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81 tour
I.tour1 [tuʀ]1. feminine nouna. ( = édifice) tower ; ( = immeuble très haut) tower block2. compounds• enfermé dans sa or une tour d'ivoire shut away in an ivory tower ► la tour de Londres the Tower of LondonII.tour2 [tuʀ]━━━━━━━━━2. compounds━━━━━━━━━1. <a. ( = excursion, parcours) trip ; ( = promenade) (à pied) walk ; (en voiture) drive ; (en vélo) ride• on en a vite fait le tour [de lieu] there's not much to see ; [de livre, théorie] there isn't much to it ; [de personne] there isn't much to him (or her)► faire le tour de [+ parc, pays, magasins] to go round ; [+ possibilités] to explore ; [+ problème] to consider from all anglesb. (dans un ordre, une succession) turn• attends, tu parleras à ton tour wait - you'll have your turn to speak• chacun son tour ! wait your turn!• à qui le tour ? whose turn is it?c. (Sport, politics) roundd. ( = circonférence) [de partie du corps] measurement ; [de tronc, colonne] girth ; [de surface] circumferencee. ( = rotation) revolution ; [d'écrou, clé] turn• régime de 2 000 tours (minute) speed of 2,000 revs per minute► à tour de bras [frapper, taper] with all one's strength ; [composer, produire] prolifically ; [critiquer] with a vengeance• ils licenciaient à tour de bras they were laying people off left, right and centref. ( = tournure) [de situation, conversation] turn ; ( = phrase) turn of phraseg. ( = exercice) [d'acrobate] feat ; [de jongleur, prestidigitateur] trick• et le tour est joué ! and there you have it!• c'est un tour à prendre ! it's just a knack!h. ( = duperie) tricki. ( = machine) lathe2. <• le premier tour de manivelle est prévu pour octobre [de film] the cameras should begin rolling in October ► tour de piste (Sport) lap ; (dans un cirque) circuit (of the ring)━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━The famous annual cycle race takes about three weeks to complete in daily stages « étapes » of approximately 110 miles. The leading cyclist wears a yellow jersey, the « maillot jaune ». The route varies and is not usually confined only to France, but the race always ends on the Champs-Élysées in Paris.* * *
I tuʀnom masculin1) ( mouvement rotatif) gén turn; ( autour d'un axe) revolutionfaire un tour sur soi-même — [danseur] to spin around; [planète] to rotate
un (disque) 33/45/78 tours — an LP/a 45 ou single/a 78
à tour de bras — (colloq) [frapper] with a vengeance; [investir, racheter] left, right and centre [BrE] (colloq)
2) ( mouvement autour de)faire le tour de quelque chose — gén to go around something; ( en voiture) to drive around something
3) ( pourtour) ( bords) edges (pl); ( circonférence) circumference; ( mensuration) measurement; ( mesure standard) sizede 15 mètres de tour — 15 metres [BrE] in circumference, 15 metres [BrE] around
4) ( déplacement) ( à pied) walk, stroll; ( à bicyclette) ride; ( en voiture) drive, spinfaire un (petit) tour — ( à pied) to go for a walk ou stroll
je suis allé faire un tour à Paris/en ville — I went to Paris/into GB ou down US town
faire des tours et des détours — lit [route, rivière] to twist and turn; fig [personne] to beat about the bush
5) ( examen) lookon en a vite fait le tour — (colloq) pej there's not much to it/her/them etc
6) ( moment d'agir) gén turn; (de compétition, tournoi, coupe) roundil perd plus souvent qu'à son tour — ( il regrette) he loses more often than he would like; ( je critique) he loses more often than he should
tour à tour — ( alternativement) by turns; ( à la suite) in turn
7) ( consultation électorale)tour de scrutin — ballot, round of voting
8) (manœuvre, ruse) tricket le tour est joué — ( c'est fait) that's done the trick; ( ce sera fait) that will do the trick
en un tour de main — ( habilement) deftly; ( rapidement) in a flash
tour de force — feat; ( œuvre) tour de force
9) (allure, aspect) turntour (de phrase) — Linguistique turn of phrase
10) Technologie ( machine-outil) lathe•Phrasal Verbs:
II tuʀ1) Architecture tower; ( immeuble) tower block GB, high rise US2) ( aux échecs) rook, castle3) ( machine de guerre) siege-tower•Phrasal Verbs:* * *
I tuʀ nf1) (de château, d'église, gratte-ciel) tower2) (= immeuble locatif) high-rise block Grande-Bretagne high-rise building USA tower block Grande-BretagneIl y a beaucoup de tours dans ce quartier. — There are a lot of tower blocks in this area.
3) ÉCHECS castle, rook
II tuʀ nmfaire un tour (à pied) — to go for a walk, (en voiture) to go for a drive
Allons faire un tour dans le parc. — Let's go for a walk in the park.
faire le tour de — to go around, (à pied) to walk around, (en voiture) to drive around, fig, [sujet] to review
Le tour de l'île prend trois heures. — It takes three hours to go around the island.
On a fait un tour des Pyrénées. — We toured the Pyrénées.
4) SPORT (tour de piste) lap5) (d'être servi ou de jouer) turnc'est au tour de...; C'est au tour de Renée. — It's Renée's turn.
C'est ton tour de jouer. — It's your turn to play.
à tour de rôle; tour à tour — in turn
6) (= tournure) turn7) (avec une vis ou clef) turn8) [roue] revolutionfaire 2 tours — to turn twice, to revolve twice
9) (= circonférence)de 3 m de tour — 3 m around, with a circumference of 3 m
10) (= ruse) trick, [prestidigitation, cartes] trick11) [potier] wheel, (à bois, métaux) lathe12) (autre locution)à tour de bras — non-stop, relentlessly
* * *A nm1 ( mouvement rotatif) gén turn; Mécan, Mes revolution; 5 000 tours (par) minute 5,000 revolutions ou revs○ per minute; l'essieu grince à chaque tour de roue the axle squeaks at every turn of the wheel; donner un tour de vis to give the screw a turn; donner un tour de clé to turn the key; être à quelques tours de roue de to be just around the corner from; faire un tour de manège to have a go on the merry-go-round; faire un tour de valse to waltz around the floor; la Terre fait un tour sur elle-même en 24 heures the Earth rotates once in 24 hours; faire un tour sur soi-même [danseur] to spin around; un (disque) 33/45/78 tours an LP/a 45 ou single/a 78; fermer qch à double tour to double-lock sth; s'enfermer à double tour fig to lock oneself away; à tour de bras○ [frapper] with a vengeance; [investir, racheter] left right and centreGB○; ⇒ quart;2 ( mouvement autour de) faire le tour de qch gén to go around sth; ( en voiture) to drive around sth; le train fait le tour du lac en deux heures the train takes two hours to go around the lake; faire le tour du monde to go around the world; la nouvelle a vite fait le tour du village the news spread rapidly through the village; il a fait le tour de l'Afrique en stop he hitchhiked around Africa; faire le grand tour fig to go the long way round GB ou around US; en deuxième tour de circuit Sport on the second lap of the circuit; faire un tour d'honneur to do a lap of honourGB; avec plusieurs tours de corde, ça tiendra with the rope wound around a few times, it'll hold; mettre trois tours de corde to wind the rope around three times; donner plusieurs tours à la pâte Culin to fold the dough several times; ⇒ cadran, propriétaire, repartir B, sang;3 ⇒ Les mesures de longueur, Les tailles ( pourtour) ( bords) edges (pl); ( circonférence) circumference; ( mensuration) measurement; ( mesure standard) size; le tour de l'étang est couvert de jonquilles there are daffodils all around the edges of the pond; elle a le tour des yeux fardé au kohl she has kohl around her eyes; tronc de 15 mètres de tour trunk 15 metresGB in circumference ou 15 metres around; tour de tête/cou/taille/hanches head/neck/waist/hip measurement; faire du 90 de tour de poitrine ≈ to have a 36-inch bust; ⇒ poitrine;4 ( déplacement bref) ( à pied) walk, stroll; ( à bicyclette) ride; ( en voiture) drive, spin; faire un (petit) tour ( à pied) to go for a walk ou stroll; si nous allions faire un tour? shall we go for a walk?; je suis allé faire un tour à Paris/en ville I went to Paris/into GB ou down town; je vais faire un tour chez des amis I'm just going to pop round GB ou go over US to some friends; fais un tour à la nouvelle exposition, ça vaut le coup go and have a look round GB ou around US the new exhibition, it's worth it; faire des tours et des détours lit [route, rivière] to twist and turn; fig [personne] to beat about the bush;5 ( examen bref) look; faire le tour d'un problème/sujet to have a look at a problem/subject; faire un (rapide) tour d'horizon to have a quick overall look (de at), to make a general survey (de of); faire le tour de ses ennemis/relations to go through one's enemies/acquaintances; on en a vite fait le tour○ pej (de problème, sujet, d'ouvrage) there's not much to it; ( de personne) there's not much to him/her/them etc;6 ( moment d'agir) gén turn; (de compétition, tournoi, coupe) round; à qui le tour? whose turn is it?; c'est ton tour it's your turn; chacun son tour each one in his turn; jouer avant son tour to play out of turn; à mon tour de faire it's my turn to do; récompensé à mon tour rewarded in my turn; attendre/passer son tour to wait/miss one's turn; c'est au tour de qn it 's sb's turn; notre équipe a été battue au second tour our team was defeated in the second round; la cuisine est nettoyée, maintenant c'est au tour du salon the kitchen is cleaned up, now for the living-room; il perd plus souvent qu'à son tour ( il regrette) he loses more often than he would like; ( je critique) he loses more often than he should; tour à tour ( alternativement) by turns; ( à la suite) in turn; être tour à tour gentil et agressif to be nice and agressive by turns; il a été tour à tour patron d'entreprise, ministre et professeur d'économie he has been in turn a company boss, a minister and an economics teacher; ⇒ rôle;7 Pol ( consultation) ballot; les résultats du premier/second tour the results of the first/second ballot; au second tour on the second ballot; scrutin à deux tours two-round ballot; tour de scrutin ballot, round of voting;8 (manœuvre, ruse) trick; jouer un bon/mauvais/sale tour à qn to play a good/nasty/dirty trick on sb; ma mémoire me joue des tours my memory is playing tricks on me; et le tour est joué that's done the trick; un peu de peinture et le tour est joué a bit of paint will do the trick; ça te jouera des tours it's going to get you into trouble one of these days; ⇒ pendable, sac;9 ( manipulation habile) trick; tour de cartes card trick; tour de prestidigitation conjuring trick; tour d'adresse feat of skill; tour de main knack; en un tour de main ( habilement) deftly; ( rapidement) in a flash; tour de force gén amazing feat; ( performance) tour de force; constituer un tour de force to be an amazing feat; réussir le tour de force de faire to achieve the amazing feat of doing; ⇒ passe-passe;10 (allure, aspect) (de situation, relations) turn; (de création, mode) twist; tour (de phrase) Ling turn of phrase; le tour qu'ont pris les événements the turn events have taken; donner un tour nouveau à qch to give a new twist to sth; c'est un tour assez rare en français it's a somewhat unusual turn of phrase in French;B nftour de Babel Relig, Ling, fig Tower of Babel; tour de chant Art, Mus song recital; tour de contrôle Aviat control tower; tour Eiffel Eiffel Tower; tour de forage Tech derrick; tour de France ( de cycliste) Tour de France; ( de compagnon) journeyman's travellingGB apprenticeship; tour de garde Mil turn of duty; tour de guet Mil watchtower; tour d'ivoire fig ivory tower; s'enfermer or se retrancher dans sa tour d'ivoire to shut oneself away in an ivory tower; tour de Londres Tower of London; tour mort Naut round turn; tour de Pise Leaning Tower of Pisa; tour de potier Art potter's wheel; tour de refroidissement Nucl cooling tower; tour de rein(s) Méd back strain; se donner or attraper un tour de rein(s) to strain one's back; tour de table Fin pool; faire un tour de table ( à un réunion) to sound out everybody ou to go round GB ou around US the table; après un rapide tour de table having gone round GB ou around US the table quickly (to see what people think).I[tur] nom féminintour d'habitation tower ou high-rise block2. (familier) [personne grande et corpulente]c'est une vraie tour he's/she's built like the side of a house4. CHIMIEII[tur] nom masculinA.[CERCLE]1. [circonférence - d'un fût, d'un arbre] girth ; [ - d'un objet, d'une étendue] circumference2. [mensuration]tour de taille/hanches waist/hip measurementquel est votre tour de taille/hanches? what size waist/hips are you?a. [d'une femme] bust measurement ou sizeb. [d'un homme] chest measurement ou size3. [parure]a. JOAILLERIE chokerb. [vêtement en fourrure] fur collarb. [à pied] to walk round a parkc. [en voiture] to drive round a parkfaire le tour du monde en auto-stop/voilier to hitch-hike/to sail round the worldfaire le tour de (figuré) : l'anecdote a fait le tour des bureaux the story went round the offices ou did the rounds of the officesje sais ce qu'il vaut, j'en ai vite fait le tour I know what he's worth, it didn't take me long to size him upa. [cycliste] the Tour de Franceb. [des compagnons] the Tour de France (carried out by an apprentice to become a journeyman)b. ÉQUITATION round5. [promenade - à pied] walk, stroll ; [ - en voiture] drive, ride ; [ - à bicyclette, à cheval, en hélicoptère] ridea. [à pied] to go for a walkb. [en voiture] to go for a drive ou ridec. [à vélo] to go for a rideB.[PÉRIODE, ÉTAPE]1. [moment dans une succession] turn[aux échecs] movea. [généralement] it's your turn ou gob. [échecs] it's your moveà qui le tour whose turn is it?, who's next?c'est à ton tour de mettre la table it's your turn to lay ou to set the tabletour de garde [d'un médecin] spell ou turn of dutyau premier tour in the first ballot ou roundC.[ACTION HABILE OU MALICIEUSE]1. [stratagème] trickjouer un sale ou mauvais tour à quelqu'un to play a nasty ou dirty trick on somebodyça vous jouera un mauvais ou vilain tour you'll be sorry for it!, it'll catch up with you (one day)!ma mémoire/vue me joue des tours my memory/sight is playing tricks on me2. [numéro, technique]tour d'adresse skilful trick, feat of skillD.[ASPECT]1. [orientation] turntour d'esprit turn ou cast of minda. (Suisse) [maladie] to take a turn for the betterb. [personne] to wrap up[en syntaxe] constructionE.[ROTATION][d'un outil] turnfaire un tour/trois tour s sur soi-même to spin round once/three times (on oneself)donner deux tours de clef to give a key two turns, to turn a key twice3. MÉDECINEF.technologie lathe————————à tour de bras locution adverbiale[frapper] with all one's strength ou might————————à tour de rôle locution adverbialetour à tour locution adverbiale————————tour de chant nom masculin————————tour de force nom masculinil a réussi le tour de force de la convaincre he managed to convince her, and it was quite a tour de force ou quite an achievement————————tour de main nom masculin1. [savoir-faire] knackavoir/prendre le tour de main to have/to pick up the knack2. (locution)en un tour de main in no time (at all), in the twinkling of an eye————————tour de table nom masculin2. [débat]The world-famous annual cycle race starts in a different town each year, but the home stretch is always the Champs-Élysées in Paris. The widespread excitement caused by the race, along with the heroic status of many coureurs-cyclistes, reflects the continuing fondness of the French towards cycling in general. -
82 Fischer, E.
[br]fl. 1930s Switzerland[br]Swiss engineer who invented the Eidophor large-screen television projector.[br]Fischer was a professor of engineering at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in the late 1930s. Interested in the emerging technology for television, he was of the opinion that the growth of television would take place through the development and use of large-screen cinema-type displays serving large audiences. He therefore carried out research into suitable techniques. Realizing the brightness limitations of projection systems based on the optical magnification of the image produced by a conventional cathode ray tube, he used the deflected electron-beam, not to excite a phosphor screen, but to deposit a variable charge on the surface of a film or oil. By means of a Schlieren slit system, the consequent deformations of the surface were used to spatially modulate the light from an electric arc or a discharge tube, giving a large, high-brightness image. Although the idea, first put forward in 1939, was not taken up for cinema television, the subsequent requirement of the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration in the 1960s for large colour displays in its Command and Control Centres led to the successful development of the idea by Gretag AG, a subsidiary of Ciba-Geigy: separate units were used for the red, green and blue images. In the 1990s, colour Eidophor projectors were used for large conference meetings and pop concerts.[br]Bibliography1946, "Views on the suitability of a cathode ray tube with a fluorescent screen for projection in cinemas", Bulletin of the Association of Swiss Electricians 39:468 (describes the concept of the Eidophor).Further ReadingE.H.Baumann, 1953, "The Fischer large screen projection system", Journal of Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers 60:344.A.Robertson, 1976, "Projection television. A review of current practice in large-screen projectors", Wireless World 47.KF -
83 Bibliography
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Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Bibliography
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84 present
1. III1) present smth. present a watch (a box of sweets, flowers, etc.) преподносить /дарить/ часы и т.д.; present the prizes вручать призы2) present smth. present a petition (a plea, a plan, an account, etc.) подавать /вручать/ петицию /прошение/ и т.д.; present documents (a card, a bill, a written address, etc.) представлять /вручать/ документы и т.д.; present a certificate (a cheque) предъявлять удостоверение (чек); present one's credentials вручать свои верительные грамоты; present evidence представить доказательства3) present smb. offic. allow me to /may I/ present Mm.Smith разрешите мне представить господина Смита4) present smth. present a play показывать /давать, играть/ пьесу; present a film представлять или демонстрировать фильм5) present smth. present some difficulty (extraordinary difficulties, etc.) представлять некоторые трудности и т.д.; the case presents some interesting points в этом деле есть несколько любопытных моментов; the case presents several vulnerable points в этом деле есть несколько уязвимых пунктов /моментов/; present a complete contrast являть разительный контраст; present a lamentable appearance иметь жалкий вид6) present smth. the mountain here presents an inaccessible wall of rock в этом месте гора представляет собой неприступную отвесную скалу7) present smth. offic. present best (one's) respects /regards/ передавать сердечный (свой) привет; present one's apologies приносить [свои] извинения; present one's compliments свидетельствовать свое уважение /почтение/2. IV1) present smth., smb. in some manner the lawyer presented his case very cleverly юрист /адвокат/ очень ловко изложил /представил/ суть дела; this writer can present his characters impersonally этот писатель умеет непредвзято /нетенденциозно, объективно/ изображать действующих лиц /не выражает своего отношения к действующим лицам/2) present smth. this theatre presented the novel very dramatically в этом театре роман инсценирован очень ярко3. XI1) be presented to smb. the watch was presented to him часы были ему подарены /преподнесены/; be presented with smth. the bride was presented with a bouquet невесте преподнесли букет [цветов]2) be presented to smth. they meet to discuss the document to be presented to the June 5 special congress они встречаются, чтобы обсудить документ, который нужно представить на чрезвычайный съезд, открывающийся пятого июня3) be presented to smb. be presented to the president быть представленным президенту /председателю/4. XVIII1) offic. present oneself at smth. present oneself at a friend's house появиться в доме друга; present oneself at court явиться /прибыть/ в суд; present oneself before smb. he presented himself before the judge он явился к судье; present oneself for smth. present oneself for an examination (for trial, etc.) явиться на экзамен и т.д. || present oneself in a favourable light выставлять себя в благоприятном /выгодном/ свете2) present oneself an idea (a matter, an objection, an important question, a good opportunity, etc.) presents itself возникает /появляется/ мысль и т.д.; once or twice the possibility of suicide presented itself to him раза два у него возникала /появлялась/ мысль о том, что можно покончить с собой5. XXI11) present smth. to smb. present a watch (a book, a gift, a ticket, a motor car, a collection of stamps, etc.) to him подарить /преподнести/ ему часы и т.д.; present smb. with smth. present him with a watch (a book, etc.) подарить /преподнести/ ему часы и т.д.; he presented her with a bouquet of flowers он преподнес ей букет цветов2) present smth. for smth. present a cheque for payment (a bill for acceptance, a bill for payment, etc.) предъявлять чек к оплате и т.д.; present a case /а subject, a matter/ for discussion /for consideration/ передавать /представлять/ дело и т.п. на рассмотрение; present smth. to smb., smth. present smth. to the authorities представлять /вручать/ что-л. начальству или властям; present a petition to Parliament (a document to Congress, etc.) подавать петицию /прошение/ в парламент и т.д.; he always presented a bold front to the world он никогда не падал духом, его никто не видел в дурном настроении /в подавленном состоянии/; the problem presents no difficulty to him для него эта проблема не представляет трудностей; present smth. for smb. that presents a problem for us это представляет для нас проблему; present smb. with smth. Miss Lemon presented him with letters to sign мисс Лемон подала ему письма на подпись; present smth. in smth. present a problem in its true aspects (smb.'s merit in its proper light, the report in greater detail, the question in clearer language, etc.) описывать /представлять/ какой-л. вопрос в истинном свете и т.д.; present smth. in evidence представлять что-л. в качестве доказательства3) present smb. to smb. offic. present smb. to one's wife (to one's father, to society, etc.) представить /отрекомендовать/ кого-л. своей жене и т.д.; allow me to present Mm.Smith to you разрешите мне представить вам мастера Смита; present smb. at some place offic. present smb. at court представлять кого-л. ко двору; present smb. in smth. present an actor (characters, etc.) in a play показывать актера и т.д. в какой-л. пьесе; present smth. to smb. present a novel (a paper, a work, a review, a book, arguments, etc.) to the English reader (to the public, to an audience, etc.) представить роман и т.д. английскому читателю и т.д.6. XXIV2present smth. as possessing some quality present a thing as absurd (as void of sense, as impracticable, etc.) представлять /описывать, характеризовать/ что-л. как нечто абсурдное и т.д. -
85 year
year [jɪə(r)](a) (period of time) an m, année f;∎ this year cette année;∎ last year l'an dernier, l'année dernière;∎ next year l'année prochaine;∎ the year after next dans deux ans;∎ year by year d'année en année;∎ year after year année après année;∎ all (the) year round (pendant) toute l'année;∎ year in year out année après année;∎ it was five years last Christmas ça a fait cinq ans à Noël;∎ we'll have been here five years next Christmas cela fera cinq ans à Noël que nous sommes là;∎ after ten years in politics après dix ans passés dans la politique;∎ he spent many years working for the same company il a passé de nombreuses années dans la même société;∎ in a few years, in a few years' time dans quelques années;∎ in ten years, in ten years' time dans dix ans;∎ in years to come dans les années à venir;∎ in all my years as a social worker au cours de toutes mes années d'assistante sociale;∎ I haven't seen her for years je ne l'ai pas vue depuis des années;∎ for a few years pendant quelques années;∎ I haven't been home for two long years cela fait deux longues années que je ne suis pas rentré chez moi;∎ for years and years pendant des années;∎ she'll be busy writing her memoirs for years elle en a pour des années de travail à écrire ses mémoires;∎ two years ago il y a deux ans;∎ that was many years ago cela remonte à bien des années;∎ the batteries last (for) years les piles durent des années;∎ it took me years to build up the collection cela m'a demandé des années pour ou j'ai mis des années à rassembler cette collection;∎ he earns over £40,000 a year il gagne plus de 40 000 livres par an;∎ it cost me a year's salary cela m'a coûté un an de salaire;∎ it costs at least £5,000 a year to run a car rouler en voiture coûte au moins 5000 livres par an(b) (in calendar) an m, année f;∎ in the year 1607 en (l'an) 1607;∎ in the year of grace 1900 en l'an de grâce 1900;∎ Finance the year under review l'exercice écoulé;∎ Finance year ended 31 December 2002 exercice clos le 31 décembre 2002∎ he is fifteen years old or of age il a quinze ans;∎ the foundations are 4,000 years old les fondations sont vieilles de 4000 ans;∎ a man of eighty years un homme (âgé) de quatre-vingts ans;∎ a man of your years un homme de votre âge;∎ she died in her fiftieth year elle est morte dans sa cinquantième année;∎ she's young for her years elle fait jeune pour son âge, elle ne fait pas son âge;∎ I'm getting on in years je prends de l'âge;∎ the experience put years on/took years off her l'expérience l'a beaucoup vieillie/rajeunie;∎ smoking can take years off your life fumer peut raccourcir la durée de votre vie;∎ that dress takes years off her cette robe la fait paraître des années plus jeune ou la rajeunit beaucoup;∎ the carpet is beginning to show its years la moquette commence à trahir son âge∎ he's in the first year (at school) ≃ il est en sixième; (at college, university) il est en première année;∎ first-year students les étudiants de première année;∎ all the third year tous les élèves de troisième année, tous les troisième année;∎ she was in the year above/below me elle était dans la classe au-dessus/en dessous de la mienne(e) (for wine, coin) année f;∎ 1965 was a good year 1965 fut une bonne année ou un bon millésime►► Finance year of assessment année f d'imposition;Finance year end fin f d'exercice -
86 Claudet, Antoine François Jean
SUBJECT AREA: Photography, film and optics[br]b. 12 August 1797 Franced. 27 December 1867 London, England[br]French pioneer photographer and photographic inventor in England.[br]He began his working life in banking but soon went into glassmaking and in 1829 he moved to London to open a glass warehouse. On hearing of the first practicable photographic processes in 1834, Claudet visited Paris, where he received instruction in the daguerreotype process from the inventor Daguerre, and purchased a licence to operate in England. On returning to London he began to sell daguerreotype views of Paris and Rome, but was soon taking and selling his own views of London. At this time exposures could take as long as thirty minutes and portraiture from life was impracticable. Claudet was fascinated by the possibilities of the daguerreotype and embarked on experiments to improve the process. In 1841 he published details of an accelerated process and took out a patent proposing the use of flat painted backgrounds and a red light in dark-rooms. In June of that year Claudet opened the second daguerreotype portrait studio in London, just three months after his rival, Richard Beard. He took stereoscopic photographs for Wheatstone as early as 1842, although it was not until the 1850s that stereoscopy became a major interest. He suggested and patented several improvements to viewers derived from Brewster's pattern.Claudet was also one of the first photographers to practise professionally Talbot's calotype process. He became a personal friend of Talbot, one of the few from whom the inventor was prepared to accept advice. Claudet died suddenly in London following an accident that occurred when he was alighting from an omnibus. A memoir produced shortly after his death lists over forty scientific papers relating to his researches into photography.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsFRS 1853.Further Reading"The late M.Claudet", 1868, Photographic News 12:3 (obituary)."A.Claudet, FRS, a memoir", 1968, (reprinted from The Scientific Review), London: British Association (a fulsome but valuable Victorian view of Claudet).H.Gernsheim and A.Gernsheim, 1969, The History of Photography, rev. edn, London (a comprehensive account of Claudet's daguerreotype work).H.J.P.Arnold, 1977, William Henry Fox Talbot, London (provides details of Claudet's relationship with Talbot).JWBiographical history of technology > Claudet, Antoine François Jean
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87 Schawlow, Arthur Leonard
[br]b. 5 May 1921 Mount Vernon, New York, USA[br]American physicist involved in laser-spectroscopy research.[br]When Arthur L.Schawlow was 3 years old his family moved to Canada: it was in Toronto that he received his education, graduating from the University of Toronto with a BA in physics in 1941. He was awarded an MA in 1942, taught classes for military personnel at the University until 1944 and worked for a year on radar equipment. He returned to the University of Toronto in 1945 to carry out research on optical spectroscopy and received his PhD in 1949. From 1949 to 1951 he held a postgraduate fellowship at Columbia University, where he worked with Charles H. Townes on microwave spectroscopy. From 1951 to 1961 he was a research physicist at the Bell Telephone Laboratories, working mainly on superconductivity, but he maintained his association with Townes, who had pioneered the maser (an acronym of microwave amplification by stimulated emission of radiation). In a paper published in Physical Review in December 1958, Townes and Schawlow suggested the possibility of a development into optical frequencies or an optical maser, later known as a laser (an acronym of light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation). In 1960 the first such device was made by Theodore H. Maiman. In 1960 Schawlow returned to Columbia University as a visiting professor and in the following year was appointed Professor of Physics at Stanford University, where he continued his researches in laser spectroscopy. He is a member of the National Academy of Sciences, the American Physical Society, the Optical Society of America and the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsNobel Prize for Physics 1981. Franklin Institute Stuart Ballantine Medal 1962. Institute of Physics of London Thomas Young Medal and Prize 1963. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Morris N.Liebmann Memorial Prize 1964. Optical Society of America Frederick Ives Medal 1976. Honorary degrees from the State University of Ghent, the University of Bradford and the University of Toronto.BibliographySchawlow is the author of many scientific papers and, with Charles H.Townes, ofMicrowave Spectroscopy (1955).Further ReadingT.Wasson (ed.), 1987, Nobel Prize Winners, New York, pp. 930–3 (contains a short biography).RTSBiographical history of technology > Schawlow, Arthur Leonard
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88 root
A n1 Bot, fig racine f ; to take root [plant] prendre racine ; [idea, value, system, feeling] s'établir ; [company, industry] s'implanter ; to pull sth up by the roots déraciner qch ; to pull sb's hair out by the roots arracher les cheveux à qn ; to destroy/reject sth root and branch détruire/rejeter complètement qch ; root and branch review/opposition revue/opposition radicale ;2 ( origin) (of problem, matter) fond m ; (of unhappiness, evil) origine f ; to get to the root of the problem prendre le problème à la racine ; to be at the root of sth être à l'origine de qch ;3 Ling racine f ;1 ( of dyed hair) racines fpl ;2 fig racines fpl ; to try to get back to one's roots essayer de retrouver ses racines ; she has no roots elle n'a aucune racine ; to pull up one's roots s'arracher à son milieu ; to put down new roots se créer de nouvelles racines.C modifD vtr1 fig to be rooted in sth [music, film, person] être ancré dans qch ; deeply-rooted lit, fig bien enraciné ; to be/stand rooted to the spot ou the ground être/rester figé sur place ;2 Bot faire prendre racine [plant].E vi1 Bot prendre racine ;2 ( search) [person, animal] fouiller (in, through dans).■ root around, root about [person, animal] fouiller (in dans).■ root for ○:▶ root for [sb] ( cheer) encourager [team, contestant] ; good luck in the exams-we're all rooting for you! bonne chance pour tes examens-nous sommes tous avec toi!.■ root out:▶ root out [sth], root [sth] out traquer [corruption, inefficiency] ;▶ root [sb] out, root out [sb] déloger. -
89 CFR
1) Военный термин: Commander Force Reconnaissance, crossfire2) Техника: Cooperative Fuel Research Committee, carbon-film resistor, constant failure rate, cost & freight3) Химия: Casting For Recovery, Chemical Functional Review4) Строительство: Cleaning Force Ratio5) Юридический термин: Call For Ruling, cost and freight, costand freight6) Фармакология: Code of Federal Regulations (Cвод федеральных нормативных актов)7) Финансы: center of financial responsibility, Служба корпоративной ( финансовой) отчетности (Corporate Financial Reporting)8) Грубое выражение: Complete Fucking Retards9) Оптика: code of federal regulation10) Политика: (Council on Foreign Relations) Совет по международным отношениям11) Сокращение: Contact Flight Rules, Crash Fire & Rescue (USMC), carbon film resistor, Consistent Financial Reporting, County Funding Request, Compact Flash Radio12) Физиология: Certified First Responder13) Вычислительная техника: constant frame rate14) Нефть: Coordinating Fuels and Equipment Research Committee, cement friction reducer, интенсивность катастрофических отказов (catastrophic failure rate), суммарная интенсивность отказов (cumulative failure rate), понизитель трения цементного раствора (cement friction reducer), постоянная интенсивность отказов (constant fault rate)15) Кардиология: coronary flow reserve (резерв коронарного кровотока)16) Транспорт: Catch A Free Ride17) Патенты: Свод Федеральных Правил ( Code of Federal Regulations)18) СМИ: Can't Find the Road19) Деловая лексика: Corporate And Foundation Relations, стоимость и фрахт (cost and freight)20) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: brand name of a cement dispersant, сборник федеральных норм и правил (Code of Federal Regulations)21) Инвестиции: рейтинг материнской компании (Corporate Family Rating), корпоративный рейтинг (холдинга, материнской структуры и т.п.)22) Сетевые технологии: кадр подтверждения готовности к приёму23) ЕБРР: цена и фрахт до (named port of destination; указать порт назначения)24) Ядерная физика: Commercial Fast Reactor25) Контроль качества: catastrophic failure rate, cumulative failure rate26) Научный термин: Critical Functional Response27) Расширение файла: Computerized Facial Recognition, Cde of Federal Regulations Guidance (NRC Inspection Manual)28) Логистика: гравитационный полочный стеллаж29) Автодорожное право: Свод федеральных правил30) NYSE. Cullen Frost Bankers, Inc.32) НАСА: Code Of Federal Regulations33) Международные перевозки: Cost and freight (Incoterms) -
90 short
1. n краткое содержание; сутьin short — вкратце, короче говоря, одним словом
for short — для краткости, сокращённо
the long and the short of it is … — короче говоря, одним словом
2. n лингв. краткий гласный3. n лингв. краткий слог4. n лингв. знак краткостиshort and — знак союза «и»
for short. — для краткости
5. n разг. короткометражный фильм6. n разг. короткий отрывок, короткое произведениеshort ribs — короткие рёбра; ложные рёбра
short term — короткий срок; краткосрочный
7. n разг. малый рост8. n разг. эл. разг. короткое замыкание9. n разг. воен. недолёт10. n разг. бирж. спекулянты, играющие на понижение11. n разг. крепкий напиток, спиртноеshort snorter — глоток спиртного; выпивка на скорую руку
12. n разг. «стаканчик»13. a низкий, невысокий14. a короткий, краткий, недолгий15. a краткосрочный16. a краткий, сжатый17. a кино короткометражный18. a урезанный; неполныйshort measure — неполная мера, недомер
19. a неполный, примерный20. a некомплектный, неукомплектованный21. a скудный, бедныйshort purse — тощий кошелёк; безденежье
to be on short commons — скудно питаться, недоедать, «поститься»
22. a недостаточный; испытывающий нехваткуto be short of breath — задыхаться, тяжело дышать; запыхаться
23. a неудовлетворительный24. a ком. продающийся без покрытия25. a бирж. разг. играющий на понижение26. adv резко, круто; внезапно, неожиданно27. adv преждевременно, до срокаto cut the course of events short — оборвать ход событий, не дать событиям прийти к их естественному завершению
28. adv короткоin short — короче говоря,
29. adv близко, недалеко, на близком расстоянииa short distance away — недалеко, неподалёку
30. adv не доходя, не достигнув31. adv редк. кратко, сжато; отрывистоСинонимический ряд:1. abruptly (adj.) abruptly; suddenly; unawares2. bluff (adj.) abrupt; bluff; blunt; brusque; crusty; gruff; rough; short-spoken; snippety; snippy3. brief (adj.) breviloquent; brief; compendiary; compendious; concise; condensed; direct; fleeting; hasty; laconic; lean; quick; sententious; short and sweet; succinct; summary; terse4. brittle (adj.) brittle; crisp; crumbly; crunchy; friable5. curt (adj.) curt; impatient; inconsiderate; rude; sharp; short-tempered; testy; thoughtless; unceremonious; uncivil; ungracious6. deficient (adj.) deficient; failing; inadequate; incomplete; insufficient; lacking; meager; scant; scanty; scarce; scrimpy; shy; skimpy; slender; unsufficient; wanting7. dwarfish (adj.) dwarfish; squat; stubby; stunted8. inferior (adj.) below; inferior; substandard; unacceptable9. low-set (adj.) low-set; low-statured10. small (adj.) diminutive; little; low; slight; small; tiny; undersized11. substance (noun) amount; body; burden; core; crux; gist; kernel; matter; meat; nub; nubbin; pith; purport; sense; strength; substance; sum and substance; sum total; thrust; upshot12. spare (verb) scant; skimp; spare; stint13. unawares (other) aback; abruptly; asudden; forthwith; sudden; suddenly; unanticipatedly; unaware; unawaredly; unawares; unexpectedlyАнтонимический ряд:ample; bland; complete; comprehensive; congenial; copious; courteous; deferred; diffuse; distant; endless; exceeding; expanded; extended; large; long; rambling; tall -
91 copy
1. копия; копировать2. оттиск; репродукция; получать оттиски3. лист бумаги формата 40,6?50,8 см4. строка текста5. тетрадь6. экземплярtypewriter copy — машинописный экземпляр; машинописная копия
pirated copy — контрафактный экземпляр; контрафактная копия
7. резервная копия8. резервный экземплярblue copy — синяя копия, «синька»
camera-ready copy — оригинал, подготовленный для фотографирования; оригинал-макет
9. комплект чистых листов10. обрезанный контрольный блок11. откорректированная копияshadow copy — дубликат; точная копия
12. откорректированный оригиналcut fiche copy — отрезанная копия микрофиши; отрезанный дубликат микрофиши
cyanotype copy — синяя копия, «синька»
double copy — лист бумаги формата 50,8?83,8 см
duplicate copy — дублетный экземпляр, дублёр
electrophotographically produced copy — копия, полученная электрофотографическим способом, электрофотокопия
copy merging — соединение сюжетов; соединение оригиналов
13. издательский оригиналwire copy — оригинал, полученный по каналам связи
examined copy — копия, сличённая с оригиналом
14. переписанная начисто рукопись, беловикcopy writer — редактор, готовящий рукопись для печати
15. первый оттиск16. первый экземпляр17. неконтрастная копия; «вялая» копияhard copy display — дисплей, изготовляющий печатную копию
optical copy — копия, полученная проекционным способом
18. непрозрачный оригиналfluid corrected copy — оригинал, откорректированный с помощью выкрывающей жидкости
hard copy — копия на бумаге, распечатка, документальная копия, «твёрдая» копия
letter-size copy — оригинал формата 21,6?27,9 см
lilac copy — оттиск, отпечатанный на сиреневой бумаге
manuscript copy — рукописный экземпляр, рукопись
19. микрофотокопия; микрофильм20. копия микрофильмаcopy check — контроль дублированием; проверка копии
21. одноцветный оригинал22. однокрасочная копия23. многоцветный оригинал24. многокрасочная копияmultiple copy — дублетный экземпляр, дублёр
25. оригинал26. копия оригиналаoverexposed copy — переэкспонированная копия; передержанная копия
paste-up copy — склеенный оригинал; склеенный монтаж
plate copy — копия, полученная с формы; пробный оттиск
preliminary copy — копия, используемая для перевода или переноса с неё изображения
presentation copy — экземпляр, подаренный автором, дарственный экземпляр
printed copy — отпечатанная копия; оттиск
proof copy — пробное изображение; пробный оттиск; пробная копия
backup copy — дублирующая копия; резервная копия
carbon copy — копия, полученная через копирку
27. фотоформа, изготовленная способом рефлексного копирования28. рефлексная копияreproducible copy — оригинал, который может быть репродуцирован
review copy — экземпляр, посылаемый на рецензию
rough copy — черновик; эскиз, набросок
sample copy — оригинал, с которого делается копия
screen hard copy — «экранная» копия
29. «вялая» копияcopy proofing — получение < мягкой копии>
30. недокументальная копия, «мягкая» копия31. пробная копия32. пробный экземпляр33. бракованная копия34. бракованный экземплярstapled copy — оригинал, сшитый скобами
substandard copy — копия низкого качества; копия, не соответствующая техническим требованиям
tape corrected copy — оригинал, откорректированный с помощью белой клейкой ленты
35. прозрачный оригинал36. прозрачная копия, диапозитив37. машинописная копия38. машинописный экземплярunderexposed copy — недоэкспонированная копия; недодержанная копия
untoned copy — копия, не проявленная тонером
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92 puff
A n1 (of air, smoke, steam) bouffée f ; (of breath: from mouth) souffle m ; to blow out the candles in one puff souffler les bougies d'un seul coup ; to take a puff at tirer une bouffée de [cigarette, pipe] ; to vanish ou disappear in a puff of smoke lit disparaître dans un nuage de fumée ; fig partir en fumée ; puffs of cloud quelques petits nuages ;2 ○ GB ( breath) souffle m ; to be out of puff ○ être essoufflé, être à bout de souffle ; to get one's puff ○ back reprendre son souffle ;4 Cosmet = powder puff ;6 ○ ( favourable review) article m élogieux ; ( favourable publicity) battage ○ m ; to give a puff to faire du battage autour de [play, show].B vtr1 tirer sur [pipe] ; to puff smoke [person, chimney, train] lancer des bouffées de fumée ; to puff smoke into sb's face envoyer de la fumée à la figure de qn ;2 ○ ( praise) faire du battage ○ autour de [book, film, play].C vi1 souffler ; smoke puffed from the chimney des bouffées de fumée s'échappaient de la cheminée ; to puff (away) at tirer des bouffées de [pipe, cigarette] ; to puff in/out/along [train] entrer/sortir/avancer en lançant des bouffées de fumée ;2 ( pant) souffler, haleter ; he was puffing hard ou puffing and panting il soufflait comme un bœuf ; she came puffing and blowing up the hill elle s'essoufflait en montant la côte.■ puff out:▶ puff out [sth], puff [sth] out1 ( swell) gonfler [sails] ; to puff out one's cheeks gonfler ses joues ; to puff out one's chest bomber le torse ; the bird puffed out its feathers l'oiseau a hérissé ses plumes ;▶ puff [sb] out ○ essouffler ; the run had puffed him out ○ il était tout essoufflé d'avoir couru.■ puff up:▶ puff up [sth], puff [sth] up hérisser [feathers, fur] ; her eyes were all puffed up elle avait les yeux bouffis ; to be puffed up with pride être rempli d'orgueil. -
93 book
1) книга, литературное произведение2) том; издание3) (книжный) блок- art book- big book- law book- new book- rag book- red book- sex bookАнгло-русский словарь по полиграфии и издательскому делу > book
См. также в других словарях:
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