ab-nego

ignosco, nōvi, nōtum, 3 ( plqpf. sync. ignosset, Sil. 8, 619; part. fut. ignosciturus, Piso Frugi ap. Prisc. p. 887; Ambros. de Noë, 13, 47; also ignoturus, Cic. ap. Prisc. p. 886), v. a. [2. in-gnosco, nosco; lit., not to wish to know, not to search into; hence, with esp. reference to a fault or crime], to pardon, forgive, excuse, overlook (class.; syn.: parco, indulgeo); constr. alicui ( aliquid, quod, si, etc.), with simple aliquid or absol.

Alicui ( aliquid, quod, si, etc.):

hoc ignoscant dii immortales, velim, et populo Romano et huic ordini,

Cic. Phil. 1, 6, 13; so,

ut eis delicta ignoscas,

Plaut. Bacch. 5, 2, 68:

velim mihi ignoscas, quod ad te scribo tam multa toties,

Cic. Att. 7, 12, 3:

abs te peto ut mihi hoc ignoscas,

id. ib. 1, 1, 4:

mihi, quaeso, ignoscite, si appello talem virum saepius,

id. Agr. 2, 18, 49:

ne discamus nobis ignoscere,

Quint. 11, 2, 45; 10, 3, 29; cf.:

adeo familiare est hominibus, omnia sibi ignoscere,

Vell. 2, 30, 3:

at vos vobis ignoscitis,

make excuses for, justify, Juv. 8, 181; so,

ipsi populo,

id. 8, 189.— With dat. rei:

ignoscas velim huic festinationi meae,

Cic. Fam. 5, 12, 1:

inscitiae meae et stultitiae,

Plaut. Mil. 2, 6, 62:

delictis,

id. Merc. 5, 4, 37:

vitiis,

Hor. S. 1, 4, 131:

dictis,

Juv. 1, 154:

his (sc. factis),

id. 13, 103 et saep.— Pass. impers.:

ignosci nobis postulabimus,

Auct. Her. 2, 17, 25:

ea jam aetate sum, ut non sit peccato mihi ignosci aequum,

Ter. Hec. 5, 1, 10:

tabellam dedit, quia ignosceretur iis, quos, etc.,

Suet. Aug. 33:

mihi profecto poterit ignosci, si, etc.,

Quint. 4 praef. §

5: deprecatores, quibus non erat ignotum,

Cic. Att. 11, 14, 1:

exemplis uti oportebit, quibus in simili excusatione non sit ignotum: et contentione, magis illis ignoscendum fuisse,

id. Inv. 2, 32, 100.—

With a simple acc. (very rare;

not in Cic.): orant, ignoscamus peccatum suum,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 101:

equidem istuc factum ignoscam,

Ter. Heaut. 4, 1, 34:

parvum si Tartara nossent Peccatum ignovisse,

Verg. Cul. 293.—In pass.:

ego esse in hac re culpam meritam non nego, sed eam, quae sit ignoscenda,

Ter. Phorm. 5, 8, 26:

et cognoscendi et ignoscendi dabitur peccati locus,

id. Heaut. 2, 1, 6.—

Absol. (rare but class.):

ignosce: orat, confitetur, purgat: quid vis amplius?

Ter. Phorm. 5, 8, 46:

quotiens ignoscimus (in dicendo),

Quint. 6, 2, 14:

ad ejus facti deprecationem ignoscendi petenda venia est,

Cic. Part. Or. 37, 131; cf. id. Pis. 41, 98:

contemnere fulmina pauper creditur atque deos, dis ignoscentibus ipsis,

i. e. conniving, winking, Juv. 3, 146.— Pass. impers.:

ignotum est, tacitum est,

Ter. Ad. 3, 4, 28.—Hence, ignoscens, entis, P. a., forgiving, inclined to forgiveness, placable:

animus ignoscentior,

Ter. Heaut. 4, 1, 32.

infĭtĭae ( infĭcĭae), ārum, f. [2. infateor], denial; only in the acc. in connection with ire, and very rarely without a negative, except in ante-class. Lat.: infitias ire, to deny (not in Cic. or Cæs.); constr. with acc. and inf., aliquid or absol.:

quī lubet ire infitias mihi facta quae sunt?

Plaut. Men. 2, 3, 45:

ille infitias ibit,

Ter. Ad. 3, 2, 41:

omnia infitias ire,

Plaut. Cist. 4, 1, 9;

so without a negative: infitias eunt mercedem se belli Romanis inferendi pactos,

Liv. 10, 10, 8. — With a negative:

ne infitias eat,

Plaut. Truc. 4, 3, 76:

quod nemo it infitias,

Nep. Epam. 10, 4:

neque infitias eo, quasdam esse, etc.,

Quint. 3, 7, 3:

neque nego, neque infitias eo, nos enixe operam dedisse,

Liv. 6, 40, 4; id. 9, 9, 4; 31, 31, 9:

nec eo infitias, quin, etc.,

Front. Aquaed. 72; Gell. 2, 26, 7; 19, 8, 5.—

Esp., to defend an action at law:

jurare debent non calumniae causa litem intendere, et non calumniae causa ad infitias ire,

Dig. 10, 2, 44, § 4.

margărīta, ae, f., and margărī-tum, i, n., = margaritês (lithos), a pearl,

Form margarita (class.), Varr. ap. Non. 213, 30:

nego ullam gemmam fuisse, aut margaritam, quin abstulerit,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 1, § 1:

ornatus margaritarum,

id. Or. 39, 78; cf. Quint. 11, 1, 3:

linea margaritarum,

Dig. 35, 2, 26:

Britannici,

Plin. 9, 35, 53, § 105:

una pretiosa,

Vulg. Matt. 13, 46.—

Prov.: ne mittatis margaritas vestras ante porcos,

do not cast your pearls before swine, Vulg. Matt. 7, 6.—

Form margaritum (rare, not in Cic.): arma margarito candicantia, Varr. ap. Non. 213, 24:

gignit et Oceanus margarita,

Tac. Agr. 12; Dig. 19, 5, 17, § 1; Tert. ad Ux. 2, 5; id. de Pall. 5; Prud. steph. 10, 648; id. Psych. 873.—As a term of endearment, pearl, treasure: Tiberinum margaritum, said of Mæcenas, Aug. ap. Macr. S. 2, 4; Petr. 63, 3.

nē (old forms nei and ni; v. the foll.), adv. and conj., the primitive Latin negative particle, no, not; whereas the negative particle non is a derivative (v. non init.) [prob. of pronominal origin; cf. the Anglo-Saxon na and ne (Engl. no), whence naht (Engl. not) is derived; Sanscr. na, not].

Adv., with a single word of a proposition (in early Latin): NE MINVS TRINVM NOVNDINVM, not less than, etc., S. C. de Bacch.; cf. with DVM NE MINVS SENATORIBVS C. ADESENT, twice in the same S. C.;

and in the form ni: DVM NI MINVS VIGINTI ADSIENT,

Inscr. Grut. 207, 3. So too:

DVM NE AMPLIOREM MODVM PRATORVM HABEANT QVAM, etc.,

Inscr. Orell. 3121 (Sententia de finibus inter Genuates et Viturios regundis lata A. U. C. 637). So, ne minores (verres) quam semestres, Varr. R. R. 2, 4, 21. In the time of Plautus the usage was unsettled, non and ne being used indifferently for simple negation; cf. Lorenz ad Plaut. Most. 105; Brix ad Plaut. Trin. 1156.—

To this is allied the adverbial use of ne in all periods of the language.

Ne... quidem, applies the negation with emphasis to the word between them, not even:

ne sues quidem id velint, non modo ipse,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 38, 92:

ne in oppidis quidem... ne in fanis quidem,

id. Verr. 2, 4, 1, § 2:

Philippus non item: itaque ne nos quidem,

id. Att. 14, 12, 2:

nulla ne minima quidem aura fluctus commovente,

id. Tusc. 5, 6, 16:

non potest dici satis, ne cogitari quidem, quantum, etc.,

id. Mil. 29, 78:

vita beata, quam ne in deo quidem esse censes, nisi, etc.,

id. N. D. 1, 24, 67:

ut in foro et in judicio... ne non timere quidem sine aliquo timore possimus,

id. Mil. 1, 2:

ne tondere quidem Vellera possunt,

Verg. G. 3, 561;

so after a negative, repeating it with emphasis: non enim praetereundum est ne id quidem,

Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 60, § 155:

nulla species ne excogitari quidem potest ornatior,

id. de Or. 3, 45, 179:

non praetermittam ne illud quidem,

id. Q. Fr. 2, 5, 2:

Caesar negat se ne Graeca quidem meliora legisse,

id. ib. 2, 16, 5:

numquam illum ne minima quidem re offendi,

id. Lael. 27, 103; Liv. 28, 42, 16; but when ne... quidem precedes, the negative of the principal verb is omitted:

sine quā ne intellegi quidem ulla virtus potest,

Cic. Tusc. 2, 13, 31:

neque enim ipsius quidem regis abhorrebat animus,

Liv. 29, 12, 10: ne quidem (with no intervening word), not even (late Lat.), Gai Inst. 1, 67; id. ib. 3, 93.—

In composition, to make an absolute negation of the principal idea. So in neque and nequiquam; also in nescio and nevolo; and in nefas, nefandus, nepus (for non purus), nequeo, neuter, neutiquam; in nemo, nego, nihil, nullus, numquam, and nusquam; and, lastly, with a paragogic c before o: necopinans and neglego; negotium (i. e. nec-lego; nec-otium). —

With a proposition (in all periods of the language, and exclusively),

In imperative sentences, to signify that something must not be done.

With imper.: SI HOMINEM FVLMEN IOVIS OCCISIT, NE SVPRA GENVA TOLLITOR, let him not be raised, Leg. Reg.: HOMINEM MORTVVM IN VRBE NE SEPELITO NEVE VRITO, Fragm. XII. Tab. ap. Cic. Leg. 2, 23; cf.: MVLIERES GENAS NE RADVNTO NEVE LESSVM FVNERIS ERGO HABENTO, ib.: SI NOLET, ARCERAM NE STERNITO, let him not spread, he need not spread, ib. (cf. Gell. 20, 1, 25):

VECTIGAL INVITEI DARE NEI DEBENTO,

Inscr. Orell. 3121; cf.

art. ni, II.: abi, ne jura: satis credo,

Plaut. Pers. 4, 3, 20; 4, 5, 5:

ah, ne saevi tantopere,

Ter. And. 5, 2, 27:

impius ne audeto placare donis iram deorum,

Cic. Leg. 2, 9, 22:

ne, pueri, ne tanta animis assuescite bella,

Verg. A. 6, 832.—

With subj.:

ne me moveatis,

Plaut. Mil. 4, 9, 1:

si certum est facere, facias: verum ne post conferas Culpam in me,

Ter. Eun. 2, 3, 96:

si denique veritas extorquebit, ne repugnetis,

Cic. Clu. 2, 6:

ne pudori Sit tibi Musa lyrae sollers,

Hor. A. P. 406.—

In wishes and asseverations: ne id Juppiter Opt. Max. sineret, etc., might Jupiter forbid it! etc., Liv. 4, 2; cf.:

ne istuc Juppiter Opt. Max. sirit, etc.,

id. 28, 28.—With utinam: utinam ne in nemore Pelio securibus Caesa accedisset abiegna ad terram trabes, would that not, Enn. ap. Cic. Top. 16, 61 (Trag. v. 280 Vahl.): utinam ne umquam, Mede Colchis cupido corde pedem extulisses, Enn ap. Non. 297, 18 (Trag. v. 311 ib.):

illud utinam ne vere scriberem!

Cic. Fam. 5, 17, 3; v. utinam.—With si:

ne vivam, si scio,

may I not live, may I die, if I know, Cic. Att. 4, 16, 8:

sed ne vivam, si tibi concedo,

id. Fam. 7, 23, 19:

ne sim salvus, si aliter scribo ac sentio,

id. ib. 16, 13, 1.—

In concessive and restrictive clauses (conceived as softened commands; cf. II. init.).

In concessions, nemo is, inquies, umquam fuit. Ne fuerit:

ego enim, etc.,

there may not have been; suppose there was not, Cic. Or. 29, 101; cf.:

pugnes omnino, sed cum adversario facili. Ne sit sane: videri certe potest,

id. Ac. 2, 26, 85; 2, 32, 102:

ne sit sane summum malum dolor: malum certe est,

id. Tusc. 2, 5, 14:

ne sint in senectute vires: ne postulantur quidem vires a senectute,

id. Sen. 11, 34:

ne sit igitur sol, ne luna, ne stellae, quoniam nihil esse potest, nisi quod attigimus aut vidimus,

id. N. D. 1, 31, 88; Liv. 31, 7:

nec porro malum, quo aut oppressus jaceas, aut, ne opprimare, mente vix constes?

though you be not crushed; supposing you are not crushed, Cic. Tusc. 4, 17, 39.—

In restrictive clauses:

sint sane liberales ex sociorum fortunis, sint misericordes in furibus aerarii, ne illi sanguinem nostrum largiantur, etc.,

only let them not; if they only will not, Sall. C. 52, 12. So, dum ne, dummodo ne, modo ne, and dum quidem ne; v. dum and modo: me vero nihil istorum ne juvenem quidem movit umquam: ne nunc senem, much less now I am old = nedum, Cic. Fam. 9, 26, 2; cf.:

vix incedo inanis, ne ire posse cum onere existumes,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 174: scuta si homines inviti dant, etsi ad salutem communem dari sentiunt: ne quem putetis sine maximo dolore argentum caelatum domo protulisse, much less can you suppose, etc., Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 23, § 52; Liv. 3, 52.—

In clauses which denote a purpose or result.

Ut ne, that not, lest, so that not (very rare after the August. period; in Livy only in a few doubtful passages; in Cæsar, Seneca, and Tacitus not at all; v. under II.): quos ego ope meā Pro incertis certos... Dimitto, ut ne res temere tractent turbidas, Enn. ap. Cic. de Or. 1, 45, 199 (Trag v. 189 Vahl.): vestem ut ne inquinet, Plaut. Capt. 2, 2, 17. pergunt turbare usque, ut ne quid possit conquiescere, id. Most. 5, 1, 12:

haec mihi nunc cura est maxima, ut ne cui meae Longinquitas aetatis obstet,

Ter. Hec. 4, 2, 19:

ego, pol, te ulciscar, ut ne impune nos illuseris,

id. Eun. 5, 4, 19:

excitandam esse animadversionem et diligentiam, ut ne quid inconsiderate negligenterque agamus,

Cic. Off. 1, 29, 103:

equidem soleo dare operam, ut de suā quisque re me ipse doceat, et, ut ne quis alius assit, quo, etc.,

id. de Or. 2, 24, 102.—

Ut... ne separated:

quam plurimis de rebus ad me velim scribas, ut prorsus ne quid ignorem,

Cic. Att. 3, 10, 3:

ut causae communi salutique ne deessent,

id. Verr. 2, 4, 63, § 140:

lata lex est, ne auspicia valerent, ut omnibus fastis diebus legem ferri liceret: ut lex Aelia, lex Fufia ne valeret,

id. Sest. 15, 33; id. N. D. 1, 7, 17:

vos orant atque obsecrant, judices, ut in actore causae suae deligendo vestrum judicium ab suo judicio ne discrepet,

id. Div. in Caecil. 4, 14.—

Qui ne, quo ne, and quomodo ne (ante- and post-class. for ut ne):

ego id agam, mihi qui ne detur,

Ter. And. 2, 1, 35:

moxque ad aram, quo ne hostis dolum persentisceret, aversusque a duce assistit,

Dict. Cret. 4, 11: quaeritis maximis sumptibus faciendis, quomodo ne tributa conferatis, Gr. hôs mê, Rutil. Lup. 1, 9.

In the several uses of the adv. ne, described above, the transition to its use to connect clauses is clearly seen (v. esp. I. B. 3. and 4.). In intentional clauses, and after verbs of fearing and avoiding, ne becomes a conjunction.

In intentional clauses for ut ne, that not, lest: nolite, hospites, ad me adire: ilico isti! Ne contagio mea bonis umbrave obsit, approach me not; let not my presence harm you, i. e. lest my presence should harm you, Enn. ap. Cic. Tusc. 3, 12, 26 (Trag. v. 405 Vahl.):

omitto innumerabiles viros, quorum singuli saluti huic civitati fuerunt... ne quis se aut suorum aliquem praetermissum queratur,

Cic. Rep. 1, 1, 1; 1, 7, 12; 1, 5, 9:

Caesarem complexus obsecrare coepit, ne quid gravius in fratrem statueret,

Caes. B. G. 1, 20.—Esp. after verbs expressing forethought, care, etc.:

vide sis, ne quid imprudens ruas,

Ter. Heaut. 2, 3, 128:

considera, ne in alienissimum tempus cadat adventus tuus,

Cic. Fam. 15, 14, 4:

Cocceius, vide, ne frustretur,

Cic. Att. 12, 18, 3 et saep.—

After verbs signifying to fear, frighten, etc. (esp. metuo, timeo, vereor, horreo, paveo, terreo, conterreo; also, timor est, metus est, spes est, periculum est), to express the wish that something may not take place; represented in English by that (because in English the particle depends on the idea of fearing, not of wishing):

metuo et timeo, ne hoc tandem propalam flat,

that it will be discovered, Plaut. Mil. 4, 8, 38:

timeo ne malefacta mea sint inventa omnia,

id. Truc. 4, 2, 61:

vereor ne quid Andria apportet mali,

Ter. And. 1, 1, 46:

metuebat ne indicarent,

Cic. Mil. 21, 57:

mater cruciatur et sollicita est, ne filium spoliatum omni dignitate conspiciat,

id. Mur. 41, 88:

hic ne quid mihi prorogetur, horreo,

id. Att. 5, 21, 3:

id paves, ne ducas tu illam, tu autem ut ducas,

Ter. And. 2, 2, 12:

esse metus coepit, ne, etc.,

Ov. M. 7, 715:

terruit gentīs, grave ne rediret Saeculum Pyrrhae,

Hor. C. 1, 2, 5:

non periclumst, nequid recte monstres,

Plaut. Ps. 1, 3, 55:

pavor ceperat milites, ne mortiferum esset vulnus,

Liv. 24, 42 —

When the dependent clause is negative, with non or nihil, that not:

vereor ne exercitum firmum habere non possit,

Cic. Att. 7, 12, 2:

unum vereor ne senatus Pompeium nolit dimittere,

id. ib. 5, 18, 1:

timeo ne non impetrem,

id. ib. 9, 6, 6; id. Tusc. 1, 31, 76.—

With the negative before the verb:

non vereor, ne quid temere facias,

Cic. Fam. 2, 7, 1; 2, 1, 4:

timere non debeo, ne non iste illā cruce dignus judicetur,

id. Verr. 2, 5, 67, § 171.—

After verbs signifying to avoid, warn, hinder, forbid, refuse (caveo, impedio, resisto, interdico, refuto, rarely veto), instead of the simple object, that not, lest:

qui cavet, ne decipiatur, etc.,

Plaut. Capt. 2, 2, 5:

cavete, judices, ne nova proscriptio instaurata esse videatur,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 53, 153; id. Fam. 3, 12, 4;

v. caveo: casus quidam ne facerem impedivit,

Cic. Fat. 1, 1:

unus ne caperetur urbs causa fuit,

Liv. 34, 39. [p. 1194]

- nĕ (also apocopated n' and only n), interrog. and enclit. part. [weakened from nē]. It simply inquires, without implying either that a negative or an affirmative reply is expected (cf. num, nonne), and emphasizes the word to which it is joined;

which is always, in classic Latin, the first word of the clause (ante- class. after other words: sine dote uxoremne?

Plaut. Trin. 2, 2, 94; 1, 2, 141; id. As. 5, 2, 78; id. Mil. 3, 1, 92). In direct questions it is translated by giving an interrogative form to the sentence; in indirect interrogations by whether.

In direct interrogations, with indic.:

meministine me in senatu dicere? etc.,

Cic. Cat. 1, 3, 7:

potestne rerum major esse dissensio?

id. Fin. 3, 13, 44:

tune id veritus es?

id. Q. Fr. 1, 3, 1:

jamne vides, belua, jamne sentis? etc.,

id. Pis. 1, 1:

quid, si etiam falsum illud omnino est? tamenne ista tam absurda defendes?

id. N. D. 1, 29, 81; cf. id. Rosc. Am. 15, 44:

quiane auxilio juvat ante levatos?

Verg. A. 4, 538:

tun' te audes Sosiam esse dicere?

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 217:

valuistin?

id. Trin. 1, 2, 12.—After an elided s:

satin habes, si feminarum nulla'st: quam aeque diligam?

Plaut. Am. 1, 3, 11:

pergin autem?

id. ib. 1, 3, 41:

vin commutemus?

id. Trin. 1, 2, 21 al. —

Esp. with rel. pron.; ellipt.: quemne ego servavi? i. e. do you mean the one whom? etc., Plaut. Mil. 1, 1, 13: quodne vobis placeat, displiceat mihi? can it be that what pleases? etc., id. ib. 3, 1, 19; id. Merc. 3, 3, 12; id. Am. 2, 2, 65;

so quin for quine,

id. Trin. 2, 2, 79 Brix ad loc.; id. Bacch. 2, 3, 98; id. Most. 3, 2, 50 al.—So with ut and si:

utine adveniens vomitum excutias mulieri?

Plaut. Merc. 3, 3, 15; id. Rud. 4, 4, 19:

sin, saluti quod tibi esse censeo, id. consuadeo,

id. Merc. 1, 2, 32.—

In indirect interrogations, with subj., whether:

ut videamus, satisne ista sit justa defectio,

Cic. Ac. 1, 12, 43:

Publilius iturusne sit in Africam et quando, ex Aledio scire poteris,

id. Att. 12, 24, 1:

videto vasa, multane sient,

Cato, R. R. 1:

quem imitari possimusne, ipse liber erit indicio,

Varr. L. L. 7, § 4 Müll.; cf. id. ib. 10, § 9.—

Sometimes affixed to an interrogative pronoun, Plaut. Cist. 4, 1, 2:

quone malo mentem concussa? Timore deorum,

Hor. S. 2, 3, 295; cf.:

uterne Ad casus dubios fidet sibi certius?

id. ib. 2, 2, 107; and:

illa rogare: Quantane?

id. ib. 2, 3, 317.—

-ne is sometimes used for nonne, where an affirmative reply is expected:

misine ego ad te epistulam?

Plaut. Bacch. 3, 6, 22; id. Trin. 1, 2, 92; 99; id. Most. 2, 1, 15:

rectene interpretor sententiam tuam,

Cic. Tusc. 3, 17, 37; id. Fin. 2, 32, 104.—

Rarely = num:

potestne virtus servire?

Cic. de Or. 1, 52, 226:

potesne dicere?

id. Tusc. 1, 27, 67; id. Sen. 16, 56.—

With an, annon, or anne, in the second interrogation, v. an.—With necne, v. neque.—Sometimes pleonastic with utrum, followed by an (mostly anteclass.):

est etiam illa distinctio, utrum illudne non videatur aegre ferendum... an, etc.,

Cic. Tusc. 4, 27, 59:

sed utrum strictimne attonsurum dicam esse an per pectinem, nescio,

Plaut. Capt. 2, 2, 18 Brix ad loc.; id. Most. 3, 1, 151; id. Bacch. 1, 1, 42; cf. Madv. Gram. § 452, obs. 1.—Sometimes, in the second interrogation, ne for an (mostly poet.):

Smyrna quid et Colophon? Majora minorane fama?

Hor. Ep. 1, 11, 3:

ut in incerto fuerit, vicissent victine essent,

Liv. 5, 28, 5:

cum interrogaretur, utrum pluris patrem matremne faceret,

Nep. Iphicr. 3, 4.

nē, interj. (incorrectly written nae), = nai, nê, truly, verily, really, indeed (only joined with pers. pron. ego, tu, and with the demonstratives ille, iste, hic, and their advv.; in class, prose usually with a conditional clause).

In gen.:

ne ego homo infelix fui, Qui non alas intervelli,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 169; cf.:

ne ego haud paulo hunc animum malim quam, etc.,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 42, 99:

ne ego, inquam, si ita est, velim tibi eum placere quam maxime,

id. Brut. 71, 249. So, ne tu, etc., id. Phil. 2, 2, 3; Ter. Eun. 2, 2, 54; Liv. 26, 6, 15: ne ille, Naev. ap. Non. 73, 18 (Trag. Rel. p. 9 v. 40 Rib.); Plaut. Ps. 3, 1, 3; Cic. Cat. 2, 3, 6:

ne iste,

Ter. And. 2, 1, 24; id. Heaut. 4, 1, 8 al.—

Connected with other affirmative particles, as hercle, edepol, mecastor, medius fidius:

ne tu hercle,

Plaut. As. 2, 4, 6; id. Curc. 1, 3, 38: ne ille hercle, id. Bacch. 2, 3, 76:

edepol ne ego,

id. Men. 5, 5, 10:

edepol ne tu,

id. ib. 1, 2, 50:

ne ista edepol,

id. Am. 2, 2, 213:

ne istuc mecastor,

id. Men. 5, 1, 34 (729 Ritschl):

ne ille, medius fidius,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 30, 74; cf.:

medius fidius ne tu,

id. Att. 4, 4, 6, § 2.— Rarely with a pron. poss.:

edepol ne meam operam, etc.,

Ter. Hec. 5, 3, 1. (All passages in which ne stands in classic prose without a pronoun are probably corrupt; cf. Haase in Reisig's Vorles. p. 379 sq.; v. Liv. 26, 31, 10; 34, 4, 16 Weissenb.)

nē (old forms nei and ni; v. the foll.), adv. and conj., the primitive Latin negative particle, no, not; whereas the negative particle non is a derivative (v. non init.) [prob. of pronominal origin; cf. the Anglo-Saxon na and ne (Engl. no), whence naht (Engl. not) is derived; Sanscr. na, not].

Adv., with a single word of a proposition (in early Latin): NE MINVS TRINVM NOVNDINVM, not less than, etc., S. C. de Bacch.; cf. with DVM NE MINVS SENATORIBVS C. ADESENT, twice in the same S. C.;

and in the form ni: DVM NI MINVS VIGINTI ADSIENT,

Inscr. Grut. 207, 3. So too:

DVM NE AMPLIOREM MODVM PRATORVM HABEANT QVAM, etc.,

Inscr. Orell. 3121 (Sententia de finibus inter Genuates et Viturios regundis lata A. U. C. 637). So, ne minores (verres) quam semestres, Varr. R. R. 2, 4, 21. In the time of Plautus the usage was unsettled, non and ne being used indifferently for simple negation; cf. Lorenz ad Plaut. Most. 105; Brix ad Plaut. Trin. 1156.—

To this is allied the adverbial use of ne in all periods of the language.

Ne... quidem, applies the negation with emphasis to the word between them, not even:

ne sues quidem id velint, non modo ipse,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 38, 92:

ne in oppidis quidem... ne in fanis quidem,

id. Verr. 2, 4, 1, § 2:

Philippus non item: itaque ne nos quidem,

id. Att. 14, 12, 2:

nulla ne minima quidem aura fluctus commovente,

id. Tusc. 5, 6, 16:

non potest dici satis, ne cogitari quidem, quantum, etc.,

id. Mil. 29, 78:

vita beata, quam ne in deo quidem esse censes, nisi, etc.,

id. N. D. 1, 24, 67:

ut in foro et in judicio... ne non timere quidem sine aliquo timore possimus,

id. Mil. 1, 2:

ne tondere quidem Vellera possunt,

Verg. G. 3, 561;

so after a negative, repeating it with emphasis: non enim praetereundum est ne id quidem,

Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 60, § 155:

nulla species ne excogitari quidem potest ornatior,

id. de Or. 3, 45, 179:

non praetermittam ne illud quidem,

id. Q. Fr. 2, 5, 2:

Caesar negat se ne Graeca quidem meliora legisse,

id. ib. 2, 16, 5:

numquam illum ne minima quidem re offendi,

id. Lael. 27, 103; Liv. 28, 42, 16; but when ne... quidem precedes, the negative of the principal verb is omitted:

sine quā ne intellegi quidem ulla virtus potest,

Cic. Tusc. 2, 13, 31:

neque enim ipsius quidem regis abhorrebat animus,

Liv. 29, 12, 10: ne quidem (with no intervening word), not even (late Lat.), Gai Inst. 1, 67; id. ib. 3, 93.—

In composition, to make an absolute negation of the principal idea. So in neque and nequiquam; also in nescio and nevolo; and in nefas, nefandus, nepus (for non purus), nequeo, neuter, neutiquam; in nemo, nego, nihil, nullus, numquam, and nusquam; and, lastly, with a paragogic c before o: necopinans and neglego; negotium (i. e. nec-lego; nec-otium). —

With a proposition (in all periods of the language, and exclusively),

In imperative sentences, to signify that something must not be done.

With imper.: SI HOMINEM FVLMEN IOVIS OCCISIT, NE SVPRA GENVA TOLLITOR, let him not be raised, Leg. Reg.: HOMINEM MORTVVM IN VRBE NE SEPELITO NEVE VRITO, Fragm. XII. Tab. ap. Cic. Leg. 2, 23; cf.: MVLIERES GENAS NE RADVNTO NEVE LESSVM FVNERIS ERGO HABENTO, ib.: SI NOLET, ARCERAM NE STERNITO, let him not spread, he need not spread, ib. (cf. Gell. 20, 1, 25):

VECTIGAL INVITEI DARE NEI DEBENTO,

Inscr. Orell. 3121; cf.

art. ni, II.: abi, ne jura: satis credo,

Plaut. Pers. 4, 3, 20; 4, 5, 5:

ah, ne saevi tantopere,

Ter. And. 5, 2, 27:

impius ne audeto placare donis iram deorum,

Cic. Leg. 2, 9, 22:

ne, pueri, ne tanta animis assuescite bella,

Verg. A. 6, 832.—

With subj.:

ne me moveatis,

Plaut. Mil. 4, 9, 1:

si certum est facere, facias: verum ne post conferas Culpam in me,

Ter. Eun. 2, 3, 96:

si denique veritas extorquebit, ne repugnetis,

Cic. Clu. 2, 6:

ne pudori Sit tibi Musa lyrae sollers,

Hor. A. P. 406.—

In wishes and asseverations: ne id Juppiter Opt. Max. sineret, etc., might Jupiter forbid it! etc., Liv. 4, 2; cf.:

ne istuc Juppiter Opt. Max. sirit, etc.,

id. 28, 28.—With utinam: utinam ne in nemore Pelio securibus Caesa accedisset abiegna ad terram trabes, would that not, Enn. ap. Cic. Top. 16, 61 (Trag. v. 280 Vahl.): utinam ne umquam, Mede Colchis cupido corde pedem extulisses, Enn ap. Non. 297, 18 (Trag. v. 311 ib.):

illud utinam ne vere scriberem!

Cic. Fam. 5, 17, 3; v. utinam.—With si:

ne vivam, si scio,

may I not live, may I die, if I know, Cic. Att. 4, 16, 8:

sed ne vivam, si tibi concedo,

id. Fam. 7, 23, 19:

ne sim salvus, si aliter scribo ac sentio,

id. ib. 16, 13, 1.—

In concessive and restrictive clauses (conceived as softened commands; cf. II. init.).

In concessions, nemo is, inquies, umquam fuit. Ne fuerit:

ego enim, etc.,

there may not have been; suppose there was not, Cic. Or. 29, 101; cf.:

pugnes omnino, sed cum adversario facili. Ne sit sane: videri certe potest,

id. Ac. 2, 26, 85; 2, 32, 102:

ne sit sane summum malum dolor: malum certe est,

id. Tusc. 2, 5, 14:

ne sint in senectute vires: ne postulantur quidem vires a senectute,

id. Sen. 11, 34:

ne sit igitur sol, ne luna, ne stellae, quoniam nihil esse potest, nisi quod attigimus aut vidimus,

id. N. D. 1, 31, 88; Liv. 31, 7:

nec porro malum, quo aut oppressus jaceas, aut, ne opprimare, mente vix constes?

though you be not crushed; supposing you are not crushed, Cic. Tusc. 4, 17, 39.—

In restrictive clauses:

sint sane liberales ex sociorum fortunis, sint misericordes in furibus aerarii, ne illi sanguinem nostrum largiantur, etc.,

only let them not; if they only will not, Sall. C. 52, 12. So, dum ne, dummodo ne, modo ne, and dum quidem ne; v. dum and modo: me vero nihil istorum ne juvenem quidem movit umquam: ne nunc senem, much less now I am old = nedum, Cic. Fam. 9, 26, 2; cf.:

vix incedo inanis, ne ire posse cum onere existumes,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 174: scuta si homines inviti dant, etsi ad salutem communem dari sentiunt: ne quem putetis sine maximo dolore argentum caelatum domo protulisse, much less can you suppose, etc., Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 23, § 52; Liv. 3, 52.—

In clauses which denote a purpose or result.

Ut ne, that not, lest, so that not (very rare after the August. period; in Livy only in a few doubtful passages; in Cæsar, Seneca, and Tacitus not at all; v. under II.): quos ego ope meā Pro incertis certos... Dimitto, ut ne res temere tractent turbidas, Enn. ap. Cic. de Or. 1, 45, 199 (Trag v. 189 Vahl.): vestem ut ne inquinet, Plaut. Capt. 2, 2, 17. pergunt turbare usque, ut ne quid possit conquiescere, id. Most. 5, 1, 12:

haec mihi nunc cura est maxima, ut ne cui meae Longinquitas aetatis obstet,

Ter. Hec. 4, 2, 19:

ego, pol, te ulciscar, ut ne impune nos illuseris,

id. Eun. 5, 4, 19:

excitandam esse animadversionem et diligentiam, ut ne quid inconsiderate negligenterque agamus,

Cic. Off. 1, 29, 103:

equidem soleo dare operam, ut de suā quisque re me ipse doceat, et, ut ne quis alius assit, quo, etc.,

id. de Or. 2, 24, 102.—

Ut... ne separated:

quam plurimis de rebus ad me velim scribas, ut prorsus ne quid ignorem,

Cic. Att. 3, 10, 3:

ut causae communi salutique ne deessent,

id. Verr. 2, 4, 63, § 140:

lata lex est, ne auspicia valerent, ut omnibus fastis diebus legem ferri liceret: ut lex Aelia, lex Fufia ne valeret,

id. Sest. 15, 33; id. N. D. 1, 7, 17:

vos orant atque obsecrant, judices, ut in actore causae suae deligendo vestrum judicium ab suo judicio ne discrepet,

id. Div. in Caecil. 4, 14.—

Qui ne, quo ne, and quomodo ne (ante- and post-class. for ut ne):

ego id agam, mihi qui ne detur,

Ter. And. 2, 1, 35:

moxque ad aram, quo ne hostis dolum persentisceret, aversusque a duce assistit,

Dict. Cret. 4, 11: quaeritis maximis sumptibus faciendis, quomodo ne tributa conferatis, Gr. hôs mê, Rutil. Lup. 1, 9.

In the several uses of the adv. ne, described above, the transition to its use to connect clauses is clearly seen (v. esp. I. B. 3. and 4.). In intentional clauses, and after verbs of fearing and avoiding, ne becomes a conjunction.

In intentional clauses for ut ne, that not, lest: nolite, hospites, ad me adire: ilico isti! Ne contagio mea bonis umbrave obsit, approach me not; let not my presence harm you, i. e. lest my presence should harm you, Enn. ap. Cic. Tusc. 3, 12, 26 (Trag. v. 405 Vahl.):

omitto innumerabiles viros, quorum singuli saluti huic civitati fuerunt... ne quis se aut suorum aliquem praetermissum queratur,

Cic. Rep. 1, 1, 1; 1, 7, 12; 1, 5, 9:

Caesarem complexus obsecrare coepit, ne quid gravius in fratrem statueret,

Caes. B. G. 1, 20.—Esp. after verbs expressing forethought, care, etc.:

vide sis, ne quid imprudens ruas,

Ter. Heaut. 2, 3, 128:

considera, ne in alienissimum tempus cadat adventus tuus,

Cic. Fam. 15, 14, 4:

Cocceius, vide, ne frustretur,

Cic. Att. 12, 18, 3 et saep.—

After verbs signifying to fear, frighten, etc. (esp. metuo, timeo, vereor, horreo, paveo, terreo, conterreo; also, timor est, metus est, spes est, periculum est), to express the wish that something may not take place; represented in English by that (because in English the particle depends on the idea of fearing, not of wishing):

metuo et timeo, ne hoc tandem propalam flat,

that it will be discovered, Plaut. Mil. 4, 8, 38:

timeo ne malefacta mea sint inventa omnia,

id. Truc. 4, 2, 61:

vereor ne quid Andria apportet mali,

Ter. And. 1, 1, 46:

metuebat ne indicarent,

Cic. Mil. 21, 57:

mater cruciatur et sollicita est, ne filium spoliatum omni dignitate conspiciat,

id. Mur. 41, 88:

hic ne quid mihi prorogetur, horreo,

id. Att. 5, 21, 3:

id paves, ne ducas tu illam, tu autem ut ducas,

Ter. And. 2, 2, 12:

esse metus coepit, ne, etc.,

Ov. M. 7, 715:

terruit gentīs, grave ne rediret Saeculum Pyrrhae,

Hor. C. 1, 2, 5:

non periclumst, nequid recte monstres,

Plaut. Ps. 1, 3, 55:

pavor ceperat milites, ne mortiferum esset vulnus,

Liv. 24, 42 —

When the dependent clause is negative, with non or nihil, that not:

vereor ne exercitum firmum habere non possit,

Cic. Att. 7, 12, 2:

unum vereor ne senatus Pompeium nolit dimittere,

id. ib. 5, 18, 1:

timeo ne non impetrem,

id. ib. 9, 6, 6; id. Tusc. 1, 31, 76.—

With the negative before the verb:

non vereor, ne quid temere facias,

Cic. Fam. 2, 7, 1; 2, 1, 4:

timere non debeo, ne non iste illā cruce dignus judicetur,

id. Verr. 2, 5, 67, § 171.—

After verbs signifying to avoid, warn, hinder, forbid, refuse (caveo, impedio, resisto, interdico, refuto, rarely veto), instead of the simple object, that not, lest:

qui cavet, ne decipiatur, etc.,

Plaut. Capt. 2, 2, 5:

cavete, judices, ne nova proscriptio instaurata esse videatur,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 53, 153; id. Fam. 3, 12, 4;

v. caveo: casus quidam ne facerem impedivit,

Cic. Fat. 1, 1:

unus ne caperetur urbs causa fuit,

Liv. 34, 39. [p. 1194]

- nĕ (also apocopated n' and only n), interrog. and enclit. part. [weakened from nē]. It simply inquires, without implying either that a negative or an affirmative reply is expected (cf. num, nonne), and emphasizes the word to which it is joined;

which is always, in classic Latin, the first word of the clause (ante- class. after other words: sine dote uxoremne?

Plaut. Trin. 2, 2, 94; 1, 2, 141; id. As. 5, 2, 78; id. Mil. 3, 1, 92). In direct questions it is translated by giving an interrogative form to the sentence; in indirect interrogations by whether.

In direct interrogations, with indic.:

meministine me in senatu dicere? etc.,

Cic. Cat. 1, 3, 7:

potestne rerum major esse dissensio?

id. Fin. 3, 13, 44:

tune id veritus es?

id. Q. Fr. 1, 3, 1:

jamne vides, belua, jamne sentis? etc.,

id. Pis. 1, 1:

quid, si etiam falsum illud omnino est? tamenne ista tam absurda defendes?

id. N. D. 1, 29, 81; cf. id. Rosc. Am. 15, 44:

quiane auxilio juvat ante levatos?

Verg. A. 4, 538:

tun' te audes Sosiam esse dicere?

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 217:

valuistin?

id. Trin. 1, 2, 12.—After an elided s:

satin habes, si feminarum nulla'st: quam aeque diligam?

Plaut. Am. 1, 3, 11:

pergin autem?

id. ib. 1, 3, 41:

vin commutemus?

id. Trin. 1, 2, 21 al. —

Esp. with rel. pron.; ellipt.: quemne ego servavi? i. e. do you mean the one whom? etc., Plaut. Mil. 1, 1, 13: quodne vobis placeat, displiceat mihi? can it be that what pleases? etc., id. ib. 3, 1, 19; id. Merc. 3, 3, 12; id. Am. 2, 2, 65;

so quin for quine,

id. Trin. 2, 2, 79 Brix ad loc.; id. Bacch. 2, 3, 98; id. Most. 3, 2, 50 al.—So with ut and si:

utine adveniens vomitum excutias mulieri?

Plaut. Merc. 3, 3, 15; id. Rud. 4, 4, 19:

sin, saluti quod tibi esse censeo, id. consuadeo,

id. Merc. 1, 2, 32.—

In indirect interrogations, with subj., whether:

ut videamus, satisne ista sit justa defectio,

Cic. Ac. 1, 12, 43:

Publilius iturusne sit in Africam et quando, ex Aledio scire poteris,

id. Att. 12, 24, 1:

videto vasa, multane sient,

Cato, R. R. 1:

quem imitari possimusne, ipse liber erit indicio,

Varr. L. L. 7, § 4 Müll.; cf. id. ib. 10, § 9.—

Sometimes affixed to an interrogative pronoun, Plaut. Cist. 4, 1, 2:

quone malo mentem concussa? Timore deorum,

Hor. S. 2, 3, 295; cf.:

uterne Ad casus dubios fidet sibi certius?

id. ib. 2, 2, 107; and:

illa rogare: Quantane?

id. ib. 2, 3, 317.—

-ne is sometimes used for nonne, where an affirmative reply is expected:

misine ego ad te epistulam?

Plaut. Bacch. 3, 6, 22; id. Trin. 1, 2, 92; 99; id. Most. 2, 1, 15:

rectene interpretor sententiam tuam,

Cic. Tusc. 3, 17, 37; id. Fin. 2, 32, 104.—

Rarely = num:

potestne virtus servire?

Cic. de Or. 1, 52, 226:

potesne dicere?

id. Tusc. 1, 27, 67; id. Sen. 16, 56.—

With an, annon, or anne, in the second interrogation, v. an.—With necne, v. neque.—Sometimes pleonastic with utrum, followed by an (mostly anteclass.):

est etiam illa distinctio, utrum illudne non videatur aegre ferendum... an, etc.,

Cic. Tusc. 4, 27, 59:

sed utrum strictimne attonsurum dicam esse an per pectinem, nescio,

Plaut. Capt. 2, 2, 18 Brix ad loc.; id. Most. 3, 1, 151; id. Bacch. 1, 1, 42; cf. Madv. Gram. § 452, obs. 1.—Sometimes, in the second interrogation, ne for an (mostly poet.):

Smyrna quid et Colophon? Majora minorane fama?

Hor. Ep. 1, 11, 3:

ut in incerto fuerit, vicissent victine essent,

Liv. 5, 28, 5:

cum interrogaretur, utrum pluris patrem matremne faceret,

Nep. Iphicr. 3, 4.

nē, interj. (incorrectly written nae), = nai, nê, truly, verily, really, indeed (only joined with pers. pron. ego, tu, and with the demonstratives ille, iste, hic, and their advv.; in class, prose usually with a conditional clause).

In gen.:

ne ego homo infelix fui, Qui non alas intervelli,

Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 169; cf.:

ne ego haud paulo hunc animum malim quam, etc.,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 42, 99:

ne ego, inquam, si ita est, velim tibi eum placere quam maxime,

id. Brut. 71, 249. So, ne tu, etc., id. Phil. 2, 2, 3; Ter. Eun. 2, 2, 54; Liv. 26, 6, 15: ne ille, Naev. ap. Non. 73, 18 (Trag. Rel. p. 9 v. 40 Rib.); Plaut. Ps. 3, 1, 3; Cic. Cat. 2, 3, 6:

ne iste,

Ter. And. 2, 1, 24; id. Heaut. 4, 1, 8 al.—

Connected with other affirmative particles, as hercle, edepol, mecastor, medius fidius:

ne tu hercle,

Plaut. As. 2, 4, 6; id. Curc. 1, 3, 38: ne ille hercle, id. Bacch. 2, 3, 76:

edepol ne ego,

id. Men. 5, 5, 10:

edepol ne tu,

id. ib. 1, 2, 50:

ne ista edepol,

id. Am. 2, 2, 213:

ne istuc mecastor,

id. Men. 5, 1, 34 (729 Ritschl):

ne ille, medius fidius,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 30, 74; cf.:

medius fidius ne tu,

id. Att. 4, 4, 6, § 2.— Rarely with a pron. poss.:

edepol ne meam operam, etc.,

Ter. Hec. 5, 3, 1. (All passages in which ne stands in classic prose without a pronoun are probably corrupt; cf. Haase in Reisig's Vorles. p. 379 sq.; v. Liv. 26, 31, 10; 34, 4, 16 Weissenb.)

nĕgātĭo, ōnis, f. [nego], a denying, denial, negation, Cic. Sull. 13, 39:

negatio inficiatioque facti,

id. Part. 29, 102.—

In partic., a word that denies, a negative, App. Dogm. Plat. 3, p. 32, 38.

per-nĕgo, āvi, ātum, 1, v. a.

To deny altogether; to deny steadily, stoutly, or flatly: Negas? Ly. Pernego immo, Plaut. Aul. 4, 10, 34:

pernegabo atque obdurabo,

id. As. 2, 2, 56:

saepe appellati, pernegaverunt,

Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 41, § 106:

pyxidem traditam pernegaret,

id. Cael. 27, 65; Tib. 1, 6, 8.—

To refuse or decline altogether (postAug.):

Catoni populus Romanus praeturam negavit, consulatum pernegavit,

Sen. Ben. 5, 17, 2; Mart. 4, 82, 5.

pictūra, ae, f. [pingo], painting, the art of painting.

Lit.:

una est ars ratioque picturae,

Cic. de Or. 3, 7, 26; 1, 16, 73; id. Brut. 18, 70; App. Mund. p. 66, 23.—

In partic., a painting of the face, Plaut. Most. 1, 3, 105.—

Transf., concr., a painting, picture (cf. tabula):

et si qua inutilis pictura sit, eam vendat,

Plaut. As. 4, 1, 10; Cic. Or. 11, 36: nego ullam picturam neque in tabulis neque textilem fuisse, quin conquisierit, id. Verr. 2, 4, 1, § 1:

accedant statuae et picturae,

Sen. Ep. 16, 8:

positae sunt picturae Herculis liberos occidentis,

id. Contr. 5, 34, 14:

statuas et picturas avehere,

Tac. A. 16, 23:

dicitur tabulam picturae cedere,

Gai. Inst. 2, 78.—Of embroideries:

textilibus picturis,

Lucr. 2, 35.—Of paintings in Mosaic, Verg. Cul. 64.—Of a carving in relief:

et sculpsit in eis picturam cherubim,

Vulg. 3 Reg. 6, 32.—

Trop., a painting, picture in words:

animum ab istā picturā imaginibusque virtutum traducere,

Cic. Tusc. 5, 5, 14: Homerum tradunt caecum fuisse;

at ejus picturam, non poësin videmus,

id. ib. 5, 39, 114.

prŏpĭor, ĭus, gen. ōris, adj. comp., and proxĭmus, a, um, adj. sup. (v. below, II.) [from the obsol. propis; whence prope].

Comp., nearer, nigher.

Lit., of place:

portus propior,

Verg. A. 3, 530:

tumulus,

Liv. 22, 24:

ut propior patriae sit fuga nostra,

Ov. P. 1, 2, 130:

domus,

Sall. H. 2, 40 Dietsch:

cum propior caliginis aër Ater init oculos,

Lucr. 4, 338 (314).—With acc.:

propior montem suos collocat,

Sall. J. 49, 1:

propior hostem,

Hirt. B. G. 8, 9.—With ab:

quisquis ab igne propior stetit,

Sen. Ep. 74, 4.—With inf.:

propior timeri,

Stat. Th. 12, 223.— Neutr. plur, subst.: prŏpĭōra, um, places lying near:

propiora fluminis,

Tac. H. 5, 16:

tenere,

Verg. A. 5, 168.—

Trop.

Of time, nearer, later, more recent:

veniunt inde ad propiora,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 48, 116:

venio ad propiorem (epistulam),

id. Att. 15, 3, 2:

propior puero quam juveni,

Vell. 2, 53, 1:

septimus octavo jam propior annus,

Hor. S. 2, 6, 40; id. C. 3, 15, 4:

mors,

Tib. 2, 3, 42:

propiore aut longiore tempore aliquid facere,

Dig. 23, 4, 17.—

Of relationship, nearer, more nearly related; with dat.:

quibus propior P. Quintio nemo est,

Cic. Quint. 31, 97:

ille gradu propior sanguinis,

Ov. H. 3, 28; 16, 326; 20, 158:

amicus,

Hor. Ep. 1, 9, 5.—

Of resemblance, more nearly resembling, more like (class.); with dat.:

quae sceleri propiora sunt, quam religioni,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 50, § 112:

tauro,

Verg. G. 3, 57:

vero est propius,

more probable, Liv. 4, 37; Ov. F. 4, 801; Tac. A. 13, 34; id. G. 45:

scribere Sermoni propiora,

Hor. S. 1, 4, 42.—With acc. (not in Cic.):

propius est fidem,

is more credible, Liv. 4, 17:

quod tamen vitium propius virtutem erat,

Sall. C. 11, 1.—

Of relation or connection, nearer, more nearly related, affecting or concerning more nearly, of greater import, closer, more intimate:

hunc priorem aequom'st me habere: tunica propior pallio est, proverbially,

my shirt is nearer than my coat, Plaut. Trin. 5, 2, 30:

propior societas eorum, qui ejusdem civitatis,

Cic. Off. 3, 17, 69:

sua sibi propiora pericula esse, quam mea,

id. Sest. 18, 40:

alium portum propiorem huic aetati videbamus,

id. Att. 14, 19, 1:

damnum propius medullis,

Hor. Ep. 1, 10, 28:

cura propior luctusque domesticus,

Ov. M. 13, 578; id. P. 4, 9, 71:

supplemento vel Latium propius esse,

Liv. 8, 11:

irae quam timori propiorem cernens,

more inclined to anger than to fear, Tac. A. 16, 9: oderat Aenean propior Saturnia Turno, more inclined or attached to, Ov. Tr. 1, 2, 7.—Hence, adv.: prŏpĭus, more nearly, nearer, closer (class.).

Lit.

Absol.:

propius accedamus,

Ter. Ad. 3, 2, 11; Ov. M. 2, 41:

res adspicere,

Verg. A. 1, 526:

propius spectare aliquid,

Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 67;

stare,

id. A. P. 361.—

With dat., nearer to: propius grammatico accessi, Cic. ap. Diom. p. 405 P. (not elsewhere in Cic.):

propius Tiberi quam Thermopylis,

Nep. Hann. 8, 3:

propius stabulis armenta tenerent,

Verg. G. 1, 355.—

With acc.:

ne propius se castra moveret,

Caes. B. G. 4, 9:

pars insulae, quae est propius solis occasum,

id. ib. 4, 28: propius aliquem accedere, id. ib. 5, 36:

propius urbem,

Cic. Phil. 7, 9, 26:

mare,

Sall. J. 18, 9.—

With ab:

propius a terris,

Cic. N. D. 1, 31, 87:

antiquitas quo propius aberat ab ortu et divinā progenie, hoc melius ea cernebat,

id. Tusc. 1, 12, 26:

ab Urbe,

Plin. 17, 25, 38, § 243.—

Trop.:

ut propius ad ea accedam, quae a te dicta sunt,

Cic. Fin. 4, 10, 24; Sen. Ira, 3, 42, 4; Cic. Part. 36, 124:

propius accedo: nego esse illa testimonia,

id. Fl. 10, 23:

a contumeliā quam a laude propius fuerit post Vitellium eligi,

Tac. H. 2, 76:

nec quicquam propius est factum, quam ut illum persequeretur,

he was within an ace of following him, Cic. Clu. 21, 59; so,

propius nihil est factum, quam ut occideretur,

id. Q. Fr. 1, 2, 5, § 15.

Sup.: proxĭmus (PROXVMVS and PROXSVMEIS, Tab. Bant.; late comp. proximior, Sen. Ep. 108, 16; Ulp. ap. Prisc. p. 607 P.; v. below, B. 2. and 3.; cf. in adv. 2. c.), a, um, adj., the nearest, next (class.).

Lit., of place:

proxima oppida,

Caes. B. G. 3, 12:

via,

Lucr. 5, 103; cf.:

via ad gloriam proxima et quasi compendiaria,

Cic. Off. 2, 12, 43:

ad proximum mare, dein Romam pergerent,

Sall. J. 23, 2:

in proximos collis discedunt,

id. ib. 54, 10:

proximum iter in Galliam,

Caes. B. G. 1, 10:

paries cum proximus ardet,

Hor. Ep. 1, 18, 84:

agri termini,

id. C. 2, 18, 23:

proximus vicinus,

one's nearest neighbor, Plaut. Most. 3, 1, 138; Ter. Hec. 1, 2, 49; Cic. Att. 2, 14, 2; Dig. 50, 15, 4.—With dat.:

Belgae proximi sunt Germanis,

Caes. B. G. 1, 1: huic proximum inferiorem orbem tenet puroeis, Cic. N. D. 2, 20, 53:

proxima Campano ponti villula,

Hor. S. 1, 5, 45.—With acc. (not in Cic.):

qui te proximus est,

Plaut. Poen. 5, 3, 1:

ager proximus finem Megalopolitarum,

Liv. 35, 27:

Crassus proximus mare Oceanum hiemarat,

Caes. B. G. 3, 7, 2:

qui proximi forte tribunal steterant,

Liv. 8, 32, 12.—With ab, nearest to, next to:

dactylus proximus a postremo,

next before, Cic. Or. 64, 217:

ut quisque proximus ab oppresso sit,

Liv. 37, 25:

proximus a dominā,

Ov. A. A. 1, 139:

proxima regio ab eā (urbe),

Curt. 10, 5, 18. —Hence, as subst.,

proxĭmus, i, m., a neighbor, a fellow-man, Val. Max. 6, 9 init.; Quint. Decl. 259.—As subst.,

proxĭmum, i, n., the neighborhood, vicinity:

vicinus e proximo,

hard by, Plaut. Aul. 2, 4, 11:

aquam hinc de proximo rogabo,

from the house next door, id. Rud. 2, 3, 73:

cum in proximo hic sit aegra,

close by, next door, Ter. Hec. 3, 2, 6:

huic locum in proximum conduxi,

Cic. Fil. Fam. 16, 21, 4:

per impluvium huc despexi in proximum,

into our neighbor's, Plaut. Mil. 2, 3, 16.— Plur.:

traicit in proxima continentis,

Liv. 31, 46, 12.—

Trop.

Of time, the next preceding or following, the previous, last, the next, the following, ensuing:

quid proximā, quid superiore nocte egeris,

Cic. Cat. 1, 1, 1:

his proximis Nonis, cum in hortos Bruti venissemus,

id. Lael. 2, 7:

Gabinius quem proximis superioribus diebus acerrime oppugnasset,

id. Fam. 1, 9, 20: se proximā nocte castra moturum, on the next, i.e. the following night, Caes. B. G. 1, 40 fin.; 2, 12; 3, 18; Liv. 2, 7, 1:

proximo anno,

Sall. J. 35, 2; Plin. 17, 23, 35, § 208:

in proxumum annum (se) transtulit,

Cic. Mil. 9, 24:

proximo, altero, tertio, denique reliquis consecutis diebus,

id. Phil. 1, 13, 32:

bello tanto majore quam proximo conatu apparatum est,

Liv. 4, 23, 6 Weissenb. ad loc.: IN DIEBVS V. PROXSVMEIS QVIBVS QVISQVE EORVM MAG (istratum) INIERIT, Tab. Bantin. lin. 14; so ib. lin. 12; Cic. Fam. 10, 26, 2; id. Att. 11, 11, 1:

censor qui proximus ante me fuerat,

id. Sen. 12, 42: die proximi, old abl. form for proximo, Cato ap. Gell. 10, 24, 10, and ap. Non. 153, 11; cf.:

crastinus, pristinus, etc., but proximo a. d. VI. Kal. Octobr.,

recently, last of all, Cic. Att. 18, 5.—

In order of succession, rank, estimation, worth, etc., the next:

summa necessitudo videtur esse honestatis: huic proxima incolumitatis: tertia ac levissima commoditatis,

Cic. Inv. 2, 58, 173:

observat L. Domitium maxime, me habet proximum,

id. Att. 1, 1, 3:

proximos dentes eiciunt,

Varr. R. R. 2, 7, 2:

prima vulnera... Proxima,

Ov. M. 3, 233:

proximos illi tamen occupavit Pallas honores,

Hor. C. 1, 12, 19: proximum est, ut, it follows that, remains that, the next point is: proximum est ergo, ut, opus fuerit classe necne quaeramus, we must next inquire, Cic. Fl. 12, 27:

proximum est, ut doceam, deorum providentiā mundum administrari,

id. N. D. 2, 29, 73.—Of value or quality, the next, most nearly approaching, most like or similar:

id habendum est antiquissimum et deo proximum, quod est optimum,

Cic. Leg. 2, 16, 40:

ficta voluptatis causā sint proxima veris,

Hor. A. P. 338:

proxima Phoebi Versibus ille facit,

Verg. E. 7, 22.— Comp.:

ut quorum abstinentiam interrupi, modum servem et quidem abstinentiae proximiorem,

Sen. Ep. 108, 16.—

In relationship, connection, or resemblance, the nearest, next, most nearly or closely related, next of kin, most like:

AGNATVS PROXIMVS, Fragm. XII. Tabularum: hic illi genere est proximus,

Ter. Ad. 4, 5, 17:

proximus cognatione,

Cic. Inv. 2, 49, 144:

id des proximum,

id. Leg. 2, 16, 40:

proxima virtutibus vitia,

Quint. 10, 2, 16:

propinquitate,

Nep. Ages. 1, 3:

proximae necessitudines,

Petr. 116.— Comp.: si quis proximior cognatus nasceretur, Ulp. ap. Prisc. p. 607 P.— Subst.: proxĭmi, ōrum, m., one's nearest relatives, next of kin:

injuriosi sunt in proximos,

Cic. Off. 1, 14, 44; Caes. Fragm. ap. Gell. 5, 13, 6; Phaedr. 5, 1, 16:

cum haec omnia cumulate tuis proximis plana fecero,

i.e. to your friends, intimates, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 64, § 165; id. Pis. 32, 79; Gell. 3, 8, 3.—

In gen., one's neighbor, fellow-man:

sive nostros status, sive proximorum ingenia contemplamur,

Val. Max. 6, 9, 1; Quint. Decl. 2, 59:

quis est mihi proximus?

Aug. in Psa. 118; Serm. 8, 2; 90, 7 init. —

That is nearest at hand, i. e. apt, fit, suitable, convenient, easy (anteand post-class.):

argumentum,

App. Mag. p. 278:

cum obvium proximumque esset dicere, etc.,

Gell. 3, 14, 12: eamus ad me;

ibi proximum est, ubi mutes,

there is the fittest, most convenient place, Ter. Eun. 3, 5, 64.— Adv.: proxĭmē (proxume; comp. proximius, v. below, 2. c.), nearest, very near, next.

Lit., of place, with dat. (not in Cic., rare in Livy):

quam proxime potest hostium castris castra communit,

Caes. B. C. 1, 72 fin.; Liv. 25, 14, 4.—With acc.:

exercitum habere quam proxime hostem,

Cic. Att. 6, 5, 3:

proxime Pompeium sedebam,

id. ib. 1, 14, 3:

proxime Hispaniam Mauri sunt,

Sall. J. 19, 4.—With ab:

a Surā proxime est Philiscum oppidum Parthorum,

Plin. 5, 26, 21, § 89:

omnes tamen quam proxime alter ab altero debent habitare,

Col. 1, 6, 8.—

Trop.

Of time, shortly before or after, last, next:

civitates quae proxime bellum fecerant,

Caes. B. G. 3, 29:

Tito fratre suo censore, qui proximus ante me fuerat,

Cic. Sen. 12, 42; id. Part. 39, 137; Plin. Ep. 4, 13, 3:

cum proxime judices contrahentur,

id. ib. 5, 7, 3.—With acc.:

proxime abstinentiam sumendus est cibus exiguus,

Cels. 3, 2:

proxime solis occasum,

Pall. 9, 8, 5.—

Of order, rank, estimation, condition, etc., next to, next after, next:

proxime et secundum deos homines hominibus maxime utiles esse possunt,

Cic. Off. 2, 3, 1:

me huic tuae virtuti proxime accedere,

id. Fam. 11, 21, 4:

proxime a nobilissimis viris,

Vell. 2, 124, 4; id. 2, 127, 1:

proxime valent cetera lauri genera,

Plin. 23, 8, 80, § 158: utilissimum esse omphacium;

proxime viride,

id. 23, 4, 39, § 79.—With acc.: esse etiam debent proxime hos cari, qui, etc., Cass. ap. Cic. Fam. 12, 13, 2:

proxime morem Romanum,

closely following the Roman method, Liv. 24, 48, 11:

erat res minime certamini navali similis, proxime speciem muros oppugnantium navium,

closely resembling, id. 30, 10.—In this sense also with atque:

proxime atque ille aut aeque,

nearly the same as he, Cic. Fam. 9, 13, 2.—

Very closely, nicely, accurately:

ut proxime utriusque differentiam signem,

Quint. 6, 2, 20 Spald.; cf.:

analogia, quam proxime ex Graeco transferentes in Latinum proportionem vocaverunt,

id. 1, 6, 3. — Comp.:

nonne apertius, proximius, verius?

Min. Fel. Oct. 19.

prŏpĭor, ĭus, gen. ōris, adj. comp., and proxĭmus, a, um, adj. sup. (v. below, II.) [from the obsol. propis; whence prope].

Comp., nearer, nigher.

Lit., of place:

portus propior,

Verg. A. 3, 530:

tumulus,

Liv. 22, 24:

ut propior patriae sit fuga nostra,

Ov. P. 1, 2, 130:

domus,

Sall. H. 2, 40 Dietsch:

cum propior caliginis aër Ater init oculos,

Lucr. 4, 338 (314).—With acc.:

propior montem suos collocat,

Sall. J. 49, 1:

propior hostem,

Hirt. B. G. 8, 9.—With ab:

quisquis ab igne propior stetit,

Sen. Ep. 74, 4.—With inf.:

propior timeri,

Stat. Th. 12, 223.— Neutr. plur, subst.: prŏpĭōra, um, places lying near:

propiora fluminis,

Tac. H. 5, 16:

tenere,

Verg. A. 5, 168.—

Trop.

Of time, nearer, later, more recent:

veniunt inde ad propiora,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 48, 116:

venio ad propiorem (epistulam),

id. Att. 15, 3, 2:

propior puero quam juveni,

Vell. 2, 53, 1:

septimus octavo jam propior annus,

Hor. S. 2, 6, 40; id. C. 3, 15, 4:

mors,

Tib. 2, 3, 42:

propiore aut longiore tempore aliquid facere,

Dig. 23, 4, 17.—

Of relationship, nearer, more nearly related; with dat.:

quibus propior P. Quintio nemo est,

Cic. Quint. 31, 97:

ille gradu propior sanguinis,

Ov. H. 3, 28; 16, 326; 20, 158:

amicus,

Hor. Ep. 1, 9, 5.—

Of resemblance, more nearly resembling, more like (class.); with dat.:

quae sceleri propiora sunt, quam religioni,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 50, § 112:

tauro,

Verg. G. 3, 57:

vero est propius,

more probable, Liv. 4, 37; Ov. F. 4, 801; Tac. A. 13, 34; id. G. 45:

scribere Sermoni propiora,

Hor. S. 1, 4, 42.—With acc. (not in Cic.):

propius est fidem,

is more credible, Liv. 4, 17:

quod tamen vitium propius virtutem erat,

Sall. C. 11, 1.—

Of relation or connection, nearer, more nearly related, affecting or concerning more nearly, of greater import, closer, more intimate:

hunc priorem aequom'st me habere: tunica propior pallio est, proverbially,

my shirt is nearer than my coat, Plaut. Trin. 5, 2, 30:

propior societas eorum, qui ejusdem civitatis,

Cic. Off. 3, 17, 69:

sua sibi propiora pericula esse, quam mea,

id. Sest. 18, 40:

alium portum propiorem huic aetati videbamus,

id. Att. 14, 19, 1:

damnum propius medullis,

Hor. Ep. 1, 10, 28:

cura propior luctusque domesticus,

Ov. M. 13, 578; id. P. 4, 9, 71:

supplemento vel Latium propius esse,

Liv. 8, 11:

irae quam timori propiorem cernens,

more inclined to anger than to fear, Tac. A. 16, 9: oderat Aenean propior Saturnia Turno, more inclined or attached to, Ov. Tr. 1, 2, 7.—Hence, adv.: prŏpĭus, more nearly, nearer, closer (class.).

Lit.

Absol.:

propius accedamus,

Ter. Ad. 3, 2, 11; Ov. M. 2, 41:

res adspicere,

Verg. A. 1, 526:

propius spectare aliquid,

Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 67;

stare,

id. A. P. 361.—

With dat., nearer to: propius grammatico accessi, Cic. ap. Diom. p. 405 P. (not elsewhere in Cic.):

propius Tiberi quam Thermopylis,

Nep. Hann. 8, 3:

propius stabulis armenta tenerent,

Verg. G. 1, 355.—

With acc.:

ne propius se castra moveret,

Caes. B. G. 4, 9:

pars insulae, quae est propius solis occasum,

id. ib. 4, 28: propius aliquem accedere, id. ib. 5, 36:

propius urbem,

Cic. Phil. 7, 9, 26:

mare,

Sall. J. 18, 9.—

With ab:

propius a terris,

Cic. N. D. 1, 31, 87:

antiquitas quo propius aberat ab ortu et divinā progenie, hoc melius ea cernebat,

id. Tusc. 1, 12, 26:

ab Urbe,

Plin. 17, 25, 38, § 243.—

Trop.:

ut propius ad ea accedam, quae a te dicta sunt,

Cic. Fin. 4, 10, 24; Sen. Ira, 3, 42, 4; Cic. Part. 36, 124:

propius accedo: nego esse illa testimonia,

id. Fl. 10, 23:

a contumeliā quam a laude propius fuerit post Vitellium eligi,

Tac. H. 2, 76:

nec quicquam propius est factum, quam ut illum persequeretur,

he was within an ace of following him, Cic. Clu. 21, 59; so,

propius nihil est factum, quam ut occideretur,

id. Q. Fr. 1, 2, 5, § 15.

Sup.: proxĭmus (PROXVMVS and PROXSVMEIS, Tab. Bant.; late comp. proximior, Sen. Ep. 108, 16; Ulp. ap. Prisc. p. 607 P.; v. below, B. 2. and 3.; cf. in adv. 2. c.), a, um, adj., the nearest, next (class.).

Lit., of place:

proxima oppida,

Caes. B. G. 3, 12:

via,

Lucr. 5, 103; cf.:

via ad gloriam proxima et quasi compendiaria,

Cic. Off. 2, 12, 43:

ad proximum mare, dein Romam pergerent,

Sall. J. 23, 2:

in proximos collis discedunt,

id. ib. 54, 10:

proximum iter in Galliam,

Caes. B. G. 1, 10:

paries cum proximus ardet,

Hor. Ep. 1, 18, 84:

agri termini,

id. C. 2, 18, 23:

proximus vicinus,

one's nearest neighbor, Plaut. Most. 3, 1, 138; Ter. Hec. 1, 2, 49; Cic. Att. 2, 14, 2; Dig. 50, 15, 4.—With dat.:

Belgae proximi sunt Germanis,

Caes. B. G. 1, 1: huic proximum inferiorem orbem tenet puroeis, Cic. N. D. 2, 20, 53:

proxima Campano ponti villula,

Hor. S. 1, 5, 45.—With acc. (not in Cic.):

qui te proximus est,

Plaut. Poen. 5, 3, 1:

ager proximus finem Megalopolitarum,

Liv. 35, 27:

Crassus proximus mare Oceanum hiemarat,

Caes. B. G. 3, 7, 2:

qui proximi forte tribunal steterant,

Liv. 8, 32, 12.—With ab, nearest to, next to:

dactylus proximus a postremo,

next before, Cic. Or. 64, 217:

ut quisque proximus ab oppresso sit,

Liv. 37, 25:

proximus a dominā,

Ov. A. A. 1, 139:

proxima regio ab eā (urbe),

Curt. 10, 5, 18. —Hence, as subst.,

proxĭmus, i, m., a neighbor, a fellow-man, Val. Max. 6, 9 init.; Quint. Decl. 259.—As subst.,

proxĭmum, i, n., the neighborhood, vicinity:

vicinus e proximo,

hard by, Plaut. Aul. 2, 4, 11:

aquam hinc de proximo rogabo,

from the house next door, id. Rud. 2, 3, 73:

cum in proximo hic sit aegra,

close by, next door, Ter. Hec. 3, 2, 6:

huic locum in proximum conduxi,

Cic. Fil. Fam. 16, 21, 4:

per impluvium huc despexi in proximum,

into our neighbor's, Plaut. Mil. 2, 3, 16.— Plur.:

traicit in proxima continentis,

Liv. 31, 46, 12.—

Trop.

Of time, the next preceding or following, the previous, last, the next, the following, ensuing:

quid proximā, quid superiore nocte egeris,

Cic. Cat. 1, 1, 1:

his proximis Nonis, cum in hortos Bruti venissemus,

id. Lael. 2, 7:

Gabinius quem proximis superioribus diebus acerrime oppugnasset,

id. Fam. 1, 9, 20: se proximā nocte castra moturum, on the next, i.e. the following night, Caes. B. G. 1, 40 fin.; 2, 12; 3, 18; Liv. 2, 7, 1:

proximo anno,

Sall. J. 35, 2; Plin. 17, 23, 35, § 208:

in proxumum annum (se) transtulit,

Cic. Mil. 9, 24:

proximo, altero, tertio, denique reliquis consecutis diebus,

id. Phil. 1, 13, 32:

bello tanto majore quam proximo conatu apparatum est,

Liv. 4, 23, 6 Weissenb. ad loc.: IN DIEBVS V. PROXSVMEIS QVIBVS QVISQVE EORVM MAG (istratum) INIERIT, Tab. Bantin. lin. 14; so ib. lin. 12; Cic. Fam. 10, 26, 2; id. Att. 11, 11, 1:

censor qui proximus ante me fuerat,

id. Sen. 12, 42: die proximi, old abl. form for proximo, Cato ap. Gell. 10, 24, 10, and ap. Non. 153, 11; cf.:

crastinus, pristinus, etc., but proximo a. d. VI. Kal. Octobr.,

recently, last of all, Cic. Att. 18, 5.—

In order of succession, rank, estimation, worth, etc., the next:

summa necessitudo videtur esse honestatis: huic proxima incolumitatis: tertia ac levissima commoditatis,

Cic. Inv. 2, 58, 173:

observat L. Domitium maxime, me habet proximum,

id. Att. 1, 1, 3:

proximos dentes eiciunt,

Varr. R. R. 2, 7, 2:

prima vulnera... Proxima,

Ov. M. 3, 233:

proximos illi tamen occupavit Pallas honores,

Hor. C. 1, 12, 19: proximum est, ut, it follows that, remains that, the next point is: proximum est ergo, ut, opus fuerit classe necne quaeramus, we must next inquire, Cic. Fl. 12, 27:

proximum est, ut doceam, deorum providentiā mundum administrari,

id. N. D. 2, 29, 73.—Of value or quality, the next, most nearly approaching, most like or similar:

id habendum est antiquissimum et deo proximum, quod est optimum,

Cic. Leg. 2, 16, 40:

ficta voluptatis causā sint proxima veris,

Hor. A. P. 338:

proxima Phoebi Versibus ille facit,

Verg. E. 7, 22.— Comp.:

ut quorum abstinentiam interrupi, modum servem et quidem abstinentiae proximiorem,

Sen. Ep. 108, 16.—

In relationship, connection, or resemblance, the nearest, next, most nearly or closely related, next of kin, most like:

AGNATVS PROXIMVS, Fragm. XII. Tabularum: hic illi genere est proximus,

Ter. Ad. 4, 5, 17:

proximus cognatione,

Cic. Inv. 2, 49, 144:

id des proximum,

id. Leg. 2, 16, 40:

proxima virtutibus vitia,

Quint. 10, 2, 16:

propinquitate,

Nep. Ages. 1, 3:

proximae necessitudines,

Petr. 116.— Comp.: si quis proximior cognatus nasceretur, Ulp. ap. Prisc. p. 607 P.— Subst.: proxĭmi, ōrum, m., one's nearest relatives, next of kin:

injuriosi sunt in proximos,

Cic. Off. 1, 14, 44; Caes. Fragm. ap. Gell. 5, 13, 6; Phaedr. 5, 1, 16:

cum haec omnia cumulate tuis proximis plana fecero,

i.e. to your friends, intimates, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 64, § 165; id. Pis. 32, 79; Gell. 3, 8, 3.—

In gen., one's neighbor, fellow-man:

sive nostros status, sive proximorum ingenia contemplamur,

Val. Max. 6, 9, 1; Quint. Decl. 2, 59:

quis est mihi proximus?

Aug. in Psa. 118; Serm. 8, 2; 90, 7 init. —

That is nearest at hand, i. e. apt, fit, suitable, convenient, easy (anteand post-class.):

argumentum,

App. Mag. p. 278:

cum obvium proximumque esset dicere, etc.,

Gell. 3, 14, 12: eamus ad me;

ibi proximum est, ubi mutes,

there is the fittest, most convenient place, Ter. Eun. 3, 5, 64.— Adv.: proxĭmē (proxume; comp. proximius, v. below, 2. c.), nearest, very near, next.

Lit., of place, with dat. (not in Cic., rare in Livy):

quam proxime potest hostium castris castra communit,

Caes. B. C. 1, 72 fin.; Liv. 25, 14, 4.—With acc.:

exercitum habere quam proxime hostem,

Cic. Att. 6, 5, 3:

proxime Pompeium sedebam,

id. ib. 1, 14, 3:

proxime Hispaniam Mauri sunt,

Sall. J. 19, 4.—With ab:

a Surā proxime est Philiscum oppidum Parthorum,

Plin. 5, 26, 21, § 89:

omnes tamen quam proxime alter ab altero debent habitare,

Col. 1, 6, 8.—

Trop.

Of time, shortly before or after, last, next:

civitates quae proxime bellum fecerant,

Caes. B. G. 3, 29:

Tito fratre suo censore, qui proximus ante me fuerat,

Cic. Sen. 12, 42; id. Part. 39, 137; Plin. Ep. 4, 13, 3:

cum proxime judices contrahentur,

id. ib. 5, 7, 3.—With acc.:

proxime abstinentiam sumendus est cibus exiguus,

Cels. 3, 2:

proxime solis occasum,

Pall. 9, 8, 5.—

Of order, rank, estimation, condition, etc., next to, next after, next:

proxime et secundum deos homines hominibus maxime utiles esse possunt,

Cic. Off. 2, 3, 1:

me huic tuae virtuti proxime accedere,

id. Fam. 11, 21, 4:

proxime a nobilissimis viris,

Vell. 2, 124, 4; id. 2, 127, 1:

proxime valent cetera lauri genera,

Plin. 23, 8, 80, § 158: utilissimum esse omphacium;

proxime viride,

id. 23, 4, 39, § 79.—With acc.: esse etiam debent proxime hos cari, qui, etc., Cass. ap. Cic. Fam. 12, 13, 2:

proxime morem Romanum,

closely following the Roman method, Liv. 24, 48, 11:

erat res minime certamini navali similis, proxime speciem muros oppugnantium navium,

closely resembling, id. 30, 10.—In this sense also with atque:

proxime atque ille aut aeque,

nearly the same as he, Cic. Fam. 9, 13, 2.—

Very closely, nicely, accurately:

ut proxime utriusque differentiam signem,

Quint. 6, 2, 20 Spald.; cf.:

analogia, quam proxime ex Graeco transferentes in Latinum proportionem vocaverunt,

id. 1, 6, 3. — Comp.:

nonne apertius, proximius, verius?

Min. Fel. Oct. 19.

prŏpĭor, ĭus, gen. ōris, adj. comp., and proxĭmus, a, um, adj. sup. (v. below, II.) [from the obsol. propis; whence prope].

Comp., nearer, nigher.

Lit., of place:

portus propior,

Verg. A. 3, 530:

tumulus,

Liv. 22, 24:

ut propior patriae sit fuga nostra,

Ov. P. 1, 2, 130:

domus,

Sall. H. 2, 40 Dietsch:

cum propior caliginis aër Ater init oculos,

Lucr. 4, 338 (314).—With acc.:

propior montem suos collocat,

Sall. J. 49, 1:

propior hostem,

Hirt. B. G. 8, 9.—With ab:

quisquis ab igne propior stetit,

Sen. Ep. 74, 4.—With inf.:

propior timeri,

Stat. Th. 12, 223.— Neutr. plur, subst.: prŏpĭōra, um, places lying near:

propiora fluminis,

Tac. H. 5, 16:

tenere,

Verg. A. 5, 168.—

Trop.

Of time, nearer, later, more recent:

veniunt inde ad propiora,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 48, 116:

venio ad propiorem (epistulam),

id. Att. 15, 3, 2:

propior puero quam juveni,

Vell. 2, 53, 1:

septimus octavo jam propior annus,

Hor. S. 2, 6, 40; id. C. 3, 15, 4:

mors,

Tib. 2, 3, 42:

propiore aut longiore tempore aliquid facere,

Dig. 23, 4, 17.—

Of relationship, nearer, more nearly related; with dat.:

quibus propior P. Quintio nemo est,

Cic. Quint. 31, 97:

ille gradu propior sanguinis,

Ov. H. 3, 28; 16, 326; 20, 158:

amicus,

Hor. Ep. 1, 9, 5.—

Of resemblance, more nearly resembling, more like (class.); with dat.:

quae sceleri propiora sunt, quam religioni,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 50, § 112:

tauro,

Verg. G. 3, 57:

vero est propius,

more probable, Liv. 4, 37; Ov. F. 4, 801; Tac. A. 13, 34; id. G. 45:

scribere Sermoni propiora,

Hor. S. 1, 4, 42.—With acc. (not in Cic.):

propius est fidem,

is more credible, Liv. 4, 17:

quod tamen vitium propius virtutem erat,

Sall. C. 11, 1.—

Of relation or connection, nearer, more nearly related, affecting or concerning more nearly, of greater import, closer, more intimate:

hunc priorem aequom'st me habere: tunica propior pallio est, proverbially,

my shirt is nearer than my coat, Plaut. Trin. 5, 2, 30:

propior societas eorum, qui ejusdem civitatis,

Cic. Off. 3, 17, 69:

sua sibi propiora pericula esse, quam mea,

id. Sest. 18, 40:

alium portum propiorem huic aetati videbamus,

id. Att. 14, 19, 1:

damnum propius medullis,

Hor. Ep. 1, 10, 28:

cura propior luctusque domesticus,

Ov. M. 13, 578; id. P. 4, 9, 71:

supplemento vel Latium propius esse,

Liv. 8, 11:

irae quam timori propiorem cernens,

more inclined to anger than to fear, Tac. A. 16, 9: oderat Aenean propior Saturnia Turno, more inclined or attached to, Ov. Tr. 1, 2, 7.—Hence, adv.: prŏpĭus, more nearly, nearer, closer (class.).

Lit.

Absol.:

propius accedamus,

Ter. Ad. 3, 2, 11; Ov. M. 2, 41:

res adspicere,

Verg. A. 1, 526:

propius spectare aliquid,

Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 67;

stare,

id. A. P. 361.—

With dat., nearer to: propius grammatico accessi, Cic. ap. Diom. p. 405 P. (not elsewhere in Cic.):

propius Tiberi quam Thermopylis,

Nep. Hann. 8, 3:

propius stabulis armenta tenerent,

Verg. G. 1, 355.—

With acc.:

ne propius se castra moveret,

Caes. B. G. 4, 9:

pars insulae, quae est propius solis occasum,

id. ib. 4, 28: propius aliquem accedere, id. ib. 5, 36:

propius urbem,

Cic. Phil. 7, 9, 26:

mare,

Sall. J. 18, 9.—

With ab:

propius a terris,

Cic. N. D. 1, 31, 87:

antiquitas quo propius aberat ab ortu et divinā progenie, hoc melius ea cernebat,

id. Tusc. 1, 12, 26:

ab Urbe,

Plin. 17, 25, 38, § 243.—

Trop.:

ut propius ad ea accedam, quae a te dicta sunt,

Cic. Fin. 4, 10, 24; Sen. Ira, 3, 42, 4; Cic. Part. 36, 124:

propius accedo: nego esse illa testimonia,

id. Fl. 10, 23:

a contumeliā quam a laude propius fuerit post Vitellium eligi,

Tac. H. 2, 76:

nec quicquam propius est factum, quam ut illum persequeretur,

he was within an ace of following him, Cic. Clu. 21, 59; so,

propius nihil est factum, quam ut occideretur,

id. Q. Fr. 1, 2, 5, § 15.

Sup.: proxĭmus (PROXVMVS and PROXSVMEIS, Tab. Bant.; late comp. proximior, Sen. Ep. 108, 16; Ulp. ap. Prisc. p. 607 P.; v. below, B. 2. and 3.; cf. in adv. 2. c.), a, um, adj., the nearest, next (class.).

Lit., of place:

proxima oppida,

Caes. B. G. 3, 12:

via,

Lucr. 5, 103; cf.:

via ad gloriam proxima et quasi compendiaria,

Cic. Off. 2, 12, 43:

ad proximum mare, dein Romam pergerent,

Sall. J. 23, 2:

in proximos collis discedunt,

id. ib. 54, 10:

proximum iter in Galliam,

Caes. B. G. 1, 10:

paries cum proximus ardet,

Hor. Ep. 1, 18, 84:

agri termini,

id. C. 2, 18, 23:

proximus vicinus,

one's nearest neighbor, Plaut. Most. 3, 1, 138; Ter. Hec. 1, 2, 49; Cic. Att. 2, 14, 2; Dig. 50, 15, 4.—With dat.:

Belgae proximi sunt Germanis,

Caes. B. G. 1, 1: huic proximum inferiorem orbem tenet puroeis, Cic. N. D. 2, 20, 53:

proxima Campano ponti villula,

Hor. S. 1, 5, 45.—With acc. (not in Cic.):

qui te proximus est,

Plaut. Poen. 5, 3, 1:

ager proximus finem Megalopolitarum,

Liv. 35, 27:

Crassus proximus mare Oceanum hiemarat,

Caes. B. G. 3, 7, 2:

qui proximi forte tribunal steterant,

Liv. 8, 32, 12.—With ab, nearest to, next to:

dactylus proximus a postremo,

next before, Cic. Or. 64, 217:

ut quisque proximus ab oppresso sit,

Liv. 37, 25:

proximus a dominā,

Ov. A. A. 1, 139:

proxima regio ab eā (urbe),

Curt. 10, 5, 18. —Hence, as subst.,

proxĭmus, i, m., a neighbor, a fellow-man, Val. Max. 6, 9 init.; Quint. Decl. 259.—As subst.,

proxĭmum, i, n., the neighborhood, vicinity:

vicinus e proximo,

hard by, Plaut. Aul. 2, 4, 11:

aquam hinc de proximo rogabo,

from the house next door, id. Rud. 2, 3, 73:

cum in proximo hic sit aegra,

close by, next door, Ter. Hec. 3, 2, 6:

huic locum in proximum conduxi,

Cic. Fil. Fam. 16, 21, 4:

per impluvium huc despexi in proximum,

into our neighbor's, Plaut. Mil. 2, 3, 16.— Plur.:

traicit in proxima continentis,

Liv. 31, 46, 12.—

Trop.

Of time, the next preceding or following, the previous, last, the next, the following, ensuing:

quid proximā, quid superiore nocte egeris,

Cic. Cat. 1, 1, 1:

his proximis Nonis, cum in hortos Bruti venissemus,

id. Lael. 2, 7:

Gabinius quem proximis superioribus diebus acerrime oppugnasset,

id. Fam. 1, 9, 20: se proximā nocte castra moturum, on the next, i.e. the following night, Caes. B. G. 1, 40 fin.; 2, 12; 3, 18; Liv. 2, 7, 1:

proximo anno,

Sall. J. 35, 2; Plin. 17, 23, 35, § 208:

in proxumum annum (se) transtulit,

Cic. Mil. 9, 24:

proximo, altero, tertio, denique reliquis consecutis diebus,

id. Phil. 1, 13, 32:

bello tanto majore quam proximo conatu apparatum est,

Liv. 4, 23, 6 Weissenb. ad loc.: IN DIEBVS V. PROXSVMEIS QVIBVS QVISQVE EORVM MAG (istratum) INIERIT, Tab. Bantin. lin. 14; so ib. lin. 12; Cic. Fam. 10, 26, 2; id. Att. 11, 11, 1:

censor qui proximus ante me fuerat,

id. Sen. 12, 42: die proximi, old abl. form for proximo, Cato ap. Gell. 10, 24, 10, and ap. Non. 153, 11; cf.:

crastinus, pristinus, etc., but proximo a. d. VI. Kal. Octobr.,

recently, last of all, Cic. Att. 18, 5.—

In order of succession, rank, estimation, worth, etc., the next:

summa necessitudo videtur esse honestatis: huic proxima incolumitatis: tertia ac levissima commoditatis,

Cic. Inv. 2, 58, 173:

observat L. Domitium maxime, me habet proximum,

id. Att. 1, 1, 3:

proximos dentes eiciunt,

Varr. R. R. 2, 7, 2:

prima vulnera... Proxima,

Ov. M. 3, 233:

proximos illi tamen occupavit Pallas honores,

Hor. C. 1, 12, 19: proximum est, ut, it follows that, remains that, the next point is: proximum est ergo, ut, opus fuerit classe necne quaeramus, we must next inquire, Cic. Fl. 12, 27:

proximum est, ut doceam, deorum providentiā mundum administrari,

id. N. D. 2, 29, 73.—Of value or quality, the next, most nearly approaching, most like or similar:

id habendum est antiquissimum et deo proximum, quod est optimum,

Cic. Leg. 2, 16, 40:

ficta voluptatis causā sint proxima veris,

Hor. A. P. 338:

proxima Phoebi Versibus ille facit,

Verg. E. 7, 22.— Comp.:

ut quorum abstinentiam interrupi, modum servem et quidem abstinentiae proximiorem,

Sen. Ep. 108, 16.—

In relationship, connection, or resemblance, the nearest, next, most nearly or closely related, next of kin, most like:

AGNATVS PROXIMVS, Fragm. XII. Tabularum: hic illi genere est proximus,

Ter. Ad. 4, 5, 17:

proximus cognatione,

Cic. Inv. 2, 49, 144:

id des proximum,

id. Leg. 2, 16, 40:

proxima virtutibus vitia,

Quint. 10, 2, 16:

propinquitate,

Nep. Ages. 1, 3:

proximae necessitudines,

Petr. 116.— Comp.: si quis proximior cognatus nasceretur, Ulp. ap. Prisc. p. 607 P.— Subst.: proxĭmi, ōrum, m., one's nearest relatives, next of kin:

injuriosi sunt in proximos,

Cic. Off. 1, 14, 44; Caes. Fragm. ap. Gell. 5, 13, 6; Phaedr. 5, 1, 16:

cum haec omnia cumulate tuis proximis plana fecero,

i.e. to your friends, intimates, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 64, § 165; id. Pis. 32, 79; Gell. 3, 8, 3.—

In gen., one's neighbor, fellow-man:

sive nostros status, sive proximorum ingenia contemplamur,

Val. Max. 6, 9, 1; Quint. Decl. 2, 59:

quis est mihi proximus?

Aug. in Psa. 118; Serm. 8, 2; 90, 7 init. —

That is nearest at hand, i. e. apt, fit, suitable, convenient, easy (anteand post-class.):

argumentum,

App. Mag. p. 278:

cum obvium proximumque esset dicere, etc.,

Gell. 3, 14, 12: eamus ad me;

ibi proximum est, ubi mutes,

there is the fittest, most convenient place, Ter. Eun. 3, 5, 64.— Adv.: proxĭmē (proxume; comp. proximius, v. below, 2. c.), nearest, very near, next.

Lit., of place, with dat. (not in Cic., rare in Livy):

quam proxime potest hostium castris castra communit,

Caes. B. C. 1, 72 fin.; Liv. 25, 14, 4.—With acc.:

exercitum habere quam proxime hostem,

Cic. Att. 6, 5, 3:

proxime Pompeium sedebam,

id. ib. 1, 14, 3:

proxime Hispaniam Mauri sunt,

Sall. J. 19, 4.—With ab:

a Surā proxime est Philiscum oppidum Parthorum,

Plin. 5, 26, 21, § 89:

omnes tamen quam proxime alter ab altero debent habitare,

Col. 1, 6, 8.—

Trop.

Of time, shortly before or after, last, next:

civitates quae proxime bellum fecerant,

Caes. B. G. 3, 29:

Tito fratre suo censore, qui proximus ante me fuerat,

Cic. Sen. 12, 42; id. Part. 39, 137; Plin. Ep. 4, 13, 3:

cum proxime judices contrahentur,

id. ib. 5, 7, 3.—With acc.:

proxime abstinentiam sumendus est cibus exiguus,

Cels. 3, 2:

proxime solis occasum,

Pall. 9, 8, 5.—

Of order, rank, estimation, condition, etc., next to, next after, next:

proxime et secundum deos homines hominibus maxime utiles esse possunt,

Cic. Off. 2, 3, 1:

me huic tuae virtuti proxime accedere,

id. Fam. 11, 21, 4:

proxime a nobilissimis viris,

Vell. 2, 124, 4; id. 2, 127, 1:

proxime valent cetera lauri genera,

Plin. 23, 8, 80, § 158: utilissimum esse omphacium;

proxime viride,

id. 23, 4, 39, § 79.—With acc.: esse etiam debent proxime hos cari, qui, etc., Cass. ap. Cic. Fam. 12, 13, 2:

proxime morem Romanum,

closely following the Roman method, Liv. 24, 48, 11:

erat res minime certamini navali similis, proxime speciem muros oppugnantium navium,

closely resembling, id. 30, 10.—In this sense also with atque:

proxime atque ille aut aeque,

nearly the same as he, Cic. Fam. 9, 13, 2.—

Very closely, nicely, accurately:

ut proxime utriusque differentiam signem,

Quint. 6, 2, 20 Spald.; cf.:

analogia, quam proxime ex Graeco transferentes in Latinum proportionem vocaverunt,

id. 1, 6, 3. — Comp.:

nonne apertius, proximius, verius?

Min. Fel. Oct. 19.

prŏpĭor, ĭus, gen. ōris, adj. comp., and proxĭmus, a, um, adj. sup. (v. below, II.) [from the obsol. propis; whence prope].

Comp., nearer, nigher.

Lit., of place:

portus propior,

Verg. A. 3, 530:

tumulus,

Liv. 22, 24:

ut propior patriae sit fuga nostra,

Ov. P. 1, 2, 130:

domus,

Sall. H. 2, 40 Dietsch:

cum propior caliginis aër Ater init oculos,

Lucr. 4, 338 (314).—With acc.:

propior montem suos collocat,

Sall. J. 49, 1:

propior hostem,

Hirt. B. G. 8, 9.—With ab:

quisquis ab igne propior stetit,

Sen. Ep. 74, 4.—With inf.:

propior timeri,

Stat. Th. 12, 223.— Neutr. plur, subst.: prŏpĭōra, um, places lying near:

propiora fluminis,

Tac. H. 5, 16:

tenere,

Verg. A. 5, 168.—

Trop.

Of time, nearer, later, more recent:

veniunt inde ad propiora,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 48, 116:

venio ad propiorem (epistulam),

id. Att. 15, 3, 2:

propior puero quam juveni,

Vell. 2, 53, 1:

septimus octavo jam propior annus,

Hor. S. 2, 6, 40; id. C. 3, 15, 4:

mors,

Tib. 2, 3, 42:

propiore aut longiore tempore aliquid facere,

Dig. 23, 4, 17.—

Of relationship, nearer, more nearly related; with dat.:

quibus propior P. Quintio nemo est,

Cic. Quint. 31, 97:

ille gradu propior sanguinis,

Ov. H. 3, 28; 16, 326; 20, 158:

amicus,

Hor. Ep. 1, 9, 5.—

Of resemblance, more nearly resembling, more like (class.); with dat.:

quae sceleri propiora sunt, quam religioni,

Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 50, § 112:

tauro,

Verg. G. 3, 57:

vero est propius,

more probable, Liv. 4, 37; Ov. F. 4, 801; Tac. A. 13, 34; id. G. 45:

scribere Sermoni propiora,

Hor. S. 1, 4, 42.—With acc. (not in Cic.):

propius est fidem,

is more credible, Liv. 4, 17:

quod tamen vitium propius virtutem erat,

Sall. C. 11, 1.—

Of relation or connection, nearer, more nearly related, affecting or concerning more nearly, of greater import, closer, more intimate:

hunc priorem aequom'st me habere: tunica propior pallio est, proverbially,

my shirt is nearer than my coat, Plaut. Trin. 5, 2, 30:

propior societas eorum, qui ejusdem civitatis,

Cic. Off. 3, 17, 69:

sua sibi propiora pericula esse, quam mea,

id. Sest. 18, 40:

alium portum propiorem huic aetati videbamus,

id. Att. 14, 19, 1:

damnum propius medullis,

Hor. Ep. 1, 10, 28:

cura propior luctusque domesticus,

Ov. M. 13, 578; id. P. 4, 9, 71:

supplemento vel Latium propius esse,

Liv. 8, 11:

irae quam timori propiorem cernens,

more inclined to anger than to fear, Tac. A. 16, 9: oderat Aenean propior Saturnia Turno, more inclined or attached to, Ov. Tr. 1, 2, 7.—Hence, adv.: prŏpĭus, more nearly, nearer, closer (class.).

Lit.

Absol.:

propius accedamus,

Ter. Ad. 3, 2, 11; Ov. M. 2, 41:

res adspicere,

Verg. A. 1, 526:

propius spectare aliquid,

Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 67;

stare,

id. A. P. 361.—

With dat., nearer to: propius grammatico accessi, Cic. ap. Diom. p. 405 P. (not elsewhere in Cic.):

propius Tiberi quam Thermopylis,

Nep. Hann. 8, 3:

propius stabulis armenta tenerent,

Verg. G. 1, 355.—

With acc.:

ne propius se castra moveret,

Caes. B. G. 4, 9:

pars insulae, quae est propius solis occasum,

id. ib. 4, 28: propius aliquem accedere, id. ib. 5, 36:

propius urbem,

Cic. Phil. 7, 9, 26:

mare,

Sall. J. 18, 9.—

With ab:

propius a terris,

Cic. N. D. 1, 31, 87:

antiquitas quo propius aberat ab ortu et divinā progenie, hoc melius ea cernebat,

id. Tusc. 1, 12, 26:

ab Urbe,

Plin. 17, 25, 38, § 243.—

Trop.:

ut propius ad ea accedam, quae a te dicta sunt,

Cic. Fin. 4, 10, 24; Sen. Ira, 3, 42, 4; Cic. Part. 36, 124:

propius accedo: nego esse illa testimonia,

id. Fl. 10, 23:

a contumeliā quam a laude propius fuerit post Vitellium eligi,

Tac. H. 2, 76:

nec quicquam propius est factum, quam ut illum persequeretur,

he was within an ace of following him, Cic. Clu. 21, 59; so,

propius nihil est factum, quam ut occideretur,

id. Q. Fr. 1, 2, 5, § 15.

Sup.: proxĭmus (PROXVMVS and PROXSVMEIS, Tab. Bant.; late comp. proximior, Sen. Ep. 108, 16; Ulp. ap. Prisc. p. 607 P.; v. below, B. 2. and 3.; cf. in adv. 2. c.), a, um, adj., the nearest, next (class.).

Lit., of place:

proxima oppida,

Caes. B. G. 3, 12:

via,

Lucr. 5, 103; cf.:

via ad gloriam proxima et quasi compendiaria,

Cic. Off. 2, 12, 43:

ad proximum mare, dein Romam pergerent,

Sall. J. 23, 2:

in proximos collis discedunt,

id. ib. 54, 10:

proximum iter in Galliam,

Caes. B. G. 1, 10:

paries cum proximus ardet,

Hor. Ep. 1, 18, 84:

agri termini,

id. C. 2, 18, 23:

proximus vicinus,

one's nearest neighbor, Plaut. Most. 3, 1, 138; Ter. Hec. 1, 2, 49; Cic. Att. 2, 14, 2; Dig. 50, 15, 4.—With dat.:

Belgae proximi sunt Germanis,

Caes. B. G. 1, 1: huic proximum inferiorem orbem tenet puroeis, Cic. N. D. 2, 20, 53:

proxima Campano ponti villula,

Hor. S. 1, 5, 45.—With acc. (not in Cic.):

qui te proximus est,

Plaut. Poen. 5, 3, 1:

ager proximus finem Megalopolitarum,

Liv. 35, 27:

Crassus proximus mare Oceanum hiemarat,

Caes. B. G. 3, 7, 2:

qui proximi forte tribunal steterant,

Liv. 8, 32, 12.—With ab, nearest to, next to:

dactylus proximus a postremo,

next before, Cic. Or. 64, 217:

ut quisque proximus ab oppresso sit,

Liv. 37, 25:

proximus a dominā,

Ov. A. A. 1, 139:

proxima regio ab eā (urbe),

Curt. 10, 5, 18. —Hence, as subst.,

proxĭmus, i, m., a neighbor, a fellow-man, Val. Max. 6, 9 init.; Quint. Decl. 259.—As subst.,

proxĭmum, i, n., the neighborhood, vicinity:

vicinus e proximo,

hard by, Plaut. Aul. 2, 4, 11:

aquam hinc de proximo rogabo,

from the house next door, id. Rud. 2, 3, 73:

cum in proximo hic sit aegra,

close by, next door, Ter. Hec. 3, 2, 6:

huic locum in proximum conduxi,

Cic. Fil. Fam. 16, 21, 4:

per impluvium huc despexi in proximum,

into our neighbor's, Plaut. Mil. 2, 3, 16.— Plur.:

traicit in proxima continentis,

Liv. 31, 46, 12.—

Trop.

Of time, the next preceding or following, the previous, last, the next, the following, ensuing:

quid proximā, quid superiore nocte egeris,

Cic. Cat. 1, 1, 1:

his proximis Nonis, cum in hortos Bruti venissemus,

id. Lael. 2, 7:

Gabinius quem proximis superioribus diebus acerrime oppugnasset,

id. Fam. 1, 9, 20: se proximā nocte castra moturum, on the next, i.e. the following night, Caes. B. G. 1, 40 fin.; 2, 12; 3, 18; Liv. 2, 7, 1:

proximo anno,

Sall. J. 35, 2; Plin. 17, 23, 35, § 208:

in proxumum annum (se) transtulit,

Cic. Mil. 9, 24:

proximo, altero, tertio, denique reliquis consecutis diebus,

id. Phil. 1, 13, 32:

bello tanto majore quam proximo conatu apparatum est,

Liv. 4, 23, 6 Weissenb. ad loc.: IN DIEBVS V. PROXSVMEIS QVIBVS QVISQVE EORVM MAG (istratum) INIERIT, Tab. Bantin. lin. 14; so ib. lin. 12; Cic. Fam. 10, 26, 2; id. Att. 11, 11, 1:

censor qui proximus ante me fuerat,

id. Sen. 12, 42: die proximi, old abl. form for proximo, Cato ap. Gell. 10, 24, 10, and ap. Non. 153, 11; cf.:

crastinus, pristinus, etc., but proximo a. d. VI. Kal. Octobr.,

recently, last of all, Cic. Att. 18, 5.—

In order of succession, rank, estimation, worth, etc., the next:

summa necessitudo videtur esse honestatis: huic proxima incolumitatis: tertia ac levissima commoditatis,

Cic. Inv. 2, 58, 173:

observat L. Domitium maxime, me habet proximum,

id. Att. 1, 1, 3:

proximos dentes eiciunt,

Varr. R. R. 2, 7, 2:

prima vulnera... Proxima,

Ov. M. 3, 233:

proximos illi tamen occupavit Pallas honores,

Hor. C. 1, 12, 19: proximum est, ut, it follows that, remains that, the next point is: proximum est ergo, ut, opus fuerit classe necne quaeramus, we must next inquire, Cic. Fl. 12, 27:

proximum est, ut doceam, deorum providentiā mundum administrari,

id. N. D. 2, 29, 73.—Of value or quality, the next, most nearly approaching, most like or similar:

id habendum est antiquissimum et deo proximum, quod est optimum,

Cic. Leg. 2, 16, 40:

ficta voluptatis causā sint proxima veris,

Hor. A. P. 338:

proxima Phoebi Versibus ille facit,

Verg. E. 7, 22.— Comp.:

ut quorum abstinentiam interrupi, modum servem et quidem abstinentiae proximiorem,

Sen. Ep. 108, 16.—

In relationship, connection, or resemblance, the nearest, next, most nearly or closely related, next of kin, most like:

AGNATVS PROXIMVS, Fragm. XII. Tabularum: hic illi genere est proximus,

Ter. Ad. 4, 5, 17:

proximus cognatione,

Cic. Inv. 2, 49, 144:

id des proximum,

id. Leg. 2, 16, 40:

proxima virtutibus vitia,

Quint. 10, 2, 16:

propinquitate,

Nep. Ages. 1, 3:

proximae necessitudines,

Petr. 116.— Comp.: si quis proximior cognatus nasceretur, Ulp. ap. Prisc. p. 607 P.— Subst.: proxĭmi, ōrum, m., one's nearest relatives, next of kin:

injuriosi sunt in proximos,

Cic. Off. 1, 14, 44; Caes. Fragm. ap. Gell. 5, 13, 6; Phaedr. 5, 1, 16:

cum haec omnia cumulate tuis proximis plana fecero,

i.e. to your friends, intimates, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 64, § 165; id. Pis. 32, 79; Gell. 3, 8, 3.—

In gen., one's neighbor, fellow-man:

sive nostros status, sive proximorum ingenia contemplamur,

Val. Max. 6, 9, 1; Quint. Decl. 2, 59:

quis est mihi proximus?

Aug. in Psa. 118; Serm. 8, 2; 90, 7 init. —

That is nearest at hand, i. e. apt, fit, suitable, convenient, easy (anteand post-class.):

argumentum,

App. Mag. p. 278:

cum obvium proximumque esset dicere, etc.,

Gell. 3, 14, 12: eamus ad me;

ibi proximum est, ubi mutes,

there is the fittest, most convenient place, Ter. Eun. 3, 5, 64.— Adv.: proxĭmē (proxume; comp. proximius, v. below, 2. c.), nearest, very near, next.

Lit., of place, with dat. (not in Cic., rare in Livy):

quam proxime potest hostium castris castra communit,

Caes. B. C. 1, 72 fin.; Liv. 25, 14, 4.—With acc.:

exercitum habere quam proxime hostem,

Cic. Att. 6, 5, 3:

proxime Pompeium sedebam,

id. ib. 1, 14, 3:

proxime Hispaniam Mauri sunt,

Sall. J. 19, 4.—With ab:

a Surā proxime est Philiscum oppidum Parthorum,

Plin. 5, 26, 21, § 89:

omnes tamen quam proxime alter ab altero debent habitare,

Col. 1, 6, 8.—

Trop.

Of time, shortly before or after, last, next:

civitates quae proxime bellum fecerant,

Caes. B. G. 3, 29:

Tito fratre suo censore, qui proximus ante me fuerat,

Cic. Sen. 12, 42; id. Part. 39, 137; Plin. Ep. 4, 13, 3:

cum proxime judices contrahentur,

id. ib. 5, 7, 3.—With acc.:

proxime abstinentiam sumendus est cibus exiguus,

Cels. 3, 2:

proxime solis occasum,

Pall. 9, 8, 5.—

Of order, rank, estimation, condition, etc., next to, next after, next:

proxime et secundum deos homines hominibus maxime utiles esse possunt,

Cic. Off. 2, 3, 1:

me huic tuae virtuti proxime accedere,

id. Fam. 11, 21, 4:

proxime a nobilissimis viris,

Vell. 2, 124, 4; id. 2, 127, 1:

proxime valent cetera lauri genera,

Plin. 23, 8, 80, § 158: utilissimum esse omphacium;

proxime viride,

id. 23, 4, 39, § 79.—With acc.: esse etiam debent proxime hos cari, qui, etc., Cass. ap. Cic. Fam. 12, 13, 2:

proxime morem Romanum,

closely following the Roman method, Liv. 24, 48, 11:

erat res minime certamini navali similis, proxime speciem muros oppugnantium navium,

closely resembling, id. 30, 10.—In this sense also with atque:

proxime atque ille aut aeque,

nearly the same as he, Cic. Fam. 9, 13, 2.—

Very closely, nicely, accurately:

ut proxime utriusque differentiam signem,

Quint. 6, 2, 20 Spald.; cf.:

analogia, quam proxime ex Graeco transferentes in Latinum proportionem vocaverunt,

id. 1, 6, 3. — Comp.:

nonne apertius, proximius, verius?

Min. Fel. Oct. 19.

quīn, conj. [abl. quī and ne].

As an interrog. particle, why not? wherefore not? (only in exhortation or remonstrance; not in inquiring for a fact; cf.: quidni, cur non).

Usu. with indic. pres.:

quid stas, lapis? Quin accipis?

Ter. Heaut. 4, 7, 4:

quin experimur,

id. Phorm. 3, 3, 5 Fleck. (Umpf experiemur):

quin continetis vocem?

Cic. Rab. Perd. 6, 18:

quin potius pacem aeternam Exercemus?

Verg. A. 4, 99:

quin igitur ulciscimur Graeciam?

Curt. 5, 7, 4:

quin conscendimus equos?

why not mount our horses? Liv. 1, 57.—

With imper.:

quin me aspice et contempla,

Plaut. Most. 1, 3, 16:

quin uno verbo dic, quid est, quod me velis,

just say in one word! Ter. And. 1, 1, 18:

quin tu hoc crimen obice ubi licet agere,

i. e. you had better, Cic. Rosc. Com. 9, 25. —

With subj. only in orat. obliq.:

quin illi congrederentur acie inclinandamque semel fortunae rem darent,

Liv. 3, 61, 14; 4, 43, 11; 40, 40, 4.—

Transf.

As a rel. particle, prop. quī or qui ne, and mostly where the rel. stands for a nom. masc. or for abl. of time, who... not, that not, but that, but, often = Engl. without and a participial clause.

In gen.:

curiosus nemo est quin sit malevolus,

Plaut. Stich. 2, 1, 54:

neque aequom est occultum id haberi, quin participem te,

id. Aul. 2, 1, 13; id. Cas. 2, 8, 68:

nulla causast quin me condones cruci,

id. Rud. 4, 4, 26:

ut nullo modo Introire possem, quin me viderent,

Ter. Eun. 5, 2, 2:

facere non possum, quin ad te mittam,

I cannot forbear sending to you, Cic. Att. 12, 27, 3:

cum causae nihil esset, quin secus indicaret,

id. Quint. 9, 32:

nihil abest, quin sim miserrimus,

id. Att. 11, 15, 3:

neminem conveni, quin omnes mihi maximas gratias agant,

id. Fam. 9, 14, 1:

nemo est, quin ubivis quam ibi ubi est, esse malit,

id. ib. 6, 1, 1:

repertus est nemo quin mori diceret satius est,

id. Verr. 2, 2, 36, § 88:

nemo, qui aliquo esset in numero, scripsit orationem quin redigeret omnis sententias, etc.,

id. Or. 61, 208:

nihil praetermisi, quin enucleate ad te scriberem,

id. Q. Fr. 3, 3, 1:

neque ullus flare ventus poterat quin aliquā ex parte secundum cursum haberent,

Caes. B. C. 3, 47:

nulli ex itinere excedere licebat quin ab equitatu Caesaris exciperetur,

without being cut off, id. ib. 1, 79:

nullum fere tempus intermiserunt, quin trans Rhenum legatos mitterent,

without sending, id. B. G. 5, 55:

in castello nemo fuit omnino militum quin vulneraretur,

id. B. C. 3, 53:

quid recusare potest, quin et socii sibi consulant,

Liv. 32, 21: vix superat, quin triumphus decernatur, it wants little that, Quadrig. ap. Gell. 17, 13, 5:

paene factum est, quin castra relinquerentur,

i.e. they were very near deserting their camp, id. ib. 17, 13, 5.— So quin (= quī non) stands for a rel. abl. of time:

neque ullum fere tempus intercessit quin aliquem de motu Gallorum nuntium acciperet,

Caes. B. G. 5, 53.— More rarely quin stands for quae non, quod non, etc.: nulla est civitas quin ad id tempus partem senatus Cordubam mitteret. Caes. B. C. 2, 19:

nulla fuit Thessaliae civitas quin Caesari pareret,

id. ib. 3, 81:

nulla (natura), quin suam vim retineat,

Cic. Fin. 4, 13, 32:

horum autem nihil est quin intereat,

id. N. D. 3, 12, 30; id. Rep. 1, 2, 2: nihil est quin male narrando possit depravari, Ter. [p. 1513] Phorm. 4, 4, 16:

nihil tam difficilest quin investigare possiet,

id. Heant. 4, 2, 8:

cum nemo esset, quin hoc se audisse liquido diceret,

Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 59, § 136:

Messanam nemo venit, quin viderit,

id. ib. 2, 4, 4, §

7: nego ullam picturam fuisse, quin inspexerit,

id. ib. 2, 4, 1, § 1; cf. Gell. 17, 13, 2 sq., and Cato ap. Gell. ib. § 3.— 2. Esp. after words expressing hesitation (usu. with neg.):

non dubitaturum, quin cederet, Cic Mil. 23, 63: nolite dubitare, quin,

id. Imp. Pomp. 23, 68:

et vos non dubitatis, quin,

id. Agr. 2, 26, 69:

dubitatis, Quirites, quin hoc tantum boni in rem publicam conferatis?

id. Imp. Pomp. 16, 49. —

Much more freq. after words expressing doubt, ignorance, etc.:

non dubitabat, quin,

Cic. Att. 6, 2, 3:

cave dubites, quin,

id. Fam. 5, 20, 6:

non dubitabat quin... non posset,

id. Att. 5, 11, 7; id. Tusc. 1, 36, 88:

non esse dubium, quin... possent,

no doubt that, Caes. B. G. 1, 4; Ter. And. 2, 3, 17:

neque abest suspicio, quin,

a suspicion that, Caes. B. G. 1, 4:

quis ignerat, quin?

who is ignorant that? who does not know that? Cic. Fl. 27, 64:

dies fere nullus est, quin hic Satyrus domum meam ventitet,

hardly a day passes that he does not come, id. Att. 1, 1, 3.—

That not, as if not, as though not:

non quin ipse dissentiam, sed quod,

not but that, Cic. Fam. 4, 7, 1: non quin breviter reddi responsum potuerit, Liv 2, 15. —

For corroboration.

But, indeed, really, verily, of a truth:

Hercle quin tu recte dicis,

Plaut. Merc. 2, 3, 77: credo;

neque id injuria: quin Mihi molestum est,

Ter. Heaut. 3, 3, 20:

te nec hortor, nec rogo, ut domum redeas, quin hinc ipse evolare cupio,

Cic. Fam. 7, 30, 1.— Esp. in reaching a climax or adding a stronger assertion or proof: quin etiam, yea indeed, nay even:

credibile non est, quantum scribam die: quin etiam noctibus,

Cic. Att. 13, 26, 3; 14, 21, 3:

quin etiam necesse crit cupere et optare, ut, etc.,

id. Lael. 16, 59:

quin etiam voces jactare,

Verg. A. 2, 768: mortem non esse metuendam, quin etiam si, etc., nay, not even if, etc., Lact. 3, 27 fin.; cf.:

quin et Atridas Priamus fefellit,

Hor. C. 1, 10, 13.—

Rather, yea rather:

nihil ea res animum militaris viri imminuit, quin contra plus spei naotus,

Liv. 35, 26.—

In corrections, nay, rather:

non potest dici satis quantum in illo sceleris fuerit, Quin sic attendite, judices, etc.,

Cic. Mil. 29, 78 sq. (cf. Halm ad loc., and Lorenz ad Plaut. Most. 164).

rēfert (or separately rē fert), tŭlit, ferre, v. n. and impers. (plur. rarely personal; v. II. infra) [res - fero; the ancients regarded rē in this word as derived from res; cf. Fest. s. v. refert, p. 282 Müll.]; prop., it follows from or in view of a thing, i. q. ex re est; hence, it is for one ' s interest or advantage, it profits; or, in gen., it befits, matters, imports, concerns, it is of importance or consequence (syn.: juvat, conducit, attinet; freq. and class.); constr.,

In all periods and in all kinds of composition, refert hoc ( id, illud, etc., a subj.-clause) meā ( tuā, etc., qs. fert re meā, tuā, etc.; cf. Prisc. p. 1077 P.) magni ( pluris, quanti, etc., nihil, quid?), or absol.

Hoc meā refert, etc. (in Cic. very rare;

whereas interest meā occurs very freq.): tua istuc refert maxime,

Plaut. Trin. 2, 2, 38:

tua istuc refert, si curaveris,

id. Am. 2, 2, 109:

id mea minime refert,

Ter. Ad. 5, 4, 27:

quod refert tua,

Plaut. Pers. 4, 3, 50:

nihilo pol pluris tua hoc, quam quanti illud refert meā,

id. Rud. 4, 3, 27:

meā quidem istuc nihil refert,

id. Pers. 4, 3, 68:

id tuā refert nihil, utrum illae fecerint,

Ter. Hec. 4, 3, 12:

tuā quod nihil refert, ne Cures,

Plaut. Stich. 2, 1, 48:

tuā quod nihil refert, percontari desinas,

Ter. Hec. 5, 3, 12:

non ascripsi id, quod tuā nihil referebat,

Cic. Fam. 5, 20, 5:

quid id meā refert?

Plaut. Curc. 3, 25; 4, 2, 44; id. Merc. 2, 3, 117:

quid id refert tuā?

id. Curc. 3, 88; id. Rud. 1, 2, 88; Ter. Phorm. 4, 5, 11.—With subj.-clause:

quid meā refert, hae Athenis natae an Thebis sient?

Plaut. Rud. 3, 4, 41.—

Hoc refert, etc.:

quomodo habeas, illud refert, jurene an injuriā,

Plaut. Rud. 4, 4, 25:

ne illud quidem refert, consul an dictator an praetor spoponderit,

Liv. 9, 9:

illud permagni referre arbitror, Ut ne scientem sentiat te id sibi dare,

Ter. Heaut. 3, 1, 58:

primum illud parvi refert, nos publicanis amissis vectigalia postea victoria reciperare,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 7, 18:

magni quod refert,

Lucr. 2, 760:

at quibus servis? refert enim magno opere id ipsum,

Cic. Cael. 23, 57: quanti id refert? Vatin. ap. Cic. Fam. 5, 9, 1. — With subject-clause:

parvi retulit Non suscepisse,

Ter. Phorm. 4, 3, 41; cf.:

parvi refert abs te ipso jus dici aequabiliter, nisi, etc.,

Cic. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 7:

quanti refert, te nec recte dicere, qui nihili faciat?

Plaut. Ps. 4, 6, 23:

meminero, sed quid meminisse id refert?

id. Mil. 3, 1, 214:

quid mihi refert Chrysalo esse nomen, nisi, etc.,

id. Bacch. 4, 4, 53:

quid te igitur rettulit Beneficum esse oratione, si, etc.,

id. Ep. 1, 2, 13:

neque refert videre, quid dicendum sit, nisi, etc.,

Cic. Brut. 29, 110:

neque enim numero comprehendere refert,

nor indeed is it necessary, need we, Verg. G. 2, 104: nec dicaris aliquid, quod referret scire, reticuisse, Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 10, 2.—With [p. 1546] inf. pass.:

jam nec mutari pabula refert,

Verg. G. 3, 548; cf.:

plures e familiā cognosci referre arbitror,

Suet. Ner. 1. — With a rel. subj.-clause (so most freq. in the class. per.):

ipsi animi magni refert quali in corpore locati sint,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 33, 80: magni refert, hic quid velit, Caes. ap. Cic. Att. 14, 1, 2:

cum ego ista omnia bona dixero, tantum refert, quam magna dicam,

Cic. Fin. 5, 30, 90:

quasi vero referat quam id saepe fiat,

id. Div. 2, 29, 62:

quid refert, quā me ratione cogatis?

id. Lael. 8, 26:

quid refert, utrum voluerim fieri, an gaudeam factum?

id. Phil. 2, 12, 29:

quid refert, tanto post ad judices deferantur, an omnino non deferantur?

id. Fl. 9, 21:

quae (aves) pascantur nec ne, quid refert?

id. Div. 2, 34, 72:

tuo vitio rerumne labores, Nil referre putas?

Hor. S. 1, 2, 77:

cum referre negas, quali sit quisque parente Natus,

id. ib. 1, 6, 7 et saep.:

quod tu istis lacrimis te probare postulas, Non pluris refert, quam si imbrem in cribrum geras,

Plaut. Ps. 1, 1, 100; cf.:

tantum retulerit, ut in transferendis seminibus similem statum caeli locique observemus,

Col. 3, 9, 7. —

Refert, etc.: Do. Hae (tabellae) quid ad me? To. Immo ad te attinent, Et tuā refert, Plaut. Pers. 4, 3, 28: Ep. Tua pol refert enim? Ge. Si quidem meā refert, operā utere, id. Stich. 4, 2, 36:

quid tuā refert, qui cum istac venerit?

id. Merc. 5, 2, 65:

non plus suā referre, quam si, etc.,

Cic. Quint. 5, 19:

quos, cum nihil refert, pudet,

Plaut. Ep. 2, 1, 1:

cum nihilo pluris referet, quam si, etc.,

id. Bacch. 3, 4, 20:

nego et negando si quid refert, ravio,

id. Poen. 3, 5, 33:

si servus est, numquid refert?

id. Ps. 2, 4, 28:

quid refert, si hoc ipsum salsum illi et venustum videbatur?

Cic. N. D. 1, 28, 79 et saep. —

Entirely absol.:

bona Sejani ablata aerario, ut in fiscum cogerentur, tamquam referret,

as though it mattered, as if there were any difference, Tac. A. 6, 2.—

Analogous to attinet, conducit, and interest; it is of importance; it belongs, relates, concerns, etc.; constr., refert hoc, id, etc. (once referunt haec), ad aliquem, alicui, alicujus, etc. (mostly ante-class. and post-Aug.; but, with alicujus, once in Sall. and once in Liv.): quam ad rem istuc refert? Plaut Ep. 2, 2, 91; cf.:

quid id ad me aut ad meam rem refert,

id. Pers. 4, 3, 44:

refert etiam ad fructus, quemadmodum vicinus in confinio consitum agrum habeat,

Varr. R. R. 1, 16 fin. — In plur.:

te ex puellā prius percontari volo, Quae ad rem referunt,

Plaut. Pers. 4, 4, 44:

quoi rei id te assimulare rettulit?

id. Truc. 2, 4, 40:

dic, quid referat intra Naturae fines viventi, jugera centum an Mille aret?

Hor. S. 1, 1, 49:

quin et verba Flavii vulgabantur, non referre dedecori, si citharoedus demoveretur et tragoedus succederet,

Tac. A. 15, 65:

faciundum aliquid, quod illorum magis quam suā retulisse videretur,

Sall. J.111, 1:

praefatus... et ipsorum referre, si quos suspectos status praesens rerum faceret,

Liv. 34, 27, 6:

quorum nihil refert, ubi litium cardo vertatur,

Quint. 12, 8, 2:

neque refert cujusquam, Punicas Romanasve acies laetius extuleris,

Tac. A. 4, 33:

ipsius certe ducis hoc referre videtur,

Juv. 16, 58:

plurimum refert compositionis, quae quibus anteponas,

Quint. 9, 4, 44:

tu nihil referre iniquitatis existimas, exigas, quod deberi non oportuerit, an constituas, ut debeatur?

Plin. Pan. 40 fin.:

quem insignire exempli nonnihil, non insignire humanitatis plurimum refert,

id. Ep. 8, 22, 4:

nec minimo sane discrimine refert, Quo gestu lepores et quo gallina secetur,

Juv. 5, 123. — Rarely with a subst. as subj.:

adeo magni refert studium atque voluptas, et quibus in rebus consuerint esse operati homines,

Lucr. 4, 984:

adeo incessus in gravida refert,

Plin. 7, 6, 5, § 42:

longitudo in his refert, non crassitudo,

id. 18, 31, 74, § 317:

multum tamen in iis refert et locorum natura,

id. 11, 51, 112, § 267:

plurimum refert soli cujusque ratio,

id. 18, 21, 50, § 187.

rēfert (or separately rē fert), tŭlit, ferre, v. n. and impers. (plur. rarely personal; v. II. infra) [res - fero; the ancients regarded rē in this word as derived from res; cf. Fest. s. v. refert, p. 282 Müll.]; prop., it follows from or in view of a thing, i. q. ex re est; hence, it is for one ' s interest or advantage, it profits; or, in gen., it befits, matters, imports, concerns, it is of importance or consequence (syn.: juvat, conducit, attinet; freq. and class.); constr.,

In all periods and in all kinds of composition, refert hoc ( id, illud, etc., a subj.-clause) meā ( tuā, etc., qs. fert re meā, tuā, etc.; cf. Prisc. p. 1077 P.) magni ( pluris, quanti, etc., nihil, quid?), or absol.

Hoc meā refert, etc. (in Cic. very rare;

whereas interest meā occurs very freq.): tua istuc refert maxime,

Plaut. Trin. 2, 2, 38:

tua istuc refert, si curaveris,

id. Am. 2, 2, 109:

id mea minime refert,

Ter. Ad. 5, 4, 27:

quod refert tua,

Plaut. Pers. 4, 3, 50:

nihilo pol pluris tua hoc, quam quanti illud refert meā,

id. Rud. 4, 3, 27:

meā quidem istuc nihil refert,

id. Pers. 4, 3, 68:

id tuā refert nihil, utrum illae fecerint,

Ter. Hec. 4, 3, 12:

tuā quod nihil refert, ne Cures,

Plaut. Stich. 2, 1, 48:

tuā quod nihil refert, percontari desinas,

Ter. Hec. 5, 3, 12:

non ascripsi id, quod tuā nihil referebat,

Cic. Fam. 5, 20, 5:

quid id meā refert?

Plaut. Curc. 3, 25; 4, 2, 44; id. Merc. 2, 3, 117:

quid id refert tuā?

id. Curc. 3, 88; id. Rud. 1, 2, 88; Ter. Phorm. 4, 5, 11.—With subj.-clause:

quid meā refert, hae Athenis natae an Thebis sient?

Plaut. Rud. 3, 4, 41.—

Hoc refert, etc.:

quomodo habeas, illud refert, jurene an injuriā,

Plaut. Rud. 4, 4, 25:

ne illud quidem refert, consul an dictator an praetor spoponderit,

Liv. 9, 9:

illud permagni referre arbitror, Ut ne scientem sentiat te id sibi dare,

Ter. Heaut. 3, 1, 58:

primum illud parvi refert, nos publicanis amissis vectigalia postea victoria reciperare,

Cic. Imp. Pomp. 7, 18:

magni quod refert,

Lucr. 2, 760:

at quibus servis? refert enim magno opere id ipsum,

Cic. Cael. 23, 57: quanti id refert? Vatin. ap. Cic. Fam. 5, 9, 1. — With subject-clause:

parvi retulit Non suscepisse,

Ter. Phorm. 4, 3, 41; cf.:

parvi refert abs te ipso jus dici aequabiliter, nisi, etc.,

Cic. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 7:

quanti refert, te nec recte dicere, qui nihili faciat?

Plaut. Ps. 4, 6, 23:

meminero, sed quid meminisse id refert?

id. Mil. 3, 1, 214:

quid mihi refert Chrysalo esse nomen, nisi, etc.,

id. Bacch. 4, 4, 53:

quid te igitur rettulit Beneficum esse oratione, si, etc.,

id. Ep. 1, 2, 13:

neque refert videre, quid dicendum sit, nisi, etc.,

Cic. Brut. 29, 110:

neque enim numero comprehendere refert,

nor indeed is it necessary, need we, Verg. G. 2, 104: nec dicaris aliquid, quod referret scire, reticuisse, Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 10, 2.—With [p. 1546] inf. pass.:

jam nec mutari pabula refert,

Verg. G. 3, 548; cf.:

plures e familiā cognosci referre arbitror,

Suet. Ner. 1. — With a rel. subj.-clause (so most freq. in the class. per.):

ipsi animi magni refert quali in corpore locati sint,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 33, 80: magni refert, hic quid velit, Caes. ap. Cic. Att. 14, 1, 2:

cum ego ista omnia bona dixero, tantum refert, quam magna dicam,

Cic. Fin. 5, 30, 90:

quasi vero referat quam id saepe fiat,

id. Div. 2, 29, 62:

quid refert, quā me ratione cogatis?

id. Lael. 8, 26:

quid refert, utrum voluerim fieri, an gaudeam factum?

id. Phil. 2, 12, 29:

quid refert, tanto post ad judices deferantur, an omnino non deferantur?

id. Fl. 9, 21:

quae (aves) pascantur nec ne, quid refert?

id. Div. 2, 34, 72:

tuo vitio rerumne labores, Nil referre putas?

Hor. S. 1, 2, 77:

cum referre negas, quali sit quisque parente Natus,

id. ib. 1, 6, 7 et saep.:

quod tu istis lacrimis te probare postulas, Non pluris refert, quam si imbrem in cribrum geras,

Plaut. Ps. 1, 1, 100; cf.:

tantum retulerit, ut in transferendis seminibus similem statum caeli locique observemus,

Col. 3, 9, 7. —

Refert, etc.: Do. Hae (tabellae) quid ad me? To. Immo ad te attinent, Et tuā refert, Plaut. Pers. 4, 3, 28: Ep. Tua pol refert enim? Ge. Si quidem meā refert, operā utere, id. Stich. 4, 2, 36:

quid tuā refert, qui cum istac venerit?

id. Merc. 5, 2, 65:

non plus suā referre, quam si, etc.,

Cic. Quint. 5, 19:

quos, cum nihil refert, pudet,

Plaut. Ep. 2, 1, 1:

cum nihilo pluris referet, quam si, etc.,

id. Bacch. 3, 4, 20:

nego et negando si quid refert, ravio,

id. Poen. 3, 5, 33:

si servus est, numquid refert?

id. Ps. 2, 4, 28:

quid refert, si hoc ipsum salsum illi et venustum videbatur?

Cic. N. D. 1, 28, 79 et saep. —

Entirely absol.:

bona Sejani ablata aerario, ut in fiscum cogerentur, tamquam referret,

as though it mattered, as if there were any difference, Tac. A. 6, 2.—

Analogous to attinet, conducit, and interest; it is of importance; it belongs, relates, concerns, etc.; constr., refert hoc, id, etc. (once referunt haec), ad aliquem, alicui, alicujus, etc. (mostly ante-class. and post-Aug.; but, with alicujus, once in Sall. and once in Liv.): quam ad rem istuc refert? Plaut Ep. 2, 2, 91; cf.:

quid id ad me aut ad meam rem refert,

id. Pers. 4, 3, 44:

refert etiam ad fructus, quemadmodum vicinus in confinio consitum agrum habeat,

Varr. R. R. 1, 16 fin. — In plur.:

te ex puellā prius percontari volo, Quae ad rem referunt,

Plaut. Pers. 4, 4, 44:

quoi rei id te assimulare rettulit?

id. Truc. 2, 4, 40:

dic, quid referat intra Naturae fines viventi, jugera centum an Mille aret?

Hor. S. 1, 1, 49:

quin et verba Flavii vulgabantur, non referre dedecori, si citharoedus demoveretur et tragoedus succederet,

Tac. A. 15, 65:

faciundum aliquid, quod illorum magis quam suā retulisse videretur,

Sall. J.111, 1:

praefatus... et ipsorum referre, si quos suspectos status praesens rerum faceret,

Liv. 34, 27, 6:

quorum nihil refert, ubi litium cardo vertatur,

Quint. 12, 8, 2:

neque refert cujusquam, Punicas Romanasve acies laetius extuleris,

Tac. A. 4, 33:

ipsius certe ducis hoc referre videtur,

Juv. 16, 58:

plurimum refert compositionis, quae quibus anteponas,

Quint. 9, 4, 44:

tu nihil referre iniquitatis existimas, exigas, quod deberi non oportuerit, an constituas, ut debeatur?

Plin. Pan. 40 fin.:

quem insignire exempli nonnihil, non insignire humanitatis plurimum refert,

id. Ep. 8, 22, 4:

nec minimo sane discrimine refert, Quo gestu lepores et quo gallina secetur,

Juv. 5, 123. — Rarely with a subst. as subj.:

adeo magni refert studium atque voluptas, et quibus in rebus consuerint esse operati homines,

Lucr. 4, 984:

adeo incessus in gravida refert,

Plin. 7, 6, 5, § 42:

longitudo in his refert, non crassitudo,

id. 18, 31, 74, § 317:

multum tamen in iis refert et locorum natura,

id. 11, 51, 112, § 267:

plurimum refert soli cujusque ratio,

id. 18, 21, 50, § 187.