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1 in
in [ɪn]━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━1. preposition2. adverb3. adjective4. plural noun5. compounds━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━1. preposition━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━► When in is an element in a phrasal verb, eg ask in, fill in, look up the verb. When it is part of a set combination, eg in danger, weak in, look up the other word.━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━► in it/them ( = inside it, inside them) dedans• our bags were stolen, and our passports were in them on nous a volé nos sacs et nos passeports étaient dedansb. (people, animals, plants) chez► in + feminine countries, regions, islands en━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━► Feminine countries usually end in -e.━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━► en is also used with masculine countries beginning with a vowel or silent h.━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━► in + masculine country au• in Japan/Kuwait au Japon/Koweït━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━► Note also the following:━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━► in + plural country/group of islands aux━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━e. (month, year, season) en• in summer/autumn/winter en été/automne/hiver━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━f. ( = wearing) eng. (language, medium, material) en• in marble/velvet en marbre/veloursj. ( = while) en• in trying to save her he fell into the water himself en essayant de la sauver, il est tombé à l'eau2. adverba. ( = inside) à l'intérieur• she opened the door and they all rushed in elle a ouvert la porte et ils se sont tous précipités à l'intérieur━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━b. (at home, work)━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━• you're never in! tu n'es jamais chez toi !• is Paul in? est-ce que Paul est là ?━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━► to be in may require a more specific translation.━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━► in between + noun/pronoun entre• he positioned himself in between the two weakest players il s'est placé entre les deux joueurs les plus faibles• in between adventures, he finds time for... entre deux aventures, il trouve le temps de...► to be in for sth ( = be threatened with)• you don't know what you're in for! (inf) tu ne sais pas ce qui t'attend !• he's in for it! (inf) il va en prendre pour son grade ! (inf)► to be in on sth (inf) ( = know about)the new treatment is preferable in that... le nouveau traitement est préférable car...► to be well in with sb (inf) être dans les petits papiers de qn (inf)3. adjective• it's the in thing to... c'est très à la mode de...4. plural noun5. compounds• to have in-service training faire un stage d'initiation ► in-store adjective [detective] employé par le magasin* * *Note: in is often used after verbs in English ( join in, tuck in, result in, write in etc). For translations, consult the appropriate verb entry (join, tuck, result, write etc)If you have doubts about how to translate a phrase or expression beginning with in ( in a huff, in business, in trouble etc) you should consult the appropriate noun entry (huff, business, trouble etc)This dictionary contains usage notes on such topics as age, countries, dates, islands, months, towns and cities etc. Many of these use the preposition in. For the index to these notesFor examples of the above and particular functions and uses of in, see the entry below[ɪn] 1.in prison/town — en prison/ville
in the film/newspaper — dans le film/journal
I'm in here! — je suis là!; bath, bed
2) (inside, within) dansthere's something in it — il y a quelque chose dedans or à l'intérieur
3) ( expressing a subject or field) dansin insurance — dans les assurances; course, expert
4) (included, involved)to be in on the secret — (colloq) être dans le secret
I wasn't in on it — (colloq) je n'étais pas dans le coup (colloq)
5) ( in expressions of time)6) ( within the space of) en7) ( expressing the future) dans8) ( for) depuisit hasn't rained in weeks — il n'a pas plu depuis des semaines, ça fait des semaines qu'il n'a pas plu
9) (during, because of) dans10) ( with reflexive pronouns)how do you feel in yourself? — est-ce que tu as le moral?; itself
11) (present in, inherent in)12) (expressing colour, composition) en13) ( dressed in) en14) ( expressing manner or medium)‘no,’ he said in a whisper — ‘non,’ a-t-il chuchoté
in pencil/in ink — au crayon/à l'encre
15) ( as regards)rich/poor in minerals — riche/pauvre en minéraux
16) (by)17) ( in superlatives) de18) ( in measurements)19) ( in ratios)a gradient of 1 in 4 — une pente de 25%
20) ( in approximate amounts)in their hundreds ou thousands — par centaines or milliers
21) ( expressing age)2.in old age — avec l'âge, en vieillissant
in and out prepositional phrase3.to weave in and out of — se faufiler entre [traffic, tables]
in that conjunctional phrase dans la mesure où4.1) ( indoors)to ask ou invite somebody in — faire entrer quelqu'un
2) (at home, at work)to be in by midnight — être rentré avant minuit; keep, stay
3) (in prison, in hospital)4) ( arrived)5) Sport6) ( gathered)7) ( in supply)8) ( submitted)5.the homework has to be in tomorrow — le devoir doit être rendu demain; get, power, vote
(colloq) adjectiveto be in —
••to have an in with somebody — US avoir ses entrées chez quelqu'un
to have it in for somebody — (colloq) avoir quelqu'un dans le collimateur (colloq)
you're in for it — (colloq) tu vas avoir des ennuis
he's in for a shock/surprise — il va avoir un choc/être surpris
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2 IN
in [ɪn]━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━1. preposition2. adverb3. adjective4. plural noun5. compounds━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━1. preposition━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━► When in is an element in a phrasal verb, eg ask in, fill in, look up the verb. When it is part of a set combination, eg in danger, weak in, look up the other word.━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━► in it/them ( = inside it, inside them) dedans• our bags were stolen, and our passports were in them on nous a volé nos sacs et nos passeports étaient dedansb. (people, animals, plants) chez► in + feminine countries, regions, islands en━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━► Feminine countries usually end in -e.━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━► en is also used with masculine countries beginning with a vowel or silent h.━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━► in + masculine country au• in Japan/Kuwait au Japon/Koweït━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━► Note also the following:━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━► in + plural country/group of islands aux━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━e. (month, year, season) en• in summer/autumn/winter en été/automne/hiver━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━f. ( = wearing) eng. (language, medium, material) en• in marble/velvet en marbre/veloursj. ( = while) en• in trying to save her he fell into the water himself en essayant de la sauver, il est tombé à l'eau2. adverba. ( = inside) à l'intérieur• she opened the door and they all rushed in elle a ouvert la porte et ils se sont tous précipités à l'intérieur━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━b. (at home, work)━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━• you're never in! tu n'es jamais chez toi !• is Paul in? est-ce que Paul est là ?━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━► to be in may require a more specific translation.━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━► in between + noun/pronoun entre• he positioned himself in between the two weakest players il s'est placé entre les deux joueurs les plus faibles• in between adventures, he finds time for... entre deux aventures, il trouve le temps de...► to be in for sth ( = be threatened with)• you don't know what you're in for! (inf) tu ne sais pas ce qui t'attend !• he's in for it! (inf) il va en prendre pour son grade ! (inf)► to be in on sth (inf) ( = know about)the new treatment is preferable in that... le nouveau traitement est préférable car...► to be well in with sb (inf) être dans les petits papiers de qn (inf)3. adjective• it's the in thing to... c'est très à la mode de...4. plural noun5. compounds• to have in-service training faire un stage d'initiation ► in-store adjective [detective] employé par le magasin* * *US Postal services abrév écrite = Indiana -
3 to
to [tu:, tə]━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━1. preposition2. adverb3. compounds━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━1. preposition━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━► When to is the second element in a phrasal verb, eg apply to, set to, look up the verb. When to is part of a set combination, eg nice to, of help to, look up the adjective or noun.━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━a. (direction, movement) à━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━► to it ( = there) y• I liked the exhibition, I went to it twice j'ai aimé l'exposition, j'y suis allé deux foisb. ( = towards) versc. (home, workplace) chez► to + feminine country/area en• to England/France en Angleterre/France• to Brittany/Provence en Bretagne/Provence• to Sicily/Crete en Sicile/Crète• to Louisiana/Virginia en Louisiane/Virginie━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━► en is also used with masculine countries beginning with a vowel.━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━• to Iran/Israel en Iran/Israël► to + masculine country/area au• to Japan/Kuwait au Japon/Koweït• to the Sahara/Kashmir au Sahara/Cachemire► to + plural country/group of islands aux• to the United States/the West Indies aux États-Unis/Antilles► to + town/island without article à• to London/Lyons à Londres/Lyon• to Cuba/Malta à Cuba/Malte• is this the road to Newcastle? est-ce que c'est la route de Newcastle ?• it is 90km to Paris ( = from here to) nous sommes à 90 km de Paris ; ( = from there to) c'est à 90 km de Paris• planes to Heathrow les vols mpl à destination de Heathrow► to + masculine state/region/county dans• to Texas/Ontario dans le Texas/l'Ontario• to Sussex/Yorkshire dans le Sussex/le Yorkshire━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━► dans is also used with many départements.━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━• to the Drôme/the Var dans la Drôme/le Vare. ( = up to) jusqu'àf. ► to + person (indirect object) à━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━► When a relative clause ends with to, a different word order is required in French.━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━► When translating to + pronoun, look up the pronoun. The translation depends on whether it is stressed or unstressed.━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━h. (in ratios) he got a big majority (twenty votes to seven) il a été élu à une large majorité (vingt voix contre sept)i. ( = concerning) that's all there is to it ( = it's easy) ce n'est pas plus difficile que ça• you're not going, and that's all there is to it ( = that's definite) tu n'iras pas, un point c'est toutj. ( = of) de━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━► A preposition may be required with the French infinitive, depending on what precedes it: look up the verb or adjective.━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━► The French verb may take a clause, rather than the infinitive.━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━• well, to sum up... alors, pour résumer...• we are writing to inform you... nous vous écrivons pour vous informer que...━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━► to is not translated when it stands for the infinitive.━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━• he'd like me to come, but I don't want to il voudrait que je vienne mais je ne veux pas• yes, I'd love to oui, volontiers2. adverb( = shut) to push the door to pousser la porte3. compounds(plural to-dos)• he made a great to-do about lending me the car il a fait toute une histoire pour me prêter la voiture ► to-ing and fro-ing noun allées et venues fpl* * *1. [tə], devant une voyelle [tʊ, tuː], emphatique [tuː]1) ( expressing purpose) pour2) ( linking consecutive acts)he looked up to see... — en levant les yeux, il a vu...
3) ( after superlatives) àthe youngest to do — le or la plus jeune à faire
‘did you go?’ - ‘no I promised not to’ — ‘tu y es allé?’ - ‘non j'avais promis de ne pas le faire’
‘are you staying? ’ - ‘I want to but...’ — ‘tu restes?’ - ‘j'aimerais bien mais...’
it is difficult to do something — il est difficile de faire quelque chose; ( expressing wish)
2.oh to be able to stay in bed! — hum ô pouvoir rester au lit!
1) ( in direction of) à [shops, school]; ( with purpose of visiting) chez [doctor's, dentist's]; ( towards) vers2) ( up to) jusqu'àto the end/this day — jusqu'à la fin/ce jour
3) ( in telling time)4) ( introducing direct or indirect object) [give, offer] àto me/my daughter it's just a minor problem — pour moi/ma fille ce n'est qu'un problème mineur
5) (in toasts, dedications) àto prosperity — à la prospérité; ( on tombstone)
6) ( in accordance with)7) (in relationships, comparisons)8) ( showing accuracy)9) ( showing reason)10) ( belonging to) depersonal assistant to the director — assistant/-e m/f du directeur
11) ( on to) [tied] à; [pinned] à [noticeboard etc]; sur [lapel, dress]12) ( showing reaction) à3. [tuː]to his surprise/dismay — à sa grande surprise/consternation
••that's all there is to it — ( it's easy) c'est aussi simple que ça; ( not for further discussion) un point c'est tout
what a to-do! — (colloq) quelle histoire! (colloq)
what's it to you? — (colloq) qu'est-ce que ça peut te faire?
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4 beautiful
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5 beautiful
1 ( aesthetically attractive) beau/belle (before n) ; a beautiful place un bel endroit ; a beautiful example of un bel exemple de ;3 ( skilful) [shot, goal] superbe ; he's a beautiful writer il écrit divinement bienThe irregular form bel of the adjective beau, belle is used before masculine nouns beginning with a vowel or a mute ‘h’. -
6 old
A n1 ( old people) the old (+ v pl) les personnes fpl âgées ; old and young together jeunes et vieux ensemble ;2 ( earlier era) (in days) of old (au temps) jadis ; the knights of old les chevaliers d'antan ; I know him of old je le connais depuis longtemps.C adj1 (elderly, not young) vieux/vieille, âgé ; an old man un vieil homme, un vieillard ; old people les vieux ; older people les personnes âgées ; if I live to be old si je vis vieux ; to get ou grow old vieillir, se faire vieux/vieille ; to look old avoir l'air âgé ; old before one's time vieux avant l'âge ; grief has made her old before her time le chagrin l'a vieillie avant l'âge ; do you want old Mr Salter or young Mr Salter? est-ce que vous voulez le père ou le fils Salter? ;2 ( of a particular age) how old are you/is he? quel âge as-tu/a-t-il? ; no-one knows how old this tree is personne ne connaît l'âge de cet arbre ; she is 10 years old elle a 10 ans ; a six-year-old boy un garçon (âgé) de six ans ; a six-year old un enfant (âgé) de six ans ; when you were one year old quand tu avais un an ; this bread is a week old ce pain est vieux d'une semaine ; a centuries-old tradition une tradition vieille de plusieurs siècles ; to be as old as sb/as the century avoir le même âge que qn/que le siècle ; I'm older than you je suis plus âgé que toi ; she is 10 years older than him elle a 10 ans de plus que lui ; the north wing is 100 years older than the east wing l'aile nord a été construite 100 ans avant l'aile est ; my older brother/sister mon frère aîné/ma sœur aînée ; an older man/woman un homme/une femme plus âgé/-e ; the older children play here les grands jouent ici ; I'll tell you when you're older je te le dirai quand tu seras plus grand ; he's going to be handsome when he's older ce sera un beau jeune homme plus tard ; as you get older you learn what really matters en vieillissant on apprend ce qui est vraiment important ; I'm the oldest c'est moi l'aîné/-e ; the oldest person there was 18 la personne la plus âgée de l'assemblée avait 18 ans ; old enough to be your father/mother assez vieux/vieille pour être ton père/ta mère ; to be old enough to do être en âge de faire ; you're old enough to know better à ton âge tu devrais avoir plus de bon sens ; you're too old for silly games ces jeux stupides ne sont plus de ton âge ; he's too old for you il est trop vieux pour toi ; that dress is too old for you cette robe fait trop vieux pour toi ; to be old for one's age être mûr pour son âge ;3 ( not new) [garment, object, car, song, tradition, family] vieux/vieille ; [story, excuse] classique ; [joke] rebattu ; an old friend un vieil ami ; the old town la vieille ville ; an old firm une maison établie depuis longtemps ;4 (former, previous) [address, school, job, boss, admirer, system] ancien/-ienne (before n) ; there's our old house voilà notre ancienne maison ; where is her old confidence? où est passée son ancienne assurance? ; do you see much of the old crowd ○ ? est-ce que tu en vois beaucoup de notre vieille bande ○ ? ; in the old days autrefois, dans le temps ; just like old times comme au bon vieux temps ; in the good old days au bon vieux temps ;5 ○ ( as term of affection) vieux/vieille ; there was old Jim il y avait ce bon vieux Jim ○ ; there's old Fido voilà ce brave vieux Fido ○ ; dear old Max ce cher vieux Max ○ ; good old Jon! ce bon vieux Jon ○ ! ; good old British weather! iron ce sacré ○ climat anglais! ; hello, old chap/girl†! salut, mon vieux/ma vieille ○ ! ; how are you, you old devil ○ ? ça va, vieux ○ ? ;6 ○ ( as intensifier) a right old battle/mess une sacrée bataille/pagaille ○ ; they were having a high ou rare old time ils s'amusaient comme des fous ○ ; just put them down any old how/where mets-les n'importe comment/où ; I don't want just any old doctor/any old car je ne veux pas de n'importe quel docteur/n'importe quelle voiture ; any old tie will do n'importe quelle cravate fera l'affaire. The irregular form vieil of the adjective vieux/vieille is used before masculine nouns beginning with a vowel or a mute ‘h’. -
7 Usage note : that
In French, determiners agree in gender and number with the noun they precede ; that is translated by ce + masculine singular noun ( ce monsieur), cet + masculine singular noun beginning with a vowel or mute ‘h’ ( cet homme) and cette + feminine singular noun ( cette femme) ; those is translated by ces.Note, however, that the above translations are also used for the English this (plural these). So when it is necessary to insist on that as opposed to another or others of the same sort, the adverbial tag -là is added to the noun:I prefer THAT version= je préfère cette version-làFor particular usages, see the entry that.As a pronoun meaning that one, those onesIn French, pronouns reflect the gender and number of the noun they are referring to. So that is translated by celui-là for a masculine noun, celle-là for a feminine noun and those is translated by ceux-là for a masculine noun and celles-là for a feminine noun:I think I like that one (dress) best= je crois que je préfère celle-làFor other uses of that, those as pronouns (e.g. who’s that?) and for adverbial use (e.g. that much, that many) there is no straightforward translation, so see the entry that for examples of usage.When used as a relative pronoun, that is translated by qui when it is the subject of the verb and by que when it is the object:the man that stole the car= l’homme qui a volé la voiturethe film that I saw= le film que j’ai vuRemember that in the present perfect and past perfect tenses, the past participle will agreewith the noun to which que as object refers:the apples that I bought= les pommes que j’ai achetéesWhen that is used as a relative pronoun with a preposition, it is translated by lequel when standing for a masculine singular noun, by laquelle when standing for a feminine singular noun, by lesquels when standing for a masculine plural noun and by lesquelles when standing for a feminine plural noun:the chair that I was sitting on= la chaise sur laquelle j’étais assisethe children that I bought the books for= les enfants pour lesquels j’ai acheté les livresRemember that in cases where the English preposition used would normally be translated by à in French (e.g. to, at), the translation of the whole (prep + rel pron) will be auquel, à laquelle, auxquels, auxquelles:the girls that I was talking to= les filles auxquelles je parlaisSimilarly, where the English preposition used would normally be translated by de in French (e.g. of, from), the translation of the whole (prep + rel pron) will be dont in all cases:the Frenchman that I received a letter from= le Français dont j’ai reçu une lettreWhen used as a conjunction, that can almost always be translated by que (qu’ before a vowel or mute ‘h’):she said that she would do it= elle a dit qu’elle le ferait -
8 Usage note : this
In French, determiners agree in gender and number with the noun they precede ; this (plural these) is translated by ce + masculine singular noun ( ce monsieur) BUT by cet + masculine singular noun beginning with a vowel or mute ‘h’ (cet arbre, cet homme), by cette + feminine singular noun ( cette femme) and by ces + plural noun (ces livres, ces histoires).Note, however, that the above translations are also used for the English that (plural those). So when it is necessary to insist on this as opposed to another or others of the same sort, the adverbial tag -ci, giving the idea of this one here, is added to the noun:I prefer THIS version= je préfère cette version-ciFor particular usages see the entry this.This dictionary contains usage notes on such topics as time units, days of the week and months of the year.As a pronoun meaning this oneIn French, pronouns reflect the gender and number of the noun they are referring to. So this is translated by celui-ci for a masculine noun, celle-ci for a feminine noun ; those is translated by ceux-ci for a masculine plural noun, celles-ci for a feminine plural noun:of all the dresses this is the prettiest one= de toutes les robes celle-ci est la plus jolieFor other uses of this used as a pronoun (who’s this?, this is my brother, this is wrong etc.) and for this used as an adverb ( it was this big etc.), see the entry this. -
9 US states
In some cases, there is a French form of the name, but not always (if in doubt, check in the dictionary). Each state has a gender in French and is used with the definite article, except after the preposition en, e.g.:Arkansas= l’Arkansas mCalifornia= la CalifornieTexas= le TexasSo:Arkansas is beautiful= l’Arkansas est beauI like California= j’aime la Californiedo you know Texas?= connaissez-vous le Texas?In, to and from somewherein Alaska= en Alaskato Alaska= en Alaskain California= en Californieto California= en Californiein Texas= au Texasto Texas= au TexasFor from use de for feminine states and for masculine ones beginning with a vowel, e.g.:from California= de Californiefrom Alaska= d’AlaskaFor from use du for masculine states beginning with a consonant, e.g.:from Texas= du TexasComing from somewhere: Uses with another nounThere are a few words e.g. californien, new-yorkais, texan used as adjectives and as nouns (with a capital letter) referring to the inhabitants. In other cases it is usually safe to use de for feminine states, and to use de l’ or du for masculine states, e.g.:the Florida countryside= les paysages de FlorideIllinois representatives= les représentants de l’Illinoisbuta Louisiana accent= l’accent de la LouisianeNew-Mexico roads= les routes du Nouveau-Mexique -
10 Usage note : all
When all is used to mean everything, it is translated by tout:is that all?= c’est tout?all is well= tout va bienWhen all is followed by a that clause, all that is translated by tout ce qui when it is the subject of the verb and tout ce que when it is the object:all that remains to be done= tout ce qui reste à fairethat was all (that) he said= c’est tout ce qu’il a ditafter all (that) we’ve done= après tout ce que nous avons faitwe’re doing all (that) we can= nous faisons tout ce que nous pouvonsall that you need= tout ce dont tu as besoinWhen all is used to refer to a specified group of people or objects, the translation reflects the number and gender of the people or objects referred to ; tous is used for a group of people or objects of masculine or mixed or unspecified gender and toutes for a group of feminine gender:we were all delighted= nous étions tous ravis‘where are the cups?’ ‘they’re all in the kitchen’= ‘où sont les tasses?’ ‘elles sont toutes dans la cuisine’For more examples and particular usages see the entry all.As a determinerIn French, determiners agree in gender and number with the noun they precede. So all is translated by tout + masculine singular noun:all the time= tout le tempsby toute + feminine singular noun:all the family= toute la familleby tous + masculine or mixed gender plural noun:all men= tous les hommesall the books= tous les livresand by toutes + feminine plural noun:all women= toutes les femmesall the chairs= toutes les chaisesFor more examples and particular usages see the entry all.As an adverbmy coat’s all dirty= mon manteau est tout salehe was all alone= il était tout seulthey were all alone= ils étaient tout seulsthe girls were all excited= les filles étaient tout excitéesHowever, when the adjective that follows is in the feminine and begins with a consonant the translation is toute/toutes:she was all alone= elle était toute seulethe bill is all wrong= la facture est toute faussethe girls were all alone= les filles étaient toutes seulesFor more examples and particular usages see the entry all. -
11 itself
itself [ɪtˈself]a.━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━► When used emphatically, itself is translated lui-même if the noun it refers to is masculine, and elle-même if the noun is feminine.━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━• the mere will to cooperate is by itself not sufficient la simple volonté de coopérer n'est pas suffisante en soi► in itself en soi• just reaching the semifinals has been an achievement in itself arriver en demi-finale a déjà été un exploit en soic. (reflexive) se* * *[ɪt'self]Note: When used as a reflexive pronoun, direct and indirect, itself is translated by se (s' before a vowel or mute h): the cat hurt itself = le chat s'est fait mal; a problem presented itself = un problème s'est présentéWhen used for emphasis itself is translated by lui-même when standing for a masculine noun and elle-même when standing for a feminine noun: the car itself was not damaged = la voiture elle-même n'était pas endommagéeFor uses with prepositions ( by itself etc) see 3 below1) ( refl) se, s'2) ( emphatic) lui-même/elle-mêmein the university itself — dans l'université même or dans l'université elle-même
he was kindness itself — c'était la bonté même or personnifiée
3) ( after prepositions) -
12 they
they [ðeɪ]• there they are! les voilà !• THEY know nothing about it eux, ils n'en savent rienb. ( = people in general) on• they say that... on dit que...• somebody called but they didn't give their name quelqu'un a appelé, mais il (or elle) n'a pas donné son nom* * *[ðeɪ]Note: they is translated by ils (masculine) or elles (feminine). For a group of people or things of mixed gender ils is always used. The emphatic form is eux (masculine) or elles (feminine). For examples and exceptions, see belowthey have already gone — ( masculine or mixed) ils sont déjà partis; ( feminine) elles sont déjà parties
they won't be there — ( masculine or mixed) ils ne seront pas là, eux; ( feminine) elles ne seront pas là, elles
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13 French provinces and regions
Both traditional pre-Revolution regions and modern administrative regions usually take the definite article as in l’Alsace, la Champagne etc.:I like Alsace= j’aime l’AlsaceChampagne is beautiful= la Champagne est belleFor names which have a compound form, such as Midi-Pyrénées or Rhône-Alpes, it is safer to include the words la région:do you know Midi-Pyrénées?= connaissez-vous la région Midi-Pyrénées?In, to and from somewhereThere are certain general principles regarding names of French provinces and regions. However, usage is sometimes uncertain ; doubtful items should be checked in the dictionary.For in and to, with feminine names and with masculine ones beginning with a vowel, use en without the definite article:to live in Burgundy= vivre en Bourgogneto go to Burgundy= aller en Bourgogneto live in Anjou= vivre en Anjouto go to Anjou= aller en AnjouFor in and to with masculine names beginning with a consonant, use dans le:to live in the Berry= vivre dans le Berryto go to the Berry= aller dans le BerryFor from with feminine names and with masculine ones beginning with a vowel, use de without the definite article:to come from Burgundy= venir de Bourgogneto come from Anjou= venir d’AnjouFor from with masculine names beginning with a consonant, use du:to come from the Berry= venir du BerryRegional adjectivesRelated adjectives and nouns exist for most of the names of provinces and regions. Here is a list of the commonest:an Alsace accent= un accent alsacienAlsace costume= le costume alsacienthe Alsace countryside= les paysages alsaciensAlsace traditions= les traditions alsaciennesAlsace villages= les villages alsaciensThese words can also be used as nouns, meaning a person from X ; in this case they are written with a capital letter:a person from Alsace= un Alsacienan Alsace woman= une Alsaciennethe people of Alsace= les Alsaciens mplBig English-French dictionary > French provinces and regions
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14 themselves
themselves [ðəmˈselvz]* * *[ðəm'selvz]Note: When used as a reflexive pronoun, direct and indirect, themselves is translated by se (or s' before a vowel or mute h)When used as an emphatic the translation is eux-mêmes in the masculine and elles-mêmes in the feminine: they did it themselves = ils l'ont fait eux-mêmes or elles l'ont fait elles-mêmesAfter a preposition the translation is eux or elles or eux-mêmes or elles-mêmes: they bought the painting for themselves = ( masculine or mixed gender) ils ont acheté le tableau pour eux or pour eux-mêmes; ( feminine gender) elles ont acheté le tableau pour elles or pour elles-mêmes1) ( reflexive) se/s'2) ( emphatic) eux-mêmes/elles-mêmes3) ( after preposition) eux/elles, eux-mêmes/elles-mêmes(all) by themselves — tous seuls/toutes seules
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15 themselves
❢ When used as a reflexive pronoun, direct and indirect, themselves is translated by se (or s' before a vowel or mute h). When used as an emphatic the translation is eux-mêmes in the masculine and elles-mêmes in the feminine: they did it themselves = ils l'ont fait eux-mêmes or elles l'ont fait elles-mêmes. After a preposition the translation is eux or elles or eux-mêmes or elles-mêmes: they bought the painting for themselves = ( masculine or mixed gender) ils ont acheté le tableau pour eux or pour eux-mêmes ; ( feminine gender) elles ont acheté le tableau pour elles or pour elles-mêmes. pron1 ( refl) se/s' ;2 ( emphatic) eux-mêmes/elles-mêmes ;3 ( after prep) eux/elles, eux-mêmes/elles-mêmes ; (all) by themselves tous seuls/toutes seules. -
16 Usage note : them
When used as a direct object pronoun, referring to people, animals or things, them is translated by les:I know them= je les connaisNote that the object pronoun normallycomes before the verb in French and that in compound tenses like the present perfect and past perfect, the past participle agrees in gender and number with the direct object pronoun:He’s seen them( them being masculine or of mixed gender)= il les a vus( them being all feminine gender)= il les a vuesIn imperatives, the direct object pronoun is translated by les and comes after the verb:catch them!= attrape-les! (note the hyphen)I gave them it or I gave it to them= je le leur ai donnéIn imperatives, the indirect object pronoun is translated by leur and comes after the verb:phone them!= téléphone-leur! (note the hyphen)After prepositions and the verb to be, the translation is eux for masculine or mixed gender and elles for feminine gender:he did it for them= il l’a fait pour eux or pour ellesit’s them= ce sont eux or ce sont ellesFor particular usages see the entry them. -
17 IT
it [ɪt]━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━► If it stands for a noun which is masculine in French, use il. Use elle if the French noun is feminine.━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━• where's the sugar? -- it's on the table où est le sucre ? -- il est sur la table• don't have the soup, it's awful ne prends pas la soupe, elle est dégoûtante• you can't have that room, it's mine tu ne peux pas avoir cette chambre, c'est la mienne• this picture isn't a Picasso, it's a fake ce (tableau) n'est pas un vrai Picasso, c'est un faux━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━► The French pronoun precedes the verb, except in positive commands.━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━• there's a croissant left, do you want it? il reste un croissant, tu le veux ?• she dropped the earring and couldn't find it elle a laissé tomber la boucle d'oreille et n'a pas réussi à la retrouver• he borrowed lots of money and never paid it back il a emprunté beaucoup d'argent et ne l'a jamais remboursé• the sauce is delicious, taste it! cette sauce est délicieuse, goûte-la !d. (unspecific) ce• what is it? [thing] qu'est-ce que c'est ?► that's it! (approval, agreement) c'est ça ! ; (achievement, dismay) ça y est ! ; (anger) ça suffit !► it's + adjective + to• it's annoying to think we didn't need to pay so much on n'aurait pas eu besoin de payer autant, c'est agaçante. (weather, time, date) it's hot today il fait chaud aujourd'hui* * *noun: abrév information technology -
18 it
it [ɪt]━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━► If it stands for a noun which is masculine in French, use il. Use elle if the French noun is feminine.━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━• where's the sugar? -- it's on the table où est le sucre ? -- il est sur la table• don't have the soup, it's awful ne prends pas la soupe, elle est dégoûtante• you can't have that room, it's mine tu ne peux pas avoir cette chambre, c'est la mienne• this picture isn't a Picasso, it's a fake ce (tableau) n'est pas un vrai Picasso, c'est un faux━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━► The French pronoun precedes the verb, except in positive commands.━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━• there's a croissant left, do you want it? il reste un croissant, tu le veux ?• she dropped the earring and couldn't find it elle a laissé tomber la boucle d'oreille et n'a pas réussi à la retrouver• he borrowed lots of money and never paid it back il a emprunté beaucoup d'argent et ne l'a jamais remboursé• the sauce is delicious, taste it! cette sauce est délicieuse, goûte-la !d. (unspecific) ce• what is it? [thing] qu'est-ce que c'est ?► that's it! (approval, agreement) c'est ça ! ; (achievement, dismay) ça y est ! ; (anger) ça suffit !► it's + adjective + to• it's annoying to think we didn't need to pay so much on n'aurait pas eu besoin de payer autant, c'est agaçante. (weather, time, date) it's hot today il fait chaud aujourd'hui* * *[ɪt]1) ( in questions)who is it? — qui est-ce?, qui c'est? (colloq)
where is it? — ( of object) où est-il/elle?; ( of place) où est-ce?, où est-ce que c'est?, c'est où? (colloq)
what is it? — (of object, noise etc) qu'est-ce que c'est?, c'est quoi? (colloq); (what's happening?) qu'est-ce qui se passe?; (what is the matter?) qu'est-ce qu'il y a?
how was it? — comment cela s'est-il passé?, ça s'est passé comment? (colloq)
2) Games••that's it! — ( in triumph) voilà!, ça y est!; ( in anger) ça suffit!
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19 they
❢ They is translated by ils (masculine) or elles (feminine). For a group of people or things of mixed gender ils is always used. The emphatic form is eux (masculine) or elles (feminine). For examples and exceptions, see below. pron they have already gone ( masculine or mixed) ils sont déjà partis ; ( feminine) elles sont déjà parties ; here they are! les voici! ; there they are! les voilà! ; THEY won't be there eux, ils ne seront pas là, eux or elles ne seront pas là, elles ; she bought one but they didn't elle en a acheté un mais eux pas. -
20 Countries and continents
Most countries and all continents are used with the definite article in French:France is a beautiful country= la France est un beau paysI like Canada= j’aime le Canadato visit the United States= visiter les États-Unisto know Iran= connaître l’IranA very few countries do not:to visit Israel= visiter IsraëlWhen in doubt, check in the dictionary.All the continent names are feminine in French. Most names of countries are feminine e.g. la France, but some are masculine e.g. le Canada.Most names of countries are singular in French, but some are plural (usually, but not always, those that are plural in English) e.g. les États-Unis mpl (the United States), and les Philippines fpl (the Philippines). Note, however, the plural verb sont:the Philippines is a lovely country= les Philippines sont un beau paysIn, to and from somewhereWith continent names, feminine singular names of countries and masculine singular names of countries beginning with a vowel, for in and to, use en, and for from, use de:to live in Europe= vivre en Europeto go to Europe= aller en Europeto come from Europe= venir d’Europeto live in France= vivre en Franceto go to France= aller en Franceto come from France= venir de Franceto live in Afghanistan= vivre en Afghanistanto go to Afghanistan= aller en Afghanistanto come from Afghanistan= venir d’AfghanistanNote that names of countries and continents that include North, South, East, or West work in the same way:to live in North Korea= vivre en Corée du Nordto go to North Korea= aller en Corée du Nordto come from North Korea= venir de Corée du NordWith masculine countries beginning with a consonant, and with plurals, use au or aux for in and to, and du or des for from:to live in Canada= vivre au Canadato go to Canada= aller au Canadato come from Canada= venir du Canadato live in the United States= vivre aux États-Unisto go to the United States= aller aux États-Unisto come from the United States= venir des États-Unisto live in the Philippines= vivre aux Philippinesto go to the Philippines= aller aux Philippinesto come from the Philippines= venir des PhilippinesAdjective uses: français or de France or de la France?For French, the translation français is usually safe ; here are some typical examples:the French army= l’armée françaisethe French coast= la côte françaiseFrench cooking= la cuisine françaiseFrench currency= la monnaie françaisethe French Customs= la douane françaisethe French government= le gouvernement françaisthe French language= la langue françaiseFrench literature= la littérature françaiseFrench money= l’argent françaisthe French nation= le peuple françaisFrench politics= la politique françaisea French town= une ville françaiseFrench traditions= les traditions françaisesSome nouns, however, occur more commonly with de France (usually, but not always, their English equivalents can have of France as well as French):the Ambassador of France or the French Ambassador= l’ambassadeur de Francethe French Embassy= l’ambassade de Francethe history of France or French history= l’histoire de Francethe King of France or the French king= le roi de Francethe rivers of France= les fleuves et rivières de Francethe French team= l’équipe de Francebut note:the capital of France or the French capital= la capitale de la FranceNote that many geopolitical adjectives like French can also refer to nationality, e.g. a French tourist ⇒ Nationalities, or to the language, e.g. a French word ⇒ Languages.
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