afflictions

-ή,-όν ⁺ A 17-33-91-157-86=384 Gn 19,19; 24,50; 26,29; 44,34; 48,16

bad, evil, wicked (of pers., in moral sense) Prv 3,31; bad, evil (of things, in moral sense) Prv 2,12; evil (inclination) Prv 2,17; (τὸ) κακόν evil

evil, injurious, dangerous Prv 16,9; τὰ κακά evil, calamity Gn 19,19; evils Gn 48,16; afflictions Est 1,1h;

κακά troubles Ps 87(88),4

οἱ ἐπιστάμενοι τὸ κακὸν καὶ τὸ ἀγαθόν who know good and evil Nm 32,11; ἐν κακοῖς in troubles Ex 5,19; εἰς κακά for evil Dt 29,20; ποιήσει κακά he will do harm 2 Sm 12,18; ὅτι οὐ λαλεῖ περὶ ἐμοῦ καλά, ἀλλ᾽ ἢ κακά for he does not speak good of me, but only evil 1 Kgs 22,8; ἐν κακοῖς ἐγένετο he was afflicted 1 Chr 7,23; μὴ τι εἰς σὲ ἐργάσηται κακόν lest he do harm to you Prv 3,30; ὅτι κατέγραψας κατ᾽ ἐμοῦ κακά for you have written evil things against me Jb 13,26; ἰαταὶ κακῶν healers of diseases Jb 13,4; παρακλήτορες κακῶν poor, miserable comforters Jb 16,2; ὁ σπείρων φαῦλα θερίσει κακά he that sows

wickedness shall reap troubles Prv 22,8; μὴ τεκτήνῃ ἐπὶ σὸν φίλον κακά do not devise evil against your friend Prv 3,29

*Mi 4,9 κακά evil-ָרע for MT ֵרַע roar, shouting; *Jb 4,12 κακόν evil-מץ (LH? Aram.?) for MT

ֶמץשֵׁ whisper?; *Jb 5,5 ἐκ κακῶν out of evil-צרים/מ for MT צנים/מ out of thorns?; *Prv 13,10 κακός a bad man-ָרע or-ֵרק (cpr. ῥακά Mt 5,22) for MT ַרק but, only; *Prv 19,6 ὁ κακός the evil one, the bad one-ָהָרע for MT ָהֵרַע the friend; *Prv 19,27 κακάς (of) evil-רעה for MT דעת of wisdom, of knowledge, see also Is 28,9; *Prv 28,20 ὁ κακός the wicked-עשׁהר for MT ירשׁהע to enrich

Cf. COOK 1987, 36; DHORME 1926 44(Jb 4,12); DODD 1954, 76; LOFTHOUSE 1949, 264-268; WEVERS

1993, 755; →TWNT

-ῆς ⁺ ἡ N 1 0-2-2-1-0=5 Jgs 2,3; Jer 52,5; Mi 4,14; Jb 30,3

siege Mi 4,14; distress Jb 30,3

*Jgs 2,3 συνοχάς distress, afflictions-צרים for MT צדים sides

Cf. CAIRD 1969=1972 148; →TWNT

συν-τριμμός, ὁ,

A = σύντριμμα 11, ruin, ib.Ze.1.10, al.

II συντριμμοὶ θανάτου afflictions, miseries, ib.2 Ki.22.5.

δεινός, ή, όν (Hom.+; s. Nägele 56) pert. to causing or being likely to cause fear, fearful, terrible of punishments 2 Cl 17:7; MPol 2:4; Hs 6, 3, 3 (Just., A I, 31, 6); of tortures (Ael. Aristid. 49, 16 K.=25 p. 492 D.) 1 Cl 6:2; δ. ῥήματα threatening words MPol 8:3. Superl. δεινότατος (Philo; Just., D. 9:1) of grief δεινοτάτη τοῖς δούλοις τοῦ θεοῦ very bad Hm 10, 1, 2. Subst. τὸ δεινόν=danger (of death) (Diod S 19, 83, 5; Appian, Bell. Civ. 5, 90 §378; Philo; Jos., Ant. 1, 164) ἄλλα δεινά other afflictions ending of Mk in the Freer ms. 8.—[[τὰ]] μὲν ὧδε δυνά (=δεινά) what is powerful here (on earth) AcPl Ha 2, 23 (opp. τὰ δὲ ἐκεῖ θαυμάσια).—LVoit, Δεινότης ’34; ESchlesinger, Δεινότης: Philol 91, ’37, 59–66. DELG s.v. δείδω p. 256.

καυχάομαι (s. two next entries; Pind., Hdt.+) mid. dep.; 2 sing. καυχᾶσαι Ro 2:17, 23; 1 Cor 4:7 (s. Mayser 328; JWackernagel, TLZ 33, 1908, 639; Thackeray 218; Mlt-H. 198); fut. καυχήσομαι; 1 aor. ἐκαυχησάμην; pf. κεκαύχημαι. In our lit. restricted to Paul, except for two pass. each in Js and Ign., and one in 1 Cl (a quot. fr. the OT).

① to take pride in someth., boast, glory, pride oneself, brag, intr. (Sappho, Fgm. 26, 10 D.²) ἔν τινι in or about a person or thing (schol. on Apollon. Rhod. 3, 976 οἱ καυχώμενοι ἐν ἑτέρων διαβολαῖς; LXX; TestJud 13:2; ἐν τοῖς θεοῖς Theoph. Ant. 1, 1 [p. 58, 6].—B-D-F §196; s. Rob. 532) ἐν θεῷ Ro 2:17. ἐν τῷ θεῷ 5:11. ἐν κυρίῳ 1 Cor 1:31b; 2 Cor 10:17b; 1 Cl 13:1 (cp. on the three Jer 9:23). ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ Phil 3:3. ἐν ἀνθρώποις 1 Cor 3:21.—ἐν νόμῳ (cp. Sir 39:8) Ro 2:23; in afflictions 5:3; in the work of others 2 Cor 10:15; in weaknesses 12:9; in high position Js 1:9; in wisdom, etc. 1 Cl 13:1 (Jer 9:22f). ἐν τῇ ὑμετέρᾳ σαρκί Gal 6:13. ἐν τῷ σταυρῷ vs. 14. ἐν τῷ προσώπῳ κ., opp. ἐν τῇ καρδίᾳ pride oneself on externals … on the heart 2 Cor 5:12. ἐν ᾧ καυχῶνται 11:12. On 2 Th 1:4 v.l. see ἐγκαυχάομαι.—The ἐν is to be taken somewhat differently Js 4:16 (s. ἀλαζονεία).—εἴς τι boast with regard to someth. 2 Cor 10:16. Differently εἰς τὰ ἄμετρα κ. boast beyond limit (s. ἄμετρος) vss. 13, 15.—ἐπί τινι based on someth., in someth. (Cratinus Com. [V B.C.] 95; Diod S 15, 6, 2 ἐπὶ τοῖς ποιήμασιν; 16, 70, 2; iambic poet in Ps.-Callisth. 2, 20, 11 ἐπὶ τέκνοισι; SIG 1268, 23 ἐπὶ ῥώμῃ; Ps 48:7) Ro 5:2 (JBover, Biblica 22, ’41, 41–45). ὑπέρ τινος on behalf of someone 2 Cor 12:5ab. κατά τι in accordance with someth. 2 Cor 11:18a.—ἐνώπιον τ. θεοῦ before God 1 Cor 1:29.—W. ὅτι foll. (Strabo 13, 1, 27) IPhld 6:3. (W. inf. TestJob 41:3; Just., D. 101, 1.)—Abs. (TestReub 3:5) 1 Cor 1:31a; 4:7; 2 Cor 10:17a; 11:18b, 30a; 12:1, 6, 11 v.l.; Eph 2:9; IPol 5:2.—1 Cor 13:3, a variety of witnesses have καυχήσωμαι (read by N. and defended e.g. by Harnack, SBBerlAk 1911, 139ff; Goodsp., Probs. 162–65; KClark, Studia Paulina [deZwaan Festschr.] ’53, 61f) instead of the v.l. καυθήσομαι, which is preferred by others (e.g., EPreuschen, ZNW 16, 1915, 127ff; JKElliott, ZNW 62, ’71, 297f; et al.).—S. καίω 2.

② to make a boast about someth., boast about, mention in order to boast of, be proud of, trans. τὶ someth. (Philemon Com. [IV–III B.C.], Fgm. 141 p. 521; Diod S 20, 63, 4) τὰ τῆς ἀσθενείας μου boast about my weaknesses 2 Cor 11:30b (cp. Pr 27:1 κ. τὰ εἰς αὔριον). τὶ περί τινος 10:8. τί τινι ὑπέρ τινος say someth. boastingly (or in pride) to someone concerning someone 7:14; 9:2 (here a ὅτι-clause defines τὶ more closely). μικρόν τι 11:16.—For Gr-Rom. cultural background on Paul’s theme of boasting in 2 Cor s. Plut., Mor. 539–547 ‘On Inoffensive Self-Praise’; FDanker, Augsburg Comm. on the NT: II Cor ’89, esp. 147–214; idem, Paul’s Debt to Demosthenes’ ‘De Corona’, in Persuasive Artistry [GKennedy Festschr.], ed. DWatson, ’91, 262–80; JLambrecht, Dangerous Boasting, Paul’s Self-Commendation in 2 Cor 10–13, in RBieringer, ed., The Corinthian Correspondence ’96, 325–46.—JBosch, ‘Gloriarse’ según San Pablo, Sentido y teologia de καυχάομαι, ’70. BDowdy, The Meaning of καυχᾶσθαι in the NT, diss. Vanderbilt ’55.—B. 1281. DELG. M-M. EDNT. TW. Spicq.

μάστιξ, ιγος, ἡ (‘whip, lash’, used esp. to urge on horses or laborers: Hom.+; ins, pap, LXX, En; ApcrEzk [Epiph 70, 15]; Just., A I, 5, 1; Mel.)

① a flexible instrument used for lashing, whip, lash Hs 6, 2, 5. Mostly pl. lashing or lashes (Jos., Bell. 2, 306, Vi. 147; Mel., P. 79, 573 al.) 5:14 (Is 50:6); MPol 2:2; Hv 3, 2, 1. μάστιξιν ἀνετάζειν τινά examine someone by scourging Ac 22:24 (cp. PAmh 31 I, 10f; s. Taubenschlag, OpMin II 723 on the interrogation process). W. ἐμπαιγμός Hb 11:36.

② a condition of great distress, torment, suffering, fig. ext. of mng. 1 (sent by God to human beings: Il. 12, 37 Διὸς μ.; Proverbia Aesopi 105 P.; Ps 38:11; 2 Macc 7:37; 9:11; En 25:6; 100, 13; ins in CB I/2, 520 no. 361 λήψεται παρὰ τοῦ θεοῦ μάστειγα αἰώνιον; also in ref. to harmful divinities Just., A I, 5, 1) of bodily illness Mk 3:10; 5:29, 34; Lk 7:21. Of a sinner’s afflictions 1 Cl 22:8 (Ps 31:10); Hv 4, 2, 6. W. αἰκίσματα of the Egyptian plagues 1 Cl 17:5 (Mel., P. 11, 75f). μ. γλώσσης scourge of the tongue 1 Cl 56:10 (Job 5:21).—Eitrem (s. πειράζω 4, end) 12f.—DELG. M-M. TW. Spicq.

περίψημα, ατος, τό (Vi. Aesopi G 35 P.; from περιψάω= ‘wipe all around, wipe clean’) that which is removed by the process of cleansing, dirt, off-scouring (Jer 22:28 Sym.) πάντων περίψημα the off-scouring of all things 1 Cor 4:13. But reflection on the fact that the removal of the περίψ. cleanses the thing or the pers. to which (whom) it was attached, has given the word the further mng. ransom, scapegoat, sacrifice (cp. Tob 5:19. Hesychius equates it w. περικατάμαγμα [cp. καταμάσσω ‘wipe off’] and ἀντίλυτρα, ἀντίψυχα. Photius p. 425, 3 explains περίψ. w. ἀπολύτρωσις and then continues, referring to the custom of making a human sacrifice every year for the benefit of the rest of the people [s. on this Ltzm. and JWeiss on 1 Cor 4:13]: οὕτως ἐπέλεγον τῷ κατʼ ἐνιαυτὸν ἐμβαλλομένῳ τῇ θαλάσσῃ νεανίᾳ ἐπʼ ἀπαλλαγῇ τῶν συνεχόντων κακῶν• περίψημα ἡμῶν γενοῦ• ἤτοι σωτηρία καὶ ἀπολύτρωσις. καὶ οὕτως ἐνέβαλον τῇ θαλάσσῃ ὡσανεὶ τῷ Ποσειδῶνι θυσίαν ἀποτιννύντες ‘in this wise they spoke over the young man who was being cast into the sea in accordance with annual custom for deliverance from afflictions: “Be our means of cleansing; in truth, our salvation and deliverance.” And so they cast him into the sea, a sacrificial payment in full, as it were, to Poseidon.’). But it must also be observed that περίψ. had become more and more a term of polite self-depreciation, common enough in everyday speech (Dionys. of Alex. in Eus., HE 7, 22, 7 τὸ δημῶδες ῥῆμα. S. also the grave-inscription [in WThieling, D. Hellenismus in Kleinafrika 1911, p. 34] in which a wife says w. reference to her deceased husband ἐγώ σου περίψημα τῆς καλῆς ψυχῆς); the sense would then be someth. like most humble servant. So certainly in περίψ. τοῦ σταυροῦ IEph 18:1. But prob. also 8:1; B 4:9; B 6:5 (s. HVeil: EHennecke, Hdb. zu den ntl. Apokryphen 1904, 218; also JToutain, Nouvelles Études ’35, 144–46).—Frisk s.v. ψῆν. M-M. TW. Spicq.

ποικίλος, η, ον (Hom.+)

① pert. to existence in various kinds or modes, diversified, manifold (Pind. et al.; 2 Macc 15:21; EpArist 78; Philo; Jos., Bell. 3, 393, Ant. 10, 142) ἄνθη (Ps.-Pla., Axioch. 13 p. 371c) ApcPt 3:10. ἀρνήσεις Hs 8, 8, 4. ἀσθένειαι 6, 3, 4c. βάσανοι many/various kinds of torments Mt 4:24; Hs 6, 3, 4b; of torture MPol 2:4. βοτάναι Hm 10, 1, 5. δυνάμεις Hb 2:4. ἔθνη Hs 9, 17, 2b; ἐπιθυμίαι 2 Ti 3:6; cp. Tit 3:3. ἰδέαι Hs 9, 17, 1. καρποί 9, 28, 3; Dg 12:1. νόσοι (Tat. 20, 2; Philo, Omn. Prob. Lib. 58 νοσήματα) Mt 4:24; Mk 1:34; Lk 4:40. ὄρη Hs 9, 17, 2ac; 3. πειρασμοί Js 1:2; 1 Pt 1:6 (πολλοῖς P⁷²). πονηρίαι Hs 9, 18, 3. πραγματεῖαι (cp. Philo, In Flacc. 3) 9, 20, 1. τιμωρίαι 6, 3, 3; 4a. τρυφαί m 6, 2, 5. π. χάρις θεοῦ the grace of God, that manifests itself in various ways 1 Pt 4:10. χρόαι Hs 9, 4, 5ac. W. ξένος: διδαχαί Hb 13:9 (s. also 2b below). W. πολύς (Diod S 5, 62, 1 πολλοὶ κ. ποικίλοι λόγοι=many and varied reports; 17, 13, 1; Maximus Tyr. 11, 11e; Ps.-Plut., Hom. 122) Hm 4, 2, 3; Hs 9, 20, 2. ἐν πολλαῖ θλίψεσι π. in many kinds of afflictions 7:4.

② pert. to existence in various aspects

ⓐ of things, many-colored, variegated (Hom.+; Polyaenus 6, 1, 4; Lucian, Deor. Conc. 10; PGM 4, 2709; LXX [Gen 37:3 al.]; TestJob 46:7; TestZeb 1:3; Jos., Ant. 11, 235). This mng. is to be preferred in οἱ λίθοι οἱ π. the many-colored stones (JosAs 2:3; 13:5; IG IV²/1, 106 I, 96; 113 [IV B.C.]) Hs 9, 4, 5b.

ⓑ of persons, esp. w. ref. to devious ways of thinking, words, actions, fig. ext. of 2a: ambiguous, crafty, sly, deceitful (Hes. et al.; Trag.; Pind., N. 5, 28 βουλεύματα; Aristoph., Thesm. 438 λόγοι; Polyb. 8, 18, 4 Κρὴς ὑπάρχων καὶ φύσει ποικίλος; Just., D. 134, 5) Hb 13:9 (s. also 1 above). ἀπατη[λοὺς] καὶ π. … λόγους AcPl Ox 6, 12 (restored after Aa I 241, 14).—DELG. M-M. TW.

σῴζω fut. σώσω; 1 aor. ἔσωσα; pf. σέσωκα. Pass.: impf. ἐσῳζόμην; fut. σωθήσομαι; 1 aor. ἐσώθην; pf. 3 sing. σέσωται Ac 4:9 (UPZ 122, 18 [157 B.C.] σέσωμαι) w. σέσῳσται or σέσωσται as v.l. (s. Tdf. ad loc. and B-D-F §26); ptc. σεσῳσμένος Eph 2:5, 8 (Hom.+—σῴζω [=σωί̈ζω] and the forms surely derived fr. it are to be written w. ι subscript. On the other hand, it is not possible to say how far the ι has spread fr. the present to the tenses formed fr. the root σω-. Kühner-Bl. II 544; B-D-F §26; Mlt-H. 84; Mayser 134)

① to preserve or rescue fr. natural dangers and afflictions, save, keep from harm, preserve, rescue (X., An. 3, 2, 10 οἱ θεοὶ … ἱκανοί εἰσι κ. τοὺς μεγάλους ταχὺ μικροὺς ποιεῖν κ. τοὺς μικροὺς σῴζειν; Musonius p. 32, 10; Chion, Ep. 11; 12 θεοῦ σῴζοντος πλευσοῦμαι; Ar. [Milne 74, 15]).

ⓐ save from death (ins [I B.C.]: Sb 8138, 34 σῴζονθʼ οὗτοι ἅπαντες who call upon Isis in the hour of death) τινά someone (Apollon. Rhod. 3, 323 θεός τις ἅμμʼ [=ἡμᾶς] ἐσάωσεν from danger of death at sea; Diod S 11, 92, 3; PsSol 13:2 ἀπὸ ῥομφαίας [cp. Ps 21:21]) Mt 14:30; 27:40, 42, 49; Mk 15:30f; Lk 23:35ab, 37, 39; 1 Cl 16:16 (Ps 21:9); 59, 4; AcPl Ha 5, 12. Pass. (TestJob 19:2 πῶς οὖν σὺ ἐσώθῃς;) Mt 24:22; Mk 13:20; J 11:12 (ἐγερθήσεται P⁷⁵); Ac 27:20, 31; 1 Cl 7:6. Abs., w. acc. easily supplied Mt 8:25. ψυχὴν σῶσαι save a life (Achilles Tat. 5, 22, 6; PTebt 56, 11 [II B.C.] σῶσαι ψυχὰς πολλάς; EpArist 292; Jos., Ant. 11, 255) Mk 3:4; Lk 6:9; 21:19 v.l. τὴν ψυχὴν αὐτοῦ σῶσαι save one’s own life (Gen 19:17; 1 Km 19:11; Jer 31:6) Mt 16:25; Mk 8:35a=Lk 9:24a (on Mk 8:35b=Lk 9:24b s. 2aβ below); 17:33 v.l. (PGM 5, 140 κύριε [a god] σῶσον ψυχήν).

ⓑ w. ἔκ τινος bring out safely fr. a situation fraught w. mortal danger (X., An. 3, 2, 11; SIG 1130, 1 ἐκ κινδύνων; OGI 69, 4; JosAs 4:8 ἐκ τοῦ λιμοῦ; 28:16 ἐκ τῆς ὀργῆς; Jos., C. Ap. 1, 286) ἐκ γῆς Αἰγύπτου Jd 5. ἐκ χειρὸς Φαραώ AcPl Ha 8, 11; ἐκ Σοδόμων 1 Cl 11:1 (Pla., Gorg. 511d ἐξ Αἰγίνης δεῦρο). ἐκ τῆς ὥρας ταύτης J 12:27. ἐκ θανάτου from (the threat of) death (Hom. et al.; Pla., Gorg. 511c; UPZ 122, 18 [157 B.C.]) Hb 5:7.—Of the evil days of the last tribulation ἐν αἷς ἡμεῖς σωθησόμεθα B 8:6; cp. 1 Cl 59:4.

ⓒ save/free from disease (Hippocr., Coacae Praenotiones 136 vol. 5 p. 612 L.; IG², 1028, 89 [I B.C.]; Mitt-Wilck. I/2, 68, 32 [132 B.C.]: gods bring healing) or from possession by hostile spirits τινά someone ἡ πίστις σου σέσωκέν σε Mt 9:22a; Mk 5:34; 10:52; Lk 8:48; 17:19; 18:42. Cp. Js 5:15; AcPl Ha 5, 31. Pass. be restored to health, get well (Just., D. 112, 1; Ael. Aristid. 33, 9 K.=51 p. 573 D.) Mt 9:21, 22b; Mk 5:23, 28; 6:56; Lk 8:36; Ac 4:9; 14:9. Also of the restoration that comes about when death has already occurred Lk 8:50.

ⓓ keep, preserve in good condition (pap; Did., Gen. 145, 1.—Theoph. Ant. 1, 12 [p. 84, 4]) τὶ someth. (Ath. 17, 2 ὁ τύπος … σῴζεται, R. 20 p. 73, 10 μνήμην and αἴσθησιν; Eunap., Vi. Soph. p. 107: θειασμός) pass. τὴν κλῆσιν σῴζεσθαι Hs 8, 11, 1.

ⓔ pass. thrive, prosper, get on well (SibOr 5, 227) σῴζεσθαι ὅλον τὸ σῶμα 1 Cl 37:5. As a form of address used in parting σῴζεσθε farewell, remain in good health B 21:9 (cp. TestAbr B 2 p. 106, 1 [Stone p. 60] σῶσόν σε ὁ θεός).

② to save or preserve from transcendent danger or destruction, save/preserve from eternal death fr. judgment, and fr. all that might lead to such death, e.g. sin, also in a positive sense bring Messianic salvation, bring to salvation (LXX; Herm. Wr. 13, 19 σῴζειν=‘endow w. everlasting life’.—Of passing over into a state of salvation and a higher life: Cebes 3, 2; 4, 3; 14, 1. Opp. κολάζειν Orig., C. Cels. 2, 38, 16).

ⓐ act. τινά someone or τὶ someth.

α. of God and Christ: God (ApcEsdr 2:17 p. 26, 9 Tdf. σὺ δὲ ὸ̔ν θέλεις σῴζεις καὶ ὸ̔ν θέλεις ἀπολεῖς) 1 Cor 1:21; 2 Ti 1:9; Tit 3:5; AcPlCor 2:10, 16. The acc. is easily supplied Js 4:12. ὁ θεὸς ὁ σῴζων Mt 16:16 D.—Christ (Orig., C. Cels. 3, 14, 9): Mt 18:11; Lk 19:10; J 12:47; 1 Ti 1:15; 2 Ti 4:18 (εἰς 10d); Hb 7:25; MPol 9:3. σώσει τὸν λαὸν αὐτοῦ ἀπὸ τῶν ἁμαρτιῶν αὐτῶν Mt 1:21 (ς. ἀπό as Jos., Ant. 4, 128); also ἐκ τῶν ἁμαρτιῶν αὐτῶν GJs 11:3; cp. 14:2. The acc. is to be supplied 2 Cl 1:7. διὰ τῶν ἁγνῶν ἀνδρῶν AcPl Ha 1, 16.

β. of persons who are mediators of divine salvation: apostles Ro 11:14; 1 Cor 9:22; 1 Ti 4:16b. The believing partner in a mixed marriage 1 Cor 7:16ab (JJeremias, Die missionarische Aufgabe in der Mischehe, Bultmann Festschr. ’54, 255–60). One Christian of another σώσει ψυχὴν αὐτοῦ ἐκ θανάτου Js 5:20 (on ς. ἐκ θαν. s. 1a above). Cp. Jd 23. Of ultimate personal security 1 Ti 4:16a; Mk 8:35b=Lk 9:24b (for Mk 8:35a=Lk 9:24a s. 1a above).

γ. of qualities, etc., that lead to salvation ἡ πίστις σου σέσωκέν σε Lk 7:50 (s. 1c above). Cp. Js 1:21; 2:14; 1 Pt 3:21; Hv 2, 3, 2. οὐ γάρ ἐστιν π[λοῦτος ἢ τὰ νῦν ἐν τῷ βίῳ λαμπ]ρ̣ὰ σώσι (=σώσει) σε it’s not [the wealth or pomp in this life] that will save you AcPl Ha 9, 8 (for the restoration s. corresponding expressions 2, 21–27).

ⓑ pass. be saved, attain salvation (TestAbr A 11 p. 90, 3 [Stone p. 28] al.; Just., A I, 18, 8 al.; Theoph. Ant. 2, 14 [p. 136, 15]) Mt 10:22; 19:25; 24:13; Mk 10:26; 13:13; 16:16; Lk 8:12; 18:26; J 5:34; 10:9; Ac 2:21 (Jo 3:5); 15:1; 16:30f; Ro 10:9, 13 (Jo 3:5); 11:26; 1 Cor 5:5; 10:33; 1 Th 2:16; 2 Th 2:10; 1 Ti 2:4 (JTurmel, Rev. d’Hist. et de Littérature religieuses 5, 1900, 385–415); 1 Pt 4:18 (Pr 11:31); 2 Cl 4:2; 13:1; IPhld 5:2; Hs 9, 26, 6; AcPl Ha 1, 5 and 21.—σωθῆναι διά τινος through someone (Ctesias: 688 Fgm. 8a p. 452 Jac. [in Ps.-Demetr., Eloc. c. 213] σὺ μὲν διʼ ἐμὲ ἐσώθης, ἐγὼ δέ; Herm. Wr. 1, 26b ὅπως τὸ γένος τῆς ἀνθρωπότητος διὰ σοῦ ὑπὸ θεοῦ σωθῇ) J 3:17; 2 Cl 3:3; through someth. (Mel., P. 60, 440 διὰ τοῦ αἵματος) Ac 15:11; 1 Cor 15:2; 1 Ti 2:15 (διά A 3c); Hv 3, 3, 5; 3, 8, 3 (here faith appears as a person, but still remains as a saving quality); 4, 2, 4. ἔν τινι in or through someone 1 Cl 38:1; AcPl Ha 2, 29; in or through someth. Ac 4:12; 11:14; Ro 5:10. ὑπό τινος by someone (Herm. Wr. 9, 5 ὑπὸ τ. θεοῦ ς.; Philo, Leg. All. 2, 101 ὑπὸ θεοῦ σῴζεται) 2 Cl 8:2. ἀπό τινος save oneself by turning away from Ac 2:40 (on ς. ἀπό s. 2aα above; ELövestam, ASTI 12, ’83, 84–92). διά τινος ἀπό τινος through someone from someth. Ro 5:9.—χάριτι by grace Eph 2:5; Pol 1:3. τῇ χάριτι διὰ πίστεως Eph 2:8. τῇ ἐλπίδι ἐσώθημεν (only) in hope have we (thus far) been saved or it is in the context of this hope that we have been saved (i.e., what is to come climaxes what is reality now) Ro 8:24.—οἱ σῳζόμενοι those who are to be or are being saved (Iren. 1, 3, 5 [Harv. I 30, 9]) Lk 13:23; Ac 2:47 (BMeyer, CBQ 27, ’65, 37f: cp. Is 37:2); 1 Cor 1:18; 2 Cor 2:15 (opp. οἱ ἀπολλύμενοι in the last two passages); Rv 21:24 t.r. (Erasmian rdg.); 1 Cl 58:2; MPol 17:2.

③ Certain passages belong under 1 and 2 at the same time. They include Mk 8:35=Lk 9:24 (s. 1a and 2a β above) and Lk 9:[56] v.l., where σῴζειν is used in contrast to destruction by fire fr. heaven, but also denotes the bestowing of transcendent salvation (cp. Cornutus 16 p. 21, 9f οὐ πρὸς τὸ βλάπτειν, ἀλλὰ πρὸς τὸ σῴζειν γέγονεν ὁ λόγος [=Ἑρμῆς]). In Ro 9:27 τὸ ὑπόλειμμα σωθήσεται (Is 10:22) the remnant that is to escape death is interpreted to mean the minority who are to receive the Messianic salvation. In 1 Cor 3:15 escape fr. a burning house is a symbol for the attainment of eternal salvation (πῦρ a; cp. also Cebes 3, 4 ἐὰν δέ τις γνῷ, ἡ ἀφροσύνη ἀπόλλυται, αὐτὸς δὲ σῷζεται).—WWagner, Über σώζειν u. seine Derivata im NT: ZNW 6, 1905, 205–35; J-BColon, La conception du Salut d’après les Év. Syn.: RSR 10, 1930, 1–39; 189–217; 370–415; 11, ’31, 27–70; 193–223; 382–412; JSevenster, Het verlossingsbegrip bij Philo. Vergeleken met de verlossingsgedachten van de Syn. evangeliën ’36; PMinear, And Great Shall be your Reward ’41; MGoguel, Les fondements de l’assurance du salut chez l’ap. Paul: RHPR 17, ’38, 105–44; BHHW II 995, 1068.—B. 752. DELG s.v. σῶς. M-M. EDNT. TW. Spicq. Sv.

ῥύομαι mid. dep. (Hom.+—Anz 275f; FChase, The Lord’s Prayer in the Early Church: Texts and Studies I/3, 1891, 71ff) fut. ῥύσομαι; 1 aor. ἐ(ρ)ρυσάμην, impv. ῥῦσαι Mt 6:13; pf. 3 sg. ἔρυσται [=εἴρυσται] AcPlCor 1:8. Pass.: fut. ῥυσθήσομαι LXX; 1 aor. ἐ(ρ)ρύσθην (on the spelling w. one ρ or two s. B-D-F §11, 1; 101 p. 48; Mlt-H. 101f; 193) to rescue from danger, save, rescue, deliver, preserve τινά someone (Hippol., Ref. 8, 10, 3; Theoph. Ant. 3, 9 [p. 224, 15]) Mt 27:43; 1 Cl 16:16 (both Ps 21:9); 2 Pt 2:7; 1 Cl 8:4 (Is 1:17); 22:8 (Ps 33:20) v.l.; 55:6; 2 Cl 6:8 (Ezk 14:18). τινὰ ἀπό τινος rescue, save, deliver, or preserve someone fr. someone or someth. (B-D-F §180; s. also Rob. 517f.—Pr 2:12; Is 25:4; Ezk 37:23; 1 Macc 12:15; PsSol 4:23 al.; TestReub 4:10; JosAs 12:7; ApcSed 16:7; Sib-Or 2, 344; ἀπὸ τῆς πλάνης Orig., C. Cels. 5, 33, 39; Did., Gen. 154, 20) Mt 6:13; Lk 11:4 v.l. (on the subject matter s. Hierocles 25 [ln. 61], 474 Ζεῦ πάτερ, ἦ πολλῶν κε κακῶν λύσειας ἅπαντας); 2 Ti 4:18; 1 Cl 60:3b; D 8:2; 10:5. Pass. Ac 5:15 v.l.; Ro 15:31; 2 Th 3:2; 1 Cl 60:3a. Also τινὰ ἔκ τινος (Anacreon 111 Diehl; Hdt. 5, 49; Diod S 12, 53, 1; hymn to Isis: SEG VIII, 548, 27 [I B.C.]; PBad 48, 3 [126 B.C.] ἐκ πολεμίων; LXX; TestSim 2:8; Jos., Ant. 12, 407; Just., D. 111, 3; Mel., P. 68, 489.—Aristoxenus, Fgm. 113 ῥύεσθαι καὶ ἐρύεσθαι διαφορὰν ἔχει πρὸς ἄλληλα. τὸ μὲν γὰρ ῥύεσθαι ἐκ θανάτου ἕλκειν, τὸ δὲ ἐρύεσθαι φυλάττειν=‘ῥύεσθαι and ἐρύεσθαι are different: ῥ. means rescuing fr. death, but ἐ. to ward off [death]’) 2 Ti 3:11; from death (SibOr 2, 81; Just., D. 111, 3) 2 Cor 1:10a; 1 Cl 56:9 (Job 5:20); 2 Cl 16:4 (w. acc. to be supplied); fr. the power of darkness Col 1:13 (cp. JosAs 15:13 ἐκ τοῦ σκότους); fr. wrath to come 1 Th 1:10; fr. blood-guilt 1 Cl 18:14 (Ps 50:16); fr. all afflictions 22:7 (Ps 33:18); fr. eternal punishment 2 Cl 6:7; fr. temptation 2 Pt 2:9. τίς με ῥύσεται ἐκ τοῦ σώματος τοῦ θανάτου τούτου; who will set me free from this body of death? Ro 7:24. ἐκ δεσμῶν ἐρύσατο τὸν κόσμον ὅλον (God, who) rescued the entire world from its chains AcPl Ha 3, 7. ἐκ χειρὸς ἀνόμου ὁ θεὸς ἐρύσατο τὸν Ἰσραήλ 8, 10. εἴρυσταί σε κύριος ἐκ χειρὸς ἀνόμου the Lord rescues you from a lawless hand AcPlCor 1:8 (on the form Schwyzer I 681 n. 1: ‘praesentisches Perfekt’). Pass. ῥυσθῆναι ἐκ χειρός τινος be rescued from someone’s power Lk 1:74 (cp. Jos., Vi. 83, Ant. 7, 151; JosAs 28:3 ῥῦσαι ἡμᾶς ἐκ τῶν χειρῶν τῶν ἀδελφῶν). ἐκ στόματος λέοντος be saved from the jaws of the lion 2 Ti 4:17. ῥ. τινά τινι save someone by someth. (Diod S 13, 64, 6 ἐρρύσατο χρήμασι τὴν ἰδίαν ψυχήν=his life by means of money) 2 Cl 6:9. Also ῥ. τινα διά τινος 1 Cl 55:1. Abs. Mt 27:43 (for a ‘divine’ rescue of a θεοσεβής fr. extreme danger s. Hdt. 1, 86, 2, Croesus on the pyre: Κῦρος βουλόμενος εἰδέναι εἴ τίς μιν δαιμόνων ῥύσεται τοῦ μὴ ζῶντα κατακαυθῆναι=Cyrus wishing to know whether some divinity would rescue (Croesus) from being burned alive. S. also Ps 21:9); 2 Cor 1:10b; AcPl Ha 2, 30. ῥυσθείητε ἀπὸ τούτων ἁπάντων may you be delivered from all these ( men or sins) D 5:2.—Subst. ὁ ῥυόμενος the deliverer Ro 11:26 (Is 59:20); 1 Cl 35:11 (Ps 49:22).—DELG s.v. ἔρυμαι. M-M. EDNT. TW.