Λύστρα

Λύστρα (Ptolem. 5, 4, 12; OGI 536; cp. Pliny, Nat. Hist. 5, 147; CIL III Suppl. 6786; 6974) acc. Λύστραν (but in Ac 27:5 cod. A reads Λύστρα); dat. Λύστροις (on its declension s. B-D-F §57; Mlt. 48; Mlt-H. 147; Thackeray 167f) ἡ or τά Lystra, a city in Lycaonia in Asia Minor, where a church was founded by Paul. Ac 14:6, 8, 21; 16:1f; 27:5 v.l.; 2 Ti 3:11; AcPl Ant 13, 21 (ἐπὶ Λύστραν Aa I 237, 4).—ABludau, Pls in L., Ac 14:7–21: Der Katholik 87, 1907, 91–113; 161–83; WCalder, Zeus and Hermes at Lystra: Exp. 7th ser., 10, 1910, 1–6, also The ‘Priest’ of Zeus at Lystra: ibid. 148–55; AWikenhauser, D. AG 1921, 362f; LCurtius, Zeus u. Hermes ’31; ACook, Zeus III/2, ’40, 1071; MMeunier, Apoll. de Ty. ou le séjour d’un dieu parmi les hommes ’36; SEitrem, ConNeot 3, ’39, 9–12; Pauly-W. XIV 71f; Kl. Pauly III 846; Haenchen ad loc.; BAFCS II 81–85.—M-M.

Ζεύς, Διός, acc. Δία (Hom. et al.; ins; 2 Macc 6:2; EpArist 16; Philo, Joseph., SibOr, apolog. exc. Mel.) Zeus, king of the Greek gods, thought by the people of Lystra to have appeared in the pers. of Barnabas Ac 14:12. His role as benefactor to those engaged in agricultural pursuits (cp. Hymn to Zeus Diktaios in AnthLG, Diehl² II, 279–81) prob. serves as a motivational component that accounts for the counter-description of ‘the living God’ (vss. 15–17) and the extraordinary response of the audience (vs. 18). ὁ ἱερεὺς τ. Διὸς τ. ὄντος πρὸ τ. πόλεως the priest of (the temple/shrine of) Zeus located before the city vs. 13 (cp. Chariton 4, 4, 9 εἰς Ἀφροδίτην βαδίζειν; Philostrat. I 363, 17 ἐν Ἀρτέμιδι=in the temple of Artemis; CBreytenbach, NTS 39, ’93, 396–413 [ins.]).—Lit. LfgrE 860 s.v. Ζεύς; also SEG XLIII, 1311. 1758–71. S. entry Λύστρα.

πρό prep. w. gen. (Hom.+—S. the lit. s.v. ἀνά, beg.; also Rydbeck 62–77) ‘before’.

① marker of a position in front of an object, before, in front of, at πρὸ τῆς θύρας at the door Ac 12:6; cp. 5:23 v.l.; πρὸ τοῦ πυλῶνος 12:14; perh. J 10:8 belongs here (Jesus is the door, vs. 7). πρὸ τῆς πόλεως (Jos., Bell. 1, 234, Ant. 10, 44): ὁ ἱερεὺς τοῦ Διὸς τοῦ ὄντος πρὸ τῆς πόλεως the priest of (the temple of) Zeus just outside the city (gate) 14:13 (CIG 2963c τῆς μεγάλης Ἀρτέμιδος πρὸ πόλεως ἱερεῖς [restored]. Cp. the sim. inscriptions w. πρὸ πόλεως 2796; 3194; 3211; BCH 11, 1887 p. 464 no. 29 ὁ πρὸ πόλεως Ἀπόλλων [Thyatira]; TWiegand, SBBerlAk 1906, 259 Ἀσκληπιοῦ πρὸ πόλεως [Miletus]; cp. αἱ προκαθήμεναι θεαῖ τῆς πόλεως SIG 694, 50f; lit. s.v. Λύστρα).—In vivid imagery ὁ κριτὴς πρὸ τῶν θυρῶν ἕστηκεν Js 5:9. Fig. πρὸ ὀφθαλμῶν ἔχειν, λαμβάνειν and πρὸ ὀφθαλμῶν τινος εἶναι; on these s. ὀφθαλμός 2.—πρὸ προσώπου τινός (=לִפְנֵי פ׳; s. Johannessohn, Präp. 184f) before or ahead of someone Mt 11:10; Mk 1:2; Lk 7:27 (on all three cp. Mal 3:1; Ex 23:20; TestAbr A 12 p. 91, 4 [Stone p. 30]; GrBar 1:4); 1:76 v.l.; 9:52; 10:1; 1 Cl 34:3 (cp. Is 62:11); in front of someone IEph 15:3 (JosAs 24:6 πρόκειται πρὸ προσώπου ὑμῶν). W. transition to a temporal mng. prior to προκηρύξαντος Ἰωάννου πρὸ προσώπου τῆς εἰσόδου αὐτοῦ after John had preached as his forerunner before his (i.e. Jesus’) appearance Ac 13:24.

② marker of a point of time prior to another point of time, earlier than, before πρὸ τοῦ ἀρίστου before the meal (X., Cyr. 6, 2, 21) Lk 11:38. πρὸ τοῦ βαπτίσματος D 7:4a. πρὸ χειμῶνος 2 Ti 4:21. πρὸ τοῦ πάσχα J 11:55. πρὸ τῆς ἑορτῆς τοῦ πάσχα 13:1. πρὸ τοῦ κατακλυσμοῦ Mt 24:38. πρὸ καταβολῆς κόσμου J 17:24; Eph 1:4; 1 Pt 1:20. πρὸ ἡλίου καὶ σελήνης 2 Cl 14:1 (s. ἥλιος). πρὸ πάντων Col 1:17; cp. πρὸ τούτων πάντων Lk 21:12. πρὸ τῶν αἰώνων (Ps 54:20) 1 Cor 2:7; cp. IEph ins; IMg 6:1. πρὸ χρόνων αἰωνίων 2 Ti 1:9; Tit 1:2. πρὸ παντὸς τοῦ αἰῶνος Jd 25. πρὸ καιροῦ before the proper time or the last times (καιρός 3b; cp. Sir 51:30; Theodor. Prodr. 1, 281 H.) Mt 8:29; 1 Cor 4:5. πρὸ τούτων τῶν ἡμερῶν Ac 5:36; 21:38; Hm 4, 3, 4. πρὸ ἐτῶν 2 Cor 12:2. πρὸ τῆς μεταθέσεως Hb 11:5. Latinizing (on the use of the Rom. calendar among the Gks. s. Hahn 245; EBickerman, Chronology of the Ancient World², ’80, 47–51; on calculation of a date, 43–44) πρὸ ἐννέα καλανδῶν Σεπτεμβρίων on August twenty-fourth IRo 10:3. πρὸ ἑπτὰ καλανδῶν Μαρτίων on February twenty-third MPol 21 (cp. IPriene 105, 23 πρὸ ἐννέα καλανδῶν Ὀκτωβρίων).—On the expr. πρὸ ἓξ ἡμερῶν τοῦ πάσχα J 12:1 s. ἡμέρα 2c and cp. Am 1:1; 4:7. πρὸ τριῶν ἡμερῶν τοῦ συλληφθῆναι αὐτόν three days before he was arrested MPol 5:2. πρὸ μιᾶς τῶν ἀζύμων one day before the feast of unleavened bread GPt 2:5 (Plut., Lucull. 510 [27, 9] πρὸ μιᾶς νωνῶν Ὀκτωβρίων, Publ. 101 [9, 8]; Appian, Bell. Civ. 2, 115 §479 πρὸ μιᾶς τοῦδε τοῦ βουλευτηρίου). πρὸ μιᾶς (sc. ἡμέρας [Polyaenus 7, 10 and Just., D. 27, 5 πρὸ μιᾶς ἡμέρας]; cp. Lucian, Alex. 46; Dositheus 40, 2; PGM 13, 350) one day before D 7:4b; the day before Hs 6, 5, 3.—Rydbeck 62–77; Mlt-Turner 260.—W. gen. of the personal pron. (PsSol 1:8 τὰ πρὸ αὐτῶν ἔθνη; Just., D. 16, 4 πρὸ αὐτοῦ; PTebt 61b, 384 [118/117 B.C.]) πρὸ ὑμῶν (Lev 18:28) Mt 5:12; cp. Ac 7:4 D. πρὸ ἐμοῦ (1 Macc 15:5) J 5:7; 10:8 (s. also 1 above); Ro 16:7; Gal 1:17 (s. AcPlCor 2:4). Cp. 1 Cl 19:1.—πρὸ τοῦ w. acc. and inf. (En 9:11; TestAbr A 9 p. 87, 10 [Stone p. 22]; ParJer 7:31; Just., D. 92, 3. Cp. B-D-F §403; Rob. 1074f) πρὸ τοῦ ὑμᾶς αἰτῆσαι Mt 6:8. Cp. Lk 2:21; 22:15; J 1:48; 13:19 (here the acc. is missing, but can easily be supplied); 17:5; Ac 23:15; Gal 2:12; 3:23; B 16:7.

③ marker of precedence in importance or rank (Pind. et al.; pap; Jos., Ant. 16, 187 πρὸ ἐκείνων; Just., A I, 2, 1 πρὸ τῆς ἑαυτοῦ ψυχῆς) πρὸ παντός above all, especially Pol 5:3. Also πρὸ πάντων (Ar. 9, 2; Just., D. 7, 3; POxy 292, 11; 294, 30) Js 5:12; 1 Pt 4:8; D 10:4.—DELG. M-M. EDNT. TW.

Ἑρμῆς, οῦ, ὁ Hermes

① the Greek god (SEitrem, Hermes: Pauly-W. VIII 1, 1912, 738–92; LFarnell, The Cults of the Gk. States V, 1909, 1–84; also LfgrE s.v. Ἑρμείας col. 708 (lit.)) Ac 14:12 (s. the lit. on Λύστρα and cp. Ael. Aristid. 46 p. 135 D.: Ἑρμῆν ῥητορικὴν ἔχοντα; 46 p. 398 D. of Demosth., ὸ̔ν ἐγὼ φαίην ἄν Ἑρμοῦ τινος λογίου τύπον εἰς ἀνθρώπους κατελθεῖν; Orph. Hymn. 28, 4 Q: Hermes as λόγου θνητοῖσι προφήτης; Ar. 10:3 λόγων ἑρμηνευτήν; Just., Ath.).

② receiver of a greeting Ro 16:14 (H. as a man’s name [cp. OGI 481, 4; 597, 4; PVindBosw 6, 2 (250 A.D.); 4, 2; Jos., Ant. 14, 245] is either simply the name of the god [HMeyersahm, Deorum nomina hominibus imposita, diss. Kiel 1891; HUsener, Götternamen 1896, 358] or a short form like Ἑρμᾶς [q.v.]; a slave’s name SEG XLI, 1414, 1; CIL 6, 8121; B-D-F §125, 1; Rob. 172).—DELG. M-M.

Ἰκόνιον, ου, τό (on the spelling s. B-D-F §42, 3; Rob. 197) Iconium (c. 140 km. fr. Antioch; acc. to X., An. 1, 2, 19 belonging to Phrygia, likew. Pliny, Nat. Hist. 5, 41; Acta Justini 4; Steph. Byz. s.v.; but Strabo 12, 6, 1 puts it in Lycaonia), visited by Paul several times Ac 13:51; 14:1, 19, 21; 16:2; 2 Ti 3:11. τὸ Ἰ. AcPl Ant 13, 2 (=Aa I, 236, 6).—Ramsay, Bearing 53ff [Phrygia], Cities 317–82; Bludau (s. Λύστρα); AWikenhauser, Die Apostelgesch. 1921, 336f; VSchultze, Altchr. Städte u. Landschaften II 2, 1926; BHHW II 760; Conzelmann, Acts (Hermeneia) 107f.—M-M.