-
1 Deville, Henri Etienne Sainte-Claire
SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy[br]b. 11 March 1818 St Thomas, Virgin Islandsd. 1 July 1881 Boulogne-sur-Seine, France[br]French chemist and metallurgist, pioneer in the large-scale production of aluminium and other light metals.[br]Deville was the son of a prosperous shipowner with diplomatic duties in the Virgin Islands. With his elder brother Charles, who later became a distinguished physicist, he was sent to Paris to be educated. He took his degree in medicine in 1843, but before that he had shown an interest in chemistry, due particularly to the lectures of Thenard. Two years later, with Thenard's influence, he was appointed Professor of Chemistry at Besançon. In 1851 he was able to return to Paris as Professor at the Ecole Normale Supérieure. He remained there for the rest of his working life, greatly improving the standard of teaching, and his laboratory became one of the great research centres of Europe. His first chemical work had been in organic chemistry, but he then turned to inorganic chemistry, specifically to improve methods of producing the new and little-known metal aluminium. Essentially, the process consisted of forming sodium aluminium trichloride and reducing it with sodium to metallic aluminium. He obtained sodium in sufficient quantity by reducing sodium carbonate with carbon. In 1855 he exhibited specimens of the metal at the Paris Exhibition, and the same year Napoleon III asked to see them, with a view to using it for breastplates for the Army and for spoons and forks for State banquets. With the resulting government support, he set up a pilot plant at Jarvel to develop the process, and then set up a small company, the Société d'Aluminium at Nan terre. This raised the output of this attractive and useful metal, so it could be used more widely than for the jewellery to which it had hitherto been restricted. Large-scale applications, however, had to await the electrolytic process that began to supersede Deville's in the 1890s. Deville extended his sodium reduction method to produce silicon, boron and the light metals magnesium and titanium. His investigations into the metallurgy of platinum revolutionized the industry and led in 1872 to his being asked to make the platinum-iridium (90–10) alloy for the standard kilogram and metre. Deville later carried out important work in high-temperature chemistry. He grieved much at the death of his brother Charles in 1876, and his retirement was forced by declining health in 1880; he did not survive for long.[br]BibliographyDeville published influential books on aluminium and platinum; these and all his publications are listed in the bibliography in the standard biography by J.Gray, 1889, Henri Sainte-Claire Deville: sa vie et ses travaux, Paris.Further ReadingM.Daumas, 1949, "Henri Sainte-Claire Deville et les débuts de l'industrie de l'aluminium", Rev.Hist.Sci 2:352–7.J.C.Chaston, 1981, "Henri Sainte-Claire Deville: his outstanding contributions to the chemistry of the platinum metals", Platinum Metals Review 25:121–8.LRDBiographical history of technology > Deville, Henri Etienne Sainte-Claire
-
2 Saint-Claire Deville, Henri Etienne
Biographical history of technology > Saint-Claire Deville, Henri Etienne
-
3 попугай, боливийский краснохвостый
—1. LAT Pyrrhura devillei ( Messéna et Souancé)2. RUS боливийский краснохвостый попугай m3. ENG blaze-winged parrakeet, blaze-winged [Deville’s, Bolivia] conure4. DEU Devillesittich m, Bolivia-Rotschwanzsittich m, Bolivien-Rotschwanzsittich m5. FRA perruche f de DévilleDICTIONARY OF ANIMAL NAMES IN FIVE LANGUAGES — BIRDS > попугай, боливийский краснохвостый
-
4 Héroult, Paul Louis Toussaint
SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy[br]b. 1863 Thury-Harcourt, Caen, Franced. 9 May 1914 Antibes, France[br]French metallurigst, inventor of the process of aluminium reduction by electrolysis.[br]Paul Héroult, the son of a tanner, at the age of 16, while still at school in Caen, read Deville's book on aluminium and became obsessed with the idea of developing a cheap way of producing this metal. After his family moved to Gentillysur-Bièvre he studied at the Ecole Sainte-Barbe in Paris and then returned to Caen to work in the laboratory of his father's tannery. His first patent, filed in February and granted on 23 April 1886, described an invention almost identical to that of C.M. Hall: "the electrolysis of alumina dissolved in molten cryolite into which the current is introduced through suitable electrodes. The cryolite is not consumed." Early in 1887 Héroult attempted to obtain the support of Alfred Rangod Pechiney, the proprietor of the works at Salindres where Deville's process for making sodium-reduced aluminium was still being operated. Pechiney persuaded Héroult to modify his electrolytic process by using a cathode of molten copper, thus making it possible produce aluminium bronze rather than pure aluminium. Héroult then approached the Swiss firm J.G.Nehe Söhne, ironmasters, whose works at the Falls of Schaffhausen obtained power from the Rhine. They were looking for a new metallurgical process requiring large quantities of cheap hydroelectric power and Héroult's process seemed suitable. In 1887 they established the Société Metallurgique Suisse to test Héroult's process. Héroult became Technical Director and went to the USA to defend his patents against those of Hall. During his absence the Schaffhausen trials were successfully completed, and on 18 November 1888 the Société Metallurgique combined with the German AEG group, Oerlikon and Escher Wyss, to establish the Aluminium Industrie Aktiengesellschaft Neuhausen. In the early electrolytic baths it was occasionally found that arcs between the bath surface and electrode could develop if the electrodes were inadvertently raised. From this observation, Héroult and M.Killiani developed the electric arc furnace. In this, arcs were intentionally formed between the surface of the charge and several electrodes, each connected to a different pole of the AC supply. This furnace, the prototype of the modern electric steel furnace, was first used for the direct reduction of iron ore at La Praz in 1903. This work was undertaken for the Canadian Government, for whom Héroult subsequently designed a 5,000-amp single-phase furnace which was installed and tested at Sault-Sainte-Marie in Ontario and successfully used for smelting magnetite ore.[br]Further ReadingAluminium Industrie Aktiengesellschaft Neuhausen, 1938, The History of the Aluminium-Industrie-Aktien-Gesellschaft Neuhausen 1888–1938, 2 vols, Neuhausen.C.J.Gignoux, Histoire d'une entreprise française. "The Hall-Héroult affair", 1961, Metal Bulletin (14 April):1–4.ASDBiographical history of technology > Héroult, Paul Louis Toussaint
-
5 2763
1. LAT Pyrrhura devillei ( Messéna et Souancé)2. RUS боливийский краснохвостый попугай m3. ENG blaze-winged parrakeet, blaze-winged [Deville’s, Bolivia] conure4. DEU Devillesittich m, Bolivia-Rotschwanzsittich m, Bolivien-Rotschwanzsittich m5. FRA perruche f de Déville -
6 глинозем
* * *глинозё́м м.
aluminaкальцини́ровать глинозё́м — calcine aluminaполуча́ть глинозё́м автокла́вным спо́собом — prepare alumina by the autoclave [Bayer] processполуча́ть глинозё́м спека́нием — prepare alumina by the Deville-Pechiney [le Chatelier-Morin] process* * * -
7 аратинга, буроголовая
—1. LAT Aratinga weddellii ( Deville)2. RUS буроголовая аратинга f3. ENG dusky-headed parrakeet, dusky-headed [Weddell’s] conure4. DEU Weddellsittich m, Braunkopfsittich m5. FRA perruche f de WeddellDICTIONARY OF ANIMAL NAMES IN FIVE LANGUAGES — BIRDS > аратинга, буроголовая
-
8 котинга, пурпурногорлая
—1. LAT Porphyrolaema ( Bonaparte)2. RUS пурпурногорлая котинга f3. ENG purple-throated cotinga4. DEU Purpurkehlkotinga f5. FRA cotinga m à gorge mauve2. RUS пурпурногорлая котинга f3. ENG purple-throated cotinga4. DEU Purpurkehlkotinga f5. FRA cotinga m à gorge mauveDICTIONARY OF ANIMAL NAMES IN FIVE LANGUAGES — BIRDS > котинга, пурпурногорлая
-
9 кукушка, красноклювая земляная
—1. LAT Carpococcyx renauldi ( Oustalet)2. RUS красноклювая земляная кукушка f3. ENG coral-billed [Renauld’s, red-billed] ground cuckoo4. DEU Renauldkuckuck m5. FRA calobate m d’Annam1. LAT Neomorphus pucheranii ( Deville)2. RUS красноклювая земляная кукушка f3. ENG red-billed ground cuckoo4. DEU Rotschnabel-Grundkuckuck m5. FRA géocoucou m de PucheranDICTIONARY OF ANIMAL NAMES IN FIVE LANGUAGES — BIRDS > кукушка, красноклювая земляная
-
10 муравьянка, пестроголовая длиннохвостая
—1. LAT Drymophila devillei ( Ménégaux et Hellmayr)3. ENG striated antbird4. DEU Strichelkopf-Ameisenfänger m5. FRA grisin m de DevilleDICTIONARY OF ANIMAL NAMES IN FIVE LANGUAGES — BIRDS > муравьянка, пестроголовая длиннохвостая
-
11 оропендола, шлемоносная
—1. LAT Psarocolius oseryi ( Deville)2. RUS шлемоносная оропендола f3. ENG casqued oropendola4. DEU Helmstirnvogel m5. FRA —DICTIONARY OF ANIMAL NAMES IN FIVE LANGUAGES — BIRDS > оропендола, шлемоносная
-
12 попугай, синекрылый тонкоклювый
—1. LAT Brotogeris cyanoptera ( Pelzein)2. RUS синекрылый тонкоклювый попугай m3. ENG cobalt-winged [blue-winged] parrakeet4. DEU Kobaltflügelsittich m, Blauflügelsittich m5. FRA toui m de DevilleDICTIONARY OF ANIMAL NAMES IN FIVE LANGUAGES — BIRDS > попугай, синекрылый тонкоклювый
-
13 пуховка, полосатая
—1. LAT Micromonacha ( Sclater)2. RUS полосатая пуховка f3. ENG lanceolated monklet4. DEU Streifenfaulvogel m5. FRA barbacou m lancéolé1. LAT Micromonacha lanceolata ( Deville)2. RUS полосатая пуховка f3. ENG lanceolated monklet4. DEU Streifenfaulvogel m5. FRA barbacou m lancéoléDICTIONARY OF ANIMAL NAMES IN FIVE LANGUAGES — BIRDS > пуховка, полосатая
-
14 якамара, синелобая
—1. LAT Galbula cyanescens ( Deville)2. RUS синелобая якамара f3. ENG bluish-fronted [blue-fronted] jacamar4. DEU Blaustirn-Glanzvogel m5. FRA jacamar m à couronne bleueDICTIONARY OF ANIMAL NAMES IN FIVE LANGUAGES — BIRDS > якамара, синелобая
-
15 дельфин, белый
DICTIONARY OF ANIMAL NAMES IN FIVE LANGUAGES > дельфин, белый
-
16 саки, белоносый
1. LAT Chiropotes albinasus I. Geoffroy et Deville2. RUS белоносый (мохнатый) саки m3. ENG white-nosed saki4. DEU Weißnasensaki m, Zottelaffe m5. FRA saki m à nez blancDICTIONARY OF ANIMAL NAMES IN FIVE LANGUAGES > саки, белоносый
-
17 саки, мохнатый
1. LAT Chiropotes albinasus I. Geoffroy et Deville2. RUS белоносый (мохнатый) саки m3. ENG white-nosed saki4. DEU Weißnasensaki m, Zottelaffe m5. FRA saki m à nez blancDICTIONARY OF ANIMAL NAMES IN FIVE LANGUAGES > саки, мохнатый
-
18 соталия, амазонская
DICTIONARY OF ANIMAL NAMES IN FIVE LANGUAGES > соталия, амазонская
-
19 соталия, речная
DICTIONARY OF ANIMAL NAMES IN FIVE LANGUAGES > соталия, речная
-
20 Castner, Hamilton Young
SUBJECT AREA: Chemical technology[br]b. 11 September 1858 Brooklyn, New York, USAd. 11 October 1899 Saranoe Lake, New York, USA[br]American chemist, inventor of the electrolytic production of sodium.[br]Around 1850, the exciting new metal aluminium began to be produced by the process developed by Sainte-Claire Deville. However, it remained expensive on account of the high cost of one of the raw materials, sodium. It was another thirty years before Castner became the first to work successfully the process for producing sodium, which consisted of heating sodium hydroxide with charcoal at a high temperature. Unable to interest American backers in the process, Castner took it to England and set up a plant at Oldbury, near Birmingham. At the moment he achieved commercial success, however, the demand for cheap sodium plummeted as a result of the development of the electrolytic process for producing aluminium. He therefore sought other uses for cheap sodium, first converting it to sodium peroxide, a bleaching agent much used in the straw-hat industry. Much more importantly, Castner persuaded the gold industry to use sodium instead of potassium cyanide in the refining of gold. With the "gold rush", he established a large market in Australia, the USA, South Africa and elsewhere, but the problem was to meet the demand, so Castner turned to the electrolytic method. At first progress was slow because of the impure nature of the sodium hydroxide, so he used a mercury cathode, with which the released sodium formed an amalgam. It then reacted with water in a separate compartment in the cell to form sodium hydroxide of a purity hitherto unknown in the alkali industry; chlorine was a valuable by-product.In 1894 Castner began to seek international patents for the cell, but found he had been anticipated in Germany by Kellner, an Austrian chemist. Preferring negotiation to legal confrontation, Castner exchanged patents and processes with Kellner, although the latter's had been less successful. The cell became known as the Castner-Kellner cell, but the process needed cheap electricity and salt, neither of which was available near Oldbury, so he set up the Castner-Kellner Alkali Company works at Runcorn in Cheshire; at the same time, a pilot plant was set up in the USA at Saltville, Virginia, with a larger plant being established at Niagara Falls.[br]Further ReadingA.Fleck, 1947, "The life and work of Hamilton Young Castner" (Castner Memorial Lecture), Chemistry and Industry 44:515-; Fifty Years of Progress: The Story of the Castner-Kellner Company, 1947.T.K.Derry and T.I.Williams, 1960, A Short History of Technology, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 549–50 (provides a summary of his work).LRDBiographical history of technology > Castner, Hamilton Young
- 1
- 2
См. также в других словарях:
Deville — ist der Name folgender Orte: Gemeinde in der französischen Region Champagne Ardenne, siehe: Deville (Ardennes) Deville (Louisiana), Ort in den USA Deville oder DeVille ist der Familienname folgender Personen: Céline Deville (* 1982), französische … Deutsch Wikipedia
Deville — Deville, DeVille, De Ville, or de Vil may refer to: Automobiles Cadillac DeVille, a model of automobile produced between 1949 and 2005 in the United States by General Motors. Sedanca de Ville, the European term for the town car body style… … Wikipedia
Deville — Deville, LA U.S. Census Designated Place in Louisiana Population (2000): 1007 Housing Units (2000): 386 Land area (2000): 5.665627 sq. miles (14.673907 sq. km) Water area (2000): 0.000000 sq. miles (0.000000 sq. km) Total area (2000): 5.665627 sq … StarDict's U.S. Gazetteer Places
Deville, LA — U.S. Census Designated Place in Louisiana Population (2000): 1007 Housing Units (2000): 386 Land area (2000): 5.665627 sq. miles (14.673907 sq. km) Water area (2000): 0.000000 sq. miles (0.000000 sq. km) Total area (2000): 5.665627 sq. miles… … StarDict's U.S. Gazetteer Places
Deville — (spr. döwil ), 1) Achille, franz. Altertumsforscher, geb. 1789 in Paris, gest. daselbst 10. Jan. 1875 als Direktor des Museums von Rouen, schrieb außer mehreren lokalgeschichtlichen Werken (über die Abtei St. Georges de Boscherville, das Schloß… … Meyers Großes Konversations-Lexikon
Deville — Deville, Charles, Geolog, s. Sainte Claire Deville … Kleines Konversations-Lexikon
Deville — (spr. Dewill), Antoine, geb. 1596 in Toulouse, studirte Mathematik u. Kriegsbaukunst, stand erst in savoyischen, dann in französischen Kriegsdiensten, wohnte der Belagerung von Corbie, St. Omer, Hesdin etc. bei u. wurde nach dem Frieden mit der… … Pierer's Universal-Lexikon
Deville — [də vil], Michel, französischer Filmregisseur, * Boulogne sur Seine 13. 4. 1931; dreht seit 1958 sorgfältig arrangierte Filme. Filme: Das wilde Schaf (1973); Gefahr in Verzug (1984); Die Vorleserin (1988); Eine Sommernacht in der Stadt… … Universal-Lexikon
Deville — Patronyme fréquent dans le Limousin et la Loire. On le trouve aussi en Savoie et en Franche Comté. Il désigne celui qui est originaire d une localité appelée Ville (du latin villa = domaine). Le toponyme est trop répandu pour qu on puisse arriver … Noms de famille
Deville — Cette page d’homonymie répertorie les différents sujets et articles partageant un même nom. Personnalités Achille Deville (1789 1875), historien et antiquaire français Dominique Deville de Périère (1956 ), odontologiste et universitaire française … Wikipédia en Français
Deville — This long established surname is of Old French origin, and is a topographical name for someone who lived in a village as opposed to an isolated farmhouse, or in the town as opposed to the countryside, deriving from the Old French ville ,… … Surnames reference