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  • 21 Tiro

    1.
    tīro, ōnis, m.; in milit. lang., a newly-levied soldier, a young soldier, recruit.
    I.
    Lit.:

    aetas tironum,

    Cic. Tusc. 2, 16, 38:

    legio tironum,

    Caes. B. C. 3, 28; 3, 29; 3, 34; Auct. B. Afr. 31, 7; Suet. Tib. 42; id. Ner. 19; id. Vit. 15.— Trop.:

    multaque tironi non patienda feret (opp. vetus miles),

    Ov. A. A. 3, 566.—Esp., in appos. like an adj.:

    tirones milites (opp. veterani),

    Cic. Phil. 11, 15, 39:

    miles, Auct. B. Afr. 16, 1: exercitus,

    Cic. Fam. 7, 3, 2; Liv. 21, 39, 3; 21, 43, 14.—
    II.
    Transf., in gen., a beginner, tiro in any thing:

    nullā in re tiro ac rudis,

    Cic. de Or. 1, 50, 218:

    provinciae rudis et tiro,

    id. Verr. 2, 2, 6, § 17:

    homo non aetate sed usu forensi atque exercitatione tiro,

    id. Div. in Caecil. 15, 47; id. Rosc. Am. 6, 17:

    in scholis exercitati, tirones in foro,

    Quint. 2, 10, 9: deductus in forum tiro, as a young man, after putting on the toga virilis, Suet. Ner. 7; Plin. 8, 48, 74, § 194; Ov. F. 3, 787:

    tirones gladiatorum,

    Suet. Caes. 26;

    for which, adject.: tirones gladiatores, Auct. B. Afr. 71, 1.—Of animals: ut tironem (bovem) cum veterano adjungant,

    Varr. R. R. 1, 20, 2.
    2.
    Tīro, ōnis, m., a Roman proper name. So esp., M. Tullius Tiro, the learned freedman of Cicero, Cic. Fam. 16, 10; id. Att. 6, 7, 2; 9, 17, 2 (to him are addressed the letters id. Fam. 16, 3-10; 16, 12-15); Gell. 7, 3, 8; 13, 9, 1 sq.—Hence, Tīrōnĭ-ānus, a, um, adj., of or belonging to Tiro:

    liber,

    Gell. 13, 20, 16:

    Tironiana cura,

    id. 1, 7, 1.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > Tiro

  • 22 tiro

    1.
    tīro, ōnis, m.; in milit. lang., a newly-levied soldier, a young soldier, recruit.
    I.
    Lit.:

    aetas tironum,

    Cic. Tusc. 2, 16, 38:

    legio tironum,

    Caes. B. C. 3, 28; 3, 29; 3, 34; Auct. B. Afr. 31, 7; Suet. Tib. 42; id. Ner. 19; id. Vit. 15.— Trop.:

    multaque tironi non patienda feret (opp. vetus miles),

    Ov. A. A. 3, 566.—Esp., in appos. like an adj.:

    tirones milites (opp. veterani),

    Cic. Phil. 11, 15, 39:

    miles, Auct. B. Afr. 16, 1: exercitus,

    Cic. Fam. 7, 3, 2; Liv. 21, 39, 3; 21, 43, 14.—
    II.
    Transf., in gen., a beginner, tiro in any thing:

    nullā in re tiro ac rudis,

    Cic. de Or. 1, 50, 218:

    provinciae rudis et tiro,

    id. Verr. 2, 2, 6, § 17:

    homo non aetate sed usu forensi atque exercitatione tiro,

    id. Div. in Caecil. 15, 47; id. Rosc. Am. 6, 17:

    in scholis exercitati, tirones in foro,

    Quint. 2, 10, 9: deductus in forum tiro, as a young man, after putting on the toga virilis, Suet. Ner. 7; Plin. 8, 48, 74, § 194; Ov. F. 3, 787:

    tirones gladiatorum,

    Suet. Caes. 26;

    for which, adject.: tirones gladiatores, Auct. B. Afr. 71, 1.—Of animals: ut tironem (bovem) cum veterano adjungant,

    Varr. R. R. 1, 20, 2.
    2.
    Tīro, ōnis, m., a Roman proper name. So esp., M. Tullius Tiro, the learned freedman of Cicero, Cic. Fam. 16, 10; id. Att. 6, 7, 2; 9, 17, 2 (to him are addressed the letters id. Fam. 16, 3-10; 16, 12-15); Gell. 7, 3, 8; 13, 9, 1 sq.—Hence, Tīrōnĭ-ānus, a, um, adj., of or belonging to Tiro:

    liber,

    Gell. 13, 20, 16:

    Tironiana cura,

    id. 1, 7, 1.

    Lewis & Short latin dictionary > tiro

  • 23 first

    first [fɜ:st]
    (a) (in series) premier;
    ∎ the first few days les deux ou trois premiers jours;
    ∎ the first six months les six premiers mois;
    ∎ Louis the First Louis Premier ou Ier;
    ∎ one hundred and first cent unième;
    ∎ to be first in the queue être le (la) premier(ère) de la queue;
    ∎ I'm first je suis ou c'est moi le premier;
    ∎ she was first in English Literature elle était première en littérature anglaise;
    ∎ she's in first place (in race) elle est en tête;
    ∎ to win first prize gagner le premier prix;
    ∎ this is the first time I've been to New York c'est la première fois que je viens à New York;
    ∎ first floor British premier étage m; American rez-de-chaussée m;
    ∎ Cars first gear première f (vitesse f);
    ∎ put the car into first gear passe la première (vitesse);
    ∎ British first year University première année f; School sixième f;
    ∎ British a first-year university student un étudiant de première année à l'université;
    ∎ I learnt of it at first hand je l'ai appris de la bouche de l'intéressé/l'intéressée, c'est lui-même/elle-même qui me l'a appris;
    ∎ I learned of her resignation at first hand c'est elle-même qui m'a appris sa démission;
    ∎ I haven't (got) the first idea je n'en ai pas la moindre idée;
    ∎ I don't know the first thing about cars je n'y connais absolument rien en voitures;
    ∎ I'll pick you up first thing (in the morning) je passerai te chercher demain matin à la première heure;
    ∎ I'm not at my best first thing in the morning je ne suis pas au mieux de ma forme très tôt le matin;
    ∎ there's a first time for everything il y a un début à tout;
    ∎ to be the first person to do sth être le (la) premier(ère) à faire qch
    (b) (immediately) tout de suite;
    ∎ first thing after lunch tout de suite après le déjeuner;
    ∎ literary she's past her first youth elle n'est plus de la première jeunesse
    (c) (most important → duty, concern) premier;
    ∎ the first priority la priorité des priorités;
    ∎ to put first things first commencer par le commencement;
    ∎ first things first! prenons les choses dans l'ordre!;
    ∎ to go back to first principles repartir sur des bases saines
    (a) (before the others → arrive, leave, speak) le (la) premier(ère), en premier;
    ∎ I saw it first! c'est moi qui l'ai vu le (la) premier(ère) ou en premier!;
    ∎ you go first vas-y en premier;
    ∎ ladies first les dames d'abord;
    ∎ women and children first les femmes et les enfants d'abord;
    ∎ Computing & Industry first in, first out premier entré, premier sorti;
    ∎ Administration last in, first out dernier entré, premier sorti;
    ∎ to come first (in race) arriver premier; (in exam) avoir la première place, être premier;
    ∎ her career comes first sa carrière passe d'abord ou avant tout;
    ∎ I've never come first with you, have I? tu ne m'as jamais fait passer avant le reste, n'est-ce pas?;
    ∎ to put one's family first faire passer sa famille d'abord ou avant tout;
    ∎ proverb first come first served les premiers arrivés sont les premiers servis;
    ∎ tickets were handed out on a first come first served basis les billets ont été distribués par ordre d'arrivée
    (b) (firstly, before anything else) d'abord;
    ∎ first, I want to say thank you tout d'abord, je voudrais vous remercier, je voudrais d'abord vous remercier;
    ∎ first prepare the meat préparez d'abord la viande;
    ∎ I need to go to the lavatory first il faut d'abord que j'aille aux toilettes;
    ∎ what should I do first? qu'est-ce que je dois faire en premier?;
    ∎ first hear the arguments, then make up your mind écoutez d'abord les arguments, ensuite vous vous déciderez;
    ∎ she says first one thing then another elle dit d'abord une chose, et puis une autre;
    ∎ I'm a mother first and a wife second je suis une mère avant d'être une épouse
    (c) (for the first time) pour la première fois; (initially) au début;
    ∎ we first met in London nous nous sommes rencontrés à Londres;
    ∎ when I first knew him quand je l'ai connu
    (d) (sooner, rather)
    ∎ I'd die first plutôt mourir;
    ∎ familiar I'll see him damned first or in hell first j'aimerais bien voir ça
    3 noun
    ∎ the first le (la) premier(ère);
    ∎ he was among the first to realise il a été parmi les premiers à s'en rendre compte;
    ∎ we were the very first to arrive nous sommes arrivés les tout premiers;
    ∎ she was the first in our family to go to university c'était la première de la famille à aller à l'université;
    ∎ he came in an easy first (in race) il est arrivé premier haut la main
    (b) (achievement) première f;
    ∎ that's a notable first for France c'est une grande première pour la France
    ∎ the first we heard/knew of it was when... nous en avons entendu parler pour la première fois/l'avons appris quand...;
    ∎ it's the first I've heard of it! première nouvelle!
    ∎ the first of May/the month le premier mai/du mois
    ∎ he got a first in economics ≃ il a eu mention très bien en économie;
    ∎ she got a double first in French and Russian ≃ elle a eu mention très bien en français et en russe
    (f) Cars première f;
    ∎ in first en première;
    ∎ to put the car into first se mettre en première, passer la première
    ∎ first of exchange première f de change
    au début
    d'abord et surtout
    avant tout
    tout d'abord, pour commencer
    familiar pour commencer□
    du début à la fin
    dès le début
    d'abord;
    ∎ apply in the first instance to the personnel department adressez d'abord votre demande au service du personnel
    ∎ why did you do it in the first place? et puis d'abord, pourquoi as-tu fait cela?;
    ∎ I don't understand why he married her in the first place d'abord, je ne comprends pas ce qui a bien pu le pousser à se marier avec elle
    ∎ in the first place... and in the second place d'abord... et ensuite
    ►► first aid
    1 noun
    (UNCOUNT) (technique) secourisme m; (attention) premiers soins mpl;
    ∎ does anyone know any first aid? quelqu'un s'y connaît-il en secourisme?;
    ∎ to give/to receive first aid donner/recevoir les premiers soins
    (class, manual) de secourisme;
    first aid box trousse f à pharmacie;
    first aid certificate brevet m de secourisme;
    first aid kit trousse f à pharmacie;
    British first aid post, first aid station poste m de secours;
    American the First Amendment le premier amendement (de la Constitution des États-Unis garantissant les libertés individuelles du citoyen américain, notamment la liberté d'expression);
    first class (on train, plane) première classe f; (for letter, parcel) tarif m normal;
    first cousin cousin(e) m,f germain(e);
    British first eleven (in soccer, cricket) = les onze meilleurs joueurs sélectionnés pour former l'équipe la plus forte dans un club;
    American the First Family (presidential family) la famille présidentielle; (in a State) la famille du gouverneur;
    British School first form sixième f; also figurative first fruits premiers fruits mpl;
    American School first grade = classe de l'école primaire (5 à 6 ans);
    Sport first half première mi-temps f;
    First Lady (in US) = femme du président des États-Unis;
    ∎ figurative the first lady of rock/of the detective novel la grande dame du rock/du roman policier;
    first language langue f maternelle;
    first lieutenant Nautical lieutenant m de vaisseau; American Military & Aviation lieutenant m;
    first love premier amour m;
    Nautical first mate second m;
    Politics First Minister (of Scottish Parliament) Premier ministre m;
    first name prénom m;
    ∎ to be on first name terms with sb appeler qn par son prénom;
    Theatre first night première f;
    Law first offender délinquant(e) m,f primaire;
    Nautical first officer second m;
    Theatre first performance première f;
    Grammar first person première personne f;
    ∎ in the first person à la première personne;
    first principle principe m fondamental ou de base;
    Finance first quarter (of financial year) premier trimestre m;
    first refusal préférence f;
    ∎ to give sb first refusal on sth donner la préférence à qn pour qch;
    ∎ I promised Nadine first refusal j'ai promis à Nadine que je lui donnerais la préférence;
    Cinema first showing première exclusivité f;
    American the First State = surnom donné au Delaware;
    Sport first string les meilleurs joueurs mpl (d'une équipe);
    Sport first team (équipe f) première f;
    Music first violin (person, instrument) premier violon m;
    the First World les pays mpl industrialisés;
    the First World War la Première Guerre mondiale

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > first

  • 24 Dony, Jean-Jacques Daniel

    SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy
    [br]
    b. 24 February 1759 Liège, Belgium
    d. 6 November 1819 Liège, Belgium
    [br]
    Belgian inventor of the horizontal retort process of zinc manufacture.
    [br]
    Dony trained initially for the Church, and it is not known how he became interested in the production of zinc. Liège, however, was close to extensive deposits of the zinc ore calamine, and brass had been made since Roman times in the region between Liège and Aix-la-Chapelle (now Aachen). William Champion's technique of brass manufacture was known there and was considered to be too complicated and expensive for the routine manufacture of brass. Dony may have learned about earlier processes of manufacturing zinc on the European continent from his friend Professor Villette of Liège University, and about English methods from Henri Delloye, a friend of both Villette and Dony and who visited Birmingham and Bristol on their behalf to study zinc smelting processes and brass manufacture at first hand. By 21 March 1805 Dony had succeeded in extracting zinc from calamine and casting it in ingots. On the basis of this success he applied to the French Republican administration for assistance and in 1806 was assigned by Napoleon the sole mining rights to the calamine deposits of the Vieille Montagne, or Altenberg, near Moresnet, five miles (8 km) from Aachen. With these rights went the obligation of developing an industrially viable method of zinc refining. In 1807 he constructed a small factory at Isle and there, after much effort, he perfected his celebrated horizontal retort process, the "Liège Method". After July 1809 zinc was being produced in abundance, and in January 1810 Dony was granted an Imperial Patent giving him a monopoly of zinc manufacture for fifteen years. He erected a rolling mill at Saint-Léonard and attempted to persuade the Minister of Marine to use zinc sheets rather than copper for the protection of ships. Between 1809 and 1810 Dony reduced the price of zinc in Liège from 8.60 to 2.60 francs per kilo. However, after 1813 he began to encounter financial problems and in 1818 he surrendered his commercial interests to his partner Dominique Mosselman (d. 1837). The horizontal retort process soon rendered obsolete that of William Champion, and variants of the Liège Method were rapidly evolved in Germany, Britain and the USA.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    A.Dony, 1941, A Propos de l'industrie belge du zinc au début du XIXe siècle, Brussels. L.Boscheron, "The zinc industry of the Liège District", Journal of the Institution of
    Metals 36 (2):21–6.
    H.Delloye, 1810, Recherches sur la calamine, le zinc et les emplois, Liège: Dauvrain. 1836, Bibliographie Liégeoise.
    ASD

    Biographical history of technology > Dony, Jean-Jacques Daniel

  • 25 Napier (Neper), John

    [br]
    b. 1550 Merchiston Castle, Edinburgh, Scotland
    d. 4 April 1617 Merchiston Castle, Edinburgh, Scotland
    [br]
    Scottish mathematician and theological writer noted for his discovery of logarithms, a powerful aid to mathematical calculations.
    [br]
    Born into a family of Scottish landowners, at the early age of 13 years Napier went to the University of St Andrews in Fife, but he apparently left before taking his degree. An extreme Protestant, he was active in the struggles with the Roman Catholic Church and in 1594 he dedicated to James VI of Scotland his Plaine Discovery of the Whole Revelation of St John, an attempt to promote the Protestant case in the guise of a learned study. About this time, as well as being involved in the development of military equipment, he devoted much of his time to finding methods of simplifying the tedious calculations involved in astronomy. Eventually he realized that by representing numbers in terms of the power to which a "base" number needed to be raised to produce them, it was possible to perform multiplication and division and to find roots, by the simpler processes of addition, substraction and integer division, respectively.
    A description of the principle of his "logarithms" (from the Gk. logos, reckoning, and arithmos, number), how he arrived at the idea and how they could be used was published in 1614 under the title Mirifici Logarithmorum Canonis Descriptio. Two years after his death his Mirifici Logarithmorum Canonis Constructio appeared, in which he explained how to calculate the logarithms of numbers and gave tables of them to eight significant figures, a novel feature being the use of the decimal point to distinguish the integral and fractional parts of the logarithm. As originally conceived, Napier's tables of logarithms were calculated using the natural number e(=2.71828…) as the base, not directly, but in effect according to the formula: Naperian logx= 107(log e 107-log e x) so that the original Naperian logarithm of a number decreased as the number increased. However, prior to his death he had readily acceded to a suggestion by Henry Briggs that it would greatly facilitate their use if logarithms were simply defined as the value to which the decimal base 10 needed to be raised to realize the number in question. He was almost certainly also aware of the work of Joost Burgi.
    No doubt as an extension of his ideas of logarithms, Napier also devised a means of manually performing multiplication and division by means of a system of rods known as Napier's Bones, a forerunner of the modern slide-rule, which evolved as a result of successive developments by Edmund Gunther, William Oughtred and others. Other contributions to mathematics by Napier include important simplifying discoveries in spherical trigonometry. However, his discovery of logarithms was undoubtedly his greatest achievement.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    Napier's "Descriptio" and his "Constructio" were published in English translation as Description of the Marvelous Canon of Logarithms (1857) and W.R.MacDonald's Construction of the Marvelous Canon of Logarithms (1889), which also catalogues all his works. His Rabdologiae, seu Numerationis per Virgulas Libri Duo (1617) was published in English as Divining Rods, or Two Books of Numbering by Means of Rods (1667).
    Further Reading
    D.Stewart and W.Minto, 1787, An Account of the Life Writings and Inventions of John Napier of Merchiston (an early account of Napier's work).
    C.G.Knott (ed.), 1915, Napier Tercentenary Memorial Volume (the fullest account of Napier's work).
    KF

    Biographical history of technology > Napier (Neper), John

  • 26 καί

    καί conjunction (Hom.+), found most frequently by far of all Gk. particles in the NT; since it is not only used much more commonly here than in other Gk. lit. but oft. in a different sense, or rather in different circumstances, it contributes greatly to some of the distinctive coloring of the NT style.—HMcArthur, ΚΑΙ Frequency in Greek Letters, NTS 15, ’68/69, 339–49. The vivacious versatility of κ. (for earlier Gk. s. Denniston 289–327) can easily be depressed by the tr. ‘and’, whose repetition in a brief area of text lacks the support of arresting aspects of Gk. syntax.
    ① marker of connections, and
    ⓐ single words
    α. gener. Ἰάκωβος καὶ Ἰωσὴφ καὶ Σίμων καὶ Ἰούδας Mt 13:55. χρυσὸν καὶ λίβανον καὶ σμύρναν 2:11. ἡ ἐντολὴ ἁγία καὶ δικαία καὶ ἀγαθή Ro 7:12. πολυμερῶς κ. πολυτρόπως Hb 1:1. ὁ θεὸς κ. πατήρ God, who is also the Father 1 Cor 15:24; cp. 2 Cor 1:3; 11:31; Eph 1:3; Js 1:27; 3:9 al.—Connects two occurrences of the same word for emphasis (OGI 90, 19 [196 B.C.] Ἑρμῆς ὁ μέγας κ. μέγας; pap in Mayser II/1, 54) μείζων κ. μείζων greater and greater Hv 4, 1, 6. ἔτι κ. ἔτι again and again B 21:4; Hs 2, 6 (B-D-F §493, 1; 2; s. Rob. 1200).
    β. w. numerals, w. the larger number first δέκα καὶ ὁκτώ Lk 13:16. τεσσεράκοντα κ. ἕξ J 2:20. τετρακόσιοι κ. πεντήκοντα Ac 13:20.—The καί in 2 Cor 13:1 ἐπὶ στόματος δύο μαρτύρων καὶ τριῶν σταθήσεται πᾶν ῥῆμα=‘or’ ([v.l. ἢ τριῶν for καὶ τριῶν as it reads Mt 18:16]; cp. Js 4:13 v.l. σήμερον καὶ αὔριον=‘today or tomorrow’, but s. above all Thu. 1, 82, 2; Pla., Phd. 63e; X., De Re Equ. 4, 4 ἁμάξας τέτταρας καὶ πέντε; Heraclides, Pol. 58 τρεῖς καὶ τέσσαρας; Polyb. 3, 51, 12 ἐπὶ δυεῖν καὶ τρισὶν ἡμέραις; 5, 90, 6; Diod S 34 + 35 Fgm. 2, 28 εἷς καὶ δύο=one or two; schol. on Apollon. Rhod. 4, 1091 p. 305, 22 W. τριέτης καὶ τετραέτης) by the statement of two or three witnesses every charge must be sustained, as explained by Dt 19:15.
    γ. adding the whole to the part and in general (Aristoph., Nub. 1239 τὸν Δία καὶ τοὺς θεούς; Thu. 1, 116, 3; 7, 65, 1) Πέτρος καὶ οἱ ἀπόστολοι Peter and the rest of the apostles Ac 5:29. οἱ ἀρχιερεῖς κ. τὸ συνέδριον ὅλον the high priest and all the rest of the council Mt 26:59. Vice versa, adding a (specially important) part to the whole and especially (πᾶς Ἰουδὰ καὶ Ἰερουσαλήμ 2 Ch 35:24; cp. 32, 33; 1 Macc 2:6) τοῖς μαθηταῖς κ. τῷ Πέτρῳ Mk 16:7. σὺν γυναιξὶ κ. Μαριάμ Ac 1:14.
    δ. The expr. connected by καί can be united in the form of a hendiadys (Alcaeus 117, 9f D.2 χρόνος καὶ καρπός=time of fruit; Soph., Aj. 144; 749; Polyb. 6, 9, 4; 6, 57, 5 ὑπεροχὴ καὶ δυναστεία=1, 2, 7; 5, 45, 1 ὑπεροχὴ τῆς δυναστείας; Diod S 5, 67, 3 πρὸς ἀνανέωσιν καὶ μνήμην=renewal of remembrance; 15, 63, 2 ἀνάγκη καὶ τύχη=compulsion of fate; 16, 93, 2 ἐπιβουλὴ κ. θάνατος=a fatal plot; Jos., Ant. 12, 98 μετὰ χαρᾶς κ. βοῆς=w. a joyful cry; 17, 82 ἀκρίβεια κ. φυλακή) ἐξίσταντο ἐπὶ τῇ συνέσει καὶ ταῖς ἀποκρίσεσιν αὐτοῦ they were amazed at his intelligent answers Lk 2:47. δώσω ὑμῖν στόμα κ. σοφίαν I will give you wise utterance 21:15. τροφὴ κ. εὐφροσύνη joy concerning (your) food Ac 14:17. ἐλπὶς κ. ἀνάστασις hope of a resurrection 23:6 (2 Macc 3:29 ἐλπὶς καὶ σωτηρία; s. OLagercrantz, ZNW 31, ’32, 86f; GBjörck, ConNeot 4, ’40, 1–4).
    ε. A colloquial feature is the coordination of two verbs, one of which should be a ptc. (s. B-D-F §471; Rob. 1135f) ἀποτολμᾷ κ. λέγει = ἀποτολμῶν λέγει he is so bold as to say Ro 10:20. ἔσκαψεν κ. ἐβάθυνεν (=βαθύνας) Lk 6:48. ἐκρύβη κ. ἐξῆλθεν (=ἐξελθών) J 8:59. Sim. χαίρων κ. βλέπων I am glad to see Col 2:5. Linking of subordinate clause and ptc. Μαριὰμ ὡς ἦλθεν … καὶ ἰδοῦσα J 11:32 v.l. Cp. παραλαβών … καὶ ἀνέβη Lk 9:28 v.l.
    ⓑ clauses and sentences
    α. gener.: ἐν γαστρὶ ἕξει κ. τέξεται υἱόν Mt 1:23 (Is 7:14). εἰσῆλθον … κ. ἐδίδασκον Ac 5:21. διακαθαριεῖ τὴν ἅλωνα αὐτοῦ κ. συνάξει τὸν σῖτον Mt 3:12. κεκένωται ἡ πίστις καὶ κατήργηται ἡ ἐπαγγελία Ro 4:14 and very oft. Connecting two questions Mt 21:23, or quotations (e.g. Ac 1:20), and dialogue (Lk 21:8), or alternate possibilities (13:18).
    β. Another common feature is the practice, drawn fr. Hebrew or fr. the speech of everyday life, of using κ. as a connective where more discriminating usage would call for other particles: καὶ εἶδον καὶ (for ὅτι) σεισμὸς ἐγένετο Rv 6:12. καὶ ἤκουσεν ὁ βασιλεὺς … καὶ (for ὅτι) ἔλεγον and the king learned that they were saying Mk 6:14 (s. HLjungvik, ZNW 33, ’34, 90–92; on this JBlinzler, Philol. 96, ’43/44, 119–31). τέξεται υἱὸν καὶ καλέσεις τὸ ὄνομα αὐτοῦ (for οὗ τὸ ὄνομα καλ.) Mt 1:21; cp. Lk 6:6; 11:44. καλόν ἐστιν ἡμᾶς ὧδε εἶναι καὶ ποιήσωμεν σκηνάς Mk 9:5. Esp. freq. is the formula in historical narrative καὶ ἐγένετο … καὶ (like וַ … וַיְהִי) and it happened or came about … that Mt 9:10; Mk 2:15; Lk 5:1 v.l. (for ἐγένετο δὲ … καὶ; so also the text of 6:12), 12, 17; 14:1; 17:11 al. (Gen 7:10 al.; JosAs 11:1; 22:1). S. MJohannessohn, Das bibl. Καὶ ἐγένετο u. seine Geschichte, 1926 (fr. ZVS 35, 1925, 161–212); KBeyer, Semitische Syntax im NT I, 1 ’62, 29–62; Mlt-Turner 334f; ÉDelebecque, Études Grecques sur L’Évangile de Luc ’76, 123–65; JVoelz, The Language of the NT: ANRW II/25/2, 893–977, esp. 959–64.—As in popular speech, κ. is used in rapid succession Mt 14:9ff; Mk 1:12ff; Lk 18:32ff; J 2:13ff; 1 Cor 12:5f; Rv 6:12ff; 9:1ff. On this kind of colloquial speech, which joins independent clauses rather than subordinating one to the other (parataxis rather than hypotaxis) s. B-D-F §458; Rdm.2 p. 222; Rob. 426; Dssm., LO 105ff (LAE 129ff), w. many references and parallels fr. secular sources. This is a favorite, e.g., in Polyaenus 2, 3, 2–4; 2, 4, 3; 3, 9, 10; 3, 10, 2; 4, 6, 1; 7, 36 al.
    γ. It is also coordination rather than subordination when κ. connects an expr. of time with that which occurs in the time (Od. 5, 362; Hdt. 7, 217; Thu. 1, 50, 5; Pla., Symp. 220c; Aeschin. 3, 71 νὺξ ἐν μέσῳ καὶ παρῆμεν; s. B-D-F §442, 4; KBrugmann4-AThumb, Griechische Gramm. 1913, 640*): ἤγγικεν ἡ ὥρα κ. παραδίδοται the time has come when he is to be given up Mt 26:45. κ. ἐσταύρωσαν αὐτόν when they crucified him Mk 15:25. κ. ἀνέβη εἰς Ἰεροσόλυμα when he went up to Jerusalem J 2:13. κ. συντελέσω when I will make Hb 8:8 (Jer 38:31); cp. J 4:35; 7:33; Lk 19:43; 23:44; Ac 5:7.
    δ. καί introducing an apodosis is really due to Hebr./LXX infl. (B-D-F §442, 7; Abel §78a, 6 p. 341; Mlt-H. 422; KBeyer, Semitische Syntax im NT I, 1 ’62, 66–72; but not offensive to ears trained in good Gk.: s. Il. 1, 478; Hdt. 1, 79, 2; sim.Thu. 2, 93, 4 ὡς ἔδοξεν αὐτοῖς, καὶ ἐχώρουν εὐθύς; 8, 27, 5; Herm. Wr. 13, 1 …, καὶ ἔφης; Delebecque [s. above in β] 130–32) καὶ ὅτε ἐπλήσθησαν ἡμέραι ὀκτὼ …, κ. ἐκλήθη τὸ ὄνομα αὐτοῦ Lk 2:21; cp. Rv 3:20. Also κ. ἰδού in an apodosis Lk 7:12; Ac 1:10.
    ε. connecting negative and affirmative clauses Lk 3:14. οὔτε ἄντλημα ἔχεις κ. τὸ φρέαρ ἐστὶ βαθύ you have no bucket, and the well is deep J 4:11; cp. 3J 10 (οὔτε … καί Eur., Iph. Taur. 591f; Longus, Past. 1, 17; 4, 28; Aelian, NA 1, 57; 11, 9; Lucian, Dial. Meretr. 2, 4 οὔτε πάντα ἡ Λεσβία, Δωρί, πρὸς σὲ ἐψεύσατο καὶ σὺ τἀληθῆ ἀπήγγελκας Μυρτίῳ ‘It wasn’t all lies that Lesbia told you, Doris; and you certainly reported the truth to Myrtium’). After a negative clause, which influences the clause beginning w. καί: μήποτε καταπατήσουσιν … κ. στραφέντες ῥήξωσιν ὑμᾶς Mt 7:6; cp. 5:25; 10:38; 13:15 (Is 6:10); 27:64; Lk 12:58; 21:34; J 6:53; 12:40 (Is 6:10); Ac 28:27 (Is 6:10); 1 Th 3:5; Hb 12:15; Rv 16:15.
    ζ. to introduce a result that comes fr. what precedes: and then, and so Mt 5:15; 23:32; Mk 8:34; 2 Cor 11:9; Hb 3:19; 1J 3:19. καὶ ἔχομεν and so we have 2 Pt 1:19. Esp. after the impv., or expr. of an imperatival nature (Soph., Oed. Col. 1410ff θέσθε … καὶ … οἴσει, El. 1207; Sir 2:6; 3:17) δεῦτε ὀπίσω μου καὶ ποιήσω and then I will make Mt 4:19. εἰπὲ λόγῳ, κ. ἰαθήσεται ὁ παῖς μου speak the word, and then my servant will be cured Mt 8:8; Lk 7:7; cp. Mt 7:7; Mk 6:22; Lk 10:28; J 14:16; Js 4:7, 10; Rv 4:1.—καί introduces a short clause that confirms the existence of someth. that ought to be: ἵνα τέκνα θεοῦ κληθῶμεν, καὶ ἐσμέν that we should be called children of God; and so we really are (καλέω 1d) 1J 3:1 (Appian, Bell. Civ. 2, 40 §161 they were to conquer Sardinia, καὶ κατέλαβον=and they really took it; 4, 127 §531 one day would decide [κρίνειν] the fate of Rome, καὶ ἐκρίθη).
    η. emphasizing a fact as surprising or unexpected or noteworthy: and yet, and in spite of that, nevertheless (Eur., Herc. Fur. 509; Philostrat., Her. 11 [II 184, 29 Kayser] ῥητορικώτατον καὶ δεινόν; Longus, Past. 4, 17 βουκόλος ἦν Ἀγχίσης καὶ ἔσχεν αὐτὸν Ἀφροδίτη) κ. σὺ ἔρχῃ πρὸς μέ; and yet you come to me? Mt 3:14; cp. 6:26; 10:29; Mk 12:12; J 1:5, 10; 3:11, 32; 5:40; 6:70; 7:28; 1 Cor 5:2; 2 Cor 6:9; Hb 3:9 (Ps 94:9); Rv 3:1. So also, connecting what is unexpected or otherw. noteworthy with an attempt of some kind (JBlomqvist, Das sogennante και adversativum ’79): but ζητεῖ κ. οὐχ εὑρίσκει but he finds none (no resting place) Mt 12:43. ἐπεθύμησαν ἰδεῖν κ. οὐχ εἶδαν but did not see (it) 13:17; cp. 26:60; Lk 13:7; 1 Th 2:18. Cp. GJs 18:3 (not pap). Perhaps Mk 5:20. Introducing a contrasting response καὶ ἀποδώσεις μοι Hv 2, 1, 3.
    θ. to introduce an abrupt question, which may often express wonder, ill-will, incredulity, etc. (B-D-F §442, 8. For older lit. exx. of this usage s. Kühner-G. II p. 247f; for later times EColwell, The Gk. of the Fourth Gospel ’31, 87f): κ. πόθεν μοι τοῦτο; how have I deserved this? Lk 1:43. κ. τίς; who then? Mk 10:26; Lk 10:29; J 9:36. καὶ τί γέγονεν ὅτι … ; how does it happen that … ? 14:22. καὶ πῶς σὺ λέγεις … ; how is it, then, that you say … J 14:9 v.l. W. a protasis εἰ γὰρ ἐγὼ λυπῶ ὑμᾶς, κ. τίς ὁ εὐφραίνων με; for if I make you sad, who then will cheer me up? 2 Cor 2:2 (cp. Ps.-Clem., Hom. 2, 43; 44 εἰ [ὁ θεὸς] ψεύδεται, καὶ τίς ἀληθεύει;). Thus Phil 1:22 is prob. to be punctuated as follows (s. ADebrunner, GGA 1926, 151): εἰ δὲ τὸ ζῆν ἐν σαρκί, τοῦτο μοι καρπὸς ἔργου, καὶ τί αἱρήσομαι; οὐ γνωρίζω but if living on here means further productive work, then which shall I choose? I really don’t know. καὶ πῶς αὐτοῦ υἱός ἐστιν; how, then, is he his son? Lk 20:44 (cp. Gen 39:9).
    ι. to introduce a parenthesis (Eur., Orest. 4, Hel. 393; X., Equ. 11, 2.—B-D-F §465, 1; Rob. 1182) κ. ἐκωλύθην ἄρχι τοῦ δεῦρο but so far I have been prevented Ro 1:13.
    ⓒ oft. explicative; i.e., a word or clause is connected by means of καί w. another word or clause, for the purpose of explaining what goes before it and so, that is, namely (PPetr II, 18 [1], 9 πληγὰς … καὶ πλείους=blows … indeed many of them.—Kühner-G. II 247; B-D-F §442, 9; Rob. 1181; Mlt-Turner 335) χάριν κ. ἀποστολήν grace, that is, the office of an apostle Ro 1:5. ἀπήγγειλαν πάντα καὶ τὰ τ. δαιμονιζομένων they told everything, namely what had happened to those who were possessed Mt 8:33. καὶ χάριν ἀντὶ χάριτος that is, grace upon grace J 1:16. Cp. 1 Cor 3:5; 15:38.—Mt 21:5.—Other explicative uses are καὶ οὗτος, καὶ τοῦτο, καὶ ταῦτα (the first and last are in earlier Gk.: Hdt., X. et al.; s. Kühner-G. I 647; II 247) and, also ascensive and indeed, and at that Ἰ. Χρ., καὶ τοῦτον ἐσταυρωμένον J. Chr., (and) indeed him on the cross 1 Cor 2:2. καὶ τοῦτο Ro 13:11; 1 Cor 6:6, 8; Eph 2:8. καὶ ταῦτα w. ptc. and to be sure Hb 11:12. See B-D-F §290, 5; 425, 1; 442, 9.—The ascensive force of καί is also plain in Ῥωμαῖον καὶ ἀκατάκριτον a Roman citizen, and uncondemned at that Ac 22:25. ἔρχεται ὥρα καὶ νῦν ἐστιν an hour is coming, indeed it is already here J 5:25. προσέθηκεν καὶ τοῦτο ἐπὶ πᾶσιν καὶ κατέκλεισεν τὸν Ἰωάννην ἐν φυλακῇ added this on top of everything else, namely to put John in prison Lk 3:20.
    ⓓ After πολύς and before a second adj. καί is pleonastic fr. the viewpoint of modern lang. (earlier Gk.: Hom. et al. [Kühner-G. II 252, 1]; cp. Cebes 1, 1 πολλὰ καὶ ἄλλα ἀναθήματα; 2, 3; B-D-F §442, 11) πολλὰ … κ. ἄλλα σημεῖα many other signs J 20:30 (cp. Jos., Ant. 3, 318). πολλὰ κ. βαρέα αἰτιώματα many severe charges Ac 25:7. πολλὰ … καὶ ἕτερα Lk 3:18 (cp. Himerius, Or. 40 [=Or. 6], 6 πολλὰ καὶ ἄλλα). πολλοὶ καὶ ἀνυπότακτοι Tit 1:10.
    ⓔ introducing someth. new, w. loose connection: Mt 4:23; 8:14, 23, 28; 9:1, 9, 27, 35; 10:1; 12:27; Mk 5:1, 21; Lk 8:26; J 1:19 and oft.
    ⓕ καί … καί both … and, not only …, but also (Synes., Dreams 10 p. 141b καὶ ἀπιστεῖν ἔξεστι καὶ πιστεύειν.—B-D-F §444, 3; Rob. 1182; Mlt-Turner 335) connecting single expressions Mt 10:28; Mk 4:41; Ro 11:33; Phil 2:13; 4:12. κ. ἐν ὀλίγῳ κ. ἐν μεγάλῳ Ac 26:29. κ. ἅπαξ κ. δίς (s. ἅπαξ 1) Phil 4:16; 1 Th 2:18. Connecting whole clauses or sentences: Mk 9:13; J 7:28; 9:37; 12:28; 1 Cor 1:22. Introducing contrasts: although … yet (Anthol. VII, 676 Δοῦλος Ἐπίκτητος γενόμην καὶ σῶμʼ ἀνάπηρος καὶ πενίην ῏Ιρος καὶ φίλος ἀθανάτοις ‘I was Epictetus, a slave; crippled in body and an Iros [a beggar in Hom., Od.] in poverty, but dear to the Immortals’) J 15:24; Ac 23:3. καὶ … κ. οὐ Lk 5:36; J 6:36. καὶ οὐ … καί 17:25; κ. … κ. now … now Mk 9:22. On τὲ … καί s. τέ 2c. Somet. w. ἤ q.v. 1aβ.—HCadbury, Superfluous καί in the Lord’s Prayer (i.e. Mt 6:12) and Elsewhere: Munera Studiosa (=WHatch Festschr.) ’46.
    ② marker to indicate an additive relation that is not coordinate to connect clauses and sentences, also, likewise, funct. as an adv.
    ⓐ simply κ. τὴν ἄλλην the other one also Mt 5:39; cp. vs. 40; 6:21; 12:45; Mk 1:38; 2:26; 8:7 and oft. Freq. used w. pronouns κἀγώ (q.v.). καὶ σύ Mt 26:73. κ. ὑμεῖς 20:4, 7; Lk 21:31; J 7:47 and oft. κ. αὐτός (s. αὐτός 1f).
    ⓑ intensive: even Mt 5:46f; 10:30; Mk 1:27; Lk 10:17; J 14:9 v.l.; Ac 5:39; 22:28; Ro 9:24 (ἀλλὰ καί); 1 Cor 2:10; 2 Cor 1:8; Gal 2:17; Eph 5:12; Phlm 21; Hb 7:25; 1 Pt 4:19 (but s. d below); Jd 23; Hs 5, 2, 10; 7:1; ἔτι καὶ νῦν Dg 2:3. CBlackman, JBL 87, ’68, 203f would transl. Ro 3:26b: … even in the act of declaring righteous (cp. the gen. abs. Polemon Soph. B 14 Reader καὶ Δάτιδος ἀποπλέοντος=even though Datis was sailing away). In formulas expressing a wish: ὄφελον καί if only, would that Gal 5:12. In connection w. a comparative: κ. περισσότερον προφήτου one who is even more than a prophet Mt 11:9. κ. μείζονα ποιήσει J 14:12.
    ⓒ In sentences denoting a contrast καί appears in var. ways, somet. in both members of the comparison, and oft. pleonastically, to our way of thinking καθάπερ …, οὕτως καί as …, thus also 2 Cor 8:11. ὥσπερ …, οὕτως καί (Hyperid. 1, 2, 5–8) Ro 5:19; 11:30f; 1 Cor 11:12; 15:22; Gal 4:29. ὡς …, οὕτως καί Ro 5:15, 18. ὸ̔ν τρόπον …, οὕτως καί 2 Ti 3:8.—οὕτως καί thus also Ro 6:11. ὡσαύτως καί in the same way also 1 Cor 11:25. ὁμοίως καί (Jos., Bell. 2, 575) J 6:11; Jd 8. ὡς καί Ac 11:17; 1 Cor 7:7; 9:5. καθὼς καί Ro 15:7; 1 Cor 13:12; 2 Cor 1:14; Eph 4:17. καθάπερ καί Ro 4:6; 2 Cor 1:14.—καί can also stand alone in the second member w. the mng. so also, so. ὡς … καί Mt 6:10; Ac 7:51; Gal 1:9; Phil 1:20. καθὼς … καί Lk 6:31 v.l.; J 6:57; 13:15; 1 Cor 15:49.—οἷος …, τοιοῦτος καί 1 Cor 15:48. After a comp. ὅσῳ καί by so much also Hb 8:6. καί is found in both members of the comparison (s. Kühner-G. II 256; 2 Macc 2:10; 6:14) Ro 1:13; 1 Th 2:14. καθὼς καὶ … οὕτως καί Col 3:13 (cp. Hyperid. 1, 40, 20–25 ὥσπερ καὶ … οὕτω καί; 3, 38).
    ⓓ w. expressions that introduce cause or result, here also pleonastic to a considerable degree διὰ τοῦτο καί for this reason (also) Lk 11:49; J 12:18. διὸ καί Lk 1:35; Ac 10:29; Ro 4:22; Hb 13:12. εἰς τοῦτο καί 2 Cor 2:9. ὥστε καί 1 Pt 4:19 (but this pass. may well fit in b). ὅθεν καί Hb 7:25; 11:19.
    ⓔ after an interrogative (as Thu., X., et al.; s. Kühner-G. II 255. S. also B-D-F §442, 14) at all, still ἱνατί καὶ τ. γῆν καταργεῖ; Lk 13:7. τί καί; (Hyperid. 3, 14 τί καὶ ἀδικεῖ; what kind of wrong, then, is he committing?) τί καὶ ἐλπίζει; why does he still (need to) hope? Ro 8:24. v.l. τί καὶ βαπτίζονται; why are they baptized (at all)? 1 Cor 15:29; cp. vs. 30.
    ⓕ used w. a relative, it oft. gives greater independence to the foll. relative clause: Mk 3:14; Lk 10:30; J 11:2 v.l.; Ac 1:3, 11; 7:45; 10:39; 11:30; 12:4; 13:22; 28:10; Ro 9:24; 1 Cor 11:23; Gal 2:10; Col 1:29 al.
    ⓖ used pleonastically w. prep.
    α. μετά (BGU 412, 6 μετὰ καὶ τ. υἱοῦ) Phil 4:3.
    β. σύν (ins in PASA III 612; PFay 108; BGU 179, 19; 515, 17) 1 Cl 65:1.—Dssm., NB 93 (BS 265f).
    ⓗ w. double names ὁ καί who is also called … (the earliest ex. in a fragment of Ctesias: 688 Fgm. 15, 51 p. 469, 23 Jac. ῏Ωχος καὶ Δαρειαῖος [s. Hatch 141]; OGI 565; 574; 583; 589; 603; 604; 620; 623; 636; POxy 45; 46; 54; 101; 485; 1279; PFay 30; BGU 22, 25; 36, 4; Jos., Ant. 1, 240; 5, 85; 12, 285; 13, 320; 18, 35. Further material in WSchmid, Der Atticismus III 1893, 338; Dssm., B 181ff [BS 313–17]. Lit. in B-D-F §268, 1) Σαῦλος, ὁ καὶ Παῦλος Ac 13:9. Ἰγνάτιος, ὁ καὶ Θεοφόρος ins of all the letters of Ign.
    ⓘ with other particles
    α. καὶ γάρ for (s. γάρ 1b).—καὶ γὰρ … ἀλλά (or granted that … but) 2 Cor 13:4; Phil 2:27.—καὶ γὰρ οὐ(κ): neither 1 Cor 11:9; for even … not 2 Cor 3:10.
    β. καί γε (without intervening word [opp. earlier Gk, e.g. Pla., Phd. 58d; Rep. 7, 531a]: Hippocr., Septim. 9, VII 450 Littré; Cornutus p. 40, 12; Περὶ ὕψους 13, 2; Rhetor Apsines [III A.D.] p. 332, 17 Hammer; TestReub 4:4 al.; for גָּם always in Theod. [DBarthélemy, Les devanciers d’Aquila ’63, 31ff]), weakened force: (if) only or at least Lk 19:42 v.l.; intensive: indeed (Jos. Ant 29, 19) Ac 2:18 (J 3:2 v.l.; Mel., P. 30, 207); Hm 8:5; 9:9. καί γε οὐ μακράν= and indeed God is not far Ac 17:27.—Kühner-G. II 176b; Schwyzer II 561; B-D-F §439, 2; Rdm.2 35–37.
    γ. καὶ … δέ and also, but also (s. δέ 5b).
    δ. καίτοι (Il. 13, 267 et al., ins, pap; 4 Macc 2:6; 5:18; 7:13; Ath. 8, 1 al.; Mel., P. 58, 422) particle (B-D-F §425, 1; 450, 3; Rob. 1129 and 1154) w. finite verb (Chion, Ep. 3, 1; Jos. Ant. 5, 78) yet, on the other hand Ac 14:17. W. gen. abs. foll. (BGU 850, 4 [76 A.D.] καίτοι ἐμοῦ σε πολλὰ ἐρωτήσαντος; 898, 26; Philo, Vi. Mos. 1, 20; Jos., Ant. 2, 321; Ath. 19, 2; 25, 2) Hb 4:3.—καίτοι γε or καί τοι γε (since Aristoph., Ach. 611; but esp. in later Gk. [cp. Schwyzer II 561; MMeister, De Aiocho dial., Breslau diss. 1915 p. 31, 5]; Ps.-Pla., Axioch. 364b; Jos., Bell. 1, 7, Ant. 5, 36; Epict. 3, 24, 90; Just., A II, 11, 2; D. 7, 3; Ath. 3, 1; 22, 7; SIG 685, 76 and 82 [139 B.C.]) although J 4:2; Ac 14:17 v.l.; Dg 8:3. W. part. foll. (Jos., C. Ap. 1, 230; Mel., P. 58, 422) AcPt Ox 849, 18.—Kühner-G. II 151f; B-D-F §439, 1; 450, 3.—For ἀλλὰ κ., δὲ και, ἐὰν κ., εἰ κ., ἢ κ. s. ἀλλά, δέ, ἐάν, εἰ, ἤ.—ERobson, KAI-Configurations in the Gk. NT, 3 vols. diss. Syracuse ’79. LfgrE s.v. καί col. 1273f (lit.). DELG. M-M. EDNT.

    Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά παλαιοχριστιανική Λογοτεχνία > καί

  • 27 νομικός

    νομικός, ή, όν (νόμος; Pla., Aristot. et al.; ins [Hatch 134ff]; pap, e.g. PMich XIII 659, 319; 668, 9 [both VI A.D.] al.; 4 Macc 5:4; SibOr 8, 112; Mel., P. 94, 713 ἐν πόλει νομικῇ).
    ① pert. to matters relating to law, about law (ἐν ταῖς ν. καὶ προφητικαῖς γραφαῖς Orig., C. Cels. 2, 76, 9) μάχαι ν. quarrels about the law (i.e. the validity of the [Mosaic?] law) Tit 3:9 (cp. Philostrat., Vitae Sophist. 1, 22, 1 ἀγῶνες ν.).
    ② pert. to being well informed about law, learned in the law, hence subst. ὁ νομικός legal expert, jurist, lawyer (Strabo 12, 2, 9; Epict. 2, 13, 6–8; IMagnMai 191, 4 [s. Thieme 37]; other exx. from inscriptions in LRobert, Hellenica I 62, 9; BGU 326 II, 22; 361 III, 2; POxy 237 VIII, 2; CPR I, 18, 24 al. in pap; 4 Macc 5:4); Tit 3:13 mentions a certain Zenas the ν., but it is not clear whether he was expert in Mosaic or non-Mosaic (in the latter case most prob. Roman) law.—Elsewh. in the NT only once in Mt and several times in Lk, always of those expert in Mosaic law: Mt 22:35; Lk 10:25. Pl. 11:45f, 52; 14:3. Cp. PEg2 2. Mentioned w. Pharisees 7:30; 11:53 D; 14:3.—Schürer II 320–80, esp. 324 n. 4; GRuderg, ConNeot II ’36, 41f; Kilpatrick s.v. γραμματεύς.—B. 1424. New Docs 2, 89. DELG s.v. νέμω Ic. M-M. TW.

    Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά παλαιοχριστιανική Λογοτεχνία > νομικός

  • 28 בסי

    בסי, בְּסָא(v. בסס) to trample upon; hence (with ב־) to despise; v. בְּזֵי I; cmp. בְּטַש. Pa. בַּסֵּי 1) same. Y.Ter.VIII, end, 46c לא מבסי לא ברומיוכ׳ (read תְבַסֵּי) despise neither a Roman of low standing ; (Gen. R. s. 63 לא תבזון). 2) (Arab. בס) to drive, instigate. Gen. R. s. 79, end, heard an Arab say to his neighbor מה את מְבַסֵּה ביוכ׳ (some ed. מב׳, corr. acc.) why art thou driving me? and he meant to say מה את מְעַשֶּׂה בי (Var. מְעַסֶּה) why wilt thou force me?from which they learned the meaning of ועסותם, Mal. 3:21.

    Jewish literature > בסי

  • 29 בסא

    בסי, בְּסָא(v. בסס) to trample upon; hence (with ב־) to despise; v. בְּזֵי I; cmp. בְּטַש. Pa. בַּסֵּי 1) same. Y.Ter.VIII, end, 46c לא מבסי לא ברומיוכ׳ (read תְבַסֵּי) despise neither a Roman of low standing ; (Gen. R. s. 63 לא תבזון). 2) (Arab. בס) to drive, instigate. Gen. R. s. 79, end, heard an Arab say to his neighbor מה את מְבַסֵּה ביוכ׳ (some ed. מב׳, corr. acc.) why art thou driving me? and he meant to say מה את מְעַשֶּׂה בי (Var. מְעַסֶּה) why wilt thou force me?from which they learned the meaning of ועסותם, Mal. 3:21.

    Jewish literature > בסא

  • 30 בְּסָא

    בסי, בְּסָא(v. בסס) to trample upon; hence (with ב־) to despise; v. בְּזֵי I; cmp. בְּטַש. Pa. בַּסֵּי 1) same. Y.Ter.VIII, end, 46c לא מבסי לא ברומיוכ׳ (read תְבַסֵּי) despise neither a Roman of low standing ; (Gen. R. s. 63 לא תבזון). 2) (Arab. בס) to drive, instigate. Gen. R. s. 79, end, heard an Arab say to his neighbor מה את מְבַסֵּה ביוכ׳ (some ed. מב׳, corr. acc.) why art thou driving me? and he meant to say מה את מְעַשֶּׂה בי (Var. מְעַסֶּה) why wilt thou force me?from which they learned the meaning of ועסותם, Mal. 3:21.

    Jewish literature > בְּסָא

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