734a

οἰστρώδης, ες,

A raging, frantic,

ἐπιθυμίαι Pl.Ti. 91b

, Lg. 734a, Epicur. Sent.Vat.80 ;

λύσσαι Ti.Locr.102e

.

πολυ-πάθεια [pron. full] [πᾰ], ἡ,

A suffering of many calamities,

π. βίου J.AJ15.6.4

.

II receiving of diverse impressions or sensations, formed after ἀπάθεια, Plu.2.167e,734a.

προμεθύσκομαι, [voice] Pass.,

A to be drunk with wine before, [tense] aor.

- μεθυσθείς Plu.2.734a

.

πρόπομα, ατος, τό,

A drink taken before meals, Phylarch.50J., Plu.2.734a, Gal.6.828.

II = ἀκράτισμα, Plu.2.624c.—A form [full] πρόπωμα is cited by Hdn.Gr.2.935, Choerob. in Theod.1.339; cf.προπουματᾶς.

πυκνότης, ητος, ἡ,

A closeness, thickness, denseness, solidity, [ νεφελῶν] Ar.Nu. 384, 406; [ χρυσοῦ] Pl.Ti. 59b;

π. ἡ κάτω Epicur.Nat.11.10

;

π. νοητή Phld.D.3.11

; of flesh, opp. μανότης, Hp.VM22, Arist.EN 1129a23, etc.; opp. ἀραιότης, Id.Ph. 260b10 (pl.);

ἡ π. τῆς ξυγκλῄσεως Th.5.71

.

2 Medic., π. κοιλίης costiveness, Hp.Epid.6.3.1.

3 closer spacing of notes in music, opp. μανότης, Pl.Lg. 812d.

4 in Tactics, close formation of the phalanx, Arr.Tact.11.1, 12.11;

ἡ συνέχεια καὶ π.τῶν Ῥωμαίων Plu.Crass.24

.

II frequency,

μεταβολῶν Isoc.4.116

; μέγεθος καὶ πλῆθος καὶ πυκνότητες [ λυπῶν] Pl.Lg. 734a;

ἡ π. τῶν ἐννοιῶν Hermog.Id.2.10

(pl.), Longin. ap. Porph.Plot.19, cf. Arist.SE 175b34.

III metaph., sagacity, shrewdness,

π. ἔνεστ' ἐν τῷ τρόπῳ Ar.Eq. 1132

(lyr.);

πιθανότης καὶ π. τοῦ ἀνδρός Plu.TG15

.

σύντονος, ον,

A strained tight, ἔχειν τὸ ς. to be strained tight, X. Cyn.6.7; χορδὴν κατατείνας ς. Arist.GA 787b23.

II intense,

κεφαλῆς πόνος Hp.Coac. 156

;

ἐπιθυμίαι τε καὶ ἔρωτες Pl.Lg. 734a

; σπουδή, ὄρεξις, Epicur.Sent.30, Fr. 483; ὀργαί, δείματα, Ti.Locr.102e, 104d;

βήξ Aret.SA2.2

.

2 of actions and the like , impetuous, eager,

συντόνῳ χερὶ λύει τὸν αὑτῆς πέπλον S.Tr. 923

;

συντόνῳ.. αὐλῶν πνεύματι E.Ba. 126

(lyr.); σ. δραμήματα ib. 1091;

τάχος -ώτερον Epicur.Ep.2p.46U.

; οἱ ἀπὸ κραιπάλης γέμοντες συντόνοις κινήσεσιν ἐλέγχονται jerking or violent movements, Sor.1.26, cf. Gal.6.153,413 ([comp] Comp.);

τοῦ χειμῶνος τοὺς περιπάτους καὶ τὰ λοιπὰ γυμνάσια συντονώτερα δεῖ ποιεῖσθαι Diocl.Fr.141

;

σ. πῦρ Arist.HA 560b2

; σ. πορεία forced march, Plb.5.47.4.

3 of persons, earnest, eager, vehement, ἀνδρεῖος ὢν.. καὶ ς. Pl.Smp. 203d, cf. Arist.EN 1125a15; τὰ περὶ τὴν δίαιταν ἀκριβὴς καὶ ς. Plu.Cat.Mi.3.

4 of Music, Μοῦσα ς. severe, opp. ἀνειμένη, Pratin.Lyr.5; τῶν Μουσῶν αἱ συντονώτεραι (sc. Heraclitus), opp. μαλακώτεραι, Pl.Sph. 242e; σ. ἁρμονίαι, opp. ἀνειμέναι καὶ μαλακαί, Arist.Pol. 1342b21, cf. a24, 1290a27: metaph., συντονωτέραν ποιεῖν τὴν πολιτείαν ib. 1304a21.

5 of sound, also, high-pitched, acute, opp. βαρύς, ὀξύς, Id.GA 787a1, Pr. 904b23;

οἰμωγά Tim.Pers. 181

.

III in harmony, accordant with, only Ps.-E.IA 118 (anap.).

IV Adv. - νως intensely, earnestly, βλέπειν, μένειν, Pl.Phdr. 253a, R. 539d; σ. ἰέναι eagerly, rapidly, Id.Ti. 88a; κτείνοντα συντόνως, of poisons, Diocl. Fr.145; τρέχειν, βαδίζειν, Arist.Pr. 882b1, MM 1188b22 ([comp] Comp.), al.;

πορεύεσθαι Diocl.Fr.142

;

ὁδοιπορεῖν Gal.16.496

;

διογκούμενοι σ. οἱ μαστοί Sor.1.76

; σ. ζῆν strictly, Pl.R. 619b;

ὀργίζεσθαι Phld.Ir. p.95

W.: also neut. pl. σύντονα intently, carefully, E.Hipp. 1361 (lyr.): [comp] Comp.

- ώτερον Arist.Pol. 1312b28

, etc.; also

- ωτέρως Thphr. Vent.58

: [comp] Sup.

-ώτατα, τὸ θεῖον θεραπεύων Eun.VSp.502

B.

ἀχθ-ηδών, όνος, ἡ,

A weight, burden,

ἀ. κακοῦ A.Pr.26

.

2 metaph., vexation, annoyance, Th.2.37, Pl.Lg. 734a; ἐρέσθαι τινὰ δι' ἀχθηδόνα for the sake of teasing, Th.4.40; μὴ πρὸς ἀχθηδόνα μου

ἀκούσης Luc.Tox.9

.

ἐμμᾰνής, ές,

A frantic, raving, Hdt.3.25, S.Ichn.15, etc.;

ἐμμανεῖ σκιρτήματι A.Pr. 675

; ἀοίνοις ἐμμανεῖς θυμώμασιν maddened by.., Id.Eu. 860; θεοῦ πνοαῖσιν ἐ. E.Ba. 1094;

ἐ. Ἥρας ὕπο Id.Cyc.3

;

ὥσπερ ἐ. ἐπεισπεσών Men.Sam. 200

; of elephants in the rutting season, Arist. HA 571b34;

κῶμαι LXXWi.14.23

: [comp] Comp.

- έστερος Luc.Am.14

: [comp] Sup.

-έστατος, ἔρωτες Pl.Lg. 734a

, cf. Plu.Arat.17. Adv.

- νῶς D.C.65.16

;

ἐρᾶν Eun.VSp.455B.

: [comp] Sup.

-έστατα, ἐρῶν Men.336

.

ἠρεμ-αῖος, α, ον,

A quiet, gentle, λῦπαι, ἡδοναί, Pl.Lg. 734a;

γένεσις Id.Plt. 307a

; πῦρ ἠ. a slight fever, Hp.Mul.1.38; σμικρὰ καὶ ἠ., opp. μεγάλα καὶ σφοδρά, Pl.Lg. 733c: [comp] Comp.,

πόλιν -οτέραν ποιεῖν Plu.Sol.31

: irreg.,

ἠρεμέστερος X.Cyr.7.5.63

, Thphr.Vent.29. Adv. -αίως, = ἠρέμα, X. Eq.9.5, Gp.12.14.1: [comp] Comp. - αίτερον (v.l. -αιότερον) Arist.Mete. 368a12;

- εστέρως ἔχειν X.Cyr.3.1.30

.

ὑπερβάλλω, [tense] fut. -βαλῶ, [dialect] Ep.

A

- βαλέω Od.11.597

: [dialect] Ep. [tense] aor. 2

ὑπειρέβαλον Il.23.637

:— throw over or beyond a mark, overshoot,

ὑπέρβαλε σήματα πάντων Il.23.843

; τόσσον παντὸς ἀγῶνος (sc. σήματα) ὑπέρβαλε ib. 847; δουρὶ ὑ. Φυλῆα beat him in throwing with it, ib. 637.

2 ὅτε μέλλοι ἄκρον [ λόφον] ὑπερβαλέειν force the stone over the top, Od. l.c.

3 intr., run beyond, overrun the scent, of hounds, X.Cyn.6.20.

4 outstrip or pass, in racing, τινας S.El. 716.

5 [voice] Med., throw a stone over one's head, SIG 1071 ([place name] Olympia).

II in various metaph. senses:

1 outdo, excel, surpass, overpower,

δέδοικα μὴ πρὶν πόνοις ὑπερβάλῃ με γῆρας E.Fr.453.5

(lyr.): c. gen., Pi.Fr.33;

βροντῆς ὑπερβάλλοντα κτύπον A.Pr. 923

.

2 go beyond, exceed,

μήτ' ἄρ' ὑπερβάλλων βοὸς ὁπλὴν μήτ' ἀπολείπων Hes.Op. 489

;

ὑ. πόσιος μέτρον Thgn.479

;

τὴν τοῦ μετρίου φύσιν Pl.Plt. 283e

;

ὑ. τὰ ἱκανά X.Hier.4.8

: of Time,

ὑ. ἑκατὸν ἔτεα

exceed

100

years, in age, Hdt.3.23; ὑ. τὰς τρεῖς ἡμέρας delay longer than.., Hp.VC14; ὑ. τὸν χρόνον exceed the time, i. e. be too late, X.HG5.3.21; ὑ. τὸν καιρόν exceed reasonable bounds, Democr.235, D.23.122: in number, intensity, etc.,

ἡδοναὶ ὑ. λύπας Pl.Lg. 734b

, cf. Prt. 356b ([voice] Pass.): c. dat. modi, exceed one in..,

πάντας ἀνθρώπους τόλμῃ καὶ μιαρίᾳ X.HG7.3.6

;

ἅπαντας ἀνθρώπους ὠμότητι D.18.275

: abs.,

ὑ. πρὸς ἀρετήν Pl.Lg. 945c

.

b c. gen. pro acc.,

ἆρα λύπῃ ὑ. τὸ ἀδικεῖν τοῦ ἀδικεῖσθαι; Id.Grg. 475c

, cf. Lg. 734a;

ὑ. τῆς συμμετρίας Arist.Pol. 1284b8

, cf. HA 503b22.

3 abs., exceed, αἱ μέσαι ἕξεις πρὸς μὲν τὰς ἐλλείψεις ὑπερβάλλουσι compared with their defects are in excess, Id.EN 1108b17; exceed all bounds, A. Pers. 291, E.Ba. 785, Th.7.67, Pl.Tht. 180a; οὐχ ὑπερβαλών keeping within bounds, Pi.N.7.66;

μή νυν ὑπέρβαλλ', ἀλλ' ἐναισίμως φέρε E. Alc. 1077

: c. dat. modi,

ὑ. τῇ μοχθηρίᾳ Ar.Pl. 109

;

ἀδυναμίᾳ τοῦ δοξάσαι Pl.Tht. 192c

, cf. X.Mem.4.3.7;

ἀνοίᾳ D.8.16

.

b freq. in part. ὑπερβάλλων, ουσα, ον, exceeding, excessive,

ὑ. δαπάνη X.Hier.11.2

; ἡδονή, ἔπαινοι, Pl.R. 402e, Phdr. 240e;

θεάματα ταῖς δαπάναις ὑ. Isoc.4.45

, cf. Pl.Lg. 899a; οἱ ὑπερβάλλοντες, opp. οἱ καταδεέστεροι, Isoc.9.13;

τὰ ὑ.

an over-high estate,

E.Med. 127

(anap.);

φεύγειν τὰ ὑ. ἑκατέρωσε

extremes,

Pl.R. 619a

; τὸ ὑ. αὐτῶν such part of them as goes beyond that, Th.2.35; οἱ ὑ. [ λόγοι], title of work by Thrasymachus (Fr. 7), perh. overpowering arguments.

4 overbid or outbid at auction,

ἀλλήλους Lys.22.8

, POxy.1633.5 (iii A. D.); τὸ ὑπερβάλλον the overbid, PPetr.3p.195 (iii B. C.): abs., go on further and further, in making offers, προέβαινε τοῖσι χρήμασι ὑπερβάλλων he went on bidding more and more, Hdt.5.51;

ᾔτει τοσαῦτα ὑπερβάλλων Th.8.56

, cf. And.1.133:— [voice] Pass.,

ἕνεκα τοῦ-βεβλῆσθαι τὴν οἰκίαν POxy.513.25

(ii A. D.); v. infr. B. 1.3.

5 Adv.

ὑπερβαλλόντως

exceedingly,

Pl.R. 492b

, Epicur. Nat.2.2, SIG685.36 (Crete, ii B. C.), Phld.Lib.p.7O., 2 Ep.Cor.11.23; written ὑπερβαλόντως in IG12(7).410.12 ([place name] Amorgos); opp. μετρίως, Isoc.1.28.

III pass over, cross mountains, rivers, and the like ,

πρῶνα A.Ag. 307

;

κορυφάς Id.Pr. 722

;

γῆς ὅρους E.Or. 443

;

τὰς Ἄλπεις εἰς τὴν Ἰταλίαν Str.7.2.3

: c. gen.,

θριγκοῦ τοῦδ' ὑ. ποδί E. Ion 1321

(where Dobree suggested θριγκοὺς τούσδ'): metaph., surmount,

τάσδ' ὑ. τύχας Id.Alc. 795

.

b of ships, double a headland,

ὑ. Μαλέην Hdt.7.168

;

τὴν ἄκραν Th.8.104

.

c abs., cross over,

ἐς τὴν ἄνω Μακεδονίην Hdt.8.137

, cf. X.An.4.6.10; πρὸς τοὺς Θρᾷκας ib. 7.5.1; κατὰ λόφους τινάς ib.6.5.7.

2 of water, run over, beat over, c. gen.,

ὑπερβάλλει δὲ θάλασσα ἀμφοτέρων τοίχων Thgn.673

; of rivers, overflow,

τὰς ἀρούρας Hdt.2.111

: abs., of a kettle, boil over, Id.1.59; of the sea,

ἢν δ' ὑπερβάλῃ.. πόντος E.Tr. 691

.

3 of the sun, to be very hot, Hdt.4.184.

4 exceed, i. e. overlap, a base, Euc.6.29; cf. ὑπερβολή IV.—Note, the case that follows is almost always the acc.; the gen. occurs in a few exceptional instances, v. supr. 11.2 b, 111.1 and 2.

B [voice] Med., with [tense] pf. [voice] Pass., = A. 11, outdo, overcome, conquer, τινα Hdt.5.124, Ar.Eq. 758 (lyr.), Nu. 1035;

τὴν βασιλέος δύναμιν Hdt.8.24

;

μάχῃ ὑ. τινά E.Or. 691

;

φίλτροις ὑ. τινά S.Tr. 584

, cf. Ar.Eq. 413: abs., to be conqueror, Hdt.6.9, 7.168.

2 exceed, surpass, τινα D.19.342, etc.;

τοὺς ἀπ' αἰῶνος OGI542.11

(Ancyra, ii A. D.);

πάντας τῷ ὕψεϊ καὶ τῷ μεγάθεϊ Hdt.2.175

, cf. 110;

τινὰ ἀναιδείᾳ Ar. Eq. 409

; θωπείαις ib. 890;

εἴς τι Pl.Criti. 115d

;

ἔν τινι Str.1.1.2

.

b

δόσι χρημάτων ὑ.

surpass all,

Hdt.1.61

;

ἀρετῇ Id.9.71

; ὑπερβαλλόμενος πλήθεϊ with overpowering numbers, Id.3.21: [tense] pf. part. [voice] Pass., ὑπερβεβλημένη γυνή an excellent, surpassing woman, E.Alc. 153;

φύσις ὑπερβεβλ. Pl.R. 558b

;

ταφῆς τῆς μὲν ὑπερβεβλ., τῆς δὲ ἐλλειπούσης Id.Lg. 719d

: c. gen.,

γόγγροι τῶν παρ' ἡμῖν ὑπερβεβλ. κατὰ τὸ μέγεθος Str.3.2.7

.

3 overbid, outbid (v. supr. A. 11.4),

τινὰ χρήμασιν Pl. Phdr. 232c

, cf. X.Cyr.5.3.32.

4 outflank,

τὸ κέρας τῶν πολεμίων Ascl.Tact.10.2

, cf.18.

II put off, postpone,

τὴν ἀπόδοσιν Hdt.4.9

;

τὴν συμβολήν Id.9.45

;

εἰς ἄλλον καιρόν Phld.Rh.1.223S.

; but ἢν ὑπερβάλωνται ἐκείνην τὴν ἡμέραν.. συμβολὴν μὴ ποιεύμενοι if they let that day pass without fighting, Hdt.9.51: abs., delay, linger, Id.3.71,76, 7.206;

εἰς αὖθις ὑπερβαλέσθαι Pl.Phdr. 254d

, cf. Arist.Rh.Al. 1420a8, 1438b6.

σάρξ, σαρκός, ἡ (Hom.+; ‘flesh’).

① the material that covers the bones of a human or animal body, flesh lit. 1 Cor 15:39abcd; Hv 3, 10, 4; 3, 12, 1. The pl. (which denotes flesh in the mass [Lucian, Dial. Mort. 10, 5], whereas the sing. rather denotes the substance.—Herodas 4, 61; Gen 40:19; 1 Km 17:44; 4 Km 9:36; PsSol 4:19; TestJob 13:5; Philo; Jos., Ant. 12, 211; Just., A I, 26, 7; Mel., P. 52, 383; Ath. 34, 2) Lk 24:39 v.l.; Rv 19:18, 21 (4 [6] Esdr [POxy 1010, 16] cannibalism out of hunger, sim. Mel., P. 52, 383; Quint. Smyrn. 11, 245: the σάρκες of the slain are food for the birds) B 10:4; metaph. Rv 17:16. It decays 1 Cl 25:3; cp. Ac 2:31 (cp. 2a below). Normally gives forth an evil odor when burned MPol 15:2. W. bones (s. ὀστέον) 1 Cl 6:3 (Gen 2:23); Lk 24:39; Eph 5:30 v.l. (metaph.). Paul speaks of his illness as a σκόλοψ τῇ σαρκί (s. σκόλοψ) 2 Cor 12:7. ἡ ἐν σαρκὶ περιτομή the physical circumcision (cp. Just., D. 10, 1 al.) Ro 2:28; cp. Eph 2:11b; Col 2:13 (ἀκροβυστία 2); Gal 6:13 (ἡ σάρξ=the flesh that is circumcised); B 9:4. Metaph.: the corrosion on the precious metals of the rich φάγεται τὰς σάρκας ὑμῶν ὡς πῦρ Js 5:3.—Ign. describes the elements of the Eucharist as σὰρξ (or αἷμα) Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ IRo 7:3; IPhld 4; ISm 7:1. Also J 6:51–56 urges that one must eat the flesh (and drink the blood) of the Human One or Son of Man (Just., A I, 66, 2; s. TPhilips, Die Verheissung der hl. Eucharistie nach Joh. 1922; Bultmann ad loc.; AWikenhauser ’48, 105f).—His anti-Docetic position also leads Ign. to use the concept ‘flesh (and blood) of Christ’ in other contexts as well ITr 8:1; IPhld 5:1.—For Mt 16:17; Gal 1:16; Eph 6:12; and 1 Cor 15:50 s. 3a.

② the physical body as functioning entity, body, physical body

ⓐ as substance and living entity (Aeschyl., Sept. 622: opp. νοῦς; Ex 30:32; 4 Km 6:30; TestAbr A 20 p. 103, 6 [Stone p. 54] πάντα τὰ μέλη τῆς σαρκός μου; w. καρδία or ψυχή Alex. Aphr., An. p. 98, 7–10 Br.; Ps 37:8; 62:2; Eccl 2:3; Ezk 11:19; 44:7 a1.; Jos., Bell. 6, 47, Ant. 19, 325; Ar.15, 7) οὔτε ἡ σὰρξ αὐτοῦ εἶδεν διαφθοράν Ac 2:31 (but s. 1). W. ψυχή 1 Cl 49:6 (Tat. 13:2 al.). W. καρδία Ac 2:26 (Ps 15:9).—Eph 5:29. ἑόρακαν τὸ πρόσωπόν μου ἐν σαρκί they have seen me face to face Col 2:1. ἕως ἂν τὸν χριστὸν ἐν σαρκὶ ἴδῃ before he had seen the Messiah in person GJs 24:4 (cp. Lk 2:26). Opp. πνεῦμα (Ath. 31:3; PGM 5, 460 ἐπικαλοῦμαί σε τὸν κτίσαντα πᾶσαν σάρκα κ. πᾶν πνεῦμα) 1 Cor 5:5; 2 Cor 7:1; Col 2:5; 1 Pt 4:6; Hm 3:1; 10, 2, 6; cp. AcPl Ant 13:17 (=Aa, I 237, 2; s. οἶδα); also in relation to Christ (though this is disputed) J 6:63; Hs 5, 6, 5–7; cp. 1 Ti 3:16.—ἀσθένεια τῆς σαρκός bodily ailment Gal 4:13; s. vs. 14. ἀσθενὴς τῇ σαρκί weak in the body Hs 9, 1, 2. ὁ ἀλγῶν σάρκα the one who is ill in body B 8:6. πάσχειν σαρκί 1 Pt 4:1b. Cp. 2 Cor 7:5. ἡ τῆς σαρκὸς καθαρότης the purity of the body Hb 9:13 (opp. καθαρίζειν τὴν συνείδησιν vs. 14). σαρκὸς ἀπόθεσις ῥύπου 1 Pt 3:21 (s. ῥύπος 1). The σάρξ is raised fr. the dead (s. ParJer 6:9; Theoph. Ant. 1, 7 [74, 2]) 1 Cl 26:3; 2 Cl 9:1. ἀνάστασις σαρκός AcPlCor 1:12; 2:24 (σαρκὸς ἀνάστασιν Just., D. 80, 5); cp. ἀναστήσεσθε ἔχοντες ὑγιῆ τὴν σάρκα AcPlCor 2:32. Of the body of Christ during his earthly ministry Eph 2:14 (JHart, The Enmity in His Flesh: Exp. 6th ser., 3, 1901, 135–41); Hb 10:20; 1 Pt 3:18; 4:1a; 1J 4:2; 2J 7; B 5:1, 10f; 6:7, 9; 7:5; 12:10; IEph 7:2; Pol 7:1; AcPlCor 2:6b. Married couples form μία σάρξ (Gen 2:24; s. Ath. 33, 2 τὴν σάρκα πρὸς σάρκα … κοινωνίαν.—GAicher, Mann u. Weib ein Fleisch: BZ 5, 1907, 159–65) Mt 19:5f; Mk 10:8ab; 1 Cor 6:16; Eph 5:31 (on these passages, TBurkill, ZNW 62, ’71, 115–20). δικαιώματα σαρκός behind ‘all sorts of ceremonial washings’ there are regulations that concern the physical body Hb 9:10.—On ὑποτάγητε τῷ ἐπισκόπῳ ὡς ὁ Χριστὸς τῷ πατρὶ κατὰ σάρκα IMg 13:2 s. Hdb. ad loc. and MRackl, Die Christologie des hl. Ignatius v. Ant. 1914, 228.—πνεῦμα δυνάμεως … ὁ θεὸς … κατέπεμψεν εἰς σάρκα τουτέστιν εἰς τὴν Μαρίαν God sent a powerful spirit (prob. a ref. to the kind of divine breath that brought the first human being to life [Gen 2:7]) into flesh, that is, into Mary AcPl Ha 8, 26=BMM recto 34; s. AcPlCor 1:14.

ⓑ as someth. with physical limitations, life here on earth (ApcEsdr 4:4 p. 28, 3 Tdf. σάρκα ἀνθρωπίνην φορῶ) θλῖψιν τῇ σαρκὶ ἕξουσιν 1 Cor 7:28. Cp. 2 Cor 4:11; Col 1:24. Of Christ τὸ σῶμα τῆς σαρκὸς αὐτοῦ his body with its physical limitations Col 1:22; cp. 2:11 and s. cα below (cp. En 102:5 τὸ σῶμα τῆς σαρκὸς ὑμῶν; 1QpHab 9:2; Orig., C. Cels. 6, 29, 25).—Of human life: ἀποδημεῖν τῆς σαρκός MPol 2:2 (s. ἀποδημέω). ἐπιμένειν ἐν τῇ σαρκί Phil 1:24. ζῆν ἐν σαρκί vs. 22; Gal 2:20. ἐν ς. περιπατεῖν 2 Cor 10:3a. ἐν ς. τυγχάνειν Dg 5:8a. ὄντος ἔτι ἐν ς. σου AcPlCor 1:6. τὸν ἐπίλοιπον ἐν ς. χρόνον 1 Pt 4:2. ἡ ἐπιδημία τῆς σαρκὸς ταύτης our sojourn in life 2 Cl 5:5. ἐν τῇ σαρκί in our earthly life 8:2.

ⓒ as instrument of various actions or expressions.

α. In Paul’s thought esp., all parts of the body constitute a totality known as ς. or flesh, which is dominated by sin to such a degree that wherever flesh is, all forms of sin are likew. present, and no good thing can live in the σάρξ Ro 7:18 (cp. Philo, Gig. 29 αἴτιον δὲ τῆς ἀνεπιστημοσύνης μέγιστον ἡ σὰρξ καὶ ἡ πρὸς σάρκα οἰκείωσις; Sextus 317 ἀγαθὸν ἐν σαρκὶ μὴ ἐπιζήτει. The OT lays no stress on a necessary relationship betw. flesh as a substance, and sin. But for Epicurus the σάρξ is the bearer of sinful feelings and desires as well as the means of sensual enjoyment: Ep. in Plut., Mor. 135c; 1087bf; 1089e; 1096c αἱ τῆς σαρκὸς ἐπιθυμίαι. Also Diog. L. 10, 145. Likew. Plut. himself: Mor. 101b ταῖς τῆς σαρκὸς ἡδοναῖς; 672e; 688d; 734a; Ps.-Plut., Mor. 107f σαρκὶ καὶ τοῖς πάθεσι ταύτης; Maximus Tyr. 33, 7a. Cp. 4 Macc 7:18 τὰ τῆς σαρκὸς πάθη; Philo, Deus Imm. 143 σαρκὸς ἡδονή, Gig. 29; TestJud 19:4; TestZeb 9:7; ApcMos 25 [p. 14, 2 Tdf.] εἰς τὴν ἁμαρτίαν τῆς σαρκός); Ro 6:19; 7:25 (opp. νοῦς); 8:3a, 4–9 (cp. Persius 2, 63 scelerata pulpa, which contaminates devotion to deity), 12f; Gal 5:13, 24; Col 2:23; Jd 23; AcPlCor 2:11, 15; Dg 6:5 (opp. ψυχή, as Plut., Mor. 101b). Opp. τὸ πνεῦμα Ro 8:4, 5, 6, 9, 13; Gal 3:3; 5:16, 17ab; 6:8ab; J 3:6; B 10:9. τὸ μὲν πνεῦμα πρόθυμον, ἡ δὲ σὰρξ ἀσθενής (cp. Orig., C. Cels. 2, 25, 8) Mt 26:41; Mk 14:38; Pol 7:2. σὰρξ ἁμαρτίας sinful flesh Ro 8:3b. ἐπιθυμία (τῆς) σαρκός (cp. Maximus Tyr. 20, 9f σαρκῶν … ἐπιθυμίας) Gal 5:16; 1J 2:16; B 10:9. Pl. Eph 2:3a, cp. b; 2 Pt 2:18; cp. Ro 13:14. τὰ ἔργα τῆς σαρκός Gal 5:19 (s. Vögtle at πλεονεξία). τὰ θελήματα τῆς σαρκός Eph 2:3b. ὁ νοῦς τῆς σαρκός Col 2:18. τὸ σῶμα τῆς σαρκός the body of (sinful) flesh 2:11; cp. 1:22 and s. b above (cp. Sir 23:17 σῶμα σαρκὸς αὐτοῦ; En 102:5 τῷ σώματι τῆς σαρκὸς ὑμῶν). τὰ τῆς σαρκός what pertains to (sinful) flesh Ro 8:5b. ἐν (τῇ) σαρκὶ εἶναι be in an unregenerate (and sinful) state Ro 7:5; 8:8f. τὰ ἔθνη ἐν σαρκί Eph 2:11a. κατὰ σάρκα εἶναι Ro 8:5a; ζῆν vs. 12b; 13; Dg 5:8b; περιπατεῖν Ro 8:4; 2 Cor 10:2; βουλεύεσθαι 1:17; στρατεύεσθαι 10:3b; cp. IRo 8:3 (opp. κατὰ γνώμην θεοῦ).

β. source of the sexual urge. The σάρξ is the source of the sexual urge, without any suggestion of sinfulness connected w. it ἐκ θελήματος σαρκὸς ἐγεννήθησαν J 1:13.

ⓓ as someth. attractive 2 Pt 2:10 (a Hebraism, cp. Judg 2:12; 3 Km 11:10; Sir 46:10). S. also 3b.

③ one who is or becomes a physical being, living being with flesh

ⓐ of humans person, human being: πᾶσα σάρξ every person, everyone (LXX; TestAbr B 7 p. 112, 3 [Stone p. 72]; GrBar 4:10; ApcEsdr 7:7; ApcMos 13 [p. 7, 1 Tdf.]; Mel., P. 55, 400: for כָּל-בָּשָׂר; s. πᾶς 1aα) Lk 3:6 (Is 40:5); J 17:2; Ac 2:17 (Jo 3:1); 1 Pt 1:24 (Is 40:6); 1 Cl 59:3; 64; 2 Cl 7:6; 17:5 (the last two Is 66:24); AcPlCor 2:6a. οὐ πᾶσα σάρξ no person, nobody (En 14:21 end.—W-S. §26, 10a; B-D-F §275, 4; 302, 1; Rob. 752) Mt 24:22; Mk 13:20; Ro 3:20 (cp. Ps 142:2 πᾶς ζῶν); 1 Cor 1:29 (μή); Gal 2:16.—Though ς. in the foll. passages refers to body in its physical aspect, it cannot be divorced from its conjunction with αἷμα, and the unit σὰρξ καὶ αἷμα (cp. Sir 17:31; TestAbr B 13 p. 117, 26 [Stone p. 82]; Philo, Quis Div. Rer. Her. 57; Just., D. 135, 6) refers to a human being in contrast to God and other transcendent beings Mt 16:17; Gal 1:16; Eph 6:12 (here vice versa, αἷ. καὶ ς.). τὰ παιδία κεκοινώνηκεν αἵματος καὶ σαρκός the children share mortal nature Hb 2:14, but with suggestion of its frailty, as indicated by the context with its ref. to death. Because they are the opposites of the divine nature σὰρξ καὶ αἷμα βασιλείαν θεοῦ κληρονομῆσαι οὐ δύναται 1 Cor 15:50 (JJeremias, NTS 2, ’56, 151–59). For Jd 7 s. b next. Cp. AcPl Ant 13, 17 (=Aa I 237, 2) σαρκί personally (s. οἶδα 2).

ⓑ of transcendent entities ὁ λόγος σὰρξ ἐγένετο J 1:14 (RSeeberg, Festgabe AvHarnack dargebracht 1921, 263–81.—Artem. 2, 35 p. 132, 27 ἐὰν σάρκινοι οἱ θεοὶ φαίνωνται; Synes., Dio 6 p. 45b).—Of flesh other than human: ὀπίσω σαρκὸς ἑτέρας after another kind of flesh (cp. Judg 2:12 ὀπίσω θεῶν ἑτέρων) i.e. of divine messengers who take on ς. when they appear to humans (so Windisch et al.; difft. Frame et al. of same-sex activity) Jd 7.

④ human/ancestral connection, human/mortal nature, earthly descent (Did., Gen. 144, 25) Ἀβραὰμ τὸν προπάτορα ἡμῶν κατὰ σάρκα Ro 4:1 (Just., D. 43, 7 al.). οἱ συγγενεῖς μου κατὰ σάρκα 9:3. τοὺς τῆς σαρκὸς ἡμῶν πατέρας Hb 12:9. τὸν Ἰσραὴλ κατὰ σάρκα the earthly Israel 1 Cor 10:18 (opp. τὸν Ἰσραὴλ τοῦ θεοῦ Gal 6:16). Of natural descent τὰ τέκνα τῆς σαρκός children by natural descent Ro 9:8 (opp. τὰ τέκνα τῆς ἐπαγγελίας). ὁ μὲν ἐκ τῆς παιδίσκης κατὰ σάρκα γεγέννηται Gal 4:23; cp. vs. 29. μου τὴν σάρκα my compatriots Ro 11:14 (s. Gen 37:27).—Of Christ’s physical nature Ro 8:3c; Hb 5:7. Christ is descended fr. the patriarchs and fr. David (τὸ) κατὰ σάρκα according to the human side of his nature, as far as his physical descent is concerned Ro 1:3 (JDunn, Jesus: Flesh and Spirit [Ro 1:3f], JTS 24, ’73, 40–68); 9:5; 1 Cl 32:2; IEph 20:2. The context of 2 Cor 11:18 includes ancestry as a reason for boasting, but ς. in this pass. applies as well to other aspects of Paul’s career and therefore belongs more properly in 5.

⑤ the outward side of life as determined by normal perspectives or standards, a transf. sense of 1 and 2. Usually w. κατά indicating norm or standard σοφοὶ κατὰ σάρκα wise (people) according to human standards 1 Cor 1:26. καυχᾶσθαι κατὰ (τὴν) σάρκα boast of one’s outward circumstances, i.e. descent, manner of life, etc. (cp. 11:22) 2 Cor 11:18. κατὰ σάρκα Χριστόν Christ (the Messiah) from a human point of view or as far as externals are concerned 5:16b, cp. a (κατά B5bβ and 7a; also VWeber, BZ 2, 1904, 178–88; HWindisch, exc. ad loc.; Rtzst., Mysterienrel.³, 374–76; FPorter, Does Paul Claim to Have Known the Historical Jesus [2 Cor 5:16]?: JBL 47, 1928, 257–75; RMoxon, CQR 108, 1929, 320–28). οἱ κατὰ σάρκα κύριοι those who, according to human standards, are masters Eph 6:5; Col 3:22. ὑμεῖς κατὰ τὴν ς. κρίνετε you judge by outward things, by externals J 8:15. Of the route taken in one’s earthly life ἡ ὁδὸς ἡ κατὰ σάρκα IRo 9:3.—ἐν σαρκὶ πεποιθέναι place one’s trust in earthly things or physical advantages Phil 3:3f. εὐπροσωπῆσαι ἐν σαρκί Gal 6:12. Onesimus is a beloved brother to Philemon καὶ ἐν σαρκὶ καὶ ἐν κυρίῳ both as a human being (=personally, in the external relationship betw. master and slave) and as a Christian Phlm 16. ὑμῶν δὲ ἐν σαρκὶ ἐπισκόπῳ IEph 1:3 (cp. IMg 3:2).—HWindisch, Taufe u. Sünde 1908; EBurton, ICC Gal. 1920, 492–95; WSchauf, Sarx 1924; WBieder, Auferstehung des Fleisches od. des Leibes?: TZ 1, ’45, 105–20. W. special ref. to Paul: Ltzm., Hdb. exc. on Ro 7:14 and 8:11; Lohmeyer (ἁμαρτία 3a); EKäsemann, Leib u. Leib Christi ’33; RGrant, ATR 22, ’40, 199–203; RBultmann, Theologie des NTs ’48, 228–49 (Engl. tr. by KGrobel, ’51 I, 227–59); LMarshall, Challenge of NT Ethics ’47, 267–70; E Schweizer, Die hellenist. Komponente im NT sarx-Begriff: ZNW 48, ’57, 237–53; two in KStendahl, The Scrolls and the NT, ’57: KKuhn, 94–113 and WDavies, 157–82; JPryke, ‘Spirit’ and ‘Flesh’ in Qumran and NT: RevQ 5, ’65, 346–60; DLys, La chair dans l’AT ’67; ASand, D. Begriff ‘Fleisch’ ’67 (Paul); RJewett, Paul’s Anthropological Terms ’71, 49–166. On Ign.: CRichardson, The Christianity of Ign. of Ant. ’35, esp. 49 and 61. S. also the lit. s.v. πνεῦμα, end.—B. 202. DELG. M-M. EDNT. TW. Spicq. Sv.