10) ( avoir un rapport avec)
2.
voyez à ce que tout soit prêt — see to it ou make sure that everything is ready
3.
verbe intransitif1) ( avec les yeux)voir, y voir — to be able to see
je or j'y vois à peine — I can hardly see
2) ( par l'esprit)voir loin — ( être prévoyant) to look ahead; ( être perspicace) to be far-sighted
il faut voir — (colloq) ( ça mérite réflexion) we'll have to see
3) ( rappel à l'ordre)voyons, sois sage! — come on now, behave yourself!
4.
se voir verbe pronominal1) (dans la glace, en imagination) to see oneself2) ( se remarquer) [tache, défaut] to showcela se voit tous les jours — it happens all the time ou every day
3) ( se trouver)se voir obligé or dans l'obligation de faire quelque chose — to find oneself forced to do
4) ( se fréquenter) to see each otherils ne peuvent pas se voir (en peinture (colloq)) — they can't stand each other
••je préfère voir venir — (colloq) I would rather wait and see
on t'a vu venir! — (colloq) they/we saw you coming! (colloq)
je te vois venir — (colloq) I can see what you're getting at GB ou where you're coming from (colloq)
qu'il aille se faire voir! — (colloq) tell him to get lost! (colloq)
* * *vwaʀ1. vi1) (sens littéral) to seeD'ici, on voit mieux. — You can see better from here.
voir loin fig — to be far-sighted
faites voir — show me, let me see
2) (prendre le temps de réfléchir) to seeVoyons ce qu'on peut faire. — Let's see what we can do.
Voyons, sois raisonnable! — Come on, be reasonable!
ni vu ni connu! — what the eye doesn't see...!, no one will be any the wiser
2. vt1) (= distinguer) to seeD'ici, on voit bien le Mont-Blanc. — You can see Mont Blanc clearly from here., You get a good view of Mont Blanc from here.
2) (= regarder) to seeIl m'a fait voir sa collection de timbres. — He showed me his stamp collection.
3) (= être témoin de) to seeJ'ai vu des cas semblables. — I have seen similar cases.
Je les ai vu humiliés. — I saw them humiliated.
4) (= rendre visite à) to seeVenez me voir quand vous serez à Paris. — Come and see me when you're in Paris.
5) (= comprendre) to seeJe ne vois pas pourquoi il a fait ça. — I don't see why he did that.
6) (= imaginer) to seeJe la voyais déjà en patronne de multinationale. — I could see her as the big boss of a multinational corporation.
7) (= supporter)ne pas pouvoir voir qn fig — not to be able to stand sb, not to be able to stand the sight of sb
Je ne peux vraiment pas la voir. — I really can't stand her., I really can't stand the sight of her.
Ça n'a rien à voir avec lui, c'est entre toi et moi. — It's nothing to do with him, it's between you and me.
je te vois venir! ironique — I can see what you're getting at!, I can see what you're after!
voir à faire qch (= s'assurer que) — to see to it that sth is done
* * *voir verb table: voirA vtr1 ( percevoir par les yeux) to see [personne, objet]; dis-moi ce que tu vois gén tell me what you see; je ne vois rien I can't ou don't see anything; je n'y vois rien I can't see a thing; il faut le voir pour le croire it has to be seen to be believed; je les ai vus de mes propres yeux or de mes yeux vu! I saw them with my own eyes!; je les ai vus comme je te vois! I saw them as plainly as I see you standing there!; que vois-je! liter what's this I see?; à la voir si triste when you see her so sad; à le voir, on le prendrait pour un clochard to look at him, you'd think he was a tramp; faire voir qch à qn to show sb sth; laisser voir son ignorance to show one's ignorance; sa jupe fendue laissait voir ses cuisses her slit skirt showed her thighs; voir qch en rêve to dream about sth; ⇒ mûr;2 (être spectateur, témoin de) [personne] to see [film, incident, événement]; [période, lieu, organisation] to see [événement, évolution, changement]; aller voir un film to go to see a film GB ou movie US; nous voyons les prix augmenter we see prices rising; je les ai vus partir/qui partaient I saw them leave/leaving; on l'a vue entrer she was seen going in, someone saw her go in; la voiture qu'il a vue passer the car he saw go by; la ville qui l'a vue naître her native town, the town where she was born; le film est à voir the film is worth seeing; c'est triste/intéressant à voir it' s sad/interesting to see; c'est beau à voir it's beautiful to look at; ce n'est pas beau à voir it's not a pretty sight; il faut voir comment○! you should see how!; j'aurais voulu que tu voies ça! you should have seen it!; je voudrais bien t'y voir! I'd like to see how you'd get on!; a-t-on jamais vu pareille audace! have you ever seen such cheek!; on n'a jamais vu ça! it's unheard of!; et vous n'avez encore rien vu! you ain't seen nothing yet○! hum; qu'est-ce qu'il ne faut pas voir, on aura tout vu! could you ever have imagined such a thing!; voyez-moi ça! just look at that!;3 ( se figurer) to see; comment vois-tu l'avenir? how do you see the future?; je le vois or verrais bien enseignant I can just see him as a teacher; je ne la vois pas faire ça toute sa vie I can't see her doing it forever; voir sa vie comme un désastre to view one's life as a disaster; on voit bien comment it's easy to see how; on ne voit guère comment, on voit mal comment it's difficult to see how; j'ai vu le moment où il allait m'étrangler I thought he was about to strangle me; je vois ça d'ici I can just imagine; tu vois un peu s'il arrivait maintenant! just imagine, if he turned up now!;4 ( juger) to see; c'est ma façon de voir (les choses) that's the way I see things; je ne partage pas ta façon de voir I see things differently from you; voir en qn un ami to see sb as a friend; je ne vois pas qu'il y ait lieu d'intervenir I don't see any reason to intervene; c'est à toi de voir it's up to you to decide; voir favorablement une réforme to be favourablyGB disposed toward(s) a reform; tu vas te faire mal voir de Sophie Sophie is going to think badly of you; je te vois mal parti you're heading for trouble;5 (comprendre, déceler) to see [cause, moyen, avantage] (dans in); je vois I see; je vois ce que tu veux dire I see what you mean; je ne vois pas qui tu veux dire I don't know who you mean; tu vois où elle veut en venir? do you see what she's getting at?; je ne vois pas où est le problème I can't see the problem; je ne vois pas l'intérêt d'attendre I can't see the point of waiting; je n'y vois aucun mal I see no harm in it; je ne vois aucun mal à ce qu'elle signe I see no harm in her signing; si tu n'y vois pas d'inconvénient if it's all right with you, if you have no objection; tu ne vois pas qu'il ment? can't ou don't you see that he's lying? ; on voit bien qu'elle n'a jamais travaillé! you can tell ou it's obvious that she's never worked!; je le vois à leur attitude I can tell by their attitude; à quoi le vois- tu? how can you tell?;6 (constater, découvrir) to see; comme vous le voyez as you can see; à ce que je vois from what I can see; voir si/combien/pourquoi to find out ou to see if/how much/why; vois si c'est sec see if it's dry; vois si ça leur convient find out ou see if it suits them; on verra bien well, we'll see; ‘je ne paierai pas!’-‘c'est ce que nous verrons!’ ‘I won't pay!’-‘we shall see about that!’; c'est à voir that remains to be seen; j'ai fait ça pour voir I did it to see what would happen; essaie pour voir try and see!; essaie un peu/touches-y, pour voir! ( menace) you just try it/touch it!; vous m'en voyez ravi I am delighted about it;7 (examiner, étudier) to see [malade]; to look at [problème, dossier]; ( dans un texte) voir page 10/le mode d'emploi see page 10/instructions for use; je verrai (ce que je peux faire) I'll see (what I can do); voyons let's see;8 (recevoir, se rendre chez, fréquenter) to see [client, médecin, ami]; je le vois peu en ce moment I don't see much of him at the moment; aller voir qn gén to go to see sb; ( à l'hôpital) to go to visit sb; je passerai la voir demain I'll call on her tomorrow, I'll pop in and see her tomorrow;10 ( avoir un rapport avec) avoir quelque chose à voir avec to have something to do with; ça n'a rien à voir! that's got nothing to do with it!; il n'a rien à voir là-dedans or à y voir it's got nothing to do with him. ⇒ chandelle.B voir à vtr ind fml ( veiller à) to see (à to); voyez à ce que tout soit prêt see to it ou make sure that everything is ready; faudrait voir à réserver des places○ we ought to see about reserving ou booking GB seats; voyez à réserver les places make sure you reserve ou book GB the seats.C vi1 ( avec les yeux) voir, y voir to be able to see; est-ce qu'un bébé (y) voit à la naissance? can a baby see at birth?; je or j'y vois à peine I can hardly see; (y) voir double to see double; je vois trouble everything is a blur; voir loin lit to see a long way off;2 ( par l'esprit) (y) voir clair dans qch to have a clear understanding of sth; voir loin ( être prévoyant) to look ahead; ( être perspicace) to be far-sighted; voir grand to think big; elle a vu juste she was right; il faut voir ( ça mérite réflexion) we'll have to see; ( c'est incroyable) you wouldn't believe it;3 ( pour insister) voyons voir let's see now; regardez voir take a look; dites voir tell me; montrez voir show me;5 ( rappel à l'ordre) voyons, sois sage! come on now, behave yourself!D se voir vpr1 (dans la glace, en imagination) to see oneself; elle se voyait déjà sur les planches she could already see herself on the stage;2 ( être conscient de) to realize; il s'est vu sombrer dans la folie he realized he was going mad;3 ( se remarquer) [tache, défaut] to show; ça se voit it shows; ça ne se voit pas qu'un peu○! it sticks out a mile!;4 ( se produire) cela se voit tous les jours it happens all the time ou every day; cela ne se voit pas tous les jours it isn't something you see every day; ça ne s'est jamais vu! it's unheard of!;5 ( se trouver) se voir obligé or dans l'obligation de faire qch to find oneself forced to do; ils se sont vu répondre que they were told that;6 (se rencontrer, se fréquenter) to see each other;7 ( sympathiser) ils ne peuvent pas se voir they can't stand each other;8 ( être vu) to be seen; la tour se voit de loin the tower can be seen from far away;9 ○ s'en voir to have a hard time (pour faire doing).ne pas voir plus loin que le bout de son nez to see no further than the end of one's nose; je préfère voir venir I would rather wait and see; on t'a vu venir○! they saw you coming○!; je te vois venir○ I can see what you're getting at GB ou where you're coming from○; je ne peux pas le voir (en peinture)○ I can't stand him; je t'ai assez vu I've had enough of you; en voir de belles or de toutes les couleurs to go through some hard times; j'en ai vu d'autres I've seen worse; en faire voir à qn to give sb a hard time; va te faire voir (ailleurs)○, va voir ailleurs or là-bas si j'y suis○! get lost○!; qu'il aille se faire voir○! tell him to get lost○!; il ferait beau voir ça! that would be the last straw![vwar] verbe transitifA.[PERCEVOIR AVEC LES YEUX]1. [distinguer] to seeil ne voit rien de l'œil gauche he can't see anything with his ou he's blind in the left eyeà les voir, on ne dirait pas qu'ils roulent sur l'or to look at them, you wouldn't think they were rolling in ità la voir si souriante, on ne dirait pas qu'elle souffre when you see how cheerful she is, you wouldn't think she's in painvoir quelqu'un faire ou qui fait quelque chose to see somebody do ou doing somethingfais voir! let me see!, show me!a. [bébé] to be bornb. [journal] to come outc. [théorie, invention] to appearil faut la voir lui répondre, il faut voir comment elle lui répond you should see the way she speaks to himvoir venir: je te vois venir, tu veux de l'argent! (familier) I can see what you're leading up to ou getting at, you want some money!le garagiste m'a fait payer 800 euros — il t'a vu venir! (familier) the mechanic charged me 800 euros — he saw you coming!Noël n'est que dans trois semaines, on a le temps de voir venir! Christmas isn 't for another three weeks, we've got plenty of time!c'est vrai, je l'ai vue le faire it's true, I saw her do itje l'ai vu faire des erreurs I saw him making ou make mistakesici, les terrains ont vu leur prix doubler en cinq ans land prices here doubled over five yearsn'avoir rien vu to be wet behind the ears ou greenils en ont vu, avec leur aînée! their oldest girl really gave them a hard time!il en a vu de toutes les couleurs ou des vertes et des pas mûres (familier) ou de belles ou de drôles he's been through quite a loten faire voir (de toutes les couleurs) à quelqu'un (familier) to give somebody a hard time, to lead somebody a merry dancerépète un peu, pour voir! (you) DARE say that again!4. [inspecter - appartement] to see, to view ; [ - rapport] to see, to (have a) look at ; [ - leçon] to go ou to look overne pas voir: il préfère ne pas voir ses infidélités he prefers to turn a blind eye to ou to shut his eyes to her affairsqui n'a pas vu l'Égypte n'a rien vu unless you've seen Egypt, you haven't lived5. [consulter, recevoir - ami, médecin] to seele médecin va vous voir dans quelques instants the doctor will be with ou see you in a few minutesil faut voir un psychiatre, mon vieux! (familier & figuré) you need your head examined, old man![fréquenter] to see[être en présence de]6. [se référer à]voir illustration p. 7 see diagram p 7voyez l'horaire des trains check ou consult the train timetableB.[PENSER, CONCEVOIR]le pull est trop large — je te voyais plus carré que cela the jumper is too big — I thought you had broader shouldersvoir d'ici quelqu'un/quelque chose: lui confier le budget? je vois ça d'ici! ask him to look after the budget? I can just see it!voir quelque chose d'un mauvais œil, ne pas voir quelque chose d'un bon œil to be displeased about somethingvoir quelque chose/quelqu'un avec les yeux de: elle le voit avec les yeux de l'amour she sees him through a lover's eyespose-moi n'importe quelle question — bon, je vais voir ask me anything — let's see ou let me think3. [comprendre - danger, intérêt] to seetu vois ce que je veux dire? do you see ou understand what I mean?je ne vois pas ce qu'il y a de drôle! I can't see what's so funny!, I don't get the joke!tu vois que mes principes n'ont pas changé as you can see, my principles haven't changedelle ne nous causera plus d'ennuis — c'est ou ça reste à voir she won't trouble us any more — that remains to be seen ou that's what YOU think!nous prenons rendez-vous? — voyez cela avec ma secrétaire shall we make an appointment? — arrange that with my secretaryvoyez si l'on peut changer l'heure du vol see ou check whether the time of the flight can be changedles photos seraient mieux en noir et blanc — hum, il faut voir the pictures would look better in black and white — mm, maybe (maybe not)7. [juger] to seetu n'es pas sur place, tu vois mal la situation you're not on the spot, your view of the situation is distorted8. (locution)avoir à voir avec [avoir un rapport avec]: je voudrais vous parler: ça a à voir avec notre discussion d'hier I would like to speak to you: it's to do with what we were talking about yesterdayn'avoir rien à voir avec [n'avoir aucun rapport avec]: l'instruction n'a rien à voir avec l'intelligence education has nothing to do with intelligenceje n'ai rien à voir avec la famille des Bellechasse I'm not related at all to the Bellechasse familycela n'a rien à voir avec le sujet that's irrelevant, that's got nothing to do with itça n'a rien à voir: tu parles de grèves, mais ça n'a rien à voir! you talk about strikes but that has nothing to do with it!tu vois, vous voyez: tu vois, je préférais ne rien savoir I preferred to remain in the dark, you seeje te l'avais dit, tu vois! what did I tell you!tu verrais, si j'avais encore mes jambes! if my legs were still up to it, there'd be no holding ou stopping me!a. (familier) [encouragement] go on, have a try!b. [défi] (you) just try!, don't you dare!voyons voirou regardons voir ce que tu as comme note (familier) let's just have a look and see what mark you gotun peu de courage, voyons! come on, be brave!voyons, tu n'espères pas que je vais te croire! you don't seriously expect me to believe you, do you?————————[vwar] verbe intransitifA.[PERCEVOIR LA RÉALITÉ - SENS PROPRE ET FIGURÉ]elle ne ou n'y voit plus she can't see ou she's blind now[exercer sa vue] to seevoir bien to see clearly, to have good eyesight2. [juger]encore une fois, tu as vu juste you were right, once againB.jeux [pour une mise]20 euros, pour voir 20 euros, and I'll see you————————voir à verbe plus préposition[veiller à]voir à faire quelque chose to see to it ou to make sure ou to ensure that something is doneil faudrait voir à ranger ta chambre/payer tes dettes you'd better tidy up your room/clear your debtsvoir à ce que quelque chose soit fait to see to it ou to make sure ou to ensure that something is done————————se voir verbe pronominal (emploi réfléchi)1. [se contempler] to (be able to) see oneself2. [s'imaginer] to see ou to imagine ou to picture oneself————————se voir verbe pronominal (emploi réciproque)[se rencontrer] to see each other————————se voir verbe pronominal (emploi passif)1. [être visible, évident - défaut] to show, to be visible ; [ - émotion, gêne] to be visible, to be obvious, to be apparentil porte une perruque, ça se voit bien you can tell he wears a wig2. [se manifester - événement] to happen ; [ - attitude, coutume] to be seen ou found————————se voir verbe pronominal intransitif1. [se trouver]se voir dans l'obligation de... to find oneself obliged to... -
102 Rankine, William John Macquorn
SUBJECT AREA: Mechanical, pneumatic and hydraulic engineering[br]b. 5 July 1820 Edinburgh, Scotlandd. 1872[br][br]Rankine was educated at Ayr Academy and Glasgow High School, although he appears to have learned much of his basic mathematics and physics through private study. He attended Edinburgh University and then assisted his father, who was acting as Superintendent of the Edinburgh and Dalkeith Railway. This introduction to engineering practice was followed in 1838 by his appointment as a pupil to Sir John MacNeill, and for the next four years he served under MacNeill on his Irish railway projects. While still in his early twenties, Rankine presented pioneering papers on metal fatigue and other subjects to the Institution of Civil Engineers, for which he won a prize, but he appears to have resigned from the Civils in 1857 after an argument because the Institution would not transfer his Associate Membership into full Membership. From 1844 to 1848 Rankine worked on various projects for the Caledonian Railway Company, but his interests were becoming increasingly theoretical and a series of distinguished papers for learned societies established his reputation as a leading scholar in the new science of thermodynamics. He was elected Fellow of the Royal Society in 1853. At the same time, he remained intimately involved with practical questions of applied science, in shipbuilding, marine engineering and electric telegraphy, becoming associated with the influential coterie of fellow Scots such as the Thomson brothers, Napier, Elder, and Lewis Gordon. Gordon was then the head of a large and successful engineering practice, but he was also Regius Professor of Engineering at the University of Glasgow, and when he retired from the Chair to pursue his business interests, Rankine, who had become his Assistant, was appointed in his place.From 1855 until his premature death in 1872, Rankine built up an impressive engineering department, providing a firm theoretical basis with a series of text books that he wrote himself and most of which remained in print for many decades. Despite his quarrel with the Institution of Civil Engineers, Rankine took a keen interest in the institutional development of the engineering profession, becoming the first President of the Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland, which he helped to establish in 1857. Rankine campaigned vigorously for the recognition of engineering studies as a full university degree at Glasgow, and he achieved this in 1872, the year of his death. Rankine was one of the handful of mid-nineteenth century engineers who virtually created engineering as an academic discipline.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsFRS 1853. First President, Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland, 1857.Bibliography1858, Manual of Applied Mechanics.1859, Manual of the Steam Engine and Other Prime Movers.1862, Manual of Civil Engineering.1869, Manual of Machinery and Millwork.Further ReadingJ.Small, 1957, "The institution's first president", Proceedings of the Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland: 687–97.H.B.Sutherland, 1972, Rankine. His Life and Times.ABBiographical history of technology > Rankine, William John Macquorn
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103 Voelcker, John Augustus
SUBJECT AREA: Agricultural and food technology[br]b. 24 June 1854 Cirencester, Englandd. 1937 England[br]English agricultural chemist.[br]John Augustus Voelcker, as the son of Dr John Christopher Voelcker, grew up in an atmosphere of scientific agriculture and would have had contact with the leading agriculturists of the day. He was educated at University College School and then University College, London, where he obtained both a BA and a BSc Following in his father's footsteps, he studied for his PhD at Giessen University in Germany. At college he enjoyed athletics, an interest he was to pursue for the rest of his life. He decided to take up agricultural chemistry and was to succeed to all the public offices once held by his father, from whom he also took over the directorship of Woburn Farm. The experimental farm had been started in 1876 and was used to study the residual effects of chemicals in the soil. The results of these studies were used as the basis for compensation awards to tenant farmers giving up their farms. Voelcker broadened the range of studies to include trace elements in the soil, but by 1921 the Royal Agricultural Society of England had decided to give up the farm. This was a blow to Voelcker and occurred just before experiments elsewhere highlighted the importance of these elements to healthy plant growth. He continued the research at his own expense until the Rothampsted Experimental Station took over the farm in 1926. Aside from his achievements in Britain, Voelcker undertook a study tour of India in 1890, the report on which led to the appointment of an Agricultural Chemist, and the establishment of a scientific service for the Indian subcontinent.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsPresident, Royal Society of Public Analysts. Member of Council, Chemical Society, and Institute of Chemistry. Chairman, Farmers' Club.BibliographyMost of his publications were in the Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society of England, for which he wrote an annual report, and in another series of reports relating to Woburn Farm. The Improvements of Indian Agriculture was the result of his tour in 1890.Further ReadingJ.H.Gilbert, 1937, obituary Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society of England, pp. 464–8.Sir E.John Russell, A History of Agricultural Science in Great Britain.APBiographical history of technology > Voelcker, John Augustus
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104 दा
dā
Ā. datte Pañcat. I, 4, 19/20 12, 7 Subh. ;
1. sg. dadmi MBh. XII Hariv. R. if. ;
Impv. dádātu pl. - dahu;
2. sg. daddhí RV. I f. IV, VI, VIII, X ;
dehí Pāṇ. 6-4, 119 ;
RV. III f. VIII, X AV. V, XVIII f. etc.
2. pl. dádāta RV. VII, 57, 6,
- tana X, 36, 10, dattá 51, 8 VS. AV. etc.. ;
2. du. - ttám RV. I, 34, 6 AV. etc.. ;
Pot. dadyā́ AV. etc.;
impf. ádadāt;
pl. ádadur RV. VI, X AV. V, 18, 1 ;
2. du. ádattam RV. etc.;
2. pl. - ttanai, 139, 7, ádadāta X, 64, 12 ;
Subj. dádat II, V, VII f. X, - das VII f. ;
- dan AV. VI, 24, 1 ;
p. m. nom. sg. dádat pl. - tas RV. etc.;
p. Ā. dádāna, V, 33, 9 ;
- ná, I. 148, 2; V, 2, 3 ;
sg. dadati, II, 35, 10 MBh. III, 13422 ;
pl. - danti XII f. ;
Impv. - da, IX MārkP. ;
- data Siṇhâs. ;
Pot. - det Parāṡ. VI, 19 ;
impf. ádadat AV. XII, 4, 23 MBh. R. ;
A1. sg. dádate RV. I, 24, 7 AV. X, 8, 36 ;
pl. - dante, 35 VS. VIII, 31 ;
Impv. sg. - datām RV. III, 53, 17 ;
- dasva MBh. Hariv. etc.;
impf. pl. ádadanta RV. VII, 33, II AV. XIV ;
p. dádamāna RV. I, 41, 9; IV, 26, 6 ;
aor. ádāt Pāṇ. 2-4, 77, dat, ádur, dúr etc.;
Subj. 2. du. dāsathas RV. VIII, 40, 1 <cf. Naigh. II, 30 >;
Pot. 1. pl. deshma VS. II, 32 ;
pf. dadaú, - dúr, - dáthur, - datur, - dó RV. etc.;
Pass. - dé, IV, 34 and 37 AV. X, 2, 16 ;
dadade, - dāte, - dire Pāṇ. 6-4, 126 Kāṡ. ;
p. gen. dadúshas RV. I, VIII,
- shām VI ; nom. -dvā́n X, 132, 3 ;
- dāvan AV. V, 11, 1 ;
acc. -divā́ṉsam, IX, 5, 10 <cf. Vop. XXVI, 133 >;
fut. p. dāsyát AV. VI, 71, 3 ;
Ā. - syate, - syante, 1. sg. - sye MBh. Hariv. R. MārkP. ;
Prec. deyāt Pāṇ. 6-4, 67 ;
inf. dāváne RV. ;
dā́tos VII, 4, 6 ;
- tave, VII-IX AV. III, 20, 5 ;
dā́tavaí Pāṇ. VI, 1, 200 Siddh. RV. IV, 21, 9 ;
- tum, V, AV. etc..:
ind. p. dattvā́ya Pāṇ. 7-1, 47 Kāṡ. RV. X, 85, 33 ;
- ttva AV. etc.;
-dā́ya Pāṇ. 6-4, 69 RV. etc..:
Pass. dīyate Pāṇ. 6-4, 62 ;
p. - yámāna AV. IX ;
aor. adāyi Pāṇ. 7-3, 33 Kāṡ. ;
Prec. dāsīshṭa, dāyis- VI, 4, 62) cl. 1. dā́ti RV. iv-VII ;
Impv. - tu, 15, 11 ;
cf. Pāṇ. 6-1, 8 Vārtt. 3 Pat.; II, 4, 76 Kāṡ.)
to give, bestow, grant, yield, impart, present, offer to (dat., in later language alsoᅠ gen. orᅠ loc.) RV. etc.;
to give (a daughter, kanyām) in marriage Mn. V, IX Yājñ. MBh. etc.. ;
to hand over Mn. VIII, 186 and 234 ;
(with haste) Kathās. ;
to give back, 222 f. MBh. III Pañcat. VP. Kathās. LXXIV ;
to pay ( daṇḍam, « a fine» Mn. VIII f. ;
ṛiṇam, « a debt», VIII Yājñ. II, 45);
to give up, cede ( āsanam, « one's seat») Mn. IV, 54 ;
( panthānam orᅠ mārgam, « to give up the road, allow to pass») VIII, 275 and R. V, 94, 8 ;
to sell (with instr. of the price), Nal. XIV, 21 VarBṛS. XLII, 11 ;
to sacrifice ( ātmānam, « one's self» Kathās. XXII, 227 ;
āt- khedāya, « to give one's self up to grief», V, 57);
to offer (an oblation etc.) Mn. Yājñ. R. etc.;
to communicate, teach, utter (blessings, āṡishas Ṡak. MārkP.),
give (answer, prati-vacas, - canam, praty-uttaram Nal. Ṡak. etc.),
speak ( satyaṉvacas, the truth, Yājñ. II, 200 ;
vacam, to address a speech to <dat.> Ṡak. VI, 5);
to permit, allow (with inf.) MBh. I Ṡak. VI, 22 ;
to permit sexual intercourse ṠBr. XIV, 9, 4, 7 ;
to place, put, apply (in med.) Mn. Yājñ. MBh. etc.. ;
to add Pañcat. II, 6, 5 Sūryas. VarBṛS. Laghuj. ;
with varam, « to grant a boon» ṠBr. XI KātyṠr. MBh. etc.. ;
ṡoham, to cause grief, XIII R. II ;
avakāṡam, to give room orᅠ space, allow to enter Yājñ. II, 276 Mṛicch. Ragh. etc.. ;
prāṇān orᅠ jīvitam, to spare any one's life MBh. Kathās. XVIII, 275 ;
talam orᅠ - lān, to slap with the palms of the hands MBh. III, IX Hariv. 15741 ;
- la-prahāram, to strike with the palm Pañcat. IV,. 2, 0/1 ;
tālam, to beat time with the hands MBh. I Bhaṭṭ. ;
saṉjñām, to make a sign Mṛicch. ;
saṉketakam, to make an appointment Pañcat. II, 4, 3/4 ;
samayam, to propose an agreement Kathās. XVIII, 139 ;
upamām, to compare with <gen.> Cāṇ. ;
paṭaham, to proclaim with the drum Kathās. LXXIII, 357 ;
ṡabdam, to make a noise, call out Vet. IV, 2/3 ;
ṡāpam, to utter a curse MBh. R. etc.;
gāīh. id. Bhartṛ. ;
anuyātram, to accompany Kathās. XVIII, 197 ;
āliṅganane, parirambhaṇam, to embrace, 209 Gīt. III, 8 ;
jhampam, to jump Hit. ;
ṡrāddham, to perform a Srāddha MBh. XIV R. II ;
vratakam, to accomplish a vow Hariv. ;
yuddham, niy-, saṉgrāmam, to give battle, fight with MBh. Hariv. R. ;
ājñām ādeṡam, to give an order, command, BrahmaP. Vet. ;
saṉdeṡam, to give information Kathās. XVII, 161 ;
prayogam, to give a dramatic representation Mālav. I, 12/13 ;
vṛitim, to fence in Mn. VIII, 240 Kull. ;
darṡanam, to show one's self Prab. III, ;
0/1 dṛishṭim dṛiṡam akshi caksus, to fix the eyes on (loc.)
Ṡak. I, 6 Kathās. Dhūrtas. Ṡṛiṇgārat. Sāh. ;
karṇam, to give ear, listen Ṡak. Kathās. ;
manas, to direct the mind to (loc.) MBh. XII, 2526 ;
kars kapolam, to rest the cheek on the hand Kāraṇḍ. XVIII, 73 ;
nigaḍāni to put on orᅠ apply fetters Mṛicch. VII, 6/7 pāvakam, to set on fire;
agnīn to consume by fire Mn. V, 168 ;
ṡāram, to move a chess-man Daṡ. VII, 137 ;
argalam, to draw a bolt, bar Kathās. Rājat. VI, 96 ;
jānu, to kneel upon (gen.) MBh. III f. ;
padam, to tread upon <loc.> Bhartṛ. Hit. II, 12, 25 SṠaṃkar. I, 38 ;
to direct the steps Amar. 74 ;
visham, to poison Pañcar. I, 14, 80 (with acc.);
garam id. VP. IV, 3, 16 (with gen.);
Ā. to carry, hold, keep, preserve RV. AV. VS. ;
to show SV. I, 2, 1, 4, 7 (aor. adadishṭa;
aded- fr. diṡ RV.):
Caus. dāpayati ( Pāṇ. VII, 3, 36 aor. adīdapat, 4, 1 and 58 Kāṡ.)
to cause to give orᅠ be given, cause to bestow orᅠ present orᅠ give up, oblige to pay, make restore
VS. IX, 24 AV. III, 20, 8 Mn. etc.. ;
to demand from (abl.) Mn. VIII, 47 ;
to cause to utter orᅠ speak Hariv. 15782 Yājñ. II, 6/7 ;
ghoshaṇām, to cause to be made known Kathās. LXIV, 86 ;
to cause to place orᅠ advance, XII, 160 ;
to cause to perform, V, 112 to cause to be put on (loc.) MBh. I, 5724:
Desid. dítsati ( Pāṇ. 7-4, 54 and 58 p. dídāsat RV. X, 151, 2 ;
dítsat, II, VII-IX AV. V, 7, 6 MBh. ;
Pot. - tseyam RV. VIII MBh. ;
pf. 2. sg. didāsitha AitBr. VIII, 21 ṠāṇkhṠr. XVI, 16 ;
cf. ṠBr. XIII, 7, 1, 15)
to wish to give, be ready to bestow RV. etc.;
to wish to give in marriage MBh. etc.:
Intens. dedīyate Pāṇ. 6-4, 66 Kāṡ. ;
+ cf. δίδωμι;
Lat. do; etc.
dā́2) m. a giver RV. V, 41, 1 (dat. dé); VI, 16, 26 (nom. dā́s);
ifc., giving, granting, seeᅠ an-aṡva-, a-bhiksha-, aṡva-, ātma-, etc. -dā́;
án-āṡīr-
3) For do, to cut q.v.
4) cl. 4. P. dyáti (cf. ā- 4. dā), to bind, only in dīshva VS. XXXVIII, 3 ;
5) For de q.v.
6) f. (de), protection, defence L. ;
7) For dai q.v.
8) f. ( das) cleansing, purifying L.
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105 Boole, George
SUBJECT AREA: Electronics and information technology[br]b. 2 November 1815 Lincoln, Englandd. 8 December 1864 Ballintemple, Coounty Cork, Ireland[br]English mathematician whose development of symbolic logic laid the foundations for the operating principles of modern computers.[br]Boole was the son of a tradesman, from whom he learned the principles of mathematics and optical-component manufacturing. From the early age of 16 he taught in a number of schools in West Yorkshire, and when only 20 he opened his own school in Lincoln. There, at the Mechanical Institute, he avidly read mathematical journals and the works of great mathematicians such as Lagrange, Laplace and Newton and began to tackle a variety of algebraic problems. This led to the publication of a constant stream of original papers in the newly launched Cambridge Mathematical Journal on topics in the fields of algebra and calculus, for which in 1844 he received the Royal Society Medal.In 1847 he wrote The Mathematical Analysis of Logic, which applied algebraic symbolism to logical forms, whereby the presence or absence of properties could be represented by binary states and combined, just like normal algebraic equations, to derive logical statements about a series of operations. This laid the foundations for the binary logic used in modern computers, which, being based on binary on-off devices, greatly depend on the use of such operations as "and", "nand" ("not and"), "or" and "nor" ("not or"), etc. Although he lacked any formal degree, this revolutionary work led to his appointment in 1849 to the Chair of Mathematics at Queen's College, Cork, where he continued his work on logic and also produce treatises on differential equations and the calculus of finite differences.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsRoyal Society Medal 1844. FRS 1857.BibliographyBoole's major contributions to logic available in republished form include George Boole: Investigation of the Laws of Thought, Dover Publications; George Boole: Laws of Thought, Open Court, and George Boole: Studies in Logic \& Probability, Open Court.1872, A Treatise on Differential Equations.Further ReadingW.Kneale, 1948, "Boole and the revival of logic", Mind 57:149.G.C.Smith (ed.), 1982, George Boole \& Augustus de Morgan. Correspondence 1842– 1864, Oxford University Press.—, 1985, George Boole: His Life and Work, McHale.E.T.Bell, 1937, Men of Mathematics, London: Victor Gollancz.KF -
106 bâton
bâton [bαtɔ̃]masculine noun• donner or tendre le bâton pour se faire battre to be the author of one's own demiseb. [de craie, encens, réglisse] stickc. ( = trait) vertical stroked. ( = million de centimes) (inf) ten thousand francs* * *bɑtɔ̃nom masculin1) ( bout de bois) stick2) ( objet allongé) stick3) ( trait vertical) vertical stroke; ( pour compter) bar4) (colloq) ( dix mille francs) ten thousand francs•Phrasal Verbs:••* * *bɒtɔ̃ nm1) lit stick2) fig* * *bâton nm1 ( bout de bois) stick; un coup de bâton a blow with a stick; donner un coup de bâton à qn to hit sb with a stick; donner des coups de bâton à qn to beat sb with a stick; faire donner du bâton à qn to have sb beaten; retour de bâton backlash; ⇒ parquet;2 ( objet allongé) stick; un bâton de cire/réglisse/colle/dynamite a stick of wax/liquorice GB ou licorice US/glue/dynamite;3 ( trait vertical) vertical stroke; ( pour compter) bar;4 ○( dix mille francs) ten thousand francs.bâton blanc baton (used for directing traffic); bâton de commandement baton (of office); bâton de craie stick ou piece of chalk; bâton de maréchal lit marshal's baton; fig pinnacle of one's career; bâton de rouge (à lèvres) lipstick; bâton de ski ski stick.être le bâton de vieillesse de qn to be sb's support in their old age; mener une vie de bâton de chaise to lead a wild life; discuter à bâtons rompus to talk about this and that; conversation à bâton rompus general conversation; mettre des bâtons dans les roues de qn to put a spoke in sb's wheel.[batɔ̃] nom masculin1. [baguette - généralement] stick ; [ - d'agent de police] truncheon (UK), billy (club) (US) ; [ - de berger] staff, crook ; [ - de skieur] polecette nomination, c'est son bâton de maréchal (figuré) this appointment is the high point of her careera. [continuellement] to impede somebody's progress2. [barreau]3. [de craie, de dynamite, de réglisse] stick4. ÉDUCATION [trait] (vertical) line5. (très familier) [dix mille francs] ten thousand francsà bâtons rompus locution adjectivale[conversation] idleà bâtons rompus locution adverbiale -
107 Crookes, Sir William
SUBJECT AREA: Electricity[br]b. 17 June 1832 London, Englandd. 4 April 1919 London, England[br]English chemist and physicist who carried out studies of electrical discharges and cathode rays in rarefied gases, leading to the development of the cathode ray tube; discoverer of the element thallium and the principle of the Crookes radiometer.[br]Crookes entered the Royal College of Chemistry at the age of 15, and from 1850 to 1854 held the appointment of Assistant at the college. In 1854 he became Superintendent of the Meteorological Department at the Radcliffe Observatory in Oxford. He moved to a post at the College of Science in Chester the following year. Soon after this he inherited a large fortune and set up his own private laboratory in London. There he studied the nature of electrical discharges in gases at low pressure and discovered the dark space (later named after him) that surrounds the negative electrode, or cathode. He also established that the rays produced in the process (subsequently shown by J.J.Thompson to be a stream of electrons) not only travelled in straight lines, but were also capable of producing heat and/or light upon impact with suitable anode materials. Using a variety of new methods to investigate these "cathode" rays, he applied them to the spectral analysis of compounds of selenium and, as a result, in 1861 he discovered the element thallium, finally establishing its atomic weight in 1873. Following his discovery of thallium, he became involved in two main lines of research: the properties of rarified gases, and the investigation of the elements of the "rare earths". It was also during these experiments that he discovered the principle of the Crookes radiometer, a device in which light is converted into rotational motion and which used to be found frequently in the shop windows of English opticians. Also among the fruits of this work were the Crookes tubes and the development of spectacle lenses with differential ranges of radiational absorption. In the 1870s he became interested in spiritualism and acquired a reputation for his studies of psychic phenomena, but at the turn of the century he returned to traditional scientific investigations. In 1892 he wrote about the possibility of wireless telegraphy. His work in the field of radioactivity led to the invention of the spinthariscope, an early type of detector of alpha particles. In 1900 he undertook investigations into uranium which led to the study of scintillation, an important tool in the study of radioactivity.While the theoretical basis of his work has not stood the test of time, his material discoveries, observations and investigations of new facts formed a basis on which others such as J.J. Thomson were to develop subatomic theory. His later involvement in the investigation of spiritualism led to much criticism, but could be justified on the basis of a belief in the duty to investigate all phenomena.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsKnighted 1897. Order of Merit 1910. FRS 1863. President, Royal Society 1913–15. Honorary LLD Birmingham. Honorary DSc Oxon, Cambridge, Sheffield, Durham, Ireland and Cape of Good Hope.Bibliography1874, On Attraction and Repulsion Resulting from Radiation.1874, "Researches in the phenomenon of spiritualism", Society of Metaphysics; reprinted in facsimile, 1986.For many years he was also Proprietor and Editor of Chemical News.Further ReadingE.E.Fournier D'Albe, 1923, Life of Sir William Crookes. Who Was Who II, 1916–28, London: A. \& C. Black. T.I.Williams, 1969, A Biographical Dictionary of Scientists. See also Braun, Karl Ferdinand.KF / MG -
108 Lithgow, James
SUBJECT AREA: Ports and shipping[br]b. 27 January 1883 Port Glasgow, Renfrewshire, Scotlandd. 23 February 1952 Langbank, Renfrewshire, Scotland[br]Scottish shipbuilder; creator of one of the twentieth century's leading industrial organizations.[br]Lithgow attended Glasgow Academy and then spent a year in Paris. In 1901 he commenced a shipyard apprenticeship with Russell \& Co., where his father, William Lithgow, was sole proprietor. For years Russell's had topped the Clyde tonnage output and more than once had been the world's leading yard. Along with his brother Henry, Lithgow in 1908 was appointed a director, and in a few years he was Chairman and the yard was renamed Lithgows Ltd. By the outbreak of the First World War the Lithgow brothers were recognized as good shipbuilders and astute businessmen. In 1914 he joined the Royal Artillery; he rose to the rank of major and served with distinction, but his skills in administration were recognized and he was recalled home to become Director of Merchant Shipbuilding when British shipping losses due to submarine attack became critical. This appointment set a pattern, with public duties becoming predominant and the day-to-day shipyard business being organized by his brother. During the interwar years, Lithgow served on many councils designed to generate work and expand British commercial interests. His public appointments were legion, but none was as controversial as his directorship of National Shipbuilders Security Ltd, formed to purchase and "sterilize" inefficient shipyards that were hindering recovery from the Depression. To this day opinions are divided on this issue, but it is beyond doubt that Lithgow believed in the task in hand and served unstintingly. During the Second World War he was Controller of Merchant Shipbuilding and Repairs and was one of the few civilians to be on the Board of Admiralty. On the cessation of hostilities, Lithgow devoted time to research boards and to the expansion of the Lithgow Group, which now included the massive Fairfield Shipyard as well as steel, marine engineering and other companies.Throughout his life Lithgow worked for the Territorial Army, but he was also a devoted member of the Church of Scotland. He gave practical support to the lona Community, no doubt influenced by unbounded love of the West Highlands and Islands of Scotland.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsMilitary Cross and mentioned in dispatches during the First World War. Baronet 1925. Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire 1945. Commander of the Order of the Orange-Nassau (the Netherlands). CB 1947. Served as the employers' representative on the League of Nations International Labour Conference in the 1930s. President, British Iron and Steel Cofederation 1943.Further ReadingJ.M.Reid, 1964, James Lithgow, Master of Work, London: Hutchinson.FMW -
109 Longbotham, John
SUBJECT AREA: Canals[br]b. mid-seventeenth century Halifax (?), Yorkshire, England d. 1801[br]English canal engineer.[br]The nature of Longbotham's career before 1766 is unknown, although he was associated with Smeaton as a pupil and thus became acquainted with canal engineering. In 1766 he suggested a canal linking Leeds and Liverpool across the Pennines. The suggestion was accepted and in 1767–8 he surveyed the line of the Leeds \& Liverpool Canal. This was approved by the promoters and by Brindley, who had been called in as an assessor. The Act was obtained in 1770 and Longbotham was first appointed as Clerk of Works under Brindley as Chief Engineer. As the latter did not take up the appointment, Longbotham became Chief Engineer and from 1770 to 1775 was responsible for the design of locks and aqueducts. He also prepared contracts and supervised construction. Meanwhile, in 1768 he had proposed a canal from the Calder and Hebble to Halifax. In 1773 he was elected to the Smeatonian Society of Civil Engineers. As soon as a part of the Leeds and Liverpool Canal was opened he started a passenger packet service, but in 1775, after completing both 50 miles (80 km) of the canal and the Bradford Canal, he was dismissed from his post because of discrepancies in his accounts. However, in the early 1790s he again advised the Leeds and Liverpool proprietors, who were in difficulties on the summit level. Longbotham had colliery interests in the Uphol-land area of Wigan, and in 1787 he surveyed a proposed route for the Lancaster Canal. In 1792 he was also associated with the Grand Western Canal. Details of his later life are scarce, but it is known that he died in poverty in 1801 and that the Leeds \& Liverpool company paid his funeral expenses.JHB -
110 Pattinson, Hugh Lee
SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy[br]b. 25 December 1796 Alston, Cumberland, Englandd. 11 November 1858 Scot's House, Gateshead, England[br]English inventor of a silver-extraction process.[br]Born into a Quaker family, he was educated at private schools; his studies included electricity and chemistry, with a bias towards metallurgy. Around 1821 Pattinson became Clerk and Assistant to Anthony Clapham, a soap-boiler of Newcastle upon Tyne. In 1825 he secured appointment as Assay Master to the lords of the manor of Alston. There he was able to pursue the subject of special interest to him, and in January 1829 he devised a method of separating silver from lead ore; however, he was prevented from developing it because of a lack of funds.Two years later he was appointed Manager of Wentworth Beaumont's lead-works. There he was able to continue his researches, which culminated in the patent of 1833 enshrining the invention by which he is best known: a new process for extracting silver from lead by skimming crystals of pure lead with a perforated ladle from the surface of the molten silver-bearing lead, contained in a succession of cast-iron pots. The molten metal was stirred as it cooled until one pot provided a metal containing 300 oz. of silver to the ton (8,370 g to the tonne). Until that time, it was unprofitable to extract silver from lead ores containing less than 8 oz. per ton (223 g per tonne), but the Pattinson process reduced that to 2–3 oz. (56–84 g per tonne), and it therefore won wide acceptance. Pattinson resigned his post and went into partnership to establish a chemical works near Gateshead. He was able to devise two further processes of importance, one an improved method of obtaining white lead and the other a new process for manufacturing magnesia alba, or basic carbonate of magnesium. Both processes were patented in 1841.Pattinson retired in 1858 and devoted himself to the study of astronomy, aided by a 7½ in. (19 cm) equatorial telescope that he had erected at his home at Scot's House.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsVice-President, British Association Chemical Section 1838. Fellow of the Geological Society, Royal Astronomical Society and Royal Society 1852.BibliographyPattinson wrote eight scientific papers, mainly on mining, listed in Royal Society Catalogue of Scientific Papers, most of which appeared in the PhilosophicalMagazine.Further ReadingJ.Percy, Metallurgy (volume on lead): 121–44 (fully describes Pattinson's desilvering process).Lonsdale, 1873, Worthies of Cumberland, pp. 273–320 (contains details of his life). T.K.Derry and T.I.Williams, 1960, A Short History ofTechnology, Oxford: Oxford University Press.LRD -
111 Planté, Raimond Louis Gaston
SUBJECT AREA: Electricity[br]b. 22 April 1834 Orthez, Franced. 21 May 1889 Paris, France[br]French physicist and inventor of a secondary electric cell from which was developed the widely used lead-acid storage battery.[br]After a scientific training at the Conservatoire des Arts et Métiers, Planté obtained an appointment as a Laboratory Assistant to Becquerel. Later, when he was employed as a chemist in the Parisian electroplating firm of Christofle et Cie, he carried out investigations into polarization in electrical cells, which led to his discovery of the lead-acid accumulator in 1859. This cell, with lead plates in an electrolyte of dilute sulphuric acid, had the characteristics of a storage device for electrical energy. Its performance was improved considerably if it was repeatedly charged and discharged, the active material being formed electrochemically from the lead of the plate itself. At the time of its discovery the Planté cell had little practical application and it was not until satisfactory dynamos were introduced that its commercial exploitation was possible. The cell was improved by Faure and later by Swan and others. The lead-acid cell became considerably important in the early days of electricity supply and later for electric traction and automobile use. The results of Planté's researches were communicated to the Academy of Sciences and published in various scientific periodicals. He devoted the last few years of his life to the study of atmospheric electricity.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsChevalier de la Légion d'honneur 1881. Société d'Encouragement pour l'Industrie Nationale Médaille d'Ampère.Bibliography1860, "Nouvelle Pile secondaire d'une grande puissance", Comptes rendus 50:640–2. See Recherches sur l'électricité, Paris, 1879.Further ReadingG.Wood Vinal, 1955, Storage Batteries, 4th edn, London (describes developments subsequent to Planté's work).E.W.Wade, 1902, Secondary Batteries, London.GWBiographical history of technology > Planté, Raimond Louis Gaston
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112 Bestimmung
f1. (Vorschrift) regulation, rule; gesetzliche Bestimmungen legal requirements; eine Bestimmung erlassen lay down ( oder introduce) a regulation; wir halten uns nur an die Bestimmungen we’re just complying with (the) regulations; nach den geltenden Bestimmungen... according to (the) current regulations3. meist Sg. (Zweck) (intended) purpose; das Gebäude / die Straße etc. wurde seiner / i-r Bestimmung übergeben the building / road etc. was officially opened4. nur Sg.; (Berufung) calling, vocation; (persönliches Schicksal) destiny; das ist göttliche Bestimmung it’s a sacred calling; das war Bestimmung (musste so kommen) it was fatea) auch PHYS., MATH. etc. determination.; an der Bestimmung der Bestandteile einer Legierung etc. arbeiten identify the different constituents of an alloy;b) von Pflanze, Tier: identification, classification; die Bestimmung des Alters / der Herkunft dieses Fundes the determination of the age / origin of this artefact (Am. meist artifact)* * *die Bestimmung(Festlegung) determining; determination;(Reiseziel) destination;(Schicksal) destiny; fate;(Vorschrift) provision; rule; regulation* * *Be|stịm|mungf1) (= Vorschrift) regulationgesetzliche Bestimmungen — legal requirements
2) no pl (= Zweck) purpose3) (= Schicksal) destiny4) (old = Ort) destinationadverbiale Bestimmung — adverbial modifier
6) (= das Bestimmen) determination, determining; (von Grenze, Zeit etc) fixing, setting; (GRAM, von Preis, Anzahl) determining, determination; (von Alter, Standort) determining, determination, ascertaining, ascertainment; (von Pflanze, Tier, Funden) classification; (= Definition) definitionnähere Bestimmung (durch Adverb) — qualifying, qualification
* * *(a rule or condition.) provision* * *Be·stim·mung<-, -en>f1. (Vorschrift) regulationdie klein gedruckten \Bestimmungen the small print; Vertrag term, stipulation form; Gesetz, Testament provision form; (Schulbestimmung) school rules [or regulations] pl; (für die Abwicklung einer S.) directionsim Priesteramt sah/fand er seine \Bestimmung priesthood was his mission in life [or vocation3. (Schicksal) fate, destiny4. (das Bestimmen) fixing, determining; Preis, Grenze, Limit fixing [or setting]; Zeit, Ort appointing [or fixing]; Landesgrenze establishment; Alter, Herkunft determination; Begriff definition; Bäume etc. classificationadverbiale [o nähere] \Bestimmung LING adverbial [phrase]* * *1) o. Pl. (das Festsetzen) fixing2) (Vorschrift) regulation3) o. Pl. (Zweck) purposeeine Brücke usw. ihrer Bestimmung übergeben — [officially] open a bridge etc.
4) (das Ermitteln) identification; (eines Begriffs, der Bedeutung) definition; (des Alters, der Position) determination5) (Sprachw.)* * *1. (Vorschrift) regulation, rule;gesetzliche Bestimmungen legal requirements;eine Bestimmung erlassen lay down ( oder introduce) a regulation;wir halten uns nur an die Bestimmungen we’re just complying with (the) regulations;nach den geltenden Bestimmungen … according to (the) current regulations3. meist sg (Zweck) (intended) purpose;das Gebäude/die Straße etcwurde seiner/i-r Bestimmung übergeben the building/road etc was officially openeddas ist göttliche Bestimmung it’s a sacred calling;das war Bestimmung (musste so kommen) it was fatearbeiten identify the different constituents of an alloy; von Pflanze, Tier: identification, classification;die Bestimmung des Alters/der Herkunft dieses Fundes the determination of the age/origin of this artefact (US meist artifact)6. (Begriffsbestimmung) definition;nähere Bestimmung narrower definition7. LING qualification;adverbiale Bestimmung adverbial modification ( oder modifier)* * *1) o. Pl. (das Festsetzen) fixing2) (Vorschrift) regulation3) o. Pl. (Zweck) purposeeine Brücke usw. ihrer Bestimmung übergeben — [officially] open a bridge etc.
4) (das Ermitteln) identification; (eines Begriffs, der Bedeutung) definition; (des Alters, der Position) determination5) (Sprachw.)* * *f.appointment n.assignation n.assignment n.decision n.definition n.specification n.stipulation n. -
113 दा _dā
1दा I. 1 P. (यच्छति, दत्त] To give, grant. -With प्रति to exchange; तिलेभ्यः प्रतियच्छति माषान् Sk. -II. 2. P. (दाति) To cut; ददाति द्रविणं भूरि दाति दारिद्र्यमर्थिनाम् K. R. -III. 4 P. (दायति) To bind (?). -IV. 3 U. (ददाति, दत्ते; ददौ-ददे, अदात्-अदित, दास्यति-ते, दातुम्, दत्त; but with आ the p. p. is आत्त; with उप, उपात्त; with नि, निदत्त or नीत्त, and with प्र, प्रदत्त or प्रत्त)1 To give, grant, bestow, offer, yield, impart, present (usually with acc. of the thing and dat., sometimes gen. or loc. also, of the person); अवकाशं किलोदन्वान् रामायाभ्यर्थितो ददौ R.4.58; सेचनघटैः बालपादपेभ्यः पयो दातुमित एवाभिवर्तते Ś.1; Ms.3.31;9.271; कथमस्य स्तनं दास्ये Hariv.-2 To pay (as debt, fine &c.).-3 To hand or deliver over.-4 To restore, return.-5 To give up, sacrifice, surrender; प्राणान् दा to sacrifice one's life; so आत्मानं दा to sacrifice oneself.-6 To put, place, apply, plant कर्णे करं ददाति &c.-7 To give in marriage; यस्मै दद्यात् पिता त्वेनाम् Ms.5. 151; Y.2.146;3.24.-8 To allow, permit (usually with inf.); बाष्पस्तु न ददात्येनां द्रष्टुं चित्रगतामपि Ś.6.22. (The meanings of this root may be variously modified or extended according to the noun with which it is connected; मनो दा to think, direct the mind to anything; नीतौ मनो दीयते Mu.2.5; अवकाशं दा to give place to, make room; (see अवकाश); कर्णं दा to give ear to or listen; दर्शनं दा to show oneself to, grant audience to; शब्दं दा to make a noise; तालं दा to clap the hands; आत्मानं खेदाय दा to expose oneself to trouble; आतपे दा to expose to the sun's heat; आज्ञाम्, निदेशं दा to issue orders, command; आशिषं दा to pronounce a blessing; चक्षुः, दृष्टिं दा to cast a glance, see; वाचं दा to address a speech to; प्रतिवचः, -वचनं or प्रत्युत्तरं दा to give reply; शोकं दा to cause grief; श्राद्धं दा to perform a Śrāddha; मार्गं दा to make way for, allow to pass, stand out of the way; वरं दा to grant a boon; संग्रामं दा to fight; अर्गलं दा to bolt, fasten or secure with a latch; निगडं दा to put in chains, fetter; संकेतं दा to make an appointment; शापं दा to curse; वृत्तिं दा to enclose, fence in; अग्निं, पावकं दा to set on fire, &c. &c. - Caus (दापयति-ते) To cause to give, grant, &c. -Desid. (दित्सति-ते) To wish to give, &c.2दा 1 Protection, defence.-2 Cleaning, purifying. -
114 tijdelijk
1 [voorlopig] 〈 van korte duur〉 temporary; 〈 totdat er een definitieve regeling komt〉 provisional; 〈 tussentijds〉 interim♦voorbeelden:1 een tijdelijke aanstelling/benoeming • a temporary/provisional/Aperiod appointmentdeze maatregel heeft een tijdelijk karakter • this measure is a temporary/provisional onetijdelijk personeel • temporary staffeen tijdelijke uitkering/verblijfplaats • a temporary/provisional allowance/place of residence2 tijdelijke goederen • temporal/worldly goodshet tijdelijke met het eeuwige verwisselen • depart this life, go to one's last journeyII 〈 bijwoord〉1 [voor enige tijd] 〈 voor een korte duur〉 temporarily; 〈 totdat er een definitieve regeling komt〉 provisionally; 〈 tussentijds〉 on an interim basis2 [met betrekking tot de tijd] in (terms of) time♦voorbeelden:1 tijdelijk een ambt waarnemen/ergens wonen • hold a post/live somewhere temporarily/provisionally/for the time being
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