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(law+of+tons)

  • 21 rise

    1. noun
    1) (going up) (of sun etc.) Aufgang, der; (Theatre): (of curtain) Aufgehen, das; (advancement) Aufstieg, der
    2) (emergence) Aufkommen, das
    3) (increase) (in value, price, cost) Steigerung, die; (St. Exch.): (in shares) Hausse, die; (in population, temperature) Zunahme, die
    4) (Brit.)

    [pay] rise — (in wages) Lohnerhöhung, die; (in salary) Gehaltserhöhung, die

    5) (hill) Anhöhe, die; Erhebung, die
    6) (origin) Ursprung, der

    give rise to — führen zu; [Ereignis:] Anlass geben zu [Spekulation]

    7)

    get or take a rise out of somebody — (fig.): (make fun of) sich über jemanden lustig machen

    2. intransitive verb,
    1) (go up) aufsteigen

    rise [up] into the air — [Rauch:] aufsteigen, in die Höhe steigen; [Ballon, Vogel, Flugzeug:] sich in die Luft erheben

    2) (come up) [Sonne, Mond:] aufgehen; [Blase:] aufsteigen
    3) (reach higher level) steigen; [Stimme:] höher werden
    4) (extend upward) aufragen; sich erheben; [Weg, Straße:] ansteigen

    rise to 2,000 metres — [Berg:] 2 000 m hoch aufragen

    5) (advance) [Person:] aufsteigen, aufrücken

    rise in the world — voran- od. weiterkommen

    6) (increase) steigen; [Stimme:] lauter werden; [Wind, Sturm:] auffrischen, stärker werden
    7) (Cookery) [Teig, Kuchen:] aufgehen
    8) [Stimmung, Moral:] steigen
    9) (come to surface) [Fisch:] steigen

    rise to the bait — (fig.) sich ködern lassen (ugs.)

    10) (Theatre) [Vorhang:] aufgehen, sich heben
    11) (rebel, cease to be quiet) [Person:] aufbegehren (geh.), sich erheben
    12) (get up)

    rise [to one's feet] — aufstehen

    rise on its hind legs — [Pferd:] steigen

    13) (adjourn) [Parlament:] in die Ferien gehen, die Sitzungsperiode beenden; (end a session) die Sitzung beenden
    14) (come to life again) auferstehen
    15) (have origin) [Fluss:] entspringen
    Phrasal Verbs:
    - academic.ru/109581/rise_to">rise to
    * * *
    1. past tense - rose; verb
    1) (to become greater, larger, higher etc; to increase: Food prices are still rising; His temperature rose; If the river rises much more, there will be a flood; Her voice rose to a scream; Bread rises when it is baked; His spirits rose at the good news.) steigen
    2) (to move upwards: Smoke was rising from the chimney; The birds rose into the air; The curtain rose to reveal an empty stage.) hochsteigen
    3) (to get up from bed: He rises every morning at six o'clock.) aufstehen
    4) (to stand up: The children all rose when the headmaster came in.) aufstehen
    5) ((of the sun etc) to appear above the horizon: The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.) aufgehen
    6) (to slope upwards: Hills rose in the distance; The ground rises at this point.) aussteigen
    7) (to rebel: The people rose (up) in revolt against the dictator.) sich erheben
    8) (to move to a higher rank, a more important position etc: He rose to the rank of colonel.) aufsteigen
    9) ((of a river) to begin or appear: The Rhône rises in the Alps.) entstehen
    10) ((of wind) to begin; to become stronger: Don't go out in the boat - the wind has risen.) aufkommen
    11) (to be built: Office blocks are rising all over the town.) entstehen
    12) (to come back to life: Jesus has risen.) auferstehen
    2. noun
    1) ((the) act of rising: He had a rapid rise to fame; a rise in prices.) das Steigen
    2) (an increase in salary or wages: She asked her boss for a rise.) die Erhöhung
    3) (a slope or hill: The house is just beyond the next rise.) die Steigung
    4) (the beginning and early development of something: the rise of the Roman Empire.) der Aufstieg
    •
    3. adjective
    the rising sun; rising prices; the rising generation; a rising young politician.) steigend
    - early
    - late riser
    - give rise to
    - rise to the occasion
    * * *
    [raɪz]
    I. n
    1. (upward movement) of theatre curtain Hochgehen nt kein pl, Heben nt kein pl; of the sun Aufgehen nt kein pl
    2. (in fishing) Steigen nt kein pl
    3. MUS of a pitch, sound Erhöhung f
    4. (in society) Aufstieg m
    \rise to power Aufstieg m an die Macht
    meteoric \rise kometenhafter Aufstieg
    5. (hill) Anhöhe f, Erhebung f; (in a road) [Straßen]kuppe f
    6. (height) of an arch, incline, step Höhe f; (in trousers) Schritt m
    7. (increase) Anstieg m kein pl, Steigen nt kein pl
    the team's winning streak has triggered a \rise in attendance die Erfolgsserie der Mannschaft hat die Zuschauerzahlen ansteigen lassen
    [pay] \rise BRIT Gehaltserhöhung f, Lohnerhöhung f
    temperature \rise Temperaturanstieg m
    \rise in costs Kostenanstieg m
    \rise in interest rates Zinsanstieg m
    \rise in volume COMM Umsatzzunahme f
    to be on the \rise im Steigen begriffen sein
    inflation is on the \rise die Inflation steigt
    8. (origin) of a brook Ursprung m
    the river Cam has its \rise in a place called Ashwell der Fluss Cam entspringt an einem Ort namens Ashwell
    9.
    ▶ to get [or take] a \rise out of sb ( fam) jdn [total] auf die Palme bringen fam
    ▶ to give \rise to sth etw verursachen, Anlass zu etw akk geben
    to give \rise to a question eine Frage aufwerfen
    II. vi
    <rose, risen>
    1. (ascend) steigen; curtain aufgehen, hochgehen
    the curtain is rising der Vorhang geht auf [o hebt sich
    2. (become visible) moon, sun aufgehen
    3. (move towards water surface) fish an die Oberfläche kommen
    5. (improve position) aufsteigen
    to \rise to fame berühmt werden
    to \rise in the hierarchy in der Hierarchie aufsteigen
    to \rise in the ranks im Rang steigen
    to \rise through the ranks befördert werden
    to \rise in sb's esteem in jds Ansehen steigen
    6. (from a chair) sich akk erheben; LAW
    all \rise bitte erheben Sie sich
    7. (get out of bed) aufstehen
    8. esp BRIT ( form: adjourn) enden, schließen
    the meeting rose at 6p.m. die Besprechung endete um 18.00 Uhr
    9. (be reborn) auferstehen
    to \rise from the dead von den Toten auferstehen
    to \rise again wiederauferstehen
    10. (blow) wind aufkommen
    they noticed that the wind was rising sie bemerkten, dass der Wind stärker wurde
    11. (originate) river entspringen
    12. (rebel) sich akk auflehnen
    ▪ to \rise against sb/sth sich akk gegen jdn/etw auflehnen
    13. (incline upwards) ground ansteigen
    14. (be higher than surroundings) sich akk erheben
    the mountains \rise above the woods die Berge ragen über den Wäldern empor
    15. (stand on end) hair zu Berge stehen
    his hair rose ihm standen die Haare zu Berge
    we were impressed by the skyscrapers rising above the plain wir waren beeindruckt von den Wolkenkratzern, die sich über der Ebene erhoben
    17. FOOD yeast, dough aufgehen
    18. (appear) blister, bump, weal sich akk bilden
    19. (get nauseated) stomach sich akk umdrehen [o heben
    20. (increase) [an]steigen; (in height) river, sea steigen
    house prices have \risen sharply die Immobilienpreise sind stark gestiegen
    21. of emotion sich akk erhitzen
    tempers were rising at the meeting die Gemüter erhitzten sich auf der Besprechung
    he felt panic \rise in him er fühlte Panik in sich aufsteigen
    22. (become louder) voice lauter werden, sich akk erheben
    murmurs of disapproval rose from the crowd die Menge ließ ein missbilligendes Gemurmel hören
    23. mood, spirit steigen
    my spirits \rise whenever I think of my next holiday immer wenn ich an meinen nächsten Urlaub denke, steigt meine Laune
    24. barometer, thermometer steigen
    25.
    ▶ to \rise to the bait anbeißen
    they offered a good salary, but I didn't \rise to the bait sie boten mir ein gutes Gehalt an, aber ich habe mich nicht ködern lassen
    ▶ \rise and shine! aufstehen!, los, raus aus den Federn!
    * * *
    [raɪz] vb: pret rose, ptp risen
    1. n
    1) (= increase) (in sth etw gen) (in temperature, pressure, of tide, river) Anstieg m, Steigen nt no pl; (in number) Zunahme f; (in prices, bank rate) Steigerung f, Anstieg m; (ST EX) Aufschwung m
    2) (= upward movement of theatre curtain) Hochgehen nt, Heben nt; (of sun) Aufgehen nt; (MUS in pitch) Erhöhung f (
    in +gen (fig, to fame, power etc) Aufstieg m (to zu)

    the rise of the working classes —

    3) (= small hill) Erhebung f; (= slope) Steigung f
    4) (= origin of river) Ursprung m

    to give rise to sth — etw verursachen; to questions etw aufwerfen; to complaints Anlass zu etw geben; to speculation zu etw führen; to hopes, fears etw aufkommen lassen

    2. vi
    1) (= get up) (from sitting, lying) aufstehen, sich erheben (geh), um zu gehen

    to rise from the table to rise in the saddle — vom Tisch aufstehen, sich vom Tisch erheben (geh) sich im Sattel heben

    he rose from his sickbed to go and see her — er verließ sein Krankenlager, um sie zu sehen

    rise and shine! (inf) — raus aus den Federn! (inf)

    2) (= go up) steigen; (smoke, mist etc) (auf)steigen, emporsteigen; (prices, temperature, pressure etc) (an)steigen (to auf +acc); (balloon, aircraft, bird) (auf)steigen, sich heben (geh); (lift) hochfahren, nach oben fahren; (theatre curtain) hochgehen, sich heben; (sun, moon, bread, dough) aufgehen; (wind, storm) aufkommen, sich erheben; (voice, in volume) sich erheben; (in pitch) höher werden; (swimmer, fish) hochkommen; (new buildings) entstehen; (fig, hopes) steigen; (anger) wachsen, zunehmen; (stomach) sich heben

    he won't rise to any of your taunts —

    I can't rise to £100 — ich kann nicht bis £ 100 gehen

    his voice rose to screaming pitch — seine Stimme wurde kreischend or schrill

    3) (ground) ansteigen; (mountains, hills, castle) sich erheben

    the mountain rises to 5,000 feet —

    where the hills rise against the sky — wo sich die Berge gegen den Himmel abheben

    4) (fig

    in society, rank) to rise in the world — es zu etwas bringen

    to rise from nothing — sich aus dem Nichts empor- or hocharbeiten

    he rose to be President/a captain — er stieg zum Präsidenten/Kapitän auf

    See:
    → rank
    5) (= adjourn assembly) auseinandergehen; (meeting) beendet sein
    6) (= originate river) entspringen
    7) (= revolt people) sich empören, sich erheben; (= rebel one's soul etc) sich empören

    to rise (up) in anger (at sth) (people) — sich (gegen etw) empören; (soul, inner being etc) sich (gegen etw) auflehnen/zornig empören

    * * *
    rise [raız]
    A v/i prät rose [rəʊz], pperf risen [ˈrızn]
    1. sich erheben, aufstehen ( from von):
    rise and shine! umg raus aus den Federn!
    2. a) aufbrechen
    b) die Sitzung schließen, sich vertagen
    3. auf-, hoch-, emporsteigen (Vogel, Rauch, Geruch etc; auch fig Gedanke, Zorn etc):
    the curtain rises THEAT der Vorhang geht hoch;
    a) die Röte stieg ihr ins Gesicht,
    b) ihre Wangen röteten sich (an der Luft etc);
    a) an die Oberfläche kommen (Fisch etc), auftauchen (U-Boot),
    b) fig ans Tageslicht oder zum Vorschein kommen;
    his hair rose die Haare standen ihm zu Berge oder sträubten sich ihm;
    land rises to view SCHIFF Land kommt in Sicht;
    the spirits rose die Stimmung hob sich;
    the word rose to her lips das Wort kam ihr auf die Lippen
    4. REL (von den Toten) auferstehen
    5. emporsteigen, dämmern (Morgen)
    6. ASTRON aufgehen (Sonne etc)
    7. ansteigen, bergan gehen (Weg etc)
    8. (an)steigen (by um) (Fieber, Fluss, Preise etc):
    the barometer ( oder glass) has risen das Barometer ist gestiegen;
    rise in sb’s esteem in jemandes Achtung steigen
    9. sich erheben, emporragen:
    the tower rises to a height of 80 yards der Turm erreicht eine Höhe von 80 Yards
    10. steigen, sich bäumen (Pferd):
    rise to a fence zum Sprung über ein Hindernis ansetzen
    11. aufgehen (Saat, auch Hefeteig)
    12. sich bilden (on auf dat) (Blasen etc)
    13. sich erheben, aufkommen (Wind, Sturm, Unruhe, Streit etc)
    14. auch rise in rebellion sich erheben, revoltieren, aufstehen:
    my stomach rises against this mein Magen sträubt sich dagegen, a. fig es ekelt mich an; → arm2 Bes Redew
    15. entstehen, -springen:
    the river rises from a spring in the mountains der Fluss entspringt aus einer Bergquelle;
    their argument rose from ( oder out of) a misunderstanding ihr Streit entsprang (aus) einem Missverständnis
    16. fig sich erheben:
    a) erhaben sein ( above über akk): → crowd1 A 2
    b) sich emporschwingen (Geist):
    rise above mediocrity über das Mittelmaß hinausragen; → occasion A 4
    rise to a higher rank aufsteigen, befördert werden;
    rise in the world vorwärtskommen, es zu etwas bringen
    18. (an)wachsen, sich steigern:
    the wind rose der Wind nahm zu;
    his courage rose sein Mut wuchs
    19. MUS etc (an)steigen, anschwellen (Ton), lauter werden (Stimme)
    B v/t
    a) aufsteigen lassen, einen Fisch an die Oberfläche bringen
    b) aufsteigen sehen, auch SCHIFF ein Schiff sichten
    C s
    1. (Auf-, Hoch)Steigen n, Aufstieg m, THEAT Hochgehen n (des Vorhangs)
    2. ASTRON (Sonnen- etc) Aufgang m
    3. REL Auferstehung f (von den Toten)
    4. a) Auftauchen n
    b) Steigen n (des Fisches), Schnappen n (nach dem Köder):
    a) jemanden auf den Arm nehmen umg,
    b) jemanden auf die Palme bringen umg
    5. fig Aufstieg m:
    his rise to fame sein Aufstieg zum Ruhm;
    a young artist on the rise ein aufstrebender junger Künstler
    6. (An)Steigen n:
    a) Anschwellen n (eines Flusses, eines Tons etc)
    b) Anstieg m, Erhöhung f, Zunahme f:
    the rise in temperature der Temperaturanstieg;
    rise of (the) tide SCHIFF Tidenhub m;
    rise and fall Steigen und Fallen
    c) allg (An)Wachsen n, Steigerung f
    7. WIRTSCH
    a) (An)Steigen n, Anziehen n:
    rise in prices Preisanstieg m
    b) Börse: Aufschwung m, Hausse f
    c) besonders Br Aufbesserung f, Lohn-, Gehaltserhöhung f:
    on the rise im Steigen begriffen (Preise, Kurse);
    rise (of value) Wertsteigerung f;
    speculate for a rise auf Hausse oder à la hausse spekulieren; → operate A 4 a
    8. Zuwachs m, Zunahme f:
    rise in population Bevölkerungszuwachs, -zunahme
    9. Ursprung m (einer Quelle oder fig), Entstehung f:
    take ( oder have) its rise entspringen, entstehen, seinen Ursprung nehmen
    10. fig Anlass m, Ursache f:
    a) verursachen, hervorrufen, führen zu,
    b) einen Verdacht etc aufkommen lassen, Anlass geben zu, erregen
    11. a) Steigung f (eines Geländes)
    b) Anhöhe f, Erhebung f
    12. Höhe f (eines Turmes etc)
    * * *
    1. noun
    1) (going up) (of sun etc.) Aufgang, der; (Theatre): (of curtain) Aufgehen, das; (advancement) Aufstieg, der
    2) (emergence) Aufkommen, das
    3) (increase) (in value, price, cost) Steigerung, die; (St. Exch.): (in shares) Hausse, die; (in population, temperature) Zunahme, die
    4) (Brit.)

    [pay] rise — (in wages) Lohnerhöhung, die; (in salary) Gehaltserhöhung, die

    5) (hill) Anhöhe, die; Erhebung, die
    6) (origin) Ursprung, der

    give rise to — führen zu; [Ereignis:] Anlass geben zu [Spekulation]

    7)

    get or take a rise out of somebody — (fig.): (make fun of) sich über jemanden lustig machen

    2. intransitive verb,
    1) (go up) aufsteigen

    rise [up] into the air — [Rauch:] aufsteigen, in die Höhe steigen; [Ballon, Vogel, Flugzeug:] sich in die Luft erheben

    2) (come up) [Sonne, Mond:] aufgehen; [Blase:] aufsteigen
    3) (reach higher level) steigen; [Stimme:] höher werden
    4) (extend upward) aufragen; sich erheben; [Weg, Straße:] ansteigen

    rise to 2,000 metres — [Berg:] 2 000 m hoch aufragen

    5) (advance) [Person:] aufsteigen, aufrücken

    rise in the world — voran- od. weiterkommen

    6) (increase) steigen; [Stimme:] lauter werden; [Wind, Sturm:] auffrischen, stärker werden
    7) (Cookery) [Teig, Kuchen:] aufgehen
    8) [Stimmung, Moral:] steigen
    9) (come to surface) [Fisch:] steigen

    rise to the bait — (fig.) sich ködern lassen (ugs.)

    10) (Theatre) [Vorhang:] aufgehen, sich heben
    11) (rebel, cease to be quiet) [Person:] aufbegehren (geh.), sich erheben

    rise [to one's feet] — aufstehen

    rise on its hind legs — [Pferd:] steigen

    13) (adjourn) [Parlament:] in die Ferien gehen, die Sitzungsperiode beenden; (end a session) die Sitzung beenden
    14) (come to life again) auferstehen
    15) (have origin) [Fluss:] entspringen
    Phrasal Verbs:
    * * *
    (in rates) n.
    Kursanstieg m. (increase) time n.
    Anstiegszeit f. n.
    Anstieg -e m.
    Aufgang -¨e m.
    Aufschwung m.
    Steigen - n. (above) v.
    herausragen (über) v. (advance) to the position of expr.
    avancieren zu v. v.
    (§ p.,p.p.: rose, risen)
    = anschwellen v.
    ansteigen v.
    anwachsen v.
    aufgehen v.
    aufstehen v.
    aufsteigen v.
    emporsteigen v.
    entspringen v.
    entstehen v.
    sich erheben v.
    sichtbar werden ausdr.
    steigen v.
    (§ p.,pp.: stieg, ist gestiegen)

    English-german dictionary > rise

  • 22 наложить кучу

    (о собаке) to deposit a poop

    In 1978, New York City passed a law that made the residents clean up after their dogs. Until that time, people had to walk around 54 tons of dog poop deposited daily.

    Дополнительный универсальный русско-английский словарь > наложить кучу

  • 23 прибирать за кем-либо

    to clean up after smb

    In 1978, New York City passed a law that made the residents clean up after their dogs. Until that time, people had to walk around 54 tons of dog poop deposited daily.

    Дополнительный универсальный русско-английский словарь > прибирать за кем-либо

  • 24 убирать за кем-либо

    to clean up after smb

    In 1978, New York City passed a law that made the residents clean up after their dogs. Until that time, people had to walk around 54 tons of dog poop deposited daily.

    Дополнительный универсальный русско-английский словарь > убирать за кем-либо

  • 25 quarter

    quarter ['kwɔ:tə(r)]
    ∎ a quarter hour/century/pound un quart d'heure/de siècle/de livre
    (a) (divide into four) diviser en quatre; (beef etc) diviser par quartiers, équarrir;
    ∎ to quarter a cake couper un gâteau en quatre parts égales
    (b) (divide by four) diviser par quatre;
    ∎ prices have been quartered les prix ont été divisés par quatre
    (c) (lodge) loger; Military cantonner;
    ∎ the troops are quartered in the town les soldats sont logés en ville
    (d) History (dismember) écarteler
    3 noun
    (a) (one fourth) quart m; (portion → of apple, circle, century etc) quart m; (→ of orange, moon) quartier m;
    ∎ during the first quarter of the century au cours du premier quart de ce siècle;
    ∎ a quarter of a century/of an hour un quart de siècle/d'heure;
    ∎ a quarter century un quart de siècle;
    ∎ a ton and a quarter, one and a quarter tons une tonne un quart;
    ∎ he ate a quarter/three quarters of the cake il a mangé le quart/les trois quarts du gâteau;
    ∎ it's a quarter/three quarters empty c'est au quart/aux trois quarts vide;
    ∎ we've only done (a) quarter of the work nous n'avons fait que le quart du travail
    ∎ British (a) quarter to six, American (a) quarter of six six heures moins le quart;
    ∎ British (a) quarter past six, American (a) quarter after six six heures et quart;
    ∎ it's a quarter past il est le quart
    (c) (three-month period) trimestre m;
    ∎ published every quarter publié tous les trimestres ou tous les trois mois;
    ∎ to be paid by the quarter être payé par trimestre;
    ∎ profits were up during the last quarter les bénéfices ont augmenté au cours du dernier trimestre
    (d) (US and Canadian money) (pièce f de) vingt-cinq cents mpl
    (e) (unit of weight → quarter of hundredweight) = 12 kg; (→ quarter pound) = 113 g
    ∎ the wind is in the port/starboard quarter le vent souffle par la hanche de bâbord/tribord
    ∎ the decision has been criticized in certain quarters la décision a été critiquée dans certains milieux;
    ∎ in well-informed quarters dans les milieux bien informés;
    ∎ offers of help poured in from all quarters des offres d'aide affluèrent de tous côtés
    (h) (part of town) quartier m;
    ∎ the residential quarter le quartier résidentiel
    (i) (phase of moon) quartier m;
    ∎ the moon is in the first/last quarter la lune est dans le premier/dernier quartier
    (j) Sport (period of play) quart-temps m inv
    (l) (usu neg) literary (mercy) quartier m;
    ∎ they gave no quarter ils ne firent pas de quartier;
    ∎ there was no quarter given or asked on ne fit pas de quartier
    (accommodation) domicile m, résidence f; Military quartiers mpl, cantonnement m, logement m;
    ∎ the servants' quarters les appartements mpl des domestiques;
    ∎ married quarters logement m pour couples mariés;
    ∎ she took up quarters in central London elle a élu domicile ou s'est installée dans le centre de Londres;
    ∎ many families live in very cramped quarters de nombreuses familles vivent dans des conditions de surpeuplement
    ►► quarter binding (in bookbinding) demi-reliure f;
    British Finance quarter day (jour m du) terme m;
    American Music quarter note noire f;
    Law quarter sessions (in England and Wales) ≃ cour f d'assises (remplacée en 1972 par la "Crown Court"); (in US) = dans certains États, tribunal local à compétence criminelle, pouvant avoir des fonctions administratives;
    Music quarter tone quart m de ton

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > quarter

  • 26 Armstrong, Sir William George, Baron Armstrong of Cragside

    [br]
    b. 26 November 1810 Shieldfield, Newcastle upon Tyne, England
    d. 27 December 1900 Cragside, Northumbria, England
    [br]
    English inventor, engineer and entrepreneur in hydraulic engineering, shipbuilding and the production of artillery.
    [br]
    The only son of a corn merchant, Alderman William Armstrong, he was educated at private schools in Newcastle and at Bishop Auckland Grammar School. He then became an articled clerk in the office of Armorer Donkin, a solicitor and a friend of his father. During a fishing trip he saw a water-wheel driven by an open stream to work a marble-cutting machine. He felt that its efficiency would be improved by introducing the water to the wheel in a pipe. He developed an interest in hydraulics and in electricity, and became a popular lecturer on these subjects. From 1838 he became friendly with Henry Watson of the High Bridge Works, Newcastle, and for six years he visited the Works almost daily, studying turret clocks, telescopes, papermaking machinery, surveying instruments and other equipment being produced. There he had built his first hydraulic machine, which generated 5 hp when run off the Newcastle town water-mains. He then designed and made a working model of a hydraulic crane, but it created little interest. In 1845, after he had served this rather unconventional apprenticeship at High Bridge Works, he was appointed Secretary of the newly formed Whittle Dene Water Company. The same year he proposed to the town council of Newcastle the conversion of one of the quayside cranes to his hydraulic operation which, if successful, should also be applied to a further four cranes. This was done by the Newcastle Cranage Company at High Bridge Works. In 1847 he gave up law and formed W.G.Armstrong \& Co. to manufacture hydraulic machinery in a works at Elswick. Orders for cranes, hoists, dock gates and bridges were obtained from mines; docks and railways.
    Early in the Crimean War, the War Office asked him to design and make submarine mines to blow up ships that were sunk by the Russians to block the entrance to Sevastopol harbour. The mines were never used, but this set him thinking about military affairs and brought him many useful contacts at the War Office. Learning that two eighteen-pounder British guns had silenced a whole Russian battery but were too heavy to move over rough ground, he carried out a thorough investigation and proposed light field guns with rifled barrels to fire elongated lead projectiles rather than cast-iron balls. He delivered his first gun in 1855; it was built of a steel core and wound-iron wire jacket. The barrel was multi-grooved and the gun weighed a quarter of a ton and could fire a 3 lb (1.4 kg) projectile. This was considered too light and was sent back to the factory to be rebored to take a 5 lb (2.3 kg) shot. The gun was a complete success and Armstrong was then asked to design and produce an equally successful eighteen-pounder. In 1859 he was appointed Engineer of Rifled Ordnance and was knighted. However, there was considerable opposition from the notably conservative officers of the Army who resented the intrusion of this civilian engineer in their affairs. In 1862, contracts with the Elswick Ordnance Company were terminated, and the Government rejected breech-loading and went back to muzzle-loading. Armstrong resigned and concentrated on foreign sales, which were successful worldwide.
    The search for a suitable proving ground for a 12-ton gun led to an interest in shipbuilding at Elswick from 1868. This necessitated the replacement of an earlier stone bridge with the hydraulically operated Tyne Swing Bridge, which weighed some 1450 tons and allowed a clear passage for shipping. Hydraulic equipment on warships became more complex and increasing quantities of it were made at the Elswick works, which also flourished with the reintroduction of the breech-loader in 1878. In 1884 an open-hearth acid steelworks was added to the Elswick facilities. In 1897 the firm merged with Sir Joseph Whitworth \& Co. to become Sir W.G.Armstrong Whitworth \& Co. After Armstrong's death a further merger with Vickers Ltd formed Vickers Armstrong Ltd.
    In 1879 Armstrong took a great interest in Joseph Swan's invention of the incandescent electric light-bulb. He was one of those who formed the Swan Electric Light Company, opening a factory at South Benwell to make the bulbs. At Cragside, his mansion at Roth bury, he installed a water turbine and generator, making it one of the first houses in England to be lit by electricity.
    Armstrong was a noted philanthropist, building houses for his workforce, and endowing schools, hospitals and parks. His last act of charity was to purchase Bamburgh Castle, Northumbria, in 1894, intending to turn it into a hospital or a convalescent home, but he did not live long enough to complete the work.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Knighted 1859. FRS 1846. President, Institution of Mechanical Engineers; Institution of Civil Engineers; British Association for the Advancement of Science 1863. Baron Armstrong of Cragside 1887.
    Further Reading
    E.R.Jones, 1886, Heroes of Industry', London: Low.
    D.J.Scott, 1962, A History of Vickers, London: Weidenfeld \& Nicolson.
    IMcN

    Biographical history of technology > Armstrong, Sir William George, Baron Armstrong of Cragside

  • 27 Edison, Thomas Alva

    [br]
    b. 11 February 1847 Milan, Ohio, USA
    d. 18 October 1931 Glenmont
    [br]
    American inventor and pioneer electrical developer.
    [br]
    He was the son of Samuel Edison, who was in the timber business. His schooling was delayed due to scarlet fever until 1855, when he was 8½ years old, but he was an avid reader. By the age of 14 he had a job as a newsboy on the railway from Port Huron to Detroit, a distance of sixty-three miles (101 km). He worked a fourteen-hour day with a stopover of five hours, which he spent in the Detroit Free Library. He also sold sweets on the train and, later, fruit and vegetables, and was soon making a profit of $20 a week. He then started two stores in Port Huron and used a spare freight car as a laboratory. He added a hand-printing press to produce 400 copies weekly of The Grand Trunk Herald, most of which he compiled and edited himself. He set himself to learn telegraphy from the station agent at Mount Clements, whose son he had saved from being run over by a freight car.
    At the age of 16 he became a telegraphist at Port Huron. In 1863 he became railway telegraphist at the busy Stratford Junction of the Grand Trunk Railroad, arranging a clock with a notched wheel to give the hourly signal which was to prove that he was awake and at his post! He left hurriedly after failing to hold a train which was nearly involved in a head-on collision. He usually worked the night shift, allowing himself time for experiments during the day. His first invention was an arrangement of two Morse registers so that a high-speed input could be decoded at a slower speed. Moving from place to place he held many positions as a telegraphist. In Boston he invented an automatic vote recorder for Congress and patented it, but the idea was rejected. This was the first of a total of 1180 patents that he was to take out during his lifetime. After six years he resigned from the Western Union Company to devote all his time to invention, his next idea being an improved ticker-tape machine for stockbrokers. He developed a duplex telegraphy system, but this was turned down by the Western Union Company. He then moved to New York.
    Edison found accommodation in the battery room of Law's Gold Reporting Company, sleeping in the cellar, and there his repair of a broken transmitter marked him as someone of special talents. His superior soon resigned, and he was promoted with a salary of $300 a month. Western Union paid him $40,000 for the sole rights on future improvements on the duplex telegraph, and he moved to Ward Street, Newark, New Jersey, where he employed a gathering of specialist engineers. Within a year, he married one of his employees, Mary Stilwell, when she was only 16: a daughter, Marion, was born in 1872, and two sons, Thomas and William, in 1876 and 1879, respectively.
    He continued to work on the automatic telegraph, a device to send out messages faster than they could be tapped out by hand: that is, over fifty words per minute or so. An earlier machine by Alexander Bain worked at up to 400 words per minute, but was not good over long distances. Edison agreed to work on improving this feature of Bain's machine for the Automatic Telegraph Company (ATC) for $40,000. He improved it to a working speed of 500 words per minute and ran a test between Washington and New York. Hoping to sell their equipment to the Post Office in Britain, ATC sent Edison to England in 1873 to negotiate. A 500-word message was to be sent from Liverpool to London every half-hour for six hours, followed by tests on 2,200 miles (3,540 km) of cable at Greenwich. Only confused results were obtained due to induction in the cable, which lay coiled in a water tank. Edison returned to New York, where he worked on his quadruplex telegraph system, tests of which proved a success between New York and Albany in December 1874. Unfortunately, simultaneous negotiation with Western Union and ATC resulted in a lawsuit.
    Alexander Graham Bell was granted a patent for a telephone in March 1876 while Edison was still working on the same idea. His improvements allowed the device to operate over a distance of hundreds of miles instead of only a few miles. Tests were carried out over the 106 miles (170 km) between New York and Philadelphia. Edison applied for a patent on the carbon-button transmitter in April 1877, Western Union agreeing to pay him $6,000 a year for the seventeen-year duration of the patent. In these years he was also working on the development of the electric lamp and on a duplicating machine which would make up to 3,000 copies from a stencil. In 1876–7 he moved from Newark to Menlo Park, twenty-four miles (39 km) from New York on the Pennsylvania Railway, near Elizabeth. He had bought a house there around which he built the premises that would become his "inventions factory". It was there that he began the use of his 200- page pocket notebooks, each of which lasted him about two weeks, so prolific were his ideas. When he died he left 3,400 of them filled with notes and sketches.
    Late in 1877 he applied for a patent for a phonograph which was granted on 19 February 1878, and by the end of the year he had formed a company to manufacture this totally new product. At the time, Edison saw the device primarily as a business aid rather than for entertainment, rather as a dictating machine. In August 1878 he was granted a British patent. In July 1878 he tried to measure the heat from the solar corona at a solar eclipse viewed from Rawlins, Wyoming, but his "tasimeter" was too sensitive.
    Probably his greatest achievement was "The Subdivision of the Electric Light" or the "glow bulb". He tried many materials for the filament before settling on carbon. He gave a demonstration of electric light by lighting up Menlo Park and inviting the public. Edison was, of course, faced with the problem of inventing and producing all the ancillaries which go to make up the electrical system of generation and distribution-meters, fuses, insulation, switches, cabling—even generators had to be designed and built; everything was new. He started a number of manufacturing companies to produce the various components needed.
    In 1881 he built the world's largest generator, which weighed 27 tons, to light 1,200 lamps at the Paris Exhibition. It was later moved to England to be used in the world's first central power station with steam engine drive at Holborn Viaduct, London. In September 1882 he started up his Pearl Street Generating Station in New York, which led to a worldwide increase in the application of electric power, particularly for lighting. At the same time as these developments, he built a 1,300yd (1,190m) electric railway at Menlo Park.
    On 9 August 1884 his wife died of typhoid. Using his telegraphic skills, he proposed to 19-year-old Mina Miller in Morse code while in the company of others on a train. He married her in February 1885 before buying a new house and estate at West Orange, New Jersey, building a new laboratory not far away in the Orange Valley.
    Edison used direct current which was limited to around 250 volts. Alternating current was largely developed by George Westinghouse and Nicola Tesla, using transformers to step up the current to a higher voltage for long-distance transmission. The use of AC gradually overtook the Edison DC system.
    In autumn 1888 he patented a form of cinephotography, the kinetoscope, obtaining film-stock from George Eastman. In 1893 he set up the first film studio, which was pivoted so as to catch the sun, with a hinged roof which could be raised. In 1894 kinetoscope parlours with "peep shows" were starting up in cities all over America. Competition came from the Latham Brothers with a screen-projection machine, which Edison answered with his "Vitascope", shown in New York in 1896. This showed pictures with accompanying sound, but there was some difficulty with synchronization. Edison also experimented with captions at this early date.
    In 1880 he filed a patent for a magnetic ore separator, the first of nearly sixty. He bought up deposits of low-grade iron ore which had been developed in the north of New Jersey. The process was a commercial success until the discovery of iron-rich ore in Minnesota rendered it uneconomic and uncompetitive. In 1898 cement rock was discovered in New Village, west of West Orange. Edison bought the land and started cement manufacture, using kilns twice the normal length and using half as much fuel to heat them as the normal type of kiln. In 1893 he met Henry Ford, who was building his second car, at an Edison convention. This started him on the development of a battery for an electric car on which he made over 9,000 experiments. In 1903 he sold his patent for wireless telegraphy "for a song" to Guglielmo Marconi.
    In 1910 Edison designed a prefabricated concrete house. In December 1914 fire destroyed three-quarters of the West Orange plant, but it was at once rebuilt, and with the threat of war Edison started to set up his own plants for making all the chemicals that he had previously been buying from Europe, such as carbolic acid, phenol, benzol, aniline dyes, etc. He was appointed President of the Navy Consulting Board, for whom, he said, he made some forty-five inventions, "but they were pigeonholed, every one of them". Thus did Edison find that the Navy did not take kindly to civilian interference.
    In 1927 he started the Edison Botanic Research Company, founded with similar investment from Ford and Firestone with the object of finding a substitute for overseas-produced rubber. In the first year he tested no fewer than 3,327 possible plants, in the second year, over 1,400, eventually developing a variety of Golden Rod which grew to 14 ft (4.3 m) in height. However, all this effort and money was wasted, due to the discovery of synthetic rubber.
    In October 1929 he was present at Henry Ford's opening of his Dearborn Museum to celebrate the fiftieth anniversary of the incandescent lamp, including a replica of the Menlo Park laboratory. He was awarded the Congressional Gold Medal and was elected to the American Academy of Sciences. He died in 1931 at his home, Glenmont; throughout the USA, lights were dimmed temporarily on the day of his funeral.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Member of the American Academy of Sciences. Congressional Gold Medal.
    Further Reading
    M.Josephson, 1951, Edison, Eyre \& Spottiswode.
    R.W.Clark, 1977, Edison, the Man who Made the Future, Macdonald \& Jane.
    IMcN

    Biographical history of technology > Edison, Thomas Alva

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