(using+large+quantities)

in addition to, besides, plus, aside from.

Le di mantequilla además de pan I gave him butter in addition to bread.

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as well as, in addition to

■ además de gordo es feo as well as being fat, he's ugly

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= along with, apart from, as well as, besides, coupled with, in addition (to), over and above, plus, quite apart from, aside from, on top of, other than, complete with, not least, beyond, together with, not to mention

Ex. A crisp, even impression became the norm, along with the use of respectable paper and ink.

Ex. Apart from the names of subjects, the names of corporate bodies, persons, chemicals, trade products, and trade names are some other possibilities.

Ex. All means of conveying affinitive relationships list a number of terms which may be used as well as, or instead of, the original entry term.

Ex. In a catalogue using main and added entries, all other entries besides the one main entry are added entries.

Ex. And coupled with it, the simple answer, yes, I think made for a rather historic exchange, and it surely was worth the price of admission.

Ex. In addition to the full edition, there exist abridged and medium editions of the scheme.

Ex. Such posts were regarded as a welcome bonus over and above the traditional base market.

Ex. All of these (except PREVIOUS and NEXT), plus some additional commands are also available from the Command Menu.

Ex. Quite apart from a completely new vocabulary, the whole mystique of computers is still a source of bewilderment.

Ex. The author maintains that, aside from increasing computational speed, and thus real-time control, musically no advances have been made.

Ex. Librarians will have to acquire additional skills on top of the old ones.

Ex. The advantages, other than the savings in costs, are that they allow the student to progress at an individual pace = Las ventajas, además del ahorro en los costes, son que permiten al estudiante avanzar a su propio ritmo.

Ex. Such moulds were called double-faced to distinguish them from the ordinary single-faced moulds which continued to be used for making laid paper, complete with bar shadows, for the rest of the eighteenth century.

Ex. Extra money for books is raised in a variety of ways, not least through the efforts of active parent/teachers' associations.

Ex. Once it is available, duplicates in large quantities could probably be turned out for a cent apiece beyond the cost of materials.

Ex. Most such bulletins list titles or abstracts, together with citations of relevant new documents in the subject area.

Ex. UNIMARC could make a significant contribution to UBC but, if it is to succeed, it requires the co-operation and effort, not to mention the financial outlay, of all national MARC users.

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SUBJECT AREA: Photography, film and optics

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Coming from a prosperous family, Niepce was educated in a Catholic seminary and destined for the priesthood. The French Revolution intervened and Niepce became an officer in an infantry regiment. An attack of typhoid fever in Italy ended his military career, and he returned to France and was married. Returning to his paternal home in Chalon in 1801, he joined with his brother Claude to construct an ingenious engine called the pyréolophore, which they patented in 1807. The French Government also encouraged the brothers in their attempts to produce large quantities of indigo-blue dye from wood, a venture that was ultimately unsuccessful.

Nicéphore began to experiment with lithography, which led him to take an interest in the properties of light-sensitive materials. He pursued this interest after Claude moved to Paris in 1816 and is reported to have made negative images in a camera obscura using paper soaked in silver chloride. Niepce went on to experiment with bitumen of judea, a substance that hardened on exposure to light. In 1822, using bitumen of judea on glass, he produced a heliograph from an engraving. The first images from nature may have been made as early as 1824, but the world's earliest surviving photographic image was made in 1826. A view of the courtyard of Niepce's home in Chalon was captured on a pewter plate coated with bitumen of judea; an exposure of several hours was required, the softer parts of the bitumen being dissolved away by a solvent to reveal the image.

In 1827 he took examples of his work to London where he met Francis Bauer, Secretary of the Royal Society. Nothing came of this meeting, but on returning to France Niepce continued his work and in 1829 entered into a formal partnership with L.J.M. Daguerre with a view to developing their mutual interest in capturing images formed by the camera obscura. However, the partnership made only limited progress and was terminated by Niepce's death in 1833. It was another six years before the announcement of the first practicable photographic processes was made.

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1 at, \@ symbol (computing) (en dirección de correo electrónico).

2 twenty five pounds.

3 at sign.

3^rd person singular (él/ella/ello) present indicative of spanish verb: arrobar.

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► nombre femenino

1 (medida de peso) measure of weight equal to 11.502 kg, 25.3 lbs; (medida de capacidad) variable liquid measure

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por arrobas heaps of, stacks of, loads of

■ había comida por arrobas there was heaps of food

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1) (=medida de peso) 25 pounds; (=medida de líquidos) a variable liquid measure

- por arrobas

2) (Internet) [en dirección electrónica] at

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1)

a) ( medida de peso) unit of weight of between 11 and 16 kg (24-36 lbs) according to region

b) ( medida de capacidad) unit of liquid measure of between 12 and 16 liters (US 25-34 pts, Brit. 21-28 pts) according to region

2) ( en dirección electrónica) at, \@

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1)

a) ( medida de peso) unit of weight of between 11 and 16 kg (24-36 lbs) according to region

b) ( medida de capacidad) unit of liquid measure of between 12 and 16 liters (US 25-34 pts, Brit. 21-28 pts) according to region

2) ( en dirección electrónica) at, \@

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arroba(\@)

= \@ (at).

Nota: Símbolo utilizado antiguamente en el comercio marítimo para representar la "ánfora" (vasija de dos asas) como unidad de transporte y peso.

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A feminine

1 (medida de peso) unit of weight of between 11 and 16 kg (24-36 lbs) according to region

2 (medida de capacidad) unit of liquid measure of between 12 and 16 liters (US 25-34 pts, Brit. 21-28 pts) according to region

por arrobas: nos dieron comida/vino por arrobas they gave us large quantities of o ( colloq) loads of food/wine

B (en dirección electrónica) at, \@

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3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente indicativo

2ª persona singular (tú) imperativo

a) ( medida de peso) unit of weight of about 14 kg

b) ( medida de capacidad) unit of liquid measure of about 15 l

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arroba nf

1. [unidad de peso] = 11.5 kg;

por arrobas by the sackful

2. [unidad de volumen] [para vino] = approx 16 litres;

3. Informát [símbolo] at, \@ sign;

“juan, arroba mundonet, punto, es” “juan, at mundonet, dot, es”

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f INFOR at sign, \@;

josé arroba … josé at …

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arroba nf

: arroba (Spanish unit of measurement)

SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy

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Paul Héroult, the son of a tanner, at the age of 16, while still at school in Caen, read Deville's book on aluminium and became obsessed with the idea of developing a cheap way of producing this metal. After his family moved to Gentillysur-Bièvre he studied at the Ecole Sainte-Barbe in Paris and then returned to Caen to work in the laboratory of his father's tannery. His first patent, filed in February and granted on 23 April 1886, described an invention almost identical to that of C.M. Hall: "the electrolysis of alumina dissolved in molten cryolite into which the current is introduced through suitable electrodes. The cryolite is not consumed." Early in 1887 Héroult attempted to obtain the support of Alfred Rangod Pechiney, the proprietor of the works at Salindres where Deville's process for making sodium-reduced aluminium was still being operated. Pechiney persuaded Héroult to modify his electrolytic process by using a cathode of molten copper, thus making it possible produce aluminium bronze rather than pure aluminium. Héroult then approached the Swiss firm J.G.Nehe Söhne, ironmasters, whose works at the Falls of Schaffhausen obtained power from the Rhine. They were looking for a new metallurgical process requiring large quantities of cheap hydroelectric power and Héroult's process seemed suitable. In 1887 they established the Société Metallurgique Suisse to test Héroult's process. Héroult became Technical Director and went to the USA to defend his patents against those of Hall. During his absence the Schaffhausen trials were successfully completed, and on 18 November 1888 the Société Metallurgique combined with the German AEG group, Oerlikon and Escher Wyss, to establish the Aluminium Industrie Aktiengesellschaft Neuhausen. In the early electrolytic baths it was occasionally found that arcs between the bath surface and electrode could develop if the electrodes were inadvertently raised. From this observation, Héroult and M.Killiani developed the electric arc furnace. In this, arcs were intentionally formed between the surface of the charge and several electrodes, each connected to a different pole of the AC supply. This furnace, the prototype of the modern electric steel furnace, was first used for the direct reduction of iron ore at La Praz in 1903. This work was undertaken for the Canadian Government, for whom Héroult subsequently designed a 5,000-amp single-phase furnace which was installed and tested at Sault-Sainte-Marie in Ontario and successfully used for smelting magnetite ore.

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SUBJECT AREA: Medical technology

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Chain graduated in Berlin at the Charite Hospital in 1930. A refugee from political persecution, in 1933 he went to the School of Biochemistry in Cambridge, and in 1935 moved to the School of Pathology at Oxford. He became a British subject in 1939. His interests had involved the study of enzymes and the isolation of physiologically active substances from natural sources. In 1938 he drew Florey's attention to Fleming's note of 1929 reporting the bacterial growth inhibiting qualities of Penicillium mould. Using makeshift equipment and with little initial support, they isolated small quantities of penicillin, which they were then able to use clinically with dramatic effect.

Chain had always hoped for adequate resources to develop penicillin and other antibiotics in Britain. This was not forthcoming, however, and in 1948 a research chair and institute was created for him in Rome, at the International Research Centre for Chemical Microbiology. In 1961 he returned to London to the Chair of Biochemistry at Imperial College. There, with the help of a large donation from the Wolfson Foundation, an appropriate building with facilities for the large-scale development and production of biochemical substances was finally made available. His co-equal part in the development of penicillin was recognized by the sharing of the Nobel Prize for Medicine between Florey, Fleming and himself, and he received numerous honours and honorary degrees from a large number of governments and international institutions.

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