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1 Girard
m.Girard, Stephen Girard. -
2 Girard, Philippe de
SUBJECT AREA: Textiles[br]b. 1775 Franced. 1845[br]French developer of a successful flax-heckling machine for the preparation of fibres for power-spinning.[br]Early drawing and spinning processes failed to give linen yarn the requisite fineness and homogeneity. In 1810 Napoleon offered a prize of a million francs for a successful flax-spinning machine as part of his policy of stimulating the French textile industries. Spurred on by this offer, Girard suggested three improvements. He was too late to win the prize, but his ideas were patented in England in 1814, although not under his own name. He proposed that the fibres should be soaked in a very hot alkaline solution both before drawing and immediately before they went to the spindles. The actual drawing was to be done by passing the dried material through combs or gills that moved alternately; gill drawing was taken up in England in 1816. His method of wet spinning was never a commercial success, but his processes were adopted in part and developed in Britain and spread to Austria, Poland and France, for his ideas were essentially good and produced a superior product. The successful power-spinning of linen thread from flax depended primarily upon the initial processes of heckling and drawing. The heckling of the bundles or stricks of flax, so as to separate the long fibres of "line" from the shorter ones of "tow", was extremely difficult to mechanize, for each strick had to be combed on both sides in turn and then in the reverse direction. It was to this problem that Girard next turned his attention, inventing a successful machine in 1832 that subsequently was improved in England. The strick was placed between two vertical sheets of combs that moved opposite to each other, depositing the tow upon a revolving cylinder covered with a brush at the bottom of the machine, while the holder from which the strick was suspended moved up and down so as to help the teeth to penetrate deeper into the flax. The tow was removed from the cylinder at the bottom of the machine and taken away to be spun like cotton. The long line fibres were removed from the top of the machine and required further processing if the yarn was to be uniform.When N.L.Sadi Carnot's book Réflexions sur la puissance motrice du feu, was published in 1824, Girard made a favourable report on it.[br]Further ReadingM.Daumas (ed.), 1968, Histoire générale des techniques, Vol. III: L'Expansion duMachinisme, Paris.C.Singer (ed.), 1958, A History of'Technology, Vol. IV, Oxford: Clarendon Press. T.K.Derry and T.I.Williams, 1960, A Short History of Technology from the EarliestTimes to AD 1900, Oxford.W.A.McCutcheon, 1966–7, "Water power in the North of Ireland", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 39 (discusses the spinning of flax and mentions Girard).RLH -
3 жирар
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4 растр Жирара
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5 معالجة جيرار
Girard s treatment -
6 грыжесечение по Жирару
1) Medicine: Girard's herniorrhaphy2) Makarov: Girard's herniorrhaphy (при паховой грыже)Универсальный русско-английский словарь > грыжесечение по Жирару
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7 гиперболический двумерный растр Жирара
Универсальный русско-английский словарь > гиперболический двумерный растр Жирара
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8 растр Жирара
Makarov: Girard raster -
9 girardturbin
subst. (turbin) Girard turbine -
10 гиперболический двумерный растр Жирара
Русско-английский физический словарь > гиперболический двумерный растр Жирара
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11 svínka
að, [Germ. schwanken], to stagger; frétta þat sem Girard hefir svínkat, Karl. 192: part. svínkaðr, the worse for drink. -
12 грыжесечение по Жирару
( при паховой грыже) Girard's herniorrhaphyБольшой русско-английский медицинский словарь > грыжесечение по Жирару
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13 жирар
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14 агосии
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15 агосия, большеплавниковая
—1. LAT Agosia chrysogaster Girard2. RUS большеплавниковая агосия f3. ENG long-finned dace4. DEU —5. FRA —DICTIONARY OF ANIMAL NAMES IN FIVE LANGUAGES > агосия, большеплавниковая
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16 адинии
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17 адиния, многополосая
—1. LAT Adinia multifasciata Girard2. RUS многополосая адиния f3. ENG —4. DEU Zebrakärpfling m5. FRA —DICTIONARY OF ANIMAL NAMES IN FIVE LANGUAGES > адиния, многополосая
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18 акула, калифорнийская бычья
—1. LAT Heterodontus francisci (Girard)2. RUS калифорнийская бычья акула f3. ENG California horn shark4. DEU —5. FRA requin-dormeur m cornuDICTIONARY OF ANIMAL NAMES IN FIVE LANGUAGES > акула, калифорнийская бычья
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19 акула, калифорнийская тройнозубая
—1. LAT Triakis semifasciata Girard2. RUS калифорнийская тройнозубая акула f пятнистая острозубая кунья акула f3. ENG leopard shark4. DEU Leopardenhai m5. FRA —DICTIONARY OF ANIMAL NAMES IN FIVE LANGUAGES > акула, калифорнийская тройнозубая
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20 акула, пятнистая острозубая кунья
—1. LAT Triakis semifasciata Girard2. RUS калифорнийская тройнозубая акула f пятнистая острозубая кунья акула f3. ENG leopard shark4. DEU Leopardenhai m5. FRA —DICTIONARY OF ANIMAL NAMES IN FIVE LANGUAGES > акула, пятнистая острозубая кунья
См. также в других словарях:
Girard — may refer to:PlacesIn the United States: *Girard, Alabama *Girard, Georgia *Girard, Illinois *Girard, Kansas *Girard, Michigan *Girard, Minnesota *Girard, Ohio *Girard, Pennsylvania *Girard, Texas *Girard Township, Macoupin County, Illinois… … Wikipedia
Girard — ist der Name mehrerer Orte in den Vereinigten Staaten: Girard (Georgia) Girard (Illinois) Girard (Kansas) Girard (Louisiana) Girard (Michigan) Girard (Ohio) Girard (Pennsylvania) Girard (Texas) Girard oder de Girard ist der Familienname von:… … Deutsch Wikipedia
Girard — Girard, OH U.S. city in Ohio Population (2000): 10902 Housing Units (2000): 4937 Land area (2000): 6.112646 sq. miles (15.831680 sq. km) Water area (2000): 0.484550 sq. miles (1.254978 sq. km) Total area (2000): 6.597196 sq. miles (17.086658 sq.… … StarDict's U.S. Gazetteer Places
Girard — Girard, puede ser René Girard (1923 ), filósofo Noel Jules Girard (1816 1886), escultor Lugares en Estados Unidos Girard (Pensilvania) Autores de nombres botánicos Frédéric de Girar … Wikipedia Español
GIRARD (R.) — GIRARD RENÉ (1923 ) Chartiste de formation, René Girard a fait carrière aux États Unis: archiviste paléographe, il a été reçu docteur de l’université d’Indiana, puis est devenu professeur à la Johns Hopkins University. Parti de la critique… … Encyclopédie Universelle
Girard — [ʒi raːr], 1) Albert, französischer Mathematiker, * Saint Mihiel (bei Commercy) 1595, ✝ Leiden 8. 12. 1632. In seinem Hauptwerk »Invention nouvelle en l algèbre« (1629) zeigt sich Girard als Schüler von F. Viète. Neben zahlentheoretischen… … Universal-Lexikon
Girard — (spr. schirār), 1) Stephen, Philanthrop, geb. 24. Mai 1750 in der Nähe von Bordeaux als Sohn eines Schiffskapitäns, gest. 26. Dez. 1831 in Philadelphia, erwarb sich in Amerika als Seefahrer und Kaufmann ein bedeutendes Vermögen. Als Privatmann… … Meyers Großes Konversations-Lexikon
GIRARD (P. de) — GIRARD PHILIPPE DE (1775 1845) Inventeur et industriel français, né à Lourmarin (Provence) et mort à Paris. En 1804, Napoléon lance un concours, doté d’un prix de un million, pour une machine qui permettrait de filer convenablement le lin,… … Encyclopédie Universelle
Girard, GA — U.S. town in Georgia Population (2000): 227 Housing Units (2000): 111 Land area (2000): 3.194104 sq. miles (8.272692 sq. km) Water area (2000): 0.005424 sq. miles (0.014049 sq. km) Total area (2000): 3.199528 sq. miles (8.286741 sq. km) FIPS code … StarDict's U.S. Gazetteer Places
Girard, IL — U.S. city in Illinois Population (2000): 2245 Housing Units (2000): 926 Land area (2000): 0.935865 sq. miles (2.423878 sq. km) Water area (2000): 0.000000 sq. miles (0.000000 sq. km) Total area (2000): 0.935865 sq. miles (2.423878 sq. km) FIPS… … StarDict's U.S. Gazetteer Places
Girard, KS — U.S. city in Kansas Population (2000): 2773 Housing Units (2000): 1219 Land area (2000): 1.897448 sq. miles (4.914367 sq. km) Water area (2000): 0.007707 sq. miles (0.019960 sq. km) Total area (2000): 1.905155 sq. miles (4.934327 sq. km) FIPS… … StarDict's U.S. Gazetteer Places