1109

εὑρίσκω (s. prec. entry; Hom.+) impf. εὕρισκον (also ηὕρισκον Ex 15:22; Da 6:5 LXX; Mel., P. [consistently]); fut. εὑρήσω; 2 aor. εὗρον, and mixed forms 1 pl. εὕραμεν (BGU 1095, 10 [57 A.D.]; Sb 6222, 12 [III A.D.]) Lk 23:2, 3 pl. εὕροσαν LXX,-ωσαν GJs 24:3 (s. deStrycker p. 247), εὕρησαν 10:1 (s. deStrycker p. 245); pf. εὕρηκα. Mid. 2 aor. εὑράμην Hb 9:12 (B-D-F §81, 3; s. Mlt-H. 208). Pass.: pres. εὑρίσκομαι; impf. 3 sg. ηὑρίσκετο; 1 fut. εὑρεθήσομαι (W-S. §15 s.v.); 1 aor. εὑρέθην (also ηὑ-LXX); perf. εὕρημαι LXX.

① to come upon someth. either through purposeful search or accidentally, find

ⓐ after seeking, find, discover, come upon, abs. (opp. ζητεῖν, Pla., Gorg. 59 p. 503d; Epict. 4, 1, 51 ζήτει καὶ εὑρήσεις; PTebt 278, 30 [I A.D.] ζήτῶι καὶ οὐχ εὑρίσκωι) Mt 7:7f; Lk 11:9f; Ox 654 (=ASyn. 247, 20) preface 5 (restored Fitzmyer); GHb 70, 17; τινὰ ζητεῖν κ. εὑ. (3 Km 1:3) 2 Ti 1:17. τινὰ or τὶ ζητεῖν κ. οὐχ εὑ. (PGiss 21, 5; Sextus 28; 4 Km 2:17; 2 Esdr 17:64; Ps 9:36; Pr 1:28; SSol 5:6; Ezk 22:30; TestJob 40:7 ἐπιζητήσας αὐτὴν καὶ μὴ εὑρών) Mt 12:43; 26:60; Mk 14:55; Lk 11:24; 13:6f; J 7:34, 36; Rv 9:6. εὑ. τινά Mk 1:37; Lk 2:45; 2 Cor 2:13. τὶ Mt 7:14; 13:46; 18:13; Lk 24:3. νομήν pasture J 10:9 (cp. La 1:6); Ac 7:11; σπήλαιον GJs 18:1; τὸ πτῶμα 24:3. The obj. acc. can be supplied fr. the context Mt 2:8; Ac 11:26; GJs 21:2 (not pap). W. the place given ἐν τῇ φυλακῇ Ac 5:22. πέραν τῆς θαλάσσης J 6:25. Pass. w. neg. εἴ τις οὐχ εὑρέθη ἐν τῇ βίβλῳ τῆς ζωῆς γεγραμμένος if anyone(’s name) was not found written in the book of life Rv 20:15 (cp. PHib 48, 6 [255 B.C.] οὐ γὰρ εὑρίσκω ἐν τοῖς βιβλίοις; 2 Esdr 18:14). The pass. w. neg. can also mean: no longer to be found, despite a thorough search= disappear (PRein 11, 11 [III B.C.]) of Enoch οὐχ ηὑρίσκετο Hb 11:5 (Gen 5:24). ὄρη οὐχ εὑρέθησαν Rv 16:20; cp. 18:21. The addition of the neg., which is actually found in the Sahidic version, would clear up the best-attested and difficult rdg. of 2 Pt 3:10 καὶ γῆ καὶ τὰ ἐν αὐτῇ ἔργα εὑρεθήσεται; other proposals in Nestle. See also Danker 2 below.

ⓑ accidentally, without seeking find, come upon τινά someone (PGen 54, 31 εὑρήκαμεν τὸν πραιπόσιτον; Gen 4:14f; 18:28ff; 1 Km 10:2; 3 Km 19:19; Sir 12:17; TestSol 18:21; Just., A II, 11, 3) Mt 18:28; 27:32; J 1:41a (Diog. L. 1, 109 τὸν ἀδελφὸν εὑρών=he came upon his brother), 43, 45; 5:14; 9:35; Ac 13:6; 18:2; 19:1; 28:14. Foll. by ἐν w. dat. to designate the place (3 Km 11:29; 2 Ch 21:17; 1 Macc 2:46; Herodian 3, 8, 6) Mt 8:10; Lk 7:9; J 2:14; τὶ someth. (Gen 11:2; 26:19; Judg 15:15; 4 Km 4:39 al.; Just., D. 86, 5) Mt 13:44 (Biogr. p. 324 εὑρὼν θησαυρόν); 17:27; Lk 4:17; J 12:14 (Phot., Bibl. 94 p. 74b on Iambl. Erot. [Hercher I 222, 38] εὑρόντες ὄνους δύο ἐπέβησαν); Ac 17:23. Pass. be found, find oneself, be (Dt 20:11; 4 Km 14:14; 1 Esdr 1:19; 8:13; Bar 1:7; TestSol 7:6; GrBar 4:11) Φ. εὑρέθη εἰς Ἄζωτον Philip found himself or was present at Azotus Ac 8:40 (cp. Esth 1:5 τοῖς ἔθνεσιν τοῖς εὑρεθεῖσιν εἰς τ. πόλιν; also s. 4 Km 2), on the other hand, a Semitic phrase … אֱשְׁתַּכַּח בְּ=to arrive in, or at, may underlie the expr. here and in εὑρεθῆναι εἰς τ. βασιλείαν Hs 9, 13, 2 (s. MBlack, Aramaic Studies and the NT, JTS 49, ’48, 164). οὐδὲ τόπος εὑρέθη αὐτῶν ἔτι ἐν τ. οὐρανῷ there was no longer any place for them in heaven Rv 12:8 (s. Da 2:35 Theod.); cp. 18:22, 24. οὐδὲ εὑρέθη δόλος ἐν τ. στόματι αὐτοῦ 1 Pt 2:22; 1 Cl 16:10 (both Is 53:9); cp. Rv 14:5 (cp. Zeph 3:13). ἵνα εὑρεθῶ ἐν αὐτῷ (i.e. Χριστῷ) that I might be found in Christ Phil 3:9 (JMoffatt, ET 24, 1913, 46).

ⓒ w. acc. and ptc. or adj., denoting the state of being or the action in which someone or someth. is or is involved (B-D-F §416, 2; s. Rob. 1120f) discover

α. w. ptc. (Thu. 2, 6, 3; Demosth. 19, 332; Epict. 4, 1, 27; PTebt 330, 5 [II A.D.] παραγενομένου εἰς τ. κώμην εὗρον τ. οἰκίαν μου σεσυλημένην; Num 15:32; Tob 7:1 S; 8:13; Da 6:14; 6:12 Theod.; TestSol 1:5 D; TestAbr A 5 p. 82, 25 [Stone p. 12], B 2 p. 109, 15 [Stone p. 60]; TestJob 37:8; ParJer 7:29 al.; Jos., Bell. 6, 136 τ. φύλακας εὗρον κοιμωμένους; Ath. 33, 1) εὑρίσκει σχολάζοντα he finds it unoccupied (that gives the condition for his return: HNyberg, ConNeot 2, ’36, 22–35) Mt 12:44. εὗρεν ἄλλους ἑστῶτας he found others standing there 20:6 (cp. Jdth 10:6); cp. 21:2; 24:46; 26:40, 43; Mk 11:2; 13:36; 14:37, 40; Lk 2:12; 7:10; 8:35; 11:25; 12:37, 43; 19:30; Ac 5:23; 9:2; 10:27; 27:6; 2 Cl 6:9; ITr 2:2 and oft. εὗρεν αὐτὴν ὀγκωμένην GJs 13:1a; 15:2; εὗρον τὸ αἷμα (πτῶμα pap) αὐτοῦ λίθον γεγενημένον 24:3; εὗρον αὐτὸν ἔτι ζῶντα AcPl Ha 10, 12; εὑρήσετε δύο ἄνδρας προσευχομένους ibid. 19. W. ellipsis of the ptc. εὑρέθη μόνος (sc. ὤν) Lk 9:36. ὁ ὄφις … εὗρεν τὴν Εὔαν μόνην GJs 13:1b; οὐδὲν εὑρίσκω αἴτιον (ὄν) Lk 23:4; cp. vs. 22.

β. w. adj. (TestAbr A 12 p. 91, 24 [Stone p. 30] εὗρεν αὐτῆς ζυγίας τὰς ἁμαρτίας; ApcMos 16) εὗρον αὐτὴν νεκράν Ac 5:10 (TestJob 40:11). εὕρωσιν ὑμᾶς ἀπαρασκευάστους 2 Cor 9:4.

γ. elliptically w. a whole clause οὐχ οἵους θέλω εὕρω ὑμᾶς I may find you not as I want (to find you) 2 Cor 12:20. Several times w. καθώς foll.: εὗρον καθὼς εἶπεν αὐτοῖς they found it just as he had told them Mk 14:16; Lk 19:32; GJs 15:2; cp. Lk 22:13. ἵνα … εὑρεθῶσιν καθὼς καὶ ἡμεῖς that they may be found (leading the same kind of life) as we 2 Cor 11:12.

② to discover intellectually through reflection, observation, examination, or investigation, find, discover, transf. sense of 1 (X., Hell. 7, 4, 2; M. Ant. 7, 1; Wsd 3:5; Da 1:20 Theod.; Jos., Ant. 10, 196; Just., A I, 31, 7 al.; Ath. 17, 2 ‘create’ an artistic work) τὶ someth.: I find it to be the rule Ro 7:21. ὧδε εὑ. ἐντολήν here I find a commandment B 9:5. τινά w. ptc. foll. find someone doing someth. (Anonymi Vi. Platonis p. 7, 18 Westerm.) Lk 23:2; Ac 23:29. Likew. τὶ w. ptc. foll. Rv 3:2. τινά w. adj. foll. 2:2. W. ὅτι foll. B 16:7. (TestSol 22:11). Of the result of a judicial investigation εὑ. αἰτίαν θανάτου find a cause for putting to death Ac 13:28. εὑ. αἰτίαν, κακόν, ἀδίκημα ἔν τινι J 18:38; 19:4, 6; Ac 23:9. εἰπάτωσαν τί εὗρον ἀδίκημα let them say what wrong-doing they have discovered 24:20. ποιεῖτε ἵνα εὑρεθῆτε ἐν ἡμέρᾳ κρίσεως act in order that you may pass muster in the day of judgment B 21:6. Cp. 2 Pt 3:10 w. an emendation of καὶ γῇ κατὰ τὰ (for καὶ γῆ καὶ τὰ) ἐν αὐτῇ ἔργα εὑρεθήσεται (cp. PsSol 17:8) and the earth will be judged according to the deeds done on it (FDanker, ZNW 53, ’62, 82–86).—W. acc. of a price or measure calculated εὗρον they found Ac 19:19; 27:28. W. indir. quest. foll. Lk 5:19 which, by the use of the article, can become an object acc.: εὑ. τὸ τί ποιήσωσιν 19:48. τὸ πῶς κολάσωνται αὐτούς Ac 4:21. W. inf. foll. ἵνα εὕρωσιν κατηγορεῖν αὐτοῦ in order to find a charge against him Lk 6:7; 11:54 D (but there is no accusative with εὕρωσιν; cp. PParis 45, 7 [153 B.C.] προσέχων μὴ εὕρῃ τι κατὰ σοῦ ἰπῖν=εἰπεῖν. For this reason it is perhaps better to conclude that εὑρίσκω with inf.=be able: Astrampsychus p. 5 ln. 14 εἰ εὑρήσω δανείσασθαι ἄρτι=whether I will be able to borrow money now; p. 6 ln. 72; p. 42 Dec. 87, 1. Then the transl. would be: so that they might be able to bring an accusation against him). Of seeking and finding God (Is 55:6; Wsd 13:6, 9; cp. Philo, Spec. Leg. 1, 36, Leg. All. 3, 47) Ac 17:27. Pass. εὑρέθην τοῖς ἐμὲ μὴ ζητοῦσιν I have let myself be found by those who did not seek me Ro 10:20 (Is 65:1).—As נִמְצָא be found, appear, prove, be shown (to be) (Cass. Dio 36, 27, 6; SIG 736, 51; 1109, 73; 972, 65; POxy 743, 25 [2 B.C.]; ParJer 4:5; Jos., Bell. 3, 114; Just., A I, 4, 2; Tat. 41:3; Mel., P. 82, 603; Ath. 24, 4) εὑρέθη ἐν γαστρὶ ἔχουσα it was found that she was to become a mother Mt 1:18. εὑρέθη μοι ἡ ἐντολὴ εἰς θάνατον (sc. οὖσα) the commandment proved to be a cause for death to me Ro 7:10. οὐχ εὑρέθησαν ὑποστρέψαντες; were there not found to return? Lk 17:18; cp. Ac 5:39; 1 Cor 4:2 (cp. Sir 44:20); 15:15; 2 Cor 5:3; Gal 2:17; 1 Pt 1:7; Rv 5:4; 1 Cl 9:3; 10:1; B 4:14; Hm 3:5 and oft. ἄσπιλοι αὐτῷ εὑρεθῆναι be found unstained in his judgment 2 Pt 3:14. σχήματι εὑρεθεὶς ὡς ἄνθρωπος when he appeared in human form Phil 2:7. εὑρεθήσομαι μαχόμνενος τῷ νόμῳ κυρίου … εὑρεθήσομαι παραδιδοὺς ἀθῶον αἷμα GJs 14:1.

③ to attain a state or condition, find (for oneself), obtain. The mid. is used in this sense in Attic wr. (B-D-F §310, 1; Rob. 814; Phryn. p. 140 Lob.); in our lit. it occurs in this sense only Hb 9:12. As a rule our lit. uses the act. in such cases (poets; Lucian, Lexiph. 18; LXX; Jos., Ant. 5, 41) τὴν ψυχήν Mt 10:39; 16:25. ἀνάπαυσιν (Sir 11:19; 22:13; 28:16; 33:26; ἄνεσιν ApcEsdr 5:10) ταῖς ψυχαῖς ὑμῶν rest for your souls 11:29. μετανοίας τόπον have an opportunity to repent or for changing the (father’s) mind Hb 12:17. σκήνωμα τῷ θεῷ Ἰακώβ maintain a dwelling for the God of Jacob Ac 7:46b (Ps 131:5). χάριν obtain grace (SSol 8:10 v.l.) Hb 4:16. χάριν παρὰ τῷ θεῷ obtain favor with God Lk 1:30; also ἐνώπιον τοῦ θεοῦ Ac 7:46a; GJs 11:2 (LXX as a rule ἐναντίον w. gen.; JosAs 15:14 ἐνώπιόν σου). ἔλεος παρὰ κυρίου obtain mercy from the Lord 2 Ti 1:18 (cp. Gen 19:19; Da 3:38).—The restoration [πίστιν εὑρ]ίσκομεν Ox 1081, 26 is not valid; on basis of the Coptic SJCh 90, 2 read w. Till p. 220 app.: [ταῦτα γιγν]ῴσκομεν.—B. 765; RAC VI, 985–1052. DELG. M-M. EDNT. TW.

κεράμιον, ου, τό (Hdt. et al.; ins, pap, LXX) an earthenware vessel, jar ὕδατος (water) jar (Theophr., Caus. Plant. 3, 4, 3) Mk 14:13; Lk 22:10. οἴνου (X., An. 6, 1, 17; Polyb. 4, 56, 3; SIG 1109, 162; POxy 1211, 5; O. Wilck II, 757, 3; Jer 42:5), ἐλαίου (Jos., Ant. 8, 322; cp. 9, 48) (wine, oil) jar D 13:6. κ. κενόν an empty jar Hm 11:15. κεράμια ἱκανώτατα very many jars 12, 5, 3. κ. μέλιτος (honey) jar 5, 1, 5.—Hv 4, 1, 6 v.l. for κέραμος, q.v.—DELG s.v. κέραμος. M-M.

κλισία, ας, ἡ (κλίνω; Hom. et al.; Lucian, Dial. Deor. 24, 1; Plut., Sert. 582 [26, 9] Ziegler v.l.; SIG 1109, 74; 3 Macc 6:31; EpArist 183; Jos., Ant. 12, 96) a group of people eating together κατακλίνατε αὐτοὺς κλισίας have them sit down in groups (to eat) Lk 9:14 (cp. New Docs 4, 184).—DELG s.v. κλίνω. M-M. TW.

κωλύω impf. ἐκώλυον; fut. κωλύσω LXX; 1 aor. ἐκώλυσα. Pass.: fut. 3 sg. κωλυθήσεται Sir 20:3; 1 aor. ἐκωλύθην (Pind.+).

① to keep someth. from happening, hinder, prevent, forbid

ⓐ in relation to persons abs. (X., An. 4, 2, 25b) Lk 9:50; Ac 19:30 D. ἐάνπερ ὑμεῖς μὴ κωλύσητε if you do not stand in the way IRo 4:1. τινά someone Mk 9:38f; 10:14; Lk 9:49; 11:52; 18:16; Ac 11:17; 3J 10. W. λέγων and direct discourse foll. GEb 18, 39. Pass. ἐκωλύθην Ro 1:13.—τινά τινος prevent someone fr. (doing) someth. (X., Cyr. 2, 4, 23, An. 1, 6, 2, Hell. 3, 2, 21; PPetr II, 11 [1], 3 [III B.C.] μηθέν σε τῶν ἔργων κωλύει; SIG 1109, 100; cp. 1 Esdr 6:6.—Pass.: Iren. 1, 8, 2 [Harv. I 70, 7]) ἐκώλυσεν αὐτοὺς τοῦ βουλήματος he kept them fr. carrying out their plan Ac 27:43.—τινά forbid or prevent someone w. inf. foll. to do or from doing someth. (X., Cyr. 6, 2, 18; Herodian 1, 2, 4; Jos., Ant. 11, 61; Did., Gen. 110, 26.—B-D-F §392, 1f; Rob. 1089. On the omission of μή w. the inf., contrary to the usage of Attic Gk., cp. PMagd 2, 5 [222 B.C.] κεκώλυκεν οἰκοδομεῖν; PEleph 11, 6.—B-D-F §400, 4; 429; s. Kühner-G. II 214f; Rob. 1171) Mt 19:14; Ac 24:23; 1 Th 2:16. τινὰ τοῦ μή w. inf. someone fr. doing someth. Ac 11:17 D. τί κωλύει με βαπτισθῆναι; what is there to prevent me from being baptized? Ac 8:36 (cp. Ael. Aristid. 46 p. 240 D.: τί κωλύει ἡμᾶς ἐξετάσαι; Jos., Bell. 2, 395, Ant. 16, 51; Plut., Mor. 489b; Just., A I, 30, 1 s. OCullmann, D. Tauflehre des NTs ’48, 65–73 [Eng. tr. JReid, ’70, 71–80]). Pass. (X., Mem. 4, 5, 4; TestJob 39:2; Tat. 29:2) 16:6 (on the aor. s. Hemer, Acts 281f); 17:15 D; Hb 7:23. Of the flesh or old self τ. ἡδοναῖς κωλύεται χρῆσθαι Dg 6:5.

ⓑ in relation to things hinder, prevent, forbid τὶ someth. (X., An. 4, 2, 24; Diod S 17, 26, 5 τὸ πῦρ κωλύειν; Herodian 3, 1, 6; 1 Macc 1:45) τὴν τοῦ προφήτου παραφρονίαν restrain the prophet’s madness 2 Pt 2:16. τὸ λαλεῖν (v.l. + ἐν) γλώσσαις speaking in tongues 1 Cor 14:39. W. inf. without the art. (Herodian 2, 4, 7; pap; Is 28:6; Jos., C. Ap. 1, 167) κ. γαμεῖν forbid marriage 1 Ti 4:3; cp. Lk 23:2; Dg 4:3 (the specific mng. forbid in Philochorus [IV/III B.C.]: 328 Fgm. 169a Jac.).

② keep someth. back, refuse, deny, withhold, keep back τὶ someth. τὸ ὕδωρ Ac 10:47. τὶ ἀπό τινος someth. fr. someone (Gen 23:6; TestSim 2:12; s. B-D-F §180, 1) Lk 6:29.—B. 1275; 1355. DELG. M-M. TW.

λειτουργία, ας, ἡ (s. prec. entry; Pla.+; ins, pap, LXX, ParJer 3; ApcSed 14, 3 and 11; EpArist, Philo, Joseph., loanw. in rabb.) prim. ‘public service’, the usual designation for a service performed by an individual for the state or public cult (oft. free of charge, s. lit. under λειτουργέω 2), in our lit. almost always used w. some sort of relig. connotation. As with the use of the verb λειτουργέω NT writers suggest an aura of high status for those who render any type of service.

① service of a formal or public type, service

ⓐ of ritual and cultic services (Diod S 1, 21, 7; SIG 1109, 111; UPZ 17, 17 [163 B.C.] λ. τῷ θεῷ; 40, 19 [161 B.C.]; PTebt 302, 30 [s. Dssm. B 138=BS 141]; Ex 37:19; Num 8:22; 16:9; 18:4; 2 Ch 31:2; EpArist; Philo, Virt. 54 al.; Jos., Bell. 1, 26, Ant. 3, 107 al.; Hippol., Ref. 9, 30, 4) service as priest Lk 1:23. τὰς προσφορὰς καὶ λειτουργίας ἐπιτελεῖσθαι bring offerings and perform (other) ceremonial services 1 Cl 40:2. τὰ σκεύη τῆς λ. the vessels used in priestly service Hb 9:21 (ParJer 3:9, 11, 18). Of the high priest’s service 1 Cl 40:5. Fig., of the high-priestly office of Christ Hb 8:6.

ⓑ of other kinds of service to God 1 Cl 20:10. Of Noah 1 Cl 9:4. Of Paul (w. θυσία, q.v. 1; cp. BGU 1201, 7 [2 A.D.] πρὸς τὰς λιτουργείας καὶ θυσείας τῶν θεῶν) sacrificial service Phil 2:17.—Of officials in Christian congregations (ἡ τῆς ἐπισκοπῆς λ. Iren. 3, 3, 3 [Harv. II 10, 3]) διαδέχεσθαι τὴν λ. αὐτῶν succeed to their office 1 Cl 44:2; ἡ αὐτοῖς τετιμημένη λ. the office held in honor by them 44:6; ἀποβάλλεσθαι τῆς λ. be removed from office 44:3. On D 15:1 cp. λειτουργέω 1a.—Also of the activities of a nonofficial pers. in the church service μὴ παρεκβαίνειν τὸν ὡρισμένον τῆς λ. αὐτοῦ κανόνα not overstepping the fixed boundaries of his service 1 Cl 41:1. Of acts that show forth Christian charity and other virtues that are beyond the call of ordinary duty and are therefore more like those rendered by public-spirited citizens and thus evoke God’s special approval: αἱ λ. αὗται these services Hs 5, 3, 3; cp. 5, 3, 8 (λ. ἐκκλησίας θεοῦ ἐπὶ σωτηρίᾳ ἀνθρώπων Orig., C. Cels. 8, 75, 18).—Of angels: λ. τῆς κτίσεως ‘service to the creation’ Hippol., Ref. 9, 30, 2.

② service of a personal nature, help, assistance, service transf. sense of the primary mng. and mng. 1: of Epaphroditus’ services to Paul ἵνα ἀναπληρώσῃ τὸ ὑμῶν ὑστέρημα τῆς πρός με λειτουργίας in order that he might supply what was lacking in your service to me Phil 2:30. W. ref. to the collection ἡ διακονία τῆς λ. ταύτης 2 Cor 9:12.—ESchweizer, D. Leben d. Herrn in d. Gemeinde u. ihren Diensten, ’46, 19–23; AHillorst, Filología Neotestamentaria 1, ’88, 27–34.—DELG s.v. λαός. M-M. EDNT. TW. Spicq. Sv.

λεπτός, ή, όν (Hom.+; SIG 567, 6; pap, LXX, TestSol 11:7; JosAs 10:13; Philo; Jos., Bell. 2, 154; SibOr 1, 361; superl. λεπτότατος Just., D. 46, 5).

① pert. to being relatively small in bulk, small, thin, light ὄστρακον λ. Hs 9, 10, 1; θηρία λ. tiny animals ApcPt Fgm. 2 p. 12, 27.

② τὸ λ. (sc. νόμισμα with Artem. 2, 58; Pollux 9, 92 or κέρμα w. Alciphron 1, 9, 1) small copper coin, 1/128 of a denarius, something between a penny and a mill, Mk 12:42; Lk 12:59; 21:2. (cp. OGI 484, 35; SIG 1109, 80; 98f)—S. ἀργύριον 2c.—Schürer II 66; Kl. Pauly III 582; B. 889. DELG s.v. λέπω. M-M.

λοιδορέω 1 aor. ἐλοιδόρησα; mid.-pass. 3 pl. ἐλοιδορήθησαν (s. two next entries; since Pind, O. 9, 56 λ. θεούς; Dio Chrys. 15 [32], 89 θεούς; Epict. 3, 4, 7 τὸν Δία; SIG 1109, 75ff; PPetr III, 21 [g], 19 [III B.C.]; BGU 1007, 6; LXX; Just., Tat.; Ath. 34, 1) revile, abuse τινά someone (X., An. 7, 5, 11; Theophr., Char. 28, 5; Dt 33:8; Jos., Bell. 2, 302, C. Ap. 2, 148) J 9:28; Ac 23:4. τὸν Χριστόν MPol 9:3. Pass. λοιδορούμενοι εὐλογοῦμεν when we are reviled, we bless 1 Cor 4:12; cp. Dg 5:15. Of Christ λοιδορούμενος οὐκ ἀντελοιδόρει when he was reviled he did not revile in return 1 Pt 2:23 (cp. the advice Plut., Mor. 88–89).—Schmidt, Syn. I 136–49. DELG. M-M. TW. Spicq.

μάχη, ης, ἡ (s. μάχομαι; Hom.+) ‘battle’ (one fighter on each side is enough: Maximus Tyr. 22, 4b), in our lit. only in pl. and only of battles fought without actual weapons fighting, quarrels, strife, disputes (Pythag., Ep. 5, 7; SIG 1109, 72; Kaibel 522, 5; PRyl 28, 203 μάχας ἕξει διὰ θῆλυ; Cat. Cod. Astr. XII 160, 1 of marital discord; LXX, Philo; Ar. 13, 5 μ. καὶ διαφωνία) w. πόλεμοι (Il. 5, 891 πόλεμοί τε μάχαι τε; Dio Chrys. 21 [38], 11; Plut., Mor. 108a) Js 4:1. ἔξωθεν μάχαι ἔσωθεν φόβοι 2 Cor 7:5. γεννᾶν μάχας breed quarrels 2 Ti 2:23. μάχαι νομικαί strife about the law Tit 3:9 (cp. Pla., Tim. p. 88a μάχας ἐν λόγοις ποιεῖσθαι).—DELG s.v. μάχομαι. M-M.

μάχομαι (s. μάχη) impf. ἐμαχόμην; aor. ἐμαχησάμην. Mid. dep. (Hom.+).

① to engage in physical combat, fight (betw. two persons Ex 21:22) Ac 7:26.

② to engage in heated dispute, without use of weapons, fight, quarrel, dispute (Hom. et al.; SIG 1109, 95 ἐκβάλλειν τοὺς μαχομένους; POxy 120, 6; Gen 26:20; 31:36; TestSol 25:4; TestJos 11:4; Jos., C. Apion 1.38; Just.) abs. be quarrelsome 2 Ti 2:24. W. πολεμεῖν Js 4:2. μαχομένους συναγαγεῖν bring together those who are at enmity 19:12; cp. D 4:3. πρός τινα (EpArist 13; Philo, Leg. All. 2, 106; Just., D. 120, 4 μ. πρὸς ὑμᾶς περὶ τῆς λέξεως) dispute with someone πρὸς ἀλλήλους among themselves J 6:52 (πρ. ἀλλ. fig. as Lucian, Tim. 9; Aesop, Fab. 62 P.=116 H./Ch. 95/H-H. 73). τινὶ against someone μ. τῷ νόμῳ κυρίου go contrary to the law of the Lord GJs 14:1.—B. 1370. DELG. M-M.

μέχρι even before vowels as in Attic Lk 16:16; Job 32:12. In three places in the NT (Mk 13:30 and Gal 4:19 μέχρις οὗ, Hb 12:4 μέχρις αἵματος) as well as Hv 4, 1, 9 (μέχρις ὅτε), Hs 9, 11, 1 (μέχρις ὀψέ) the form used before vowels is μέχρις (Vett. Val. 357, 19; IG XII, 5, 647; SIG 888, 150 [before a conson.]; 958, 16; 1109, 41; Threatte II 669–71; pap [Mayser p. 244]. On the LXX s. Thackeray p. 136.—B-D-F §21; Mlt-H. 113; 331) gener. ‘until’: in our lit. as prep. w. gen. (Hom. +) and conj. (Thu., Pla., et al.)

① marker of extension up to a point in an area, as far as, w. gen. μ. τοῦ οὐρανοῦ GPt 10:40. μ. τῆς Ἀσίας Ac 20:4 D. ἀπὸ Ἰερουσαλὴμ…μ. τοῦ Ἰλλυρικοῦ Ro 15:19 (ἀπὸ…μ. as SIG 973, 6f). μ. τῶν ἔσω φλεβῶν MPol 2:2 (Jos., Bell. 6, 304 μ. ὀστέων).

② marker of continuance in time up to a point, until

ⓐ as prep. w. gen. μ. (τῆς) νῦν IMg 8:1; Papias (3:3) (Chion, Ep. 16, 4; Longus 4, 16, 2; Xenophon Eph. 1, 4, 1; Jos., Ant. 7, 386; 17, 114; Just., D. 82, 1 and 3 al.; cp. μ. τοῦ νῦν Χ., Cyr. 7, 3, 15; PTebt 50, 26 [112/11 B.C.]; BGU 256, 9; Just., D. 78, 8). μ. ὀψέ Hs 9, 11, 1. μέχρι τίνος; how long? (Just., A I, 32, 2; Alciphron 4, 17, 2; Achilles Tat. 2, 5, 1) v 3, 10, 9. μ. τῆς σήμερον until today (Jos., Ant. 9, 28) Mt 11:23; cp. 28:15; Hv 2, 2, 4. μ. μεσονυκτίου until midnight Ac 20:7. μ. Ἰωάννου until (the time of) John Lk 16:16. μ. τῆς ἐπιφανείας τοῦ κυρίου ἡμῶν Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ 1 Ti 6:14 (Just., D. 120, 3 μ.…τῆς παρουσίας τοῦ Χριστοῦ). μ. καιροῦ διορθώσεως Hb 9:10. μ. τοῦ θερισμοῦ (for ἕως; another v.l. ἄχρι) until harvest time Mt 13:30 v.l. μ. τέλους Hb 3:6 v.l., 14 (cp. Ar. [Milne 76, 47f] μ. τελειώσεως χρόνων).—ἀπό…μ. (POxy 1647, 20 ἀπὸ ἀνατολῆς ἡλίου μέχρι δύσεως; EpArist 298): ἀπὸ τετάρτης ἡμέρας μ. ταύτης τῆς ὥρας from the fourth day to this hour Ac 10:30. ἀπὸ Ἀδὰμ μ. Μωϋσέως Ro 5:14 (cp. Just., D. 92, 2 ἀπὸ Ἀβραὰμ μ. Μωϋσέως).

ⓑ as a conjunction until (B-D-F §383, 2; Rob. 975) μ. καταντήσωμεν Eph 4:13 (cp. Hdt. 4, 119, 4; SIG 976, 71 μέχρι ποιήσωσιν; PCairPreis 48, 7 μέχρι τὸ πλοιαρίδιον εὑρῶμεν; TestSol 9:8 P; SibOr 3, 570. On the omission of ἄν s. Mlt. 168f; Rydbeck, 144–53). μ. οὗ w. subjunctive (Herodas 2, 43; 8, 8 [Cunningham reads μέχρις εὖ in both]; POxy 293, 7 [27 A.D.] μέχρι οὗ ἀποστείλῃς Da 11:36 Theod.; EpArist 298) Mk 13:30 (μ. ὅτου v.l.); Gal 4:19. μ. ὅτε (ὅτου v.l.) Hv 4, 1, 9; GJs 10:2 (s. B-D-F §455, 3).

③ marker of degree or measure, to the point of, w. gen. (Appian, Bell. Civ. 3, 69 §284 μ. τοῦ τέλους=to the end; Jos., Ant. 11, 81 μ. θρήνων; Ath. 12:3 μ. τοσούτου) κακοπαθεῖν μ. δεσμῶν suffer even to the point of being imprisoned 2 Ti 2:9. μ. αἵματος ἀντικαταστῆναι resist to the point of shedding one’s blood in being wounded or killed Hb 12:4 (μ. αἵμ. as Herodian 2, 6, 14). μ. θανάτου διωχθῆναι καὶ μ. δουλείας εἰσελθεῖν 1 Cl 4:9 (cp. 2 Macc 13:14; Jos., Bell. 2, 141). Of Christ ὑπήκοος μ. θανάτου obedient to the point of death Phil 2:8 (cp. PTor I, 1 VII, 28 [116 B.C.] μ. τελευτῆς βιοῦ). Of Epaphroditus διὰ τὸ ἔργον Χριστοῦ μ. θανάτου ἤγγισεν vs. 30 (μέχρι θανάτου to denote degree: Diod S 15, 27, 2; Cebes 26, 3; Appian, Bell. Civ. 2, 113 §471; 3, 77 §314; 3, 90 §372; 4, 135 §570 al.; Polyaenus 7, 30; 8, 49; Just., D. 11, 4 al.; schol. on Apollon. Rhod. 3, 427–31a; 2 Macc 13:14).—DELG. M-M.

οἶκος, ου, ὁ (Hom.+)

① house

ⓐ lit.

α. a dwelling Lk 11:17 (cp. πίπτω 1bβ); 12:39; 14:23 (unless οἶκ. means dining room here as Phryn. Com. [V B.C.] 66 Kock; X., Symp. 2, 18; Athen. 12, 54a); Ac 2:2; (w. ἀγροί, κτήματα) Hs 1:9. εἰς τὸν οἶκόν τινος into or to someone’s house (Judg 18:26) ἀπέρχεσθαι Mt 9:7; Mk 7:30; Lk 1:23; 5:25; εἰσέρχεσθαι Lk 1:40; 7:36; 8:41; Ac 11:12; 16:15b; ἔρχεσθαι Mk 5:38; καταβαίνειν Lk 18:14; πορεύεσθαι 5:24; ὑπάγειν Mt 9:6; Mk 2:11; 5:19; ὑποστρέφειν Lk 1:56; 8:39.—κατοικεῖν εἰς τὸν οἶκόν τινος live in someone’s house Hm 4, 4, 3; Hs 9, 1, 3. οἱ εἰς τὸν οἶκόν μου the members of my household Lk 9:61. εἰς τὸν … οἶκον ἐγένετο χαρά AcPl Ha 6, 2.—εἰς τὸν οἶκον into the house; home: ἀνάγειν Ac 16:34. ἀπέρχεσθαι Hs 9, 11, 2. ἔρχεσθαι Lk 15:6. ὑπάγειν Hs 9, 11, 6. ὑποστρέφειν Lk 7:10.—εἰς τὸν οἶκον (w. ὐποδέχεσθαι) Lk 10:38 v.l. (s. οἰκία 1a).—εἰς οἶκόν τινος to someone’s house/home Mk 8:3, 26. εἰς οἶκόν τινος τῶν ἀρχόντων Lk 14:1 (on the absence of the art. s. B-D-F §259, 1; Rob. 792).—εἰς οἶκον home (Aeschyl., Soph.; Diod S 4, 2, 1): εἰσέρχεσθαι Mk 7:17; 9:28. ἔρχεσθαι 3:20.—ἐκ τοῦ οἴκου ἐκείνου Ac 19:16.—ἐν τῷ οἴκῳ τινός in someone’s house Ac 7:20; 10:30; 11:13; Hs 6, 1, 1.—ἐν τῷ οἴκῳ in the house, at home J 11:20; Hv 5:1.—ἐν οἴκῳ at home (Strabo 13, 1, 38; UPZ 59, 5 [168 B.C.]; 74, 6; POxy 531, 3 [II A.D.]; 1 Km 19:9) Mk 2:1 (Goodsp., Probs. 52); 1 Cor 11:34; 14:35.—κατὰ τοὺς οἴκους εἰσπορεύεσθαι enter house after house Ac 8:3. κατʼ οἴκους (opp. δημοσίᾳ) from house to house i.e. in private 20:20. In the sing. κατʼ οἶκον (opp. ἐν τῷ ἱερῷ) in the various private homes (Jos., Ant. 4, 74; 163.—Diod S 17, 28, 4 κατʼ οἰκίαν ἀπολαύσαντες τῶν βρωτῶν=having enjoyed the food in their individual homes) 2:46; 5:42. ἡ κατʼ οἶκόν τινος ἐκκλησία the church in someone’s house Ro 16:5; 1 Cor 16:19; Col 4:15; Phlm 2 (s. ἐκκλησία 3bα; EJudge, The Social Pattern of Christian Groups in the First Century ’60; LWhite, House Churches: OEANE III 118–21 [lit.]). τὰ κατὰ τὸν οἶκον household affairs (Lucian, Abdic. 22) 1 Cl 1:3.

β. house of any large building οἶκος τοῦ βασιλέως the king’s palace (Ael. Aristid. 32, 12 K.=12 p. 138 D.; 2 Km 11:8; 15:35; 3 Km 7:31; Jos., Ant. 9, 102) Mt 11:8. οἶκος ἐμπορίου (s. ἐμπόριον) J 2:16b. οἶκος προσευχῆς house of prayer Mt 21:13; Mk 11:17; Lk 19:46 (all three Is 56:7). οἶκ. φυλακῆς prison-house 14:7 (Is 42:7).—Esp. of God’s house (Herodas 1, 26 οἶκος τῆς θεοῦ [of Aphrodite]; IKosPH 8, 4 οἶκος τῶν θεῶν.—οἶκ. in ref. to temples as early as Eur., Phoen. 1372; Hdt. 8, 143; Pla., Phdr. 24e; ins [cp. SIG ind. IV οἶκος d; Thieme 31]; UPZ 79, 4 [II B.C.] ἐν τῷ οἴκῳ τῷ Ἄμμωνος; POxy 1380, 3 [II A.D.]; LXX; New Docs 1, 6f; 31; 139) οἶκος τοῦ θεοῦ (Jos., Bell. 4, 281) Mt 12:4; Mk 2:26; Lk 6:4. Of the temple in Jerusalem (3 Km 7:31 ὁ οἶκος κυρίου; Just., D. 86, 6 al.) ὁ οἶκός μου Mt 21:13; Mk 11:17; Lk 19:46 (all three Is 56:7). ὁ οἶκ. τοῦ πατρός μου J 2:16a; cp. Ac 7:47, 49 (Is 66:1). Specif. of the temple building (Eupolem.: 723 fgm 2, 12 Jac. [in Eus., PE 9, 34, 14]; EpArist 88; 101) μεταξὺ τοῦ θυσιαστηρίου καὶ τοῦ οἴκου between the altar and the temple building Lk 11:51. Of the heavenly sanctuary, in which Christ functions as high priest Hb 10:21 (sense bα is preferred by some here).

γ. in a wider sense οἶκ. occasionally amounts to city (cp. the note on POxy 126, 4.—Jer 22:5; 12:7; TestLevi 10, 5 οἶκος … Ἰερους. κληθήσεται) Mt 23:38; Lk 13:35.

ⓑ fig. (Philo, Cher. 52 ὦ ψυχή, δέον ἐν οἴκῳ θεοῦ παρθενεύεσθαι al.)

α. of the Christian community as the spiritual temple of God ὡς λίθοι ζῶντες οἰκοδομεῖσθε οἶκος πνευματικός as living stones let yourselves be built up into a spiritual house 1 Pt 2:5 (ESelwyn, 1 Pt ’46, 286–91; JHElliott (s. end) 200–208). The tower, which Hermas uses as a symbol of the Christian community, is also called ὁ οἶκ. τοῦ θεοῦ: ἀποβάλλεσθαι ἀπὸ τοῦ οἴκ. τοῦ θ. Hs 9, 13, 9. Opp. εἰσέρχεσθαι εἰς τὸν οἶκ. τοῦ θεοῦ Hs 9, 14, 1.—The foll. pass. are more difficult to classify; mng. 2 (the Christians as God’s family) is poss.: ὁ οἶκ. τοῦ θεοῦ 1 Pt 4:17; ἐν οἴκῳ θεοῦ ἀναστρέφεσθαι ἥτις ἐστὶν ἐκκλησία θεοῦ ζῶντος 1 Ti 3:15.

β. dwelling, habitation, of the human body (Just., D. 40, 1 τὸ πλάσμα … οἶκ. ἐγένετο τοῦ ἐμφυσήματος; Mel., P. 55, 402 τοῦ σαρκίνου οἴκου; Lucian, Gall. 17) as a habitation of hostile spirits Mt 12:44; Lk 11:24. Corresp. the gentiles are called an οἶκ. δαιμονίων 16:7.

② household, family (Hom. et al.; Artem. 2, 68 p. 161, 11 μετὰ ὅλου τοῦ οἴκου; Ath. 3, 2 τὸν ὑμέτερον οἶκον) Lk 10:5; 19:9; Ac 10:2; 11:14; 16:31; 18:8. ὅλους οἴκους ἀνατρέπειν ruin whole families Tit 1:11 (cp. Gen 47:12 πᾶς ὁ οἶκος=‘the whole household’). ὁ Στεφανᾶ οἶκ. Stephanas and his family 1 Cor 1:16; ὁ Ὀνησιφόρου οἶκ. 2 Ti 1:16; 4:19. ὁ οἶκ. Ταουί̈ας ISm 13:2. Esp. freq. in Hermas: τὰ ἁμαρτήματα ὅλου τοῦ οἴκου σου the sins of your whole family Hv 1, 1, 9; cp. 1, 3, 1; 2, 3, 1; Hs 7:2. … σε καὶ τὸν οἶκ. σου v 1, 3, 2; cp. m 2:7; 5, 1, 7; Hs 7:5ff. W. τέκνα m 12, 3, 6; Hs 5, 3, 9. Cp. 1 Ti 3:4, 12 (on the subj. matter, Ocellus Luc. 47 τοὺς ἰδίους οἴκους κατὰ τρόπον οἰκονομήσουσι; Letter 58 of Apollonius of Tyana [Philostrat. I 362, 3]). ἡ τοῦ Ἐπιτρόπου σὺν ὅλῳ τῷ οἴκῳ αὐτῆς καὶ τῶν τέκνων the (widow) of Epitropus together with all her household and that of her children IPol 8:2 (Sb 7912 [ins 136 A.D.] σὺν τῷ παντὶ οἴκῳ). ἀσπάζομαι τοὺς οἴκους τῶν ἀδελφῶν μου σὺν γυναιξὶ καὶ τέκνοις I greet the households of my brothers (in the faith), including their wives and children ISm 13:1. In a passage showing the influence of Num 12:7, Hb 3:2–6 contrasts the οἶκος of which Moses was a member and the οἶκος over which Christ presides (cp. SIG 22, 16f οἶκος βασιλέως; Thu 1, 129, 3 Xerxes to one ἐν ἡμετέρῳ οἴκῳ; sim. οἶκος of Augustus IGR I, 1109 [4 B.C.], cp. IV, 39b, 26 [27 B.C.]; s. MFlory, TAPA 126, ’96, 292 n. 20). Hence the words of vs. 6 οὗ (i.e. Χριστοῦ) οἶκός ἐσμεν ἡμεῖς whose household we are.—On Christians as God’s family s. also 1bα above. τοῦ ἰδίου οἴκ. προστῆναι manage one’s own household 1 Ti 3:4f; cp. vs. 12 and 5:4.—On management of an οἶκος s. X., Oeconomicus. On the general topic of family MRaepsaet-Charlier, La femme, la famille, la parenté à Rome: L’Antiquité Classique 62, ’93, 247–53.

③ a whole clan or tribe of people descended fr. a common ancestor, house=descendants, nation, transf. sense fr. that of a single family (Appian, Bell. Civ. 2, 127 §531 οἴκοι μεγάλοι=famous families [of Caesar’s assassins]; Dionys. Byz. 53 p. 23, 1; LXX; Jos., Ant. 2, 202; 8, 111; SibOr 3, 167) ὁ οἶκ. Δαυίδ (3 Km 12:19; 13:2) Lk 1:27, 69 (on the probability of Semitic inscriptional evidence for the phrase ‘house of David’ s. articles pro and con in Bar 20/2, ’94, 26–39; 20/3, ’94, 30–37; 20/4, ’94, 54f; 20/6, ’94, 47; 21/2, ’95, 78f). ἐξ οἴκου καὶ πατριᾶς Δ. 2:4.—οἶκ. Ἰσραήλ Mt 10:6; 15:24; Ac 2:36; 7:42 (Am 5:25); Hb 8:10 (Jer 38:33); 1 Cl 8:3 (quot. of unknown orig.). AcPlCor 2:10. πᾶς οἶκ. Ἰσραήλ GJs 7:3 (Jer 9:25). ὁ οἶκ. Ἰς. combined w. ὁ οἶκ. Ἰούδα Hb 8:8 (Jer 38:31). οἶκ. Ἰακώβ (Ex 19:3; Is 2:5; Just., A I, 53, 4;, D. 135, 6) Lk 1:33; Ac 7:46. οἶκ. τοῦ Ἀμαλήκ 12:9.

④ a house and what is in it, property, possessions, estate (Hom. et al.; s. also Hdt. 3, 53; Isaeus 7, 42; Pla., Lach. 185a; X., Oec. 1, 5; Demetr.: 722 Fgm. 1, 15 Jac.; Jos., Bell. 6, 282; Just., D. 139, 4) ἐπʼ Αἴγυπτον καὶ ὅλον τὸν οἶκον αὐτοῦ over Egypt and over all his estate Ac 7:10 (cp. Gen 41:40; Artem. 4, 61 προέστη τοῦ παντὸς οἴκου).—S. the lit. on infant baptism, e.g. GDelling, Zur Taufe von ‘Häusern’ im Urchrist., NovT 7, ’65, 285–311=Studien zum NT ’70, 288–310.—JHElliott, A Home for the Homeless ’81. B. 133; 458. Schmidt, Syn. II 508–26. DELG. M-M. EDNT. TW. Sv.

παρίστημι/παριστάνω (the word since Hom.+; the later form παριστάνω [Ro 6:13, 16; but παρίστησι 1 Cor 8:8 v.l.; Ath. 33, 1] since Polyb. et al.; Epict. 3, 22, 87; SIG 589, 46 [196 B.C.]; 814, 36 [67 A.D.]; 1109, 76.—B-D-F §93; Mlt-H. 202) pres. inf. παραστᾶν (Tat. 33, 1; Ath. 11, 3), ptc. pl. παριστῶντες (Tat. 1, 3—B-D-F §93); fut. παραστήσω; 1 aor. παρέστησα; 2 aor. παρέστην; pf. παρέστηκα, ptc. παρεστηκώς or παρεστώς; plpf. παρειστήκειν; inf. παρεστάναι (Dt 18:5; PsSol 2:36). Mid.: fut. παραστήσομαι. Pass.: 1 aor. παρεστάθην.

① trans. (pres., impf., fut., 1 aor. act.) to cause to be present in any way

ⓐ place beside, put at someone’s disposal τινά or τί τινι someone or someth. to someone (Demetr.: 722 Fgm. 7 Jac.; Socrates of Rhodes [I B.C.]: 192 Fgm. 1 p. 927, 25 Jac. [in Athen. 4, 148b]; Lucian, D. Mar. 6, 2) παραστήσει μοι λεγιῶνας Mt 26:53. τὶ someth. (cp. 2 Macc 12:3 v.l. σκάφη) κτήνη provide riding animals Ac 23:24. For protection παρέστησεν αὐτῇ τοὺς υἱούς αὐτοῦ he placed his sons at her side=Joseph placed Mary in the care of his sons GJs 18:1. Here belongs παραστήσατε ἑαυτοὺς τῷ θεῷ Ro 6:13b. W. dat. and double acc. (of the obj. and the pred.) ᾧ παριστάνετε ἑαυτοὺς δούλους (εἰς ὑπακοήν) to whomever you yield yourselves as slaves (to obey him; w. acc., followed by εἰς=to or for [s. MTreu, Alkaios ’52, p. 12]) vs. 16; μηδὲ παριστάνετε τὰ μέλη ὑμῶν ὅπλα ἀδικίας τῇ ἁμαρτίᾳ vs. 13a; cp. vs. 19ab.

ⓑ present, represent

α. lit. τινά τινι someone to someone παρέστησαν τὸν Παῦλον αὐτῷ Ac 23:33. παρθένον ἁγνὴν παραστῆσαι τῷ Χριστῷ 2 Cor 11:2. Of the ‘presentation’ of Jesus in the Temple Lk 2:22 (Billerb. II 120–23. Cp. also Olympiodorus, Life of Plato, ed. AWestermann 1850 p. 1: of Plato, said to be of transcendent origin, λαβόντες οἱ γονεῖς βρέφος ὄντα τεθείκασιν ἐν τῷ Ὑμηττῷ βουλόμενοι ὑπὲρ αὐτοῦ τοῖς ἐκεῖ θεοῖς … θῦσαι=his parents took him when he was an infant and placed him on Hymettus with the intent to sacrifice … to the gods there). W. dat. of pers., acc. of obj., and pred. acc. οἷς παρέστησεν ἑαυτὸν ζῶντα to whom he presented himself alive Ac 1:3; without a dat., which is supplied fr. the context παρέστησεν αὐτὴν ζῶσαν 9:41.

β. fig. παραστήσω σε κατὰ πρόσωπόν σου I will show you to yourself face to face 1 Cl 35:10 (Ps 49:21).

ⓒ ‘present’ becomes almost equivalent to make, render (Plut., Mor. 676c [ἡ πίσσα] τὸν οἶνον εὔποτον παρίστησι) ἵνα παραστήσῃ αὐτὸς ἑαυτῷ ἔνδοξον τὴν ἐκκλησίαν that (Christ) might render the church glorious before himself Eph 5:27. σπούδασον σεαυτὸν δόκιμον παραστῆσαι τῷ θεῷ 2 Ti 2:15. παραστῆσαι ὑμᾶς ἁγίους κατενώπιον αὐτοῦ to make you holy before him Col 1:22. ἵνα παραστήσωμεν πάντα ἄνθρωπον τέλειον ἐν Χριστῷ that we may make everyone complete in Christ vs. 28.

ⓓ as a t.t. in the language of sacrifice offer, bring, present (παριστάναι θυσίαν, θύματα etc.: Epici p. 41, 49 B.=p. 19, 16 K.; Polyb. 16, 25, 7; Diod S 3, 72, 1; Lucian, Sacr. 13; Jos., Bell. 2, 89, Ant. 4, 113; SIG 589, 46 [196 B.C.]; 694, 49; 736, 70; OGI 456, 20; 764, 23; 38. The mid. is also used in this way since X., An. 6, 1, 22) fig. παραστῆσαι τὰ σώματα θυσίαν ζῶσαν offer bodies as a living sacrifice Ro 12:1.

ⓔ as a legal t.t. bring before (a judge) (Sb 4512, 82 [II B.C.]; OGI 669, 49; BGU 163, 3; 341, 14; 747 II, 26; 759, 22; 1139, 18). Some would prefer to understand 1 Cor 8:8 in this sense: βρῶμα ἡμᾶς οὐ παραστήσει τῷ θεῷ food will not bring us before (the judgment seat of) God. Likew. ἡμᾶς ἐγερεῖ καὶ παραστήσει σὺν ὑμῖν he will raise us and bring us, together with you, before him (=before his judgment seat) 2 Cor 4:14. But the forensic mng. is not certain in either of these places, and the sense is prob. bring before God = bring close to God (cp. Rtzst., ZNW 13, 1912, 19f).

ⓕ prove, demonstrate (Lysias 12, 51; X., Oec. 13, 1; Epict. 2, 23, 47; 2, 26, 4; Jos., Ant. 4, 47, Vi. 27; PLips 64, 34) οὐδὲ παραστῆσαι δύνανταί σοι περὶ ὧν νυνὶ κατηγοροῦσίν μου nor can they prove to you the accusations they are now making against me Ac 24:13.—On the 1 aor. pass. Hs 8, 4, 1 s. 2aγ end.

② intr. (mid. and perf., plpf., 2 aor. act., but s. also aγ end) to be present in any way, be present

ⓐ pres., fut., aor. (TestJos 2:6; 20:6; TestSol 6:1 and C 12:1; TestAbr A 20 p. 103, 19 [Stone p. 54]; ApcMos 35; Mel., P. 62, 450).

α. approach, come τινί (to) someone (Philo, De Jos. 94) Ac 9:39; 27:23 (Plut., Lysander 444 [20, 7] αὐτῷ κατὰ τοὺς ὕπνους παραστῆναι τὸν Ἄμμωνα).—Also as a t.t. of legal usage appear before, come before (s. 1e above.—Chariton 6, 6, 4 παρέστην δικαστηρίῳ) Καίσαρί σε δεῖ παραστῆναι you must appear before the Emperor (as judge) Ac 27:24; cp. 2 Ti subscr. πάντες παραστησόμεθα τῷ βήματι τοῦ θεοῦ (v.l. Χριστοῦ) Ro 14:10. πάντας δεῖ παραστῆναι τῷ βήματι τοῦ Χριστοῦ Pol 6:2.

β. of appearing with hostile intent (Appian, Illyr. 17 §51) abs. παρέστησαν οἱ βασιλεῖς τῆς γῆς Ac 4:26 (Ps 2:2).

γ. come to the aid of, help, stand by τινί someone (Hom. et al.; X., Cyr. 5, 3, 19 al.; PKöln VI, 245, 22 σὺ δὲ θεὰ παρίστασο ‘and you, Goddess, be at my side’, w. suggestion of a relationship between Athena and Odysseus [for parallels and lit. s. ‘Ptocheia’ or ‘Odysseus in Disguise at Troy’ (=ASP 31), ed. MParca ’91, 59]; Mitt-Wilck. II/2, 372 VI, 7; 12; Jos., Bell. 2, 245; SibOr 8, 407) Ro 16:2. ὁ κύριός μοι παρέστη 2 Ti 4:17 (cp. PHerm 125b, 8 [III A.D.] θεὸς παρίσταταί σοι; Jos., Ant. 1, 341; SibOr 3, 705).—The 1 aor. pass. παρεστάθην αὐτῷ Hs 8, 4, 1 is prob. used in act. sense I took a position beside him (so as to be ready for service).

ⓑ perf. and plpf. (En 14:22; PsSol 2:36; TestSol 14:2 al.; TestAbr A 7 p. 84, 29 [Stone p. 16]; Just., D. 9, 1)

α. of personal beings stand ( near or by), be present τινί (with) someone (LXX; TestJob 24:10; Jos., Bell. 2, 281) Ac 1:10; 1 Cl 34:6 (Da 7:10 Theod.). ἐνώπιόν τινος stand before someone (1 Km 16:21; TestAbr A 7 p. 84, 29f [Stone p. 16]) οὗτος παρέστηκεν ἐνώπιον ὑμῶν ὑγιής Ac 4:10.—Mostly in the ptc.: modifying a noun and followed by an indication of place: ὁ κεντυρίων ὁ παρεστηκὼς ἐξ ἐναντίας αὐτοῦ Mk 15:39 (cp. 1 Macc 11:68 S). Γαβριὴλ ὁ παρεστηκὼς ἐνώπιον τοῦ θεοῦ Lk 1:19 (cp. Jdth 4:14; Tob 12:15 S). Without indication of place (Diod S 17, 66, 7 παρεστὼς Φιλώτας=Philotas, who stood nearby; Diog. L. 2, 102; Aberciusins. 17; EpArist 19) εἷς παρεστηκὼς τῶν ὑπηρετῶν one of the servants who was standing by J 18:22. ἰδὼν τὸν μαθητὴν παρεστῶτα when he saw the disciple standing near 19:26. (ἄγγελοι) λειτουργοῦσιν παρεστῶτες 1 Cl 34:5. παρεστὼς ὁ κύριος MPol 2:2. οἱ παρεστῶτες αὐτῷ those standing near him Ac 23:2.—Subst. οἱ παρεστηκότες (PPetr II, 4, 6, 13 [III B.C.]) or οἱ παρεστῶτες (Diog. L. 9, 27) the bystanders, the spectators, those present Mk 14:47, 69f; 15:35 (vv.ll. παρεστώτων, ἑστηκότων); Lk 19:24; Ac 23:4; in vs. 2 the widely attested rdg. adds a dat.: τοῖς παρεστῶσιν αὐτῷ (cp. POxy 1204, 13 ὁ παρεστώς σοι).

β. of a point of time be here, have come (Il. 16, 853; Demosth. 18, 90; 21, 101) παρέστηκεν ὁ θερισμός the time for the harvest is here Mk 4:29.

γ. as an agricultural t.t. (cp. OGI 56, 68 ὅταν ὁ πρώϊμος σπόρος παραστῇ; PLille 8, 5) someth. like be fully grown σταφυλὴ παρεστηκυῖα a ripe grape (in contrast to ὄμφαξ) 1 Cl 23:4=2 Cl 11:3 (quot. of unknown orig.).—M-M. DELG s.v. ἵημι. TW.

παρίστημι/παριστάνω (the word since Hom.+; the later form παριστάνω [Ro 6:13, 16; but παρίστησι 1 Cor 8:8 v.l.; Ath. 33, 1] since Polyb. et al.; Epict. 3, 22, 87; SIG 589, 46 [196 B.C.]; 814, 36 [67 A.D.]; 1109, 76.—B-D-F §93; Mlt-H. 202) pres. inf. παραστᾶν (Tat. 33, 1; Ath. 11, 3), ptc. pl. παριστῶντες (Tat. 1, 3—B-D-F §93); fut. παραστήσω; 1 aor. παρέστησα; 2 aor. παρέστην; pf. παρέστηκα, ptc. παρεστηκώς or παρεστώς; plpf. παρειστήκειν; inf. παρεστάναι (Dt 18:5; PsSol 2:36). Mid.: fut. παραστήσομαι. Pass.: 1 aor. παρεστάθην.

① trans. (pres., impf., fut., 1 aor. act.) to cause to be present in any way

ⓐ place beside, put at someone’s disposal τινά or τί τινι someone or someth. to someone (Demetr.: 722 Fgm. 7 Jac.; Socrates of Rhodes [I B.C.]: 192 Fgm. 1 p. 927, 25 Jac. [in Athen. 4, 148b]; Lucian, D. Mar. 6, 2) παραστήσει μοι λεγιῶνας Mt 26:53. τὶ someth. (cp. 2 Macc 12:3 v.l. σκάφη) κτήνη provide riding animals Ac 23:24. For protection παρέστησεν αὐτῇ τοὺς υἱούς αὐτοῦ he placed his sons at her side=Joseph placed Mary in the care of his sons GJs 18:1. Here belongs παραστήσατε ἑαυτοὺς τῷ θεῷ Ro 6:13b. W. dat. and double acc. (of the obj. and the pred.) ᾧ παριστάνετε ἑαυτοὺς δούλους (εἰς ὑπακοήν) to whomever you yield yourselves as slaves (to obey him; w. acc., followed by εἰς=to or for [s. MTreu, Alkaios ’52, p. 12]) vs. 16; μηδὲ παριστάνετε τὰ μέλη ὑμῶν ὅπλα ἀδικίας τῇ ἁμαρτίᾳ vs. 13a; cp. vs. 19ab.

ⓑ present, represent

α. lit. τινά τινι someone to someone παρέστησαν τὸν Παῦλον αὐτῷ Ac 23:33. παρθένον ἁγνὴν παραστῆσαι τῷ Χριστῷ 2 Cor 11:2. Of the ‘presentation’ of Jesus in the Temple Lk 2:22 (Billerb. II 120–23. Cp. also Olympiodorus, Life of Plato, ed. AWestermann 1850 p. 1: of Plato, said to be of transcendent origin, λαβόντες οἱ γονεῖς βρέφος ὄντα τεθείκασιν ἐν τῷ Ὑμηττῷ βουλόμενοι ὑπὲρ αὐτοῦ τοῖς ἐκεῖ θεοῖς … θῦσαι=his parents took him when he was an infant and placed him on Hymettus with the intent to sacrifice … to the gods there). W. dat. of pers., acc. of obj., and pred. acc. οἷς παρέστησεν ἑαυτὸν ζῶντα to whom he presented himself alive Ac 1:3; without a dat., which is supplied fr. the context παρέστησεν αὐτὴν ζῶσαν 9:41.

β. fig. παραστήσω σε κατὰ πρόσωπόν σου I will show you to yourself face to face 1 Cl 35:10 (Ps 49:21).

ⓒ ‘present’ becomes almost equivalent to make, render (Plut., Mor. 676c [ἡ πίσσα] τὸν οἶνον εὔποτον παρίστησι) ἵνα παραστήσῃ αὐτὸς ἑαυτῷ ἔνδοξον τὴν ἐκκλησίαν that (Christ) might render the church glorious before himself Eph 5:27. σπούδασον σεαυτὸν δόκιμον παραστῆσαι τῷ θεῷ 2 Ti 2:15. παραστῆσαι ὑμᾶς ἁγίους κατενώπιον αὐτοῦ to make you holy before him Col 1:22. ἵνα παραστήσωμεν πάντα ἄνθρωπον τέλειον ἐν Χριστῷ that we may make everyone complete in Christ vs. 28.

ⓓ as a t.t. in the language of sacrifice offer, bring, present (παριστάναι θυσίαν, θύματα etc.: Epici p. 41, 49 B.=p. 19, 16 K.; Polyb. 16, 25, 7; Diod S 3, 72, 1; Lucian, Sacr. 13; Jos., Bell. 2, 89, Ant. 4, 113; SIG 589, 46 [196 B.C.]; 694, 49; 736, 70; OGI 456, 20; 764, 23; 38. The mid. is also used in this way since X., An. 6, 1, 22) fig. παραστῆσαι τὰ σώματα θυσίαν ζῶσαν offer bodies as a living sacrifice Ro 12:1.

ⓔ as a legal t.t. bring before (a judge) (Sb 4512, 82 [II B.C.]; OGI 669, 49; BGU 163, 3; 341, 14; 747 II, 26; 759, 22; 1139, 18). Some would prefer to understand 1 Cor 8:8 in this sense: βρῶμα ἡμᾶς οὐ παραστήσει τῷ θεῷ food will not bring us before (the judgment seat of) God. Likew. ἡμᾶς ἐγερεῖ καὶ παραστήσει σὺν ὑμῖν he will raise us and bring us, together with you, before him (=before his judgment seat) 2 Cor 4:14. But the forensic mng. is not certain in either of these places, and the sense is prob. bring before God = bring close to God (cp. Rtzst., ZNW 13, 1912, 19f).

ⓕ prove, demonstrate (Lysias 12, 51; X., Oec. 13, 1; Epict. 2, 23, 47; 2, 26, 4; Jos., Ant. 4, 47, Vi. 27; PLips 64, 34) οὐδὲ παραστῆσαι δύνανταί σοι περὶ ὧν νυνὶ κατηγοροῦσίν μου nor can they prove to you the accusations they are now making against me Ac 24:13.—On the 1 aor. pass. Hs 8, 4, 1 s. 2aγ end.

② intr. (mid. and perf., plpf., 2 aor. act., but s. also aγ end) to be present in any way, be present

ⓐ pres., fut., aor. (TestJos 2:6; 20:6; TestSol 6:1 and C 12:1; TestAbr A 20 p. 103, 19 [Stone p. 54]; ApcMos 35; Mel., P. 62, 450).

α. approach, come τινί (to) someone (Philo, De Jos. 94) Ac 9:39; 27:23 (Plut., Lysander 444 [20, 7] αὐτῷ κατὰ τοὺς ὕπνους παραστῆναι τὸν Ἄμμωνα).—Also as a t.t. of legal usage appear before, come before (s. 1e above.—Chariton 6, 6, 4 παρέστην δικαστηρίῳ) Καίσαρί σε δεῖ παραστῆναι you must appear before the Emperor (as judge) Ac 27:24; cp. 2 Ti subscr. πάντες παραστησόμεθα τῷ βήματι τοῦ θεοῦ (v.l. Χριστοῦ) Ro 14:10. πάντας δεῖ παραστῆναι τῷ βήματι τοῦ Χριστοῦ Pol 6:2.

β. of appearing with hostile intent (Appian, Illyr. 17 §51) abs. παρέστησαν οἱ βασιλεῖς τῆς γῆς Ac 4:26 (Ps 2:2).

γ. come to the aid of, help, stand by τινί someone (Hom. et al.; X., Cyr. 5, 3, 19 al.; PKöln VI, 245, 22 σὺ δὲ θεὰ παρίστασο ‘and you, Goddess, be at my side’, w. suggestion of a relationship between Athena and Odysseus [for parallels and lit. s. ‘Ptocheia’ or ‘Odysseus in Disguise at Troy’ (=ASP 31), ed. MParca ’91, 59]; Mitt-Wilck. II/2, 372 VI, 7; 12; Jos., Bell. 2, 245; SibOr 8, 407) Ro 16:2. ὁ κύριός μοι παρέστη 2 Ti 4:17 (cp. PHerm 125b, 8 [III A.D.] θεὸς παρίσταταί σοι; Jos., Ant. 1, 341; SibOr 3, 705).—The 1 aor. pass. παρεστάθην αὐτῷ Hs 8, 4, 1 is prob. used in act. sense I took a position beside him (so as to be ready for service).

ⓑ perf. and plpf. (En 14:22; PsSol 2:36; TestSol 14:2 al.; TestAbr A 7 p. 84, 29 [Stone p. 16]; Just., D. 9, 1)

α. of personal beings stand ( near or by), be present τινί (with) someone (LXX; TestJob 24:10; Jos., Bell. 2, 281) Ac 1:10; 1 Cl 34:6 (Da 7:10 Theod.). ἐνώπιόν τινος stand before someone (1 Km 16:21; TestAbr A 7 p. 84, 29f [Stone p. 16]) οὗτος παρέστηκεν ἐνώπιον ὑμῶν ὑγιής Ac 4:10.—Mostly in the ptc.: modifying a noun and followed by an indication of place: ὁ κεντυρίων ὁ παρεστηκὼς ἐξ ἐναντίας αὐτοῦ Mk 15:39 (cp. 1 Macc 11:68 S). Γαβριὴλ ὁ παρεστηκὼς ἐνώπιον τοῦ θεοῦ Lk 1:19 (cp. Jdth 4:14; Tob 12:15 S). Without indication of place (Diod S 17, 66, 7 παρεστὼς Φιλώτας=Philotas, who stood nearby; Diog. L. 2, 102; Aberciusins. 17; EpArist 19) εἷς παρεστηκὼς τῶν ὑπηρετῶν one of the servants who was standing by J 18:22. ἰδὼν τὸν μαθητὴν παρεστῶτα when he saw the disciple standing near 19:26. (ἄγγελοι) λειτουργοῦσιν παρεστῶτες 1 Cl 34:5. παρεστὼς ὁ κύριος MPol 2:2. οἱ παρεστῶτες αὐτῷ those standing near him Ac 23:2.—Subst. οἱ παρεστηκότες (PPetr II, 4, 6, 13 [III B.C.]) or οἱ παρεστῶτες (Diog. L. 9, 27) the bystanders, the spectators, those present Mk 14:47, 69f; 15:35 (vv.ll. παρεστώτων, ἑστηκότων); Lk 19:24; Ac 23:4; in vs. 2 the widely attested rdg. adds a dat.: τοῖς παρεστῶσιν αὐτῷ (cp. POxy 1204, 13 ὁ παρεστώς σοι).

β. of a point of time be here, have come (Il. 16, 853; Demosth. 18, 90; 21, 101) παρέστηκεν ὁ θερισμός the time for the harvest is here Mk 4:29.

γ. as an agricultural t.t. (cp. OGI 56, 68 ὅταν ὁ πρώϊμος σπόρος παραστῇ; PLille 8, 5) someth. like be fully grown σταφυλὴ παρεστηκυῖα a ripe grape (in contrast to ὄμφαξ) 1 Cl 23:4=2 Cl 11:3 (quot. of unknown orig.).—M-M. DELG s.v. ἵημι. TW.

προηγέομαι mid. dep.; fut. προηγήσομαι (Hdt., Aristoph. et al.; ins, pap, LXX; TestJob 43:14; 52:12; ApcMos 38 [w. dat.]; Philo, Op. M. 28)

① to go first and lead the way, go before and show the way τινός (to) someone (X., Hipparch. 5, 4; 2 Macc 11:8) in vivid imagery of righteousness that goes before the good man to judgment B 4:12.

② to be in a position of leadership, preside (SIG 1109, 87; PLips 63, 6) οἱ προηγούμενοι the officials (cp. Dt 20:9; 1 Esdr 5:8f; 9:12 [τοῦ πλήθους]) of the Christian congregations 1 Cl 21:6. More definitely οἱ πρ. τῆς ἐκκλησίας Hv 2, 2, 6. W. πρωτοκαθεδρῖται 3, 9, 7.

③ The difficult passage τῇ τιμῇ ἀλλήλους προηγούμενοι Ro 12:10 is understood by the versions (It., Vulg., Syr., Armen.) to mean try to outdo one another in showing respect. Others make an association w. ἡγεῖσθαι=consider, esteem and prefer the sense consider better, esteem more highly for προηγ.: as far as honor is concerned, let each one esteem the other more highly (than oneself); cp. Kaibel 716, 5 φίλους ὑπὲρ ἁτὸν ἐτίμα=he valued his friends above himself; s. B-D-F §150.—M-M. TW.

πρόσκαιρος, ον (Strabo 7, 3, 11; Ael. Aristid. 46 p. 218 D. al.; OGI 669, 14 [I A.D.]; SIG 1109, 44; pap; 4 Macc 15:2, 8, 23; TestSol 5:5; TestAbr B 1 p. 105, 5 [Stone p. 58]; Jos., Bell. 5, 66, Ant. 2, 51; Just.; Mel., P. 2, 9 al.) lasting only for a time, temporary, transitory (Appian, Bell. Civ. 5, 43, §179) opp. αἰώνιος (Dionys. Hal., Ars Rhet. 7, 4; 6 ἀθάνατος; Cass. Dio 12 Fgm. 46, 1 ἀί̈διος) of the things in the visible world 2 Cor 4:18 (Ps.-Clem., Hom. 2, 15 ὁ μὲν παρὼν κόσμος πρόσκαιρος, ὁ δὲ ἐσόμενος ἀί̈διος; Pel.-Leg. p. 12, 26; JosAs 12:12 ἰδοὺ γὰρ πάντα τὰ χρήματα τοῦ πατρός μου Πεντεφρῆ πρόσκαιρά εἰσι κ. ἀφανῆ, τὰ δὲ δώματα τῆς κληρονομίας σου, κύριε, ἄφθαρτά εἰσι κ. αἰώνια ‘behold, all the property of my father P. is transitory and evanescent, but the bounties of your inheritance, Lord, are incorruptible and eternal’). πρ. ἀπόλαυσις (s. ἀπόλαυσις) Hb 11:25. Of persecutions τὸ πῦρ τὸ πρ. Dg 10:8. Of a pers.: πρ. ἐστιν lasts only a little while (Dalman, PJ 22, 1926, 125f) Mt 13:21; Mk 4:17.—M-M. TW.

προστάτις, ιδος, ἡ (προί̈στημι, cp. προστάτης; Cornutus 20 p. 37, 20; Lucian, Bis Accus. 29 θεὰ προστάτις ἑαυτῶν; Cass. Dio 42, 39 al.; PGM 36, 338; also pap ref. New Docs 4, 243) a woman in a supportive role, patron, benefactor (the relationship suggested by the term πρ. is not to be confused w. the Rom. patron-client system, which was of a different order and alien to Gk. tradition [s. JTouloumakos, Her 116, ’88, 304–24]) προστάτις πολλῶν ἐγενήθη καὶ ἐμοῦ αὐτοῦ she has proved to be of great assistance to many, including myself Ro 16:2 (Ltzm., Hdb. ad loc. The masc. προστάτης took on a technical sense and is found w. this mng. in Israelite [Schürer III, 102] as well as in polyth. [OGI 209; SIG 1109, 13; CIG I, 126; GHeinrici, ZWT 19, 1876, 516ff.—EZiebarth, Das griech. Vereinswesen 1896, index s.v.; Poland, Gesch., index s.v.; WOtto, Priester u. Tempel im hellenist. Ägypten II 1908 p. 75, 1] religious circles).—S. preceding entry. On women as benefactors, s. RvanBremen, in Images of Women in Antiquity, ed. ACameron/AKuhrt ’83, 223–42; COsiek, Women in the Ancient Mediterranean World: BR 39, ’94, 57–61 (NT). New Docs 4, 242–44. M-M.

ἀναγκαῖος, α, ον (Hom. et al., in var. mngs.)

① necessary (as meeting need) τὰ μέλη τοῦ σώματος ἀ. ἐστιν the members of the body are nec. 1 Cor 12:22; cp. 1 Cl 37:5; αἱ ἀ. χρεῖαι (Diod S 1, 34; IPriene 108, 80 [c. 129 B.C.]; POxy 56, 6; 1068, 16; Philo, Omn. Prob. Lib. 76; Ath. 22, 4 τῶν ἀναγκαίων ‘genitals’) pressing needs Tit 3:14.—Neut. ἀναγκαῖόν ἐστιν it is necessary w. inf. (and acc.) foll. (PFlor 132, 11 ὅπερ ἀναγκαῖόν σε ἦν γνῶναι. Philo, Migr. Abr. 82; Jos., Vi. 413; Just., D. 68, 4) Ac 13:46. ἀ. ἡγοῦμαι (PFay 111, 19; SIG 867, 9 ἀναγκαῖον ἡγησάμην … φανερὸν ποιῆσαι; 2 Macc 9:21) I consider it necessary 2 Cor 9:5; Phil 2:25. ἀ. ἐστιν, μηδὲν πράσσειν ὑμᾶς ITr 2:2. ὅθεν ἀναγκαῖον (w. ἐστίν to be supplied, as EpArist 197; 205) ἔχειν τι τοῦτον so this one must have someth. Hb 8:3.—Comp. (PLond I, 42, 31 p. 31; Witkowski 36, 21) ἀναγκαιότερόν ἐστιν it is more necessary Phil 1:24.—Subst. of defecation διʼ αὐτῶν μόνων τῶν ἀ. Papias (3:2).

② intimate, as Lat. necessarius of relatives and friends τοὺς ἀ. φίλους close friends Ac 10:24 (cp. Eur., Andr. 671; Dio Chrys. 3, 120; SIG 1109, 51; POslo 60, 5 [II A.D.]; PFlor 142, 2; BGU 625, 26; Jos., Ant. 7, 350; 11, 254).—EDNT. M-M. TW. Spicq. Sv.

ἀπογραφή, ῆς, ἡ (s. ἀπογράφω; Lysias, Pla. et al.; SIG 1023, 45 and 71; 1109, 34; 1157, 33, OGI 338, 11 and 34; very freq. pap; LXX, EpArist, Joseph.; Just., A I, 34, 2, D. 78, 4) administrative term ‘list, inventory’ of the statistical reports and declarations of citizens for the purpose of completing the tax lists and family registers (s. Mitt-Wilck. I/1 175f; 178; 202ff; 225ff, I/2 198ff, esp. 202, the census edict of C. Vibius Maximus, 104 A.D. [=PLond III, 904, 25f, restored]; on this Dssm., LO 231f [LAE 268f]). Lk 2:2 the word means census, registration, of the census taken by Quirinius. Joseph. puts a census taken by Q. in 6/7 A.D. (cp. Jos., Bell. 7, 253, Ant. 18, 3). Presumably Ac 5:37 ἐν τ. ἡμέραις τ. ἀπογραφῆς also refers to this census. The chronology is full of problems, on which see the handbooks. See Schürer I 399–427 (lit.); Ramsay, Bearing 238ff; Zahn, Lk 129–35 and Exk. IV; EKlostermann, Hdb. on Lk 2:1–3; M-JLagrange, RB n.s. 8, 1911, 60–84; EGroag, Prosopogr. Beitr. VII (JÖAI 21/22, 1924 Beiblatt, cols. 445–78); HWindisch, NThT 16, 1927, 106–24; AvPremerstein, Ztschr. d. Savigny-Stiftg. f. Rechtsgeschichte 48, 1928, Rom. Abt. 449ff; LRTaylor, AJP 54, ’33, 120–33; RSyme, The Roman Revolution ’39, 397–401; ESeraphin, CBQ 7, ’45, 91–96; FHauck, Theol. Hndkomm., Lk p. 37; Goodsp., Probs. 71f; MHombert-CPréaux, Recherches sur le recensement dans l’Egypte romaine, ’52; EStauffer, Jesus, Gestalt u. Geschichte, ’57, Die Dauer des Census Augusti: Studien zum NT u. zur Patristik, ’61, 9–34; HInstinsky, D. Jahr der Geburt Christi, ’57; HBraunert, Historia 6, ’57, 192–214, Cives Romani und ΚΑΤʼ ΟΙΚΙΑΝ ΑΠΟΓΡΑΦΑΙ: Antidoron MDavid in Papyrologica Lugd.-Bat. vol. 17, ’68, 11–21 (lit.; EStauffer, Festschr. Klostermann ’61, 9ff; JThorley, The Nativity Census: What Does Luke Actually Say?: Greece and Rome, ser. 2, 26, ’79, 81–84; Haenchen ad loc.; BPalme, ProBib 2, ’93, 1–24). S. also on ἡγεμονεύω and Κυρήνιος.—Boffo, Iscrizioni 182f (lit.). New Docs 6, 115–19. DELG s.v. γράφω. M-M.

ἀποδημία, ας, ἡ (s. ἀποδημέω; Hdt. et al.; SIG 1109, 50; pap, e.g. POxy 471, 134; PTebt 330, 3; SB V/2, 7835, 12; Jos., Ant. 17, 69) being away from a place, absence, journey Hs 5, 5, 3. εἰς ἀ. ἐξέρχεσθαι go on a journey 5, 2, 2.

ἄχρι (Hom.+) this form, which is Attic (Phryn. 14; Moeris 32; Meisterhans³-Schw. 219, 39) is found in NT almost exclusively (Just., only D. 64, 6; Tat. 38, 2); the H. Gk. ἄχρις (SIG 958, 37; s. Schwyzer I 405 on Hom. usage) occurs only Gal 3:19 (throughout the ms. tradition) and Hb 3:13 (predom.), each case before vowels. For the adoption of ἄχρις, in accordance w. t.r., in other edd. s. S. and Vog. on Ac 7:18; 1 Cor 11:26; 15:25; Phil. 1:6; S., Vog., Bov. on Ac 11:5; S., Vog., M. on Rom 11:25; S., Vog., M., Bov. on Rv 2:25 (Just. has ἄχρις ἄν three times; once [A I, 35, 1] ἄχρις before verb with initial vowel. On the Apostol. Fathers s. Reinhold 37. On the whole, B-D-F §21; W-S. §5, 28b; Mayser 243f; Crönert 144, 3). A function word used to indicate an interval between two points

① marker of continuous extent of time up to a point, until

ⓐ used as prep. w. gen. (Hom., less oft. in Att., but s. Demosth.; B-D-F §216, 3)

α. of time until (2 Macc 14:15; Tat. 38, 2) ἄ. ἧς ἡμέρας until the day when Mt 24:38; Lk 1:20; 17:27; Ac 1:2, 22 v.l.; ἄ. τῆς ἡμέρας ταύτης (BChilds, JBL 82, ’63, 279–92: OT background) 2:29; 23:1; 26:22; ἄ. καιροῦ for a while Lk 4:13 (ἄ. χρόνου D); until the time determined by God Ac 13:11. ἄ. χρόνων ἀποκαταστάσεως 3:21. ἄ. αὐγῆς until sunrise Ac 20:11 (cp. Jos., Ant. 6, 215 ἄχρι τῆς ἕω); ἄ. τοῦ δεῦρο (Plut., Anton. 34, 9 [without art.]; Jos., Ant. 10, 265) until now Ro 1:13; ἄ. τοῦ νῦν (Timostratus [II B.C.] 1; cp. Lucian, Tim. 39; Plut., Rom. 15, 3; Philo, Abr. 182) 8:22; Phil 1:5.—1 Cor 4:11; 2 Cor 3:14; Gal 4:2; Phil 1:6; ἄ. τέλους (Plut., Demosth. 851 [13, 2], Fab. Max. 183 [16, 8]) to the end Hb 6:11; Rv 2:26; ἄ. ἡμερῶν πέντε within five days Ac 20:6. ἄ. νόμου until the time when (or better, before) the law was given Ro 5:13 (cp. Jos., Ant. 4, 248 ἄ. νομίμων γάμων=until the time of the lawful marriage). Cp. Mt 13:30 v.l.

β. in ref. to acts or conditions that prevail up to a certain point (SIG 1109, 84 ἄ. πληγῶν ἔρχεσθαι; Simplicius in Epict. p. 29, 7 ἄ. θανάτου σχεδόν of the lashings by the Spartans) διώκειν ἄ. θανάτου persecute to the death Ac 22:4; πιστὸς ἄ. θανάτου faithful unto death Rv 2:10; cp. 12:11 (s. SibOr 2, 47). ἄ. τῆς ἀγνοίας so long as he does not know Hm 4, 1, 5.

ⓑ used as conj. (B-D-F §383; 455, 3; Rob. 974)

α. w. rel. ἄχρι οὗ (=ἄχρι χρόνου ᾧ) until the time when w. past indic. (X., Hell. 6, 4, 37 ἄχρι οὗ ὅδε ὁ λόγος ἐγράφετο; Jos., Ant. 11, 111) ἄ. οὗ ἀνέστη Ac 7:18; ἄ. οὗ ἡμέρα ἤμελλεν γίνεσθαι until the day began to dawn 27:33. W. aor. subj. (Hdt. 1, 117; SIG 799, 26; POxy 104, 18; 507, 30; BGU 19 I, 5; Job 32:11) Lk 21:24; Ro 11:25; 1 Cor 11:26; 15:25; Gal 3:19; w. ἄν: ἄχρι οὗ ἄν (Hippocr., περὶ συρίγγων 3 [6, 450]) Gal 3:19 v.l.; Rv 2:25.— as long as (X., Cyr. 5, 4, 16; Plut., Mor. 601e; cp. 2 Macc 14:10) ἄ. οὗ τὸ σήμερον καλεῖται as long as it is still called ‘today’ Hb 3:13.

β. without rel., used w. aor. subj. until (POxy 491, 8; 1215, 3; Just., A I, 35, 1) Rv 7:3; 15:8; 17:17 v.l.; 20:3, 5. W. ἄν and aor. subj. (X., An. 2, 3, 2; SIG 972, 26f; BGU 419, 11; 830, 13 ἄ. ἄν σοι ἔλθω; PGM 5, 58; Jos., Ant. 12, 152; ParJer 7:24; Just., D. 103, 3) Gal 3:19 v.l. W. fut. ind. (SibOr 1, 273) Rv 17:17.—LRydbeck, Fachprosa, ’67, 144–53.

② marker of extension up to a certain point, as far as (SIG 937; Judg 11:33 B; Just., D. 64, 6) short ending of Mk; ἦλθεν ἄ. ἐμοῦ it came to where I was Ac 11:5; cp. 13:6; 20:4 v.l.; 28:15; ἄ. τούτου τοῦ λόγου as far as this word 22:22; ἄ. καὶ ὑμῶν 2 Cor 10:13f; ἄ. μερισμοῦ as far as the separation Hb 4:12; cp. Rv 14:20; 18:5.—DELG. M-M.