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1 Apparel
This term is used for general dress and also to specify the embroidered borders of ecclesiastical vestments. The part of the amice which formed a sort of ornamental collar where it rested on the shoulders. It was decorated with needlework, or among the higher clergy with gold threads and jewels. -
2 Baghaitloni
A form of Navajo blanket used as wearing apparel. They have a slit in the centre, and made in numerous patterns. -
3 Beridel
An article of Irish dress mentioned in an Act of the reign of Henry VIII, among other linen apparel, which was not to be worn coloured or dyed with saffron. -
4 Calash
A hood, made like that of a carriage, called in France Caleche, to pull over the head, whence its name. It is said to have been introduced by the Duchess of Bedford in 1765. A similar article of apparel, however, appears to have existed long previously, examples of which are to be seen in the recumbent effigies of the 16th and 17th centuries. -
5 Canions
In apparel, this term was given to the tools of silk or other stuff which terminated the breeches at the knee, as well as those which ornamented the tops of the long stockings in the 16th century. -
6 Cannons
In apparel, this term was given to the tools of silk or other stuff which terminated the breeches at the knee, as well as those which ornamented the tops of the long stockings in the 16th century. -
7 Cape
This familiar appendage of the coat or cloak was, in the 16th century, a separate article of apparel. It was then made of " purple cloth of gold baudkin," also of " crimson satin, embroidered all over with Venice gold tissue, and lined with crimson velvet, having five pair of large aglets of gold." In 1735 capes were extremely fashionable, and in 1738 were worn made of black velvet over loose overcoats of coloured cloth. From that date they appear to have been confined to the great-coats of coachmen, livery servants, parish beadles, and to the cloaks of cavalry. -
8 Doublet
This article of apparel, though deriving its name from the French doublee (lined), is in that language more generally known by the name of pourpoint, of which it was merely a variety. The term " doblet " or " doublet," occurs in French documents of the 14th century, the period when it first appears in England. In its original state it had no sleeves, which were afterwards added for convenience, and becoming universally adopted, it superseded the tunic, and after many alterations it lost its name and became the waistcoat. -
9 Fibreglas
Fibreglas textile fibres are produced by two methods, the continuous filament process and staple fibre process. In each process glass marbles, made from melted and refined raw materials are remelted in small electrical furnaces, each of which has many small holes in the base of the melting chamber, through which the molten glass flows in fine streams by gravity. In the continuous filament process more than 100 filaments are drawn simultaneously and gathered into a thread or strand. The strand is attached to a high-speed winder that, as it draws the strand, attentuates each stream of molten glass to a fraction of the diameter of the hole through which it emerges. In the staple fibre process the streams of molten glass are struck by jets of high-pressure air or steam which attentuate the glass into fibres varying in length from 8-in. to 15-in. These fibres are driven on to a revolving drum on which they form a web, which is gathered from the drum and wound on to a tube in the form of a sliver. Strands of either continuous filament or staple fibres are twisted and plied into yarns on standard textile machinery. Fibreglas yarns are particularly suitable where fire-proofness, resistance to acids or other chemicals other than alkalis is demanded. Uses include electrical yarns, cords, tapes, cloths and sleevings which form the basis for a plain and varnished or impregnated electrical insulation material; chemical filter fabrics, anode bags used in electroplating, wicking for oil lamps and stoves, pump diaphragms, special fabrics for resisting high-temperature fumes and acids, facing materials for insulating or acoustical blankets, also rubber-coated, acid-proof and waterproof fabrics. Decorative uses include draperies, shower curtains, tablecloths, bedspreads, lamp shades and some apparel accessories, such as men's neckties. Also decorative work in architecture, dress fabrics, particularly for fancy effects, non-stretching cord for use in radio indicating dials, bookbinding, fire-screens, etc. -
10 Fringe
This ornamental edging to articles of apparel dates from a very early period. It was originally the ends of the threads which composed the material, fastened together to prevent their unravelling, and consisted therefore of as many coloured threads as there were varieties in them; hence all the old fringes are partly-coloured, and the majority mingled with gold. Fringes of Venice gold at 6s. 8d. per oz. and fringes of silk at is. 4d. per 02., are mentioned in the wardrobe roll of Edward IV, at which time fringe making had become a craft. Some ladies were contented with a single row of fringe at the bottom of the garment, but others had five or six, one above the other and these rows they called feet, so that a petticoat of six feet had six rows of fringe upon it. -
11 Gamcha
Coarse cloth of open texture, woven on hand looms in the Madras Presidency, India, with or without border, and either self-coloured, checked or striped. Ordinarily it is 5-ft. to 6-ft. long, 26-in. to 30-in. wide, and is used by men in bathing-both for cleaning and drying the body. It' is also used for making different articles of native apparel, as skull-caps, children's dresses, etc. -
12 Gamchha
Coarse cloth of open texture, woven on hand looms in the Madras Presidency, India, with or without border, and either self-coloured, checked or striped. Ordinarily it is 5-ft. to 6-ft. long, 26-in. to 30-in. wide, and is used by men in bathing-both for cleaning and drying the body. It' is also used for making different articles of native apparel, as skull-caps, children's dresses, etc. -
13 Gamocha
Coarse cloth of open texture, woven on hand looms in the Madras Presidency, India, with or without border, and either self-coloured, checked or striped. Ordinarily it is 5-ft. to 6-ft. long, 26-in. to 30-in. wide, and is used by men in bathing-both for cleaning and drying the body. It' is also used for making different articles of native apparel, as skull-caps, children's dresses, etc. -
14 Handseline
An article of apparel classed as a slop, or loose breaches, worn during the 15th century. -
15 Mahoitres
A French term for the wadding used for stuffing the shoulders of gowns, jackets, and doublets in the reign of Edward IV. A law of Edward IV enacted that " no yeoman or any other person under the degree of a yeoman shall wear, in the apparel for his body any bolsters, nor stuffing of wool, cotton, or caddis in his pourpoint or doublet, but a lining only according to same." -
16 Mulboos Khas
(Royal apparel). The finest of native-made Dacca muslins which, in olden times, the Governor of Bengal presented annually to the Emperor Aurengrebe. According to one writer they cost ten times the price of any linens (muslins) permitted to be made for Europeans. (Ormes' Historical Fragments of the Mogul Empire) -
17 Nylon
Nylon was first made in the laboratories of E.I. du Pont de Nemours, of Wilmington, Delaware, U.S.A., under the direction of the late Dr. W. H. Carothers as a result of researches started 1928. In October, 1938, it -was announced to the world that a new form of textile fibre had been made by man, and that " nylon " was to be its name. Nylon stockings were on sale to the general public in U.S.A. on May 15, 1940, and many other items of wearing apparel were shown at the New York Pair that summer. In Great Britain, plans made jointly before the war by Courtaulds and Imperial Chemical Industries were responsible for production being started in 1941 by British Nylon Spinners Limited. The " 66 " polymer (each molecule of these reagents contains 6 carbon atoms and hence the name or designation " 66 ") was first made in 1935. Nylon is a name, not for a single material, but for a whole class or family of entirely new materials. There are many nylons and there may be many more. Nylon is the generic or family name for them all, just as glass and coal are names of classes of substances. Nylon, in the general sense, is a man-made material having a chemical composition akin to proteins, of which silk, hair and wool are examples, although nylon has not an exact counterpart in nature. It is not an " artificial " product, nor a man-made copy of a natural material. It can be made up into powders, sheets, solutions, strands or yarns, each with special properties according to requirements. The " 66 " polymer, from which yam is made, was synthesised in 1933, although not announced to the world until October, 1938. The raw material from which the diamine and acid for making " 66 " polymer are obtained are phenol from coal, oxygen and nitrogen from the air, and hydrogen from water. Particularly suitable where high elasticity is required. Uses include parachute fabrics, tyre cords, glider tow ropes, shoe laces webbing, braid, tape and thread, fully-fashioned hosiery, seamless hosiery, underwear fabrics, lace, nets, dress fabrics, marquisettes, neckties, transparent velvet, coated fabrics for raincoats and food covers. Industrial uses include shoe fabrics, sash cords, window screens, filters and bolting fabrics, also slip covers, motor car upholstery, shirtings, tents and shower curtains. -
18 Sodolin
A material of Italian production and is a mixture of hemp and flax. It is intended for weaving into wearing apparel, household and furnishing fabrics. It is claimed that it can be dyed or printed and requires no finish, is easily washable and very durable. -
19 Davis, Robert Henry
SUBJECT AREA: Ports and shipping[br]b. 6 June 1870 London, Englandd. 29 March 1965 Epsom, Surrey, England[br]English inventor of breathing, diving and escape apparatus.[br]Davis was the son of a detective with the City of London police. At the age of 11 he entered the employment of Siebe, Gorman \& Co., manufacturers of diving and other safety equipment since 1819, at their Lambeth works. By good fortune, his neat handwriting attracted the notice of Mr Gorman and he was transferred to work in the office. He studied hard after working hours and rose steadily in the firm. In his twenties he was promoted to Assistant Manager, then General Manager, Managing Director and finally Governing Director. He retired in 1960, having been made Life President the previous year, and continued to attend the office regularly until May 1964.Davis's entire career was devoted to research and development in the firm's special field. In 1906 he perfected the first practicable oxygen-breathing apparatus for use in mine rescue; it was widely adopted and with modifications was still in use in the 1990s. With Professor Leonard Hill he designed a deep-sea diving-bell incorporating a decompression chamber. He also invented an oxygen-breathing apparatus and heated apparel for airmen flying at high altitudes.Immediately after the first German gas attacks on the Western Front in April 1915, Davis devised a respirator, known as the stocking skene or veil mask. He quickly organized the mass manufacture of this device, roping in members of his family and placing the work in the homes of Lambeth: within 48 hours the first consignment was being sent off to France.He was a member of the Admiralty Deep Sea Diving Committee, which in 1933 completed tables for the safe ascent of divers with oxygen from a depth of 300 ft (91 m). They were compiled by Davis in conjunction with Professors J.B.S.Haldane and Leonard Hill and Captain G.C.Damant, the Royal Navy's leading diving expert. With revisions these tables have been used by the Navy ever since. Davis's best-known invention was first used in 1929: the Davis Submarine Escape Apparatus. It became standard equipment on submarines until it was replaced by the Built-in Breathing System, which the firm began manufacturing in 1951.The firm's works were bombed during the Second World War and were re-established at Chessington, Surrey. The extensive research facilities there were placed at the disposal of the Royal Navy and the Admiralty Experimental Diving Unit. Davis worked with Haldane and Hill on problems of the underwater physiology of working divers. A number of inventions issued from Chessington, such as the human torpedo, midget submarine and human minesweeper. In the early 1950s the firm helped to pioneer the use of underwater television to investigate the sinking of the submarine Affray and the crashed Comet jet airliners.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsKnighted 1932.BibliographyDavis was the author of several manuals on diving including Deep Sea Diving and Submarine Operations and Breathing in Irrespirable Atmospheres. He also wrote Resuscitation: A Brief Personal History of Siebe, Gorman \& Co. 1819–1957.Further ReadingObituary, 1965, The Times, 31 March, p. 16.LRD -
20 Hannart, Louis
SUBJECT AREA: Textiles[br]fl. c.1863[br]Inventor of the first press stud for garments.[br]Fastenings are an essential component of the majority of garments. Until the middle of the nineteenth century, these relied on buttons or toggles passing through either button holes or loops of cord. The press stud stems from the invention by Louis Hannart in 1863 of an "Improved clasp or fastener for gloves and other wearing apparel, for umbrellas, travelling bags…".[br]Further ReadingI.McNeil (ed.), 1990, An Encyclopaedia of the History of Technology, London: Routledge, pp. 852–3 (provides a short account of fastenings).RLH
См. также в других словарях:
apparel — ap‧par‧el [əˈpærəl] noun [uncountable] formal clothes: • The apparel industry continues to suffer as retailers report weak clothing sales. * * * apparel UK US /əˈpærəl/ noun [U] ► COMMERCE clothes: »The store specializes in … Financial and business terms
Apparel — Ap*par el, n. [OE. apparel, apareil, OF. apareil, appareil, preparation, provision, furniture, OF. apareiller to match, prepare, F. appareiller; OF. a (L. ad) + pareil like, similar, fr. LL. pariculus, dim. of L. par equal. See {Pair}.] 1.… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
apparel — vb *clothe, attire, dress, array, robe Analogous words: outfit, accouter, appoint, equip (see FURNISH) Antonyms: divest Contrasted words: *strip, bare, dismantle, denude apparel n *clothes, clothing, dress, attire, raiment … New Dictionary of Synonyms
apparel — [ə per′əl, əpar′əl] n. [ME appareil < OFr apareil < VL * appariculum, equipment < * appariculare, to clothe < L apparare: see APPARATUS] 1. clothing; garments; attire 2. anything that clothes or adorns [the white apparel of winter] 3 … English World dictionary
Apparel — Ap*par el, v. t. [imp. & p. p. {Appareled}, or {Apparelled}; p. pr. & vb. n. {Appareling}, or {Apparelling}.] [OF. apareiller.] 1. To make or get (something) ready; to prepare. [Obs.] Chaucer. [1913 Webster] 2. To furnish with apparatus; to… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
apparel — [n] clothing; covering accoutrement, array, attire, clothes, costume, drapery, dress, duds*, equipment, garb, garment, gear*, getup*, habiliment, habit, outfit, raiment, rig*, robe, suit, threads*, trapping, vestment; concepts 451,473 … New thesaurus
apparel — ► NOUN formal ▪ clothing. ► VERB (apparelled, apparelling; US appareled, appareling) archaic ▪ clothe. ORIGIN Old French apareillier, from Latin ad to + par equal … English terms dictionary
apparel — {{11}}apparel (n.) personal outfit or attire, early 14c., also ship s rigging, from O.Fr. apareil preparation, from apareillier (see APPAREL (Cf. apparel) (v.)). Earlier in same sense was apparelment (early 14c.). {{12}}apparel (v.) mid 13c., to… … Etymology dictionary
apparel — ap|par|el [əˈpærəl] n [U] [Date: 1200 1300; : Old French; Origin: apareil preparation , from apareillier, from Latin apparare; APPARATUS] formal clothes ▪ She looked lovely, despite her strange apparel. ▪ men wearing protective apparel ▪ We sell… … Dictionary of contemporary English
apparel — noun Apparel is used before these nouns: ↑retailer Apparel is used after these nouns: ↑motorcycle … Collocations dictionary
apparel — n. wearing apparel * * * [ə pærəl] wearing apparel … Combinatory dictionary
