σπούδαξ

σπούδαξ· ἀλετρίβανος, Hsch.

σπεύδω, [dialect] Ep.inf.

A

σπευδέμεν Od.24.324

: [tense] fut.

σπεύσω E.Med. 153

(lyr.), Ar.Eq. 926, etc.; Cret.

σπευσίω SIG527.42

(iii B.C.): [tense] aor.

ἔσπευσα E.Supp. 161

, Pl.Cri. 45c, etc.; [dialect] Ep.

σπεῦσα Od.9.250

; subj. σπεύσομεν, for - ωμεν, Il.17.121: [tense] pf.

ἔσπευκα Annuario 8

/9.375 (Perga, ii B.C.), Paus.7.15.11:—[voice] Med., A.Ag. 151 (lyr.): [tense] fut.

σπεύσομαι Il.15.402

:— [voice] Pass., [tense] pf.

ἔσπευσμαι Luc.Am.33

, Gal.12.895.

I trans., set going, urge on, hasten,

ταῦτα δ' ἅμα χρὴ σπεύδειν Il.13.236

;

οἱ δὲ γάμον σπεύδουσιν Od.19.137

, cf. Hdt.1.38; παῦσαι σπεύδων τὰ σπεύδεις ib. 206;

σ. ἀθλίαν ὁδόν E. Ion 1226

; σ. οἱ μὲν ἴγδιν, οἱ δὲ σίλφιον, οἱ δ' ὄξος procure quickly, get ready, Sol.39;

κλίμακας E.IT 1352

; σπευσίω ὅτι κα δύναμαι κακὸν τᾷ πόλει SIGl.c. (in Hdt.8.46, Δημοκρίτου σπεύσαντος, an acc. must be supplied).

b seek eagerly, strive after, μηδὲν ἄγαν ς. Thgn.335, 401; σ. βίον ἀθάνατον, μακροτέραν ἀρετάν, Pi.P.3.62,I.4(3).13(31);

εὐψυχίαν ἀντ' εὐβουλίας E.Supp. 161

;

τὴν ἡγεμονίαν Th.5.16

;

χάριν E.Hec. 1175

;

πόλεμον τέκνοις Id.HF 1133

.

c promote or further zealously, press or urge on,

τι τῶν φέρει φρήν A.Supp. 599

(lyr.);

τὸ σὸν σ. ἅμα καὶ τοὐμόν S.El. 251

;

τὸ σὸν ἀγαθόν E.Hec. 120

(lyr.); τὸ ἐφ' ἑαυτὸν ἕκαστος ς. Th.1.141;

σ. ἀσπούδαστ' ἐπὶ σοὶ δαίμων E.IT 201

(lyr.); τὰ ἐναντία τῇ ἑαυτῶν ὠφελείᾳ ς. And.2.2; in arguing, σεαυτῷ τὰ ἐναντία ς. Pl.Prt. 361a; σ. τοῦτο, ὅπως .. Id.Lg. 687e;

μὴ σπεῦδ' ἃ μὴ δεῖ, μηδ' ἃ δεῖ σπεύδειν μένε Men.Mon. 344

: c. dat., οἱ Χαιρέᾳ σπεύδοντες the partisans of Chaereas, Charito 6.1: ἐς τὰ Ἑλλήνων ς. Philostr.VA5.8: folld. by a conj.,

εἰς τοὺς πλουσίους σπεύσω σ' ὅπως ἂν ἐγγραφῇς Ar.Eq. 926

:—[voice] Med.,

σπευδομένα θυσίαν A.Ag. 151

(lyr.): —[voice] Pass.,

ξυνὸν πᾶσι ἀγαθὸν σπεύδεται Hdt.7.53

; ἐσπευσμέναι χρεῖαι pressing needs, Luc.Am.33.

2 c. acc. et inf., σπεύσατε.. Τεῦκρον ἐν τάχει μολεῖν urge him to come quickly, S.Aj. 804; σπεῦσον.. κάπετόν τιν' ἰδεῖν hasten to look out for.., ib. 1165 (anap.).

II more freq. intr., press on, hasten.

διὰ δρυμὰ πυκνὰ καὶ ὕλην σπεύδουσ' Il.11.119

, cf. 8.191, 23.414, Hes.Sc. 228; σ. ἀπὸ ῥυτῆρος with loose rein, S.OC 900;

δρόμῳ E. Ion 1556

;

πεζῇ X.An.3.4.49

, etc.; exert oneself, strive eagerly or anxiously, of warriors fighting, Il.4.232, cf.8.293, etc.; of a smith at work, 18.373; of beasts of draught, 17.745; of bees working, Hes. Th. 597: prov.,

ὅταν σπεύδῃ τις αὐτὸς χὠ θεὸς συνάπτεται A.Pers. 742

(troch.); σπεῦδε βραδέως festina lente, Gell.10.11.5; σ. τινί exert oneself for another, Alex.309:—Construct.,

1 c. part., σπεῦσε πονησάμενος τὰ ἃ ἔργα (for σπουδαίως ἐπονήσατο) Od.9.250, cf. S.El. 935, E.Med. 761 (anap.), Ar.Ach. 179: reversely, σπεύδων in haste, eagerly,

τὼ δὲ σπεύδοντε πετέσθην Il.23.506

;

ἵκετο σπεύδων Pi. P.4.95

;

εἰς ἀρθμὸν ἐμοὶ.. σπεύδων σπεύδοντί ποθ' ἥξει A.Pr. 193

(anap.);

σ. ἐβοήθει X.HG4.3.1

.

2 c. inf., to be eager to.., Hes Op.22,673, Pi.O.4.11(14), N.9.21, A.Ag. 601, Hdt.8.41;

σῴζειν θέλοντας ἄνδρα γ' ὃς σπεύδῃ θανεῖν S.Aj. 812

:—[voice] Med.,

σπευδομένα ἀφελεῖν A.Eu. 360

(lyr.).

3 c. acc. et inf., to be anxious that..,

εἰρήνην ἑωυτοῖσι γενέσθαι Hdt.1.74

;

ἔσπευδεν εἶναι μὴ μάχας Ar. Pax 672

, cf. Pl.Prt. 361a; τὸ λεκτικοὺς γίγνεσθαι τοὺς συνόντας οὐκ ἔσπ. X.Mem.4.3.1: also

ἔσπευσεν τοῦ διατηρηθῆναι τὴν εὐφημίαν αὐτοῖς IG22.1028.83

.

4 folld. by ὡς, ὅπως, etc.,

σ. ὡς Ζεὺς μήποτ' ἄρξειεν A.Pr. 205

; σ. ὅπως μὴ .. Pl.Grg. 480b; ἵνα.., ἵνα μὴ .., Id.Plt. 264a, Isoc.4.164; ὥστε μή, c. inf., Thphr.Od.57.

5 folld. by a Prep., σ. μάχην ἐς show eagerness for.., Il.4.225 ([voice] Med., σπεύσομαι εἰς Ἀχιλῆα, ἵνα .. hasten, 15.402);

εἰς ἄφενος σπεύδειν Hes.Op.24

;

εἰς ἀρετήν Thgn.403

;

ἐς θαλάμους E. Hipp. 182

(anap.);

ἐς τὰ πράγματα Id. Ion 599

, etc.;

εἰς τὸ αὐτὸ ἡμῖν X.Cyr.1.3.4

;

δώματος εἴσω E.Med. 100

(anap.);

ἐπί τι Lycurg.57

; περὶ Πατρόκλοιο θανόντος struggle for him, Il.17.121;

ὑπέρ τινος IG12(9).903

(Chalcis, ii B.C.);

πρός τινα Ar.V. 1026

, etc.; also

σ. ὁδόν IG14.1729

.

6 with Adv.,

σ. οἷ θέλεις S.Tr. 334

;

δεῦρο Ar.Ach. 179

;

ἔνθα X.An.4.8.14

, etc.

7 to be troubled in mind, harassed, LXX Ex.15.15, 1 Ki.28.21, al. (Cf. σπουδή, σπούδαξ, Lith. spáudžiu 'press'.)

Grammatical information: v.

Meaning: `to hurry, to hasten, to strive, to exert oneself', trans. `to drive, to quicken, to ply, to aspire after'.

Other forms: Aor. σπεῦσαι, fut. σπεύσομαι (Il.), σπεύσω (E. a.o.), σπευσίω (Cret.), perf. ἔσπευκα (hell.), rare midd. σπεύ-δομαι (A.), pass. ἔσπευσμαι (late),

Compounds: Also w. prefix, e.g. ἐπι-, κατα-, συ-. Compp., e.g. κενό-σπουδ-ος `seriously prosecuting frivolities' with - έω, - ία (hell.). -- 2. κατάσπευ-σις (: κατα-σπεύδω) f. `hurry' (Thd.; σπεῦσις Gloss.), σπευσ-τός (Phryn.), - τικός ( ἐπι-) `hurried' (Arist., Eust.).

Derivatives: 1. σπουδ-ή f. `haste, zeal, labour, seriousness, good will' (Il.), with - αῐος `zealous, striving, serious, good' (IA) with - αιότης f. (Pl. Def., LXX a. o.), -ᾱξ ἀλετρίβανος H. (cf. below); - άζω ( ἐπι-, κατα-, συ- a. o.) `to be quick, to carry on seriously, etc.' (IA) with - ασμα, - ασμάτιον, - ασμός, - αστής, - αστός, - αστικός.

Origin: IE [Indo-European] [998f] * speud- `press, do emphatically, hurry'.

Etymology: Through the maintenance of the ου-diphthong σπουδή proves to be an old derivation (cf. Schwyzer 347); the primary σπεύδω on the opposite has resisted any vowelchange. -- Good formal and semantic agreement shows Lith. spáusti (\< *spáud-ti), with pres. spáudžiu `press, squeeze', also `push, drive on', intr. `hutty'. A trace of the meaning `push' has also been supposed in σπούδαξ = ἀλετρίβανος, `pestle of a mortar' (*"oppressor"; Fick BB 29, 197). The inf. spáus-ti can be equated with σπεύδ-ω, but the pres. spáudžiu can as well be an old iterative IE *spoudéiō. With σπουδή agrees formally spaudà f. `pressure, literature'. Beside it with ū-vowel spūdà f. `throng, urgency, pressure' and spūdė́ti `be oppressed, thrust down, pain oneself, meddle'. With zero grade also Alb. punë `work, business', if from * spud-nā. Arm. p'oyt`, gen. p'ut`oy (o-stem) `zeal' however gives problems both in the an- and auslaut; cf. Lidén GHÅ 39 [1933]: 2, 49; also Hiersche Ten. aspiratae 237. -- Hypothetic further combinations with rich lit. in WP. 2, 659, Pok. 998 f. (esp. Szemerényi ZDMG 101, 205ff.) and Fraenkel s. spaudà; older lit. also in Bq.

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