-
1 Assemble
Doubled schappe yarn made in France. -
2 Worsted
Wool yarns of superior quality and appearance spun from the better qualities of wools, and by a much more elaborate preparation for spinning than woollen yarns receive. The aim is to assemble or rearrange the constituent fibres of the yarns as near parallel as possible, and to remove by combing all the short fibres that would otherwise spoil the regularity, smoothness and lustre which is characteristic of worsted yarns. The broad definition that - worsted yarns are combed and woollen yarns are not - still holds good. There are four methods in common use for spinning worsted yarns, i.e., cap spinning, mule, flyer and ring spinning, each having special characteristics that make it more suitable than the other for spinning certain types and counts. -
3 Protestants
As long as the Portuguese Inquisition was active, few non-Catholics resided in the country. Any person discovered to be a Protestant—and possession of a Bible was a certain sign—could be arrested, jailed, and threatened with execution by the Inquisition, especially before 1760. After the extinction of the Inquisition by 1821, a few Protestant missions arrived during the 1840s and 1850s. Evangelical Christian missionaries became active, especially British Protestants who came to travel or reside in, as well as to distribute bibles to Portugal. These included the celebrated British writer, traveler, and missionary, George Borrow, whose book The Bible in Spain in the mid-19th century became a classic.Even after the Inquisition ceased operations, restrictions on non-Catholics remained. Despite the small number of initial converts, there were active denominations in the 19th century among the Plymouth Brethren, Scotch Presbyterians, Methodists, and Anglicans. Some Protestant missions were founded in Portugal, as well as in her African colonies in the 1870s and 1880s. Among the legal restrictions against Protestants and other non-Catholics were those on building edifices that physically resembled churches, limits on property-owning and hours of worship, laws that prevented non-Catholic organizations from legal recognition by the government, discrimination against Protestant denominations with pacifist convictions, and discrimination against Protestants in conscription (the draft) selection. In the 1950s and 1960s, the middle to late years of the Estado Novo regime, small groups of Pentecostals, Mormons, and Jehovah's Witnesses settled in Portugal, and the numbers of their congregations grew more rapidly than those of earlier arrivals, but traditional restrictions against freedom of worship continued.After the Revolution of 25 April 1974 and the 1976 Constitution, such restrictions against Protestant worship and residence ended. Protestant churches were now recognized as legal entities with the right to assemble and to worship. During the period when military conscription was in force, that is, up to 2004, those Protestants who were conscientious objectors could apply for alternative military service. Protestant missionary activity, nevertheless, continued to experience resistance from the Catholic Church. In recent decades, there has been a rapid growth among the Protestant communities, although their expansion in Portugal does not equal the growth in Protestant numbers found in Brazil and Angola. By the early 1990s, the number of Protestants was estimated to be between 50,000 and 60,000 persons, but by 2008 this figure had more than doubled. The number still remained at only 2 percent of the population with religious affiliation. -
4 Bailey, Sir Donald Coleman
SUBJECT AREA: Civil engineering[br]b. 15 September 1901 Rotherham, Yorkshire, Englandd. 5 May 1985 Bournemouth, Dorset, England[br]English engineer, designer of the Bailey bridge.[br]Bailey was educated at the Leys School, Cambridge, before going to Sheffield University where he studied for a degree in engineering. He joined the Civil Service in 1928 and was posted to the staff of the Experimental Bridging Establishment of the Ministry of Supply at Christchurch, Hampshire. There he continued his boyhood hobby of making model bridges of wood and string. He evolved a design for a prefabricated metal bridge assembled from welded panels linked by pinned joints; this became known as the Bailey bridge. Its design was accepted by the War Office in 1941 and from then on it was used throughout the subsequent conflict of the Second World War. It was a great improvement on its predecessor, the Inglis bridge, designed by a Cambridge University professor of engineering, Charles Inglis, with tubular members that were 10 or 12 ft (3.66 m) long; this bridge was notoriously difficult to construct, particularly in adverse weather conditions, whereas the Bailey bridge's panels and joints were far more manageable and easy to assemble. The simple and standardized component parts of the Bailey bridge made it highly adaptable: it could be strengthened by increasing the number of truss girders, and wide rivers could be crossed by a series of Bailey bridges connected by pontoons. Field Marshal Montgomery is recorded as saying that without the Bailey bridge we should not have won the war'.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsKnighted 1946.Further ReadingObituary, 1985, The Guardian 6 May.IMcNBiographical history of technology > Bailey, Sir Donald Coleman
-
5 Pullman, George Mortimer
[br]b. 3 March 1831 Brocton, New York, USAd. 19 October 1897 Chicago, Illinois, USA[br]American inventor of the Pullman car.[br]Pullman was initially a cabinet-maker in Albion, New York, and then became a road-works contractor in Chicago. Observing a need for improved sleeping accommodation on trains, he arranged in 1858 with the Chicago \& Alton Railroad to convert two of their coaches into sleeping cars by incorporating upper berths hinged to the sides of the car. These and a third car entered service in 1859 and were popular with passengers, but other railways were reluctant to adopt them.Pullman moved to the Colorado mining area and kept a general store, but in 1863 he returned to Chicago. With Ben Field he spent a year building the car Pioneer, which not only incorporated the folding upper berths but also had seats arranged to convert into lower berths. When Pioneer entered service, the travelling public was enthusiastic: Pullman and Field built more cars, and an increasing number of railways arranged to operate them under contract. In 1867 Pullman and Field organized the Pullman Palace Car Company, which grew to have five car-building plants. Pullman introduced a combined sleeping/restaurant car in 1867 and the dining car in 1868.In 1872 James Allport, General Manager of the Midland Railway in Britain, toured the USA and was impressed by Pullman cars. He arranged with Pullman for the American company to ship a series of Pullman cars to Britain in parts for Midland to assemble at its works at Derby. The first, a sleeping car, was completed early in 1874 and entered service on the Midland Railway. Several others followed the same year, including the first Pullman Parlor Car, a luxury coach for day rather than overnight use, to enter service in Europe. Pullman formed the Pullman Palace Car Company (Europe), and although the Midland Railway purchased the Pullman cars running on its system a few years later, Pullman cars were used on many other railways in Britain (notably the London Brighton \& South Coast Railway) and on the continent of Europe. In 1881 the Pullman Parlor Car Globe, running in Britain, became the first vehicle to be illuminated by electric light.[br]Bibliography1864. jointly with Field, US patent no. 42,182 (upper berth).1865, jointly with Field, US patent no. 49,992 (the seat convertible into a lower berth).Further ReadingC.Hamilton Ellis, 1965, Railway Carriages in the British Isles, London: George Allen \& Unwin, Ch. 6 (describes the introduction of Pullman cars to Europe).PJGRBiographical history of technology > Pullman, George Mortimer
-
6 Combinations
Good Combinations Result from a Long Sequence of Combinatorial Mental ProcessingThe role of the preliminary conscious work... is evidently to mobilize certain of these [hooked] atoms [of thought], to unhook them from the wall and put them in swing. We think we have done no good, because we have moved these elements a thousand different ways in seeking to assemble them, and have found no satisfactory aggregate. But, after this shaking up imposed upon them by our will, these atoms do not return to their primitive rest. They freely continue to dance.... The mobilized atoms are... not any atoms whatsoever; they are those from which we might reasonably expect the desired solution. Then the mobilized atoms undergo impacts which make them enter into combinations among themselves or with other atoms at rest which they struck against in their course.... However it may be, the only combinations that have a chance of forming are those where at least one of the elements is one of those atoms freely chosen by our will. Now, it is evidently among these that is found what I called the good combination. (Poincareґ, 1921, pp. 393-394)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Combinations
См. также в других словарях:
assemble — as‧sem‧ble [əˈsembl] verb 1. [transitive] MANUFACTURING to make a product by putting parts together: • The factory will assemble GM pickup trucks for sale in the Chinese market. 2. [transitive] FINANCE if a financial institution assembles a loan … Financial and business terms
assemblé — [ asɑ̃ble ] n. m. • 1700; de assembler ♦ Chorégr. Saut avec une jambe, l autre étant en l air, où l on retombe sur les deux pieds réunis. ● assemblé nom masculin ou assemblée nom féminin Pas de conclusion d un enchaînement ou temps de préparation … Encyclopédie Universelle
assemblé — assemblé, ée (a san blé, ée) part. passé. 1° Mis ensemble. Des molécules assemblées par la force de cohésion. Devant le sénat assemblé. • Une tenue d états ou les chambres assemblées pour une affaire très capitale, LABRUY. 6. • Quand la… … Dictionnaire de la Langue Française d'Émile Littré
assemble — as·sem·ble vb bled, bling vt: to bring or summon together into a group esp. in a particular place for a particular purpose vi: to come or meet together in a group often formally or for a common purpose the right of the people peaceably to… … Law dictionary
Assemble — As*sem ble, v. t. [imp. & p. p. {Assembled}; p. pr. & vb. n. {Assembling}.] [F. assembler, fr. LL. assimulare to bring together to collect; L. ad + simul together; akin to similis like, Gr. ? at the same time, and E. same. Cf. {Assimilate},… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
assemble — earlly 14c., trans. and intrans., from O.Fr. assembler come together, join, unite; gather (11c.), from L. assimulare to make like, liken, compare; copy, imitate; feign, pretend, later to gather together, from ad to (see AD (Cf. ad )) + simulare… … Etymology dictionary
assemble — [v1] congregate accumulate, agglomerate, amass, bring together, bunch, bunch up, call, call together, capture*, collect, come together, convene, convoke, corral*, flock, gang up*, gather, group, hang around*, hang out*, huddle, lump, make the… … New thesaurus
Assemble — As*sem ble, v. i. To meet or come together, as a number of individuals; to convene; to congregate. Dryden. [1913 Webster] The Parliament assembled in November. W. Massey. [1913 Webster] … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
Assemble — As*sem ble, v. i. To liken; to compare. [Obs.] [1913 Webster] Bribes may be assembled to pitch. Latimer. [1913 Webster] … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
assemble — congregate, collect, *gather Analogous words: convene, convoke, muster (see SUMMON): combine, associate, unite (see JOIN) Antonyms: disperse Contrasted words: *scatter, dissipate, dispel: *distribute, dispense, divide, deal, dole … New Dictionary of Synonyms
assemblé — Assemblé, [assembl]ée. part … Dictionnaire de l'Académie française
