(weaving-)loom

SUBJECT AREA: Textiles

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John Kay was the youngest of five sons of a yeoman farmer of Walmersley, near Bury, Lancashire, who died before his birth. John was apprenticed to a reedmaker, and just before he was 21 he married a daughter of John Hall of Bury and carried on his trade in that town until 1733. It is possible that his first patent, taken out in 1730, was connected with this business because it was for an engine that made mohair thread for tailors and twisted and dressed thread; such thread could have been used to bind up the reeds used in looms. He also improved the reeds by making them from metal instead of cane strips so they lasted much longer and could be made to be much finer. His next patent in 1733, was a double one. One part of it was for a batting machine to remove dust from wool by beating it with sticks, but the patent is better known for its description of the flying shuttle. Kay placed boxes to receive the shuttle at either end of the reed or sley. Across the open top of these boxes was a metal rod along which a picking peg could slide and drive the shuttle out across the loom. The pegs at each end were connected by strings to a stick that was held in the right hand of the weaver and which jerked the shuttle out of the box. The shuttle had wheels to make it "fly" across the warp more easily, and ran on a shuttle race to support and guide it. Not only was weaving speeded up, but the weaver could produce broader cloth without any aid from a second person. This invention was later adapted for the power loom. Kay moved to Colchester and entered into partnership with a baymaker named Solomon Smith and a year later was joined by William Carter of Ballingdon, Essex. His shuttle was received with considerable hostility in both Lancashire and Essex, but it was probably more his charge of 15 shillings a year for its use that roused the antagonism. From 1737 he was much involved with lawsuits to try and protect his patent, particularly the part that specified the method of winding the thread onto a fixed bobbin in the shuttle. In 1738 Kay patented a windmill for working pumps and an improved chain pump, but neither of these seems to have been successful. In 1745, with Joseph Stell of Keighley, he patented a narrow fabric loom that could be worked by power; this type may have been employed by Gartside in Manchester soon afterwards. It was probably through failure to protect his patent rights that Kay moved to France, where he arrived penniless in 1747. He went to the Dutch firm of Daniel Scalongne, woollen manufacturers, in Abbeville. The company helped him to apply for a French patent for his shuttle, but Kay wanted the exorbitant sum of £10,000. There was much discussion and eventually Kay set up a workshop in Paris, where he received a pension of 2,500 livres. However, he was to face the same problems as in England with weavers copying his shuttle without permission. In 1754 he produced two machines for making card clothing: one pierced holes in the leather, while the other cut and sharpened the wires. These were later improved by his son, Robert Kay. Kay returned to England briefly, but was back in France in 1758. He was involved with machines to card both cotton and wool and tried again to obtain support from the French Government. He was still involved with developing textile machines in 1779, when he was 75, but he must have died soon afterwards. As an inventor Kay was a genius of the first rank, but he was vain, obstinate and suspicious and was destitute of business qualities.

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1) Engineering: fluid-jetting loom, water-jet weaving machine, waterjet weaving machine

2) Textile: hydraulic loom, jet-propelling loom

1) General subject: shuttleless loom (АД), jet loom

2) Engineering: shuttleless loom, shuttleless weaving machine

3) Textile: weaving machine

1) (in weaving, a piece of equipment for carrying the thread backwards and forwards across the other threads.) lanzadera

2) (a piece of machinery for making loops in the lower thread in a sewing-machine.) lanzadera

3) (an air, train or other transport service etc which operates constantly backwards and forwards between two places: an airline shuttle between London and Edinburgh; space shuttle (= a craft travelling between space stations).) servicio regular

•

- shuttlecock

shuttle n

1. puente aéreo

2. servicio de enlace

3. transbordador espacial

tr['ʃʌtəl]

noun

1 SMALLAVIATION/SMALL puente nombre masculino aéreo

2 (spacecraft) transbordador nombre masculino espacial

3 (bus, train) servicio regular de enlace

4 (in weaving) lanzadera

5 familiar (shuttlecock) volante nombre masculino

transitive verb

1 trasladar, transportar

intransitive verb

1 (plane) volar regularmente; (bus, train) viajar, ir regularmente

\

to shuttle back and forth ir y venir

shuttle service servicio regular de enlace

shuttle ['ʃʌt̬əl] v, - tled ; - tling vt

: transportar

she shuttled him back and forth: lo llevaba de acá para allá

shuttle vi

: ir y venir

shuttle n

1) : lanzadera f (para tejer)

2) : vehículo m que hace recorridos cortos

3) space shuttle

• espolín s.m.

• lanzadera s.f.

• hacer viajes cortos de ida y vuelta v.

• ir y venir acompasadamente v.

1) (in loom, sewing machine) lanzadera f

2)

a) ( Aviat) puente m aéreo; (bus, train service) servicio m (regular) de enlace; (before n)

b) ( space shuttle) transbordador m or lanzadera f espacial

intransitive verb ( by plane) volar* (regularmente); (by bus, train) viajar (regularmente)

vt \<\<passengers\>\> transportar, llevar

1. N

1) (for weaving, sewing) lanzadera f

2) (Aer) puente m aéreo; (=plane, train etc) servicio m regular de enlace

3) (Space) (also: space shuttle) lanzadera f or transbordador m espacial

4) * (in badminton) (=shuttlecock) volante m

VI [person] (=go regularly) ir y venir ( between entre)

VT (=transport) transportar, trasladar

* * *

1) (in loom, sewing machine) lanzadera f

2)

a) ( Aviat) puente m aéreo; (bus, train service) servicio m (regular) de enlace; (before n)

b) ( space shuttle) transbordador m or lanzadera f espacial

intransitive verb ( by plane) volar* (regularmente); (by bus, train) viajar (regularmente)

vt \<\<passengers\>\> transportar, llevar

SUBJECT AREA: Textiles

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In May 1791, Richard Gorton took out a patent for a new type of power-driven loom for narrow fabrics to "work one or several pieces at the same time, either by hand, lath, steam engine, or by water-machinery". The sley with the reed was worked by a crank, and the picker by a lever and cam. The shuttle-box had springs to retain the shuttle, and the warp was kept tight by weights. A stop, which was usually pushed out of the way by the shuttle entering the box, prevented the sley or lath "driving the shuttle against the piece" when the shuttle stuck in the middle. One particularly interesting feature was the sizing of the warp threads by means of brushes and a roller that turned in a square trough filled with size. This pre-dates Radcliffe's sizing machine, which is always considered the first, by a number of years. The mill in which these machines worked was at Cuckney, near Mansfield, England. In 1788 Thomas Gorton had installed one of the earliest Boulton \& Watt rotative steam engines there.

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tessitura s.f.

1 (tess.) weaving; ( disposizione dei fili) texture: tessitura della lana, wool weaving; tessitura meccanica, power loom weaving; attitudine alla tessitura, weavability

2 ( stabilimento tessile) weaving factory, weaving mill

3 ( lavoro d'intreccio) wickerwork

4 (fig.) ( di opera letteraria) ( trama) plot; ( struttura) structure, composition

5 ( macchinazione) scheming, conspiring

6 ( petrografia) texture.

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sostantivo femminile

1) (fabbricazione) weaving, milling; (trama) weave

2) (stabilimento) textile factory, weaving factory

3) (di romanzo, opera teatrale) structure, plot

* * *

tessitura

/tessi'tura/

sostantivo f.

 1 (fabbricazione) weaving, milling; (trama) weave

 2 (stabilimento) textile factory, weaving factory

 3 (di romanzo, opera teatrale) structure, plot.

SUBJECT AREA: Textiles

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After Edmund Cartwright many people contributed to the development of the power loom. Among them was Robert Miller of Dumbartonshire, Scotland. In 1796 he took out a patent for an improved protector which stopped the loom altogether when the shuttle failed to enter its box, thus preventing breakage of the warp threads. The same patent contained the specification for his "wiper" loom. The wipers, or cams, worked the picking stick to drive the shuttle across, a feature found on most later looms. He also moved the sley by a cam in one direction and by springs in the other. His looms were still working in 1808 and may have formed the basis for power looms built in Lowell in the USA.

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SUBJECT AREA: Textiles

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Around 1586, Anton Möller related that he saw in Danzig a loom on which four to six pieces of ribbon could be woven at once. Some accounts say he may have invented this loom, which required no skill to use beyond the working of a bar. The city council was afraid that a great many workers might be reduced to begging because of this invention, so they had it suppressed and the inventor strangled or drowned. It seems to have been in use in London c. 1616 and at Leiden in Holland by 1620, but its spread was handicapped both by popular rioting and by restrictive legislation. By 1621 the capacity of the loom had been increased to twenty-four ribbons, and it was later increased to fifty. It made its appearance in Lancashire around 1680 and the way the shuttles were operated could have given John Kay the inspiration for his flying shuttle.

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