-
21 asistencia
f.1 assistance (ayuda).asistencia letrada o jurídica legal adviceasistencia jurídica de oficio legal aidasistencia médica medical attentionasistencia pública social securityasistencia sanitaria health careasistencia social social workasistencia técnica technical assistance2 attendance (presencia) (acción).3 attendance (afluencia).4 assist (sport).5 help, aid, cooperation, assistance.6 nursing.7 fee for attendance in court.* * *1 (presencia) attendance, presence■ el presidente aún no ha confirmado su asistencia the president's attendance has not yet been confirmed■ la reunión contó con la asistencia de todos los ediles all the councillors were present at the meeting2 (público) audience3 (ayuda) assistance, help, aid4 DEPORTE (en baloncesto, fútbol) pass1 (conjunto de personas) assistants, helpers\asistencia económica financial aidasistencia jurídica legal aidasistencia médica medical assistanceasistencia social social assistanceasistencia técnica technical backupfalta de asistencia absence* * *noun f.1) assistance, help2) attendance•- asistencia sanitaria
- asistencia social* * *SF1) (Escol etc) attendance (a at)(Teat) audience¿había mucha asistencia? — were there many people there?
2) (=ayuda) help, assistance; (Med) care, nursing; [en casa] domestic helpasistencia pública — Cono Sur public health authority
asistencia social — welfare work, social work
3) Méx (=habitación) spare room, guest room, den (EEUU)4) pl asistencias (Econ) allowance sing* * *1) ( presencia) attendance2) (frml) ( ayuda) assistance3) (Dep) assist* * *= attendance, turnout, assist.Nota: Utilizado en el deporte.Ex. The teacher flipped over the document and examined her scored evaluations: all, except for attendance and punctuality, were in the low 70's, a devastatingly dramatic plunge from the former heights of her 97 to 99 scores.Ex. The 48th US National Book Awards held in Nov 1997 attracted a record turnout of nearly 800 people.Ex. Kristen Taylor leads Carolina with three goals and an assist.----* aprovechada de la asistencia social = welfare queen.* asistencia a congreso = conference attendance.* asistencia con invitación = invitational.* asistencia médica = medical care, health care [healthcare], medical aid, medical assistance.* asistencia por invitación = invitational.* asistencia sanitaria = health care [healthcare], medical care, health care system, medical aid, medical assistance.* asistencia social = social relief, welfare, social work, social casework.* asistencia social para los mayores = elderly care, elder care [eldercare].* asistencia técnica = technical assistance.* ayuda de asistencia = attendance grant.* ayuda de asistencia a congreso = conference attendance grant.* beca de asistencia = attendance grant.* beca de asistencia a congreso = conference attendance grant.* centro de asistencia social = welfare facility.* cifras de asistencia = attendance figures.* falta de asistencia = lack of attendance, non-attendance.* no asistencia = non-attendance.* servicio de asistencia = provider service.* servicios de asistencia = remedial services.* sistema de asistencia sanitaria = health care system.* teléfono de asistencia = help line, telephone help line.* * *1) ( presencia) attendance2) (frml) ( ayuda) assistance3) (Dep) assist* * *= attendance, turnout, assist.Nota: Utilizado en el deporte.Ex: The teacher flipped over the document and examined her scored evaluations: all, except for attendance and punctuality, were in the low 70's, a devastatingly dramatic plunge from the former heights of her 97 to 99 scores.
Ex: The 48th US National Book Awards held in Nov 1997 attracted a record turnout of nearly 800 people.Ex: Kristen Taylor leads Carolina with three goals and an assist.* aprovechada de la asistencia social = welfare queen.* asistencia a congreso = conference attendance.* asistencia con invitación = invitational.* asistencia médica = medical care, health care [healthcare], medical aid, medical assistance.* asistencia por invitación = invitational.* asistencia sanitaria = health care [healthcare], medical care, health care system, medical aid, medical assistance.* asistencia social = social relief, welfare, social work, social casework.* asistencia social para los mayores = elderly care, elder care [eldercare].* asistencia técnica = technical assistance.* ayuda de asistencia = attendance grant.* ayuda de asistencia a congreso = conference attendance grant.* beca de asistencia = attendance grant.* beca de asistencia a congreso = conference attendance grant.* centro de asistencia social = welfare facility.* cifras de asistencia = attendance figures.* falta de asistencia = lack of attendance, non-attendance.* no asistencia = non-attendance.* servicio de asistencia = provider service.* servicios de asistencia = remedial services.* sistema de asistencia sanitaria = health care system.* teléfono de asistencia = help line, telephone help line.* * *A (presencia) attendance asistencia A algo attendance AT sthcontamos con su asistencia a la recepción we are counting on your presence at the reception, we are relying on you to attend the receptionprestarle asistencia a algn to give sb assistanceCompuestos:breakdown service(servicio) medical care; (atención médica) medical attention(en Esp) home-help servicemedical careuniversity course/degree in social workC ( Dep) assist* * *
asistencia sustantivo femenino
1 ( presencia) attendance;
asistencia a algo attendance at sth
2 (frml) ( ayuda) assistance;
asistencia en carretera breakdown service;
asistencia médica ( servicio) medical care;
( atención médica) medical attention;
asistencia técnica after-sales service
3 (Dep) assist
asistencia sustantivo femenino
1 (presencia) attendance: este niño tiene muchas faltas de asistencia, this boy has a lot of absences from school
2 (afluencia) audience, public
3 (ayuda, socorro) asistencia médica, medical assistance
asistencia social, social work
4 (baloncesto) assist
' asistencia' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
justificante
- sanitaria
- sanitario
- ayuda
- dispensar
- falta
- mutual
- servicio
English:
attendance
- caring professions
- figure on
- health care
- medical
- personal
- presence
- time clock
- turnout
- wave aside
- welfare
- welfare centre
- aid
- care
- health
- help
- home
- institution
- Medicaid
- Medicare
- national
- nursing
- once
- social
- time
* * *asistencia nf1. [ayuda] assistance;prestar asistencia a alguien to give assistance to sbasistencia en carretera breakdown service;asistencia domiciliaria [de médico, enfermera] home visits;asistencia a domicilio [de médico, enfermera] home visits;asistencia jurídica legal advice;asistencia jurídica de oficio legal aid;asistencia letrada legal advice;asistencia médica medical attention;asistencia pública social security;asistencia sanitaria health care;asistencia social social work;asistencia técnica technical assistance2. [presencia] [acción] attendance;[hecho] presence;la asistencia a las prácticas de química es obligatoria attendance at chemistry practicals is compulsory;el rey ha confirmado su asistencia a la ceremonia the king has confirmed that he will be attending the ceremony;se ruega confirme su asistencia al acto [en invitación] please let us know whether you will be able to attend3. [afluencia] attendance;la asistencia a la manifestación fue muy pequeña the demonstration was very poorly attended, very few people turned out for the demonstration;no se tienen datos precisos de asistencia we do not have an exact attendance figure4. Dep assist5.[en rally] the technical staff6. Col, Méx [pensión] guesthouse* * *f1 ( ayuda) assistance;asistencia a (los) ancianos home help (for the elderly)récord de asistencia attendance record;asistencia a las urnas voter turnout3 DEP assist* * *asistencia nf1) : attendance2) : assistance3) : assist (in sports)* * *asistencia n (presencia) attendance -
22 inmersión
f.1 immersion, submergence, submersion, dipping.2 immersion, entrance of a heavenly body into an eclipse, ingress.* * *1 (gen) immersion; (de un buceador, submarino) dive* * *SF1) (=sumergimiento) [gen] immersion; [de buzo] dive; [en pesca submarina] skin-diving, underwater fishing2) (Téc, Fot)3) [en tema, idioma] immersion* * *a) (de submarino, objeto) immersionb) (en asunto, actividad) immersion, absorption* * *= dabbing, immersion, dive, submergence, submersion.Ex. Sometime in the later eighteenth century an ingenious version of stereotyping called dabbing was developed, whereby a pattern of wood or metal was dabbed into the surface of a quantity of type-metal that was half way between its solid and its molten state; the dabbed metal was then used as a matrix for striking a copy of the original in similarly half-molten metal.Ex. This is another reason for recognising that only total immersion in society will suffice.Ex. Each dive is characterised by 52 parameters selected for future computer correlation studies.Ex. America's present need is not heroics, but healing; not nostrums, but normalcy; not experiment, but equipoise; not submergence in internationality, but sustainment in triumphant nationality.Ex. This submersion into the Hindustani tradition was a new leaf for them.----* campana de inmersión = pressure vessel.* * *a) (de submarino, objeto) immersionb) (en asunto, actividad) immersion, absorption* * *= dabbing, immersion, dive, submergence, submersion.Ex: Sometime in the later eighteenth century an ingenious version of stereotyping called dabbing was developed, whereby a pattern of wood or metal was dabbed into the surface of a quantity of type-metal that was half way between its solid and its molten state; the dabbed metal was then used as a matrix for striking a copy of the original in similarly half-molten metal.
Ex: This is another reason for recognising that only total immersion in society will suffice.Ex: Each dive is characterised by 52 parameters selected for future computer correlation studies.Ex: America's present need is not heroics, but healing; not nostrums, but normalcy; not experiment, but equipoise; not submergence in internationality, but sustainment in triumphant nationality.Ex: This submersion into the Hindustani tradition was a new leaf for them.* campana de inmersión = pressure vessel.* * *1 (de un submarino) immersion, dive; (de un objeto) immersionmuerte por inmersión ( frml); drowning, death by drowning2 (en un asunto, una actividad) immersion, absorption* * *
inmersión sustantivo femenino immersion
Náut (de un buzo) dive
' inmersión' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
ahogada
- ahogado
- sumersión
English:
dive
- immersion
- plunge
* * *inmersión nf1. [de submarino, submarinista] dive2. [en situación, cultura] immersion;su total inmersión en la cultura árabe his total immersion in Arab cultureinmersión lingüística immersion;un curso de inmersión lingüística an immersion course* * *f immersion; de submarino dive* * * -
23 sanus
sānus, a, um (sanun', for sanusne, Plaut. Bacch. 3, 6, 37; id. Men. 5, 2, 66; id. Mere. 2, 2, 21; 2, 4, 21; id. Rud. 3, 2, 19; id. Truc. 2, 4, 13; cf.I.sanan',
id. Am. 3, 2, 48; id. Cure. 5, 2, 54; id. Cist. 4, 1, 14; id. Ep. 5, 1, 42; id. Men. 2, 3, 43;and sanin',
id. Ps. 4, 7, 83), adj. [kindr. with SA, sôs], sound, whole, healthy, physically or mentally (cf.: integer, incolumis, sospes, salvus).Lit., sound in body, whole, healthy, well:B.pars corporis,
Cic. Sest. 65, 135:sensus si sani sunt et valentes,
id. Ac. 2, 7, 19:sanis modo et integris sensibus,
id. ib. 2, 25, 90:corpora sana,
Quint. 8, prooem. §19: ut alimenta sanis corporibus agri cultura, sic sanitatem aegris medicina promittit, Cels. praef. 1: homo,
id. ib. 1, 1:sanum recteque valentem,
Hor. Ep. 1, 16, 21:domi meae eccam salvam et sanam,
Plaut. Ep. 4, 1, 36:sana et salva amica,
id. Merc. 5, 2, 48 (cf. infra, B. and II. A.):sanus ac robustus,
Quint. 2, 10, 6:si noles sanus, curres hydropicus,
Hor. Ep. 1, 2, 34:sanus utrisque Auribus atque oculis,
id. S. 2, 3, 284:ulcera sana facere,
Cato, R. R. 157, 3; cf.:aliquem sanum facere... sanus fieri,
id. ib. 157, 8:si eo medicamento sanus factus sit,
Cic. Off. 3, 24, 92.— Poet.:volnera ad sanum nunc coiere mea (for ad sanitatem),
are healed, Prop. 3 (4), 24, 18.— Comp.:aegrotare malim quam esse tuā salute sanior,
Plaut. Truc. 2, 2, 5.— Sup.:interim licet negotia agere, ambulare, etc.... perinde atque sanissimo,
Cels. 7, 4, 4.—Transf., sound, safe, whole, etc. (very rare): Ac. Salvast, navis, ne time. Ch. Quid alia armamenta? Ac. Salva et sana sunt, Plaut. Merc. 1, 2, 62:II.sana et salva res publica,
Cic. Fam. 12, 23, 3:civitas,
Liv. 3, 17:nare sagaci Aëra non sanum sentire,
i. e. tainted, Luc. 7, 830.—Trop.A.Sound in mind, in one's right mind, rational, sane, sober, discreet, etc.:B.eos sanos intellegi necesse est, quorum mens motu quasi morbi perturbata nullo sit: qui contra affecti sunt, hos insanos appellari necesse est,
Cic. Tusc. 3,5,11: Am. Delirat uxor. Al. Equidem ecastor sana et salva sum, Plaut. Am. 2, 2, 98: Am. Haec sola sanam mentem gestat meorum familiarium. Br. Immo omnes sani sunt profecto. Am. At me uxor insanum facit Suis foedis factis, id. ib. 5, 1, 31 sqq.; cf. Cic. Off. 3, 25, 95:quam ego postquam inspexi non ita amo, ut sani solent Homines, sed eodem pacto ut insani solent,
Plaut. Merc. 2, 1, 38:sanus non est ex amore illius (shortly after: insanior ex amore),
id. ib. 2, 3, 106:si sis sanus aut sapias satis... nisi sis stultior stultissimo,
id. Am. 3, 2, 23; cf.(opp. insipiens),
id. Bacch. 4, 3, 14:hic homo sanus non est,
is out of his senses, is insane, id. Am. 1, 1, 246; id. Merc. 5, 2, 110; id. Men. 1, 3, 15; 2, 2, 39 et saep.; cf.: En. Sanun' es? Ch. Pol sanus si sim, non te medicum mihi expetam, id. Merc. 2, 4, 21; so, sanun' es? sanan' es? sanin' estis? v. the passages cited init.:satin' sanus es?
are you in your senses? Ter. Heaut. 4, 3, 29 (opp. sobrius); 5, 2, 33; id. And. 4, 4, 10; id. Ad. 5, 8, 14; id. Phorm. 5, 3, 19.—With gen.: satin' tu sanus mentis aut animi tui, Qui conditionem hanc repudies? Plaut. Trin. 2, 4, 53:vix sanae mentis estis,
Liv. 32, 21:mentis bene sanae,
Hor. S. 1, 9, 44:mentis sanae vix compos,
Ov. M. 8, 35; so, sanae mentis, Tib. ap. Suet. Tib. 67:ego illum male sanum semper putavi,
a man of not very sound mind, Cic. Att. 9, 15, 5:male sana (Dido),
i. e. raving, Verg. A. 4, 8:male sani poëtae,
i. e. inspired, Hor. Ep. 1, 19, 4; cf. Ov. M. 3, 474:excludit sanos Helicone poëtas,
calculating, sober, Hor. A. P. 296:bene sanus Ac non incautus,
very prudent, discreet, id. S. 1, 3, 61:praecipue sanus,
id. Ep. 1, 1, 108:rem publicam capessere hominem bene sanum non oportere,
Cic. Sest. 10, 23:sani ut cretā an carbone notati?
id. ib. 2, 3, 246:pro sano loqueris, cum me appellas nomine,
like a rational being, rationally, Plaut. Men. 2, 2, 24; so,pro sano,
id. ib. 5, 5, 42; cf.: nihil hunc se absente pro sano facturum arbitratus, qui, etc., * Caes. B. G. 5, 7:adeo incredibilis visa res, ut non pro vano modo, sed vix pro sano nuncius audiretur,
Liv. 39, 49: quem in locum nemo sanus hostis subiturus esset, Auct. B. Alex. 74 fin.:solve senescentem sanus equum,
Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 8 et saep.:tumultu etiam sanos consternante animos,
discreet, well-disposed, Liv. 8, 27:sensus,
Verg. E. 8, 66:mores,
Dig. 27, 10, 1.—With ab: ego sanus ab illis (vitiis), sound as respects them, i. e. free from, unaffected by them, etc., Hor. S. 1, 4, 129.— Comp.:qui sanior, ac si, etc.,
Hor. S. 2, 3, 241; 2, 3, 275.— Sup.:quisquam sanissimus tam certa putat, quae videt, quam? etc.,
Cic. Ac. 2, 28, 89 init.:confluentibus ad eum (Sullam) optimo quoque et sanissimo,
Vell. 2, 25, 2.—Of style, sound, correct, sensible, sober, chaste:* A.qui rectum dicendi genus sequi volunt, alii pressa demum et tenuia et quae minimum ab usu cottidiano recedant, sana et vere Attica putant, etc.,
Quint. 10, 1, 44:nihil erat in ejus oratione, nisi sincerum, nihil nisi siccum atque sanum,
Cic. Brut. 55, 202; cf.:Attici oratores sani et sicci,
id. Opt. Gen. 3, 8; and:Rhodii (oratores) saniores et Atticorum similiores,
id. Brut. 13, 51:orator rectus et sanus,
Plin. Ep. 9, 26, 1; Vulg. 2 Tim. 4, 3; id. Tit. 2, 8; cf.:sana ratio,
Val. Max. 9, 13, 3; Aug. Civ. Dei, 1, 22, 2.—Hence, advv., in two forms, saniter (ante-class.) and sane (class.).sānĭter, rationally, Afran. ap. Non. 515, 22.—B.sānē.* 1.(Acc. to I.) Soundly, healthily, well: sane sarteque, Porphyrio ap. Charis. p. 195 fin.; 196 init. P.—2.(Acc. to II.) Soberly, sensibly, reasonably, discreetly (very rare;b.not in Cic.): bonum est, pauxillum amare sane, insane non bonum est,
Plaut. Curc. 1, 3, 20:sane sapio et sentio,
I am in full possession of my reason and senses, id. Am. 1, 1, 292:non ego sanius Bacchabor Edonis (with furere),
Hor. C. 2, 7, 26:dixit sanius,
Sen. Contr. 5, 34 fin. —In gen., like valde (i. e. valide), an intensive particle, well, indeed, doubtless, by all means, truly, certainly, of course, forsooth, right, very, etc. (freq. and class.):(β).sane sapis et consilium placet,
Plaut. Ps. 2, 2, 67 sq.; so,sapis sane,
id. Cas. 3, 6, 25:sapit,
id. Men. 5, 2, 39:sane haud quicquam'st, magis quod cupiam,
id. Curc. 1, 3, 15; 2, 3, 43:sane ego illum metuo,
id. Men. 5, 2, 108:cum illā sane congruost sermo tibi,
id. Mil. 4, 3, 23:sane ego sum amicus nostris aedibus,
id. As. 2, 3, 7:dabant hae feriae tibi opportunam sane facultatem ad explicandas tuas litteras,
Cic. Rep. 1, 9, 14:odiosum sane genus hominum officia exprobrantium,
id. Lael. 20, 71; id. Quint. 3, 11:humilem sane relinquunt ortum amicitiae,
id. Lael. 9, 29; cf.:tenui sane muro dissepiunt,
id. Rep. 4, 4, 4:judicare difficile est sane,
id. Lael. 17, 62:explicat orationem sane longam et verbis valde bonis,
id. Agr. 2, 5, 13:(narratio) res sane difficilis,
id. de Or. 2, 66, 264:sane grandes libros,
id. Rep. 3, 8, 12:cui sane magna est in mento cicatrix,
Auct. Her. 4, 49, 63:Herennium quendam, sane hominem nequam atque egentem, coepisse, etc.,
Cic. Att. 1, 19, 5:Paulus mihi de re publicā alia quaedam sane pessima,
id. Att. 14, 7, 1:sane murteta relinqui,
Hor. Ep. 1, 15, 5:id sane est invisum duobus,
id. ib. 2, 2, 64:bonus sane vicinus,
id. ib. 2, 2, 132:sane populus numerabilis,
id. A. P. 206.— In replies: Mi. Te moneri numne vis? Ha. Sane volo, by all means, surely, to be sure, certainly, Plaut. Poen. 5, 2, 119; so,sane volo,
id. Cas. 2, 3, 55; id. Rud. 5, 3, 51; Ter. Heaut. 4, 8, 31: Ch. Estne, ut fertur, forma? Pa. Sane, id. Eun. 2, 3, 69; 4, 7, 15:sane hoc multo propius ibis,
id. Ad. 4, 2, 41. Th. Quid taces? Ph. Sane quia vero hae mihi patent semper fores, id. Eun. 1, 2, 9; id. And. 1, 2, 24: C. F. Visne igitur, etc. C. P. Sane placet, Cic. Part. Or. 1, 2:sane et libenter quidem,
id. Rep. 2, 38, 64.—Ironically:quam sane magni referat,
Plaut. Mil. 3, 3, 9; cf.: sane legem Juliam timeo, Ner. ap. Suet. Ner. 33 med.:beneficium magnum sane dedit!
Phaedr. 3, 15, 12.—With other adverbs: esse aedificatas has sane bene,
right well, very well, Plaut. Most. 3, 2, 74:res rustica sane bene culta,
Cic. Quint. 3, 12; Ter. Hec. 1, 2, 103:bene sane, as an answer,
very well, id. And. 5, 2, 7; id. Ad. 4, 2, 47:recte sane,
id. Eun. 5, 5, 11; id. Heaut. 3, 2, 27; 3, 3, 20; id. Ad. 3, 3, 63; id. Phorm. 5, 8, 10:sane commode,
Plaut. Poen. 1, 2, 72:sapienter sane,
id. Pers. 3, 3, 42 et saep.:scite hercle sane,
id. Trin. 3, 3, 53:sane hercle,
Ter. Eun. 3, 5, 59; id. Hec. 3, 5, 9; id. Phorm. 3, 3, 9:sane quidem,
id. And. 1, 2, 24:sane quidem hercle,
Cic. Leg. 2, 4, 8:sane pol,
Ter. And. 1, 4, 2.—Sane quam, how very, i. e. very much indeed, uncommonly, exceedingly (cf.:admodum quam and valde quam): conclusa est a te tam magna lex sane quam brevi,
Cic. Leg. 2, 10, 23:quod de Pompeio Caninius agit, sane quam refrixit,
id. Q. Fr. 2, 4 (6), 5; Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 1, 2; 8, 4, 2; Brut. ib. 11, 13, 4 (shortly before: suos valde quam paucos habet); Sulp. ib. 4, 5, 1.—With negatives:haud sane diu est,
not very long since, Plaut. Merc. 3, 1, 44:edepol commissatorem haud sane commodum,
Ter. Ad. 5, 2, 8:haud sane intellego, quidnam sit, etc.,
Cic. Off. 2, 2, 5; Sall. C. 37, 9; 53, 5; id. Rep. Ord. 2, 11; Cic. Sen. 1, 3; Curt. 3, 1, 14:agellus non sane major jugero uno,
Varr. R. R. 3, 16, 10:cum his temporibus non sane in senatum ventitarem,
Cic. Fam. 13, 77, 1:non sane mirabile hoc quidem,
id. Div. 2, 31, 67:non ita sane vetus,
id. Brut. 10, 41:non sane credere,
Hor. Ep. 1, 7, 61:nihil sane esset, quod, etc.,
absolutely nothing, nothing at all, Cic. Q. Fr. 1, 2, 2, § 7; so,nihil sane,
id. de Or. 2, 1, 5; Sall. C. 16, 5; Hor. S. 2, 3, 138; id. Ep. 2, 1, 206 al.—In restrictive concessions, to be sure, indeed, certainly, however: sane bonum, ut dixi, rei publicae genus, Cic.Rep. 2, 26, 48; cf.:(γ).hoc sane frequentissimum est... sed, etc.,
Quint. 4, 2, 130:negant quemquam esse virum bonum nisi sapientem. Sit ita sane, sed, etc.,
Cic. Lael. 5, 18; cf. id. Rep. 1, 19, 32:haec si vobis non probamus, sint falsa sane,
id. Ac. 2, 32, 105:sint sane, quoniam ita mores se habent, liberales,
Sall. C. 52, 12; id. J. 31, 8:sit hoc sane leve,
Cic. Sest. 54, 115:sed fruatur sane hoc solacio,
id. Prov. Cons. 7, 16; Ov. H. 17, 13; Curt. 5, 1, 6:repetita narratio sane res declamatoria magis quam forensis,
Quint. 4, 2, 128:poëtis permittamus sane ejusmodi exempla,
id. 8, 3, 73:non sane recepto in usum nomine,
not indeed, id. 5, 11, 20; cf. id. 7, 1, 41.—With imperatives in colloq. lang. likewise concessive, like the English then, pray then, if you will:ubi ego Sosia nolim esse, tu esto sane Sosia,
Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 283: Al. Num quid vis, quin abeam jam intro? Ju. I sane, id. ib. 3, 3, 16:abi tu sane superior,
id. Stich. 5, 4, 14:i sane,
id. As. 3, 3, 86; id. Aul. 2, 5, 7; id. Ep. 1, 1, 73; id. Pers. 4, 4, 25; 4, 4, 55; id. Rud. 2, 3, 55; Ter. Ad. 4, 2, 48:ite sane,
Plaut. Aul. 3, 3, 3:abi sane,
id. Am. 1, 1, 197; id. Rud. 3, 6, 17; id. Stich. 1, 3, 107; Ter. Heaut. 3, 3, 27:sequere sane,
Plaut. Merc. 3, 1, 2:age sane,
id. Men. 1, 2, 44; id. Ps. 5, 2, 27:da sane,
id. Merc. 4, 1, 11:dato sane,
id. Stich. 4, 1, 47:cedo sane,
id. Pers. 4, 3, 30; 5, 1, 20; Ter. Heaut. 4, 7, 4:nosce sane,
Plaut. As. 2, 4, 58:age sane, omnes,
Liv. 1, 57, 8. -
24 Siemens, Sir Charles William
[br]b. 4 April 1823 Lenthe, Germanyd. 19 November 1883 London, England[br]German/British metallurgist and inventory pioneer of the regenerative principle and open-hearth steelmaking.[br]Born Carl Wilhelm, he attended craft schools in Lübeck and Magdeburg, followed by an intensive course in natural science at Göttingen as a pupil of Weber. At the age of 19 Siemens travelled to England and sold an electroplating process developed by his brother Werner Siemens to Richard Elkington, who was already established in the plating business. From 1843 to 1844 he obtained practical experience in the Magdeburg works of Count Stolburg. He settled in England in 1844 and later assumed British nationality, but maintained close contact with his brother Werner, who in 1847 had co-founded the firm Siemens \& Halske in Berlin to manufacture telegraphic equipment. William began to develop his regenerative principle of waste-heat recovery and in 1856 his brother Frederick (1826–1904) took out a British patent for heat regeneration, by which hot waste gases were passed through a honeycomb of fire-bricks. When they became hot, the gases were switched to a second mass of fire-bricks and incoming air and fuel gas were led through the hot bricks. By alternating the two gas flows, high temperatures could be reached and considerable fuel economies achieved. By 1861 the two brothers had incorporated producer gas fuel, made by gasifying low-grade coal.Heat regeneration was first applied in ironmaking by Cowper in 1857 for heating the air blast in blast furnaces. The first regenerative furnace was set up in Birmingham in 1860 for glassmaking. The first such furnace for making steel was developed in France by Pierre Martin and his father, Emile, in 1863. Siemens found British steelmakers reluctant to adopt the principle so in 1866 he rented a small works in Birmingham to develop his open-hearth steelmaking furnace, which he patented the following year. The process gradually made headway; as well as achieving high temperatures and saving fuel, it was slower than Bessemer's process, permitting greater control over the content of the steel. By 1900 the tonnage of open-hearth steel exceeded that produced by the Bessemer process.In 1872 Siemens played a major part in founding the Society of Telegraph Engineers (from which the Institution of Electrical Engineers evolved), serving as its first President. He became President for the second time in 1878. He built a cable works at Charlton, London, where the cable could be loaded directly into the holds of ships moored on the Thames. In 1873, together with William Froude, a British shipbuilder, he designed the Faraday, the first specialized vessel for Atlantic cable laying. The successful laying of a cable from Europe to the United States was completed in 1875, and a further five transatlantic cables were laid by the Faraday over the following decade.The Siemens factory in Charlton also supplied equipment for some of the earliest electric-lighting installations in London, including the British Museum in 1879 and the Savoy Theatre in 1882, the first theatre in Britain to be fully illuminated by electricity. The pioneer electric-tramway system of 1883 at Portrush, Northern Ireland, was an opportunity for the Siemens company to demonstrate its equipment.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsKnighted 1883. FRS 1862. Institution of Civil Engineers Telford Medal 1853. President, Institution of Mechanical Engineers 1872. President, Society of Telegraph Engineers 1872 and 1878. President, British Association 1882.Bibliography27 May 1879, British patent no. 2,110 (electricarc furnace).1889, The Scientific Works of C.William Siemens, ed. E.F.Bamber, 3 vols, London.Further ReadingW.Poles, 1888, Life of Sir William Siemens, London; repub. 1986 (compiled from material supplied by the family).S.von Weiher, 1972–3, "The Siemens brothers. Pioneers of the electrical age in Europe", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 45:1–11 (a short, authoritative biography). S.von Weihr and H.Goetler, 1983, The Siemens Company. Its Historical Role in theProgress of Electrical Engineering 1847–1980, English edn, Berlin (a scholarly account with emphasis on technology).GWBiographical history of technology > Siemens, Sir Charles William
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