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101 Muspratt, James
SUBJECT AREA: Chemical technology[br]b. 12 August 1793 Dublin, Irelandd. 4 May 1886 Seaforth Hall, near Liverpool, England[br]British industrial chemist.[br]Educated in Dublin, Muspratt was apprenticed at the age of 14 to a wholesale chemist and druggist, with whom he remained for three or four years. Muspratt then went in search of the Napoleonic War and found it first in Spain and finally as Second Officer on a naval vessel. Finding the life unpleasantly harsh, he left his ship off Swansea and returned to Dublin around 1814. Soon afterwards, he received an inheritance, much reduced and delayed by litigation in Chancery. He began manufacturing chemicals in a small way and from 1818 set up as a manufacturer of prussiate of potash. In 1823, Muspratt took advantage of the removal of the salt tax to establish the first plant in England for the largescale manufacture of soda by the Leblanc process. His first soda works was on the outskirts of Liverpool, but when this proved inadequate, he established a larger factory at St Helens, Lancashire, where the raw materials lay close at hand. This district has remained an important centre of the British chemical industry ever since. Although the plant was successful commercially, there were environmental problems. The equipment for condensing the hydrochloric acid gas produced were inadequate and this caused extensive damage to local vegetation, so that Muspratt had to contend with legal action lasting from 1832 to 1850. Eventually Muspratt moved his alkali manufacture to Widnes, which also became a great centre for the chemical industry.[br]Further ReadingObituary, 1886, Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry 5:314. J.F.Allen, 1890, Memoir of James Muspratt, London.LRD -
102 Noble, James
SUBJECT AREA: Textiles[br]fl. 1850s England[br]English inventor of the most generally used wool-combing machine.[br]For many years James Noble had been experimenting with combing machines and had taken out patents, but it was not until he was nearly 50 that he invented a really successful one. In 1853 he took out patents for the machine with which his name has become associated. His invention differed from all others in that the combing and clearing away of the noil was done by and through circles revolving in the same direction with practically the same surface speed. It consisted of a large horizontal revolving circle of vertical pins onto which the wool fibres were fed, and inside this were smaller circles of heated pins revolving at the same speed and which also caught the fibres. The combing occurred at the point where the circles separated. Further rollers drew the fibres off the pins of the other circles. The Noble comb became the machine mostly used for wool combing because of its mechanical simplicity, adaptability for varying classes of wool, superior output and economy, for it required little supervision.[br]Bibliography1853, British patent no. 890 (wool-combing machine). 1853, British patent no. 894 (wool-combing machine).Further ReadingL.J.Mills, 1927, The Textile Educator, London (for a full description of the Noble comb).W.English, 1969, The Textile Industry, London (provides a good short account of the principles of Noble's machine).RLH -
103 Parker, James
[br]fl. 1790s Northfleet, Kent, England[br]English patentee of Roman Cement.[br]James Parker was a vicar at Northfleet in Kent. In experiments of an almost accidental nature he calcined some nodules of clay found on the beach on the Isle of Sheppey. From these he developed a cement which he called Roman, because he believed that this was the type of material the Romans made in ancient times, and which proved to be the basis of the cement industry in Britain, Parker's cement was better than any other so far produced, and was suited to engineering and architectural uses.[br]Bibliography27 July 1796, British patent no. 2,120 (Roman Cement).Further ReadingA.J.Francis, 1977, The Cement Industry 1796–1914: A History, David \& Charles.DY -
104 Small, James
SUBJECT AREA: Agricultural and food technology[br]b. c. 1742 Scotlandd. 1793 Scotland[br]Scottish engineer who was first to apply scientific experiment and calculation to the design of ploughs.[br]James Small served his apprenticeship as a wright and blacksmith at Hutton in Berwickshire, and then travelled for a time in England. It is possible that he learned his trade from the ploughwright Pashley, who ran the "Manufactory" in Rotherham. On his return to Scotland he settled at Blackadder Mount, Berwickshire, and there began to make his ploughs. He used a spring balance to determine the draft of the plough and fashioned the mouldboard from a soft wood so that the wear would show quickly on its surface. Repeated trials indicated the best shape to be adopted, and he had his mouldboards cast at the Carron Ironworks. At trials held at Dalkeith, Small's plough, pulled by two horses, outperformed the old Scotch plough hauled by as many as eight oxen, and his ploughs were soon to be found in all areas of the country. He established workshops in Leith Walk, where he made ploughs and other implements. It was in Edinburgh in 1784 that he published Treatise on Ploughs, in which he set out his methods and calculations. He made no attempt to patent his ideas, feeling that they should be available to all, and the book provided sufficient information for it to be used by his rivals. As a result he died a poor man at the age of 52. His family were supported with a £1,500 subscription raised on their behalf by Sir John Sinclair, President of the Board of Agriculture.[br]Bibliography1784, A Treatise on Ploughs and Wheel Carriages.Further ReadingJ.B.Passmore, 1930, The English Plough, Reading: University of Reading (provides a history of plough development from the eighth century, and deals in detail with Small's work).AP -
105 Stuart, James
SUBJECT AREA: Mechanical, pneumatic and hydraulic engineering[br]b. 2 January 1843 Balgonie, Fife, Scotlandd. 12 October 1913 Norwich, Norfolk, England[br]Scottish engineer and educator.[br]James Stuart established the teaching of engineering as a university discipline at Cambridge. He was born at Balgonie in Fife, where his father managed a linen mill. He attended the University of St Andrews and then studied mathematics at Cambridge University. In 1867 he took up a post as Assistant Tutor at Trinity College, Cambridge, where his skills as a teacher were quickly recognized. The University was at that time adapting itself to the new systems of instruction recommended by the Royal Commission on university reform in the 1850s, and Stuart took an active part in the organization of a new structure of inter-collegiate lecture courses. He made an even more significant contribution to the establishment of extramural courses from which the Cambridge University extension lecture programme developed. This began in 1867, when Stuart took adult classes in Manchester and Crewe. The latter, in particular, brought him into close contact with those involved in practical mechanics and stimulated his interest in the applied sciences. In 1875 he was elected to the newly created Chair of Mechanism and Engineering in Cambridge, and he set out energetically to recruit students and to build up a flourishing unit with its own workshop and foundry, training a new generation of engineers in the applied sciences.In November 1884 Stuart was elected to Parliament and embarked on an active but somewhat undistinguished career in politics as a radical Liberal, becoming amongst other things a keen supporter of the women's suffrage movement. This did not endear him to his academic colleagues, and the Engineering School suffered from neglect by Stuart until he resigned the Chair in 1890. By the time he left, however, the University was ready to recognize Engineering as a Tripos subject and to accept properly equipped teaching laboratories, so that his successor J.A. Ewing was able to benefit from Stuart's pioneering work. Stuart continued his political activities and was appointed a Privy Councillor in 1909. He married Elizabeth Colman after resigning the Chair, and on the death of his father-in-law in 1898 he moved to Norwich to take on the direction of the family mustard firm, J. \& J.Colman Ltd.[br]Further ReadingHilken, 1967, Engineering at Cambridge, Ch. 3, pp. 58–106.AB -
106 Young, James
SUBJECT AREA: Chemical technology[br]b. 13 July 1811 Glasgow, Scotlandd. 13 May 1883 Wemyss Bay, Scotland[br]Scottish chemist and pioneer petroleum technologist.[br]Young's early education took place in the evenings, after the day's work in his father's joinery. From 1830 he studied chemistry at the evening classes in Glasgow given by the distinguished Scottish chemist Thomas Graham (1805–69) and soon afterwards became Graham's assistant. When Graham moved to University College London in 1837, Young accompanied him.From 1839 he was employed in the chemical industry, first with James Muspratt at St Helens, Lancashire, and from 1843 with Tennant \& Company in Manchester. In 1848 his attention was drawn to an oil seepage in a mine at Alfreton, Derbyshire, of some 300 gallons per day; he set up his own works there to extract an oil that could be used for lighting and lubrication. When this source of oil was exhausted, three years later, Young moved to Lothian in Scotland. By distillation, he extracted oil from the oil-shale deposits there and thus founded the Scottish oil-shale industry: he obtained a high yield of paraffin oil for lighting and heating, and was a pioneer in the use of chemical methods in extracting and treating oil. In 1866 he disposed of his company for no less than £400,000. Young's other activities included measuring the speed of light by Fizeau's method and giving financial support to the expeditions of David Livingstone, who had been a fellow student in Glasgow.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsFRS 1873.Further ReadingObituary, 1884, Journal of the Chemical Society 45:630.LRD -
107 (the) King James Version (of the Bible)
Bible: KJVУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > (the) King James Version (of the Bible)
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108 Barry James
Names and surnames: BJ -
109 Cape St. James, British Columbia, Canada
Airports: YCJУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > Cape St. James, British Columbia, Canada
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110 Croke's King's Bench Reports temp. James I
Универсальный русско-английский словарь > Croke's King's Bench Reports temp. James I
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111 Croke's King's Bench Reports temp.James I
Универсальный русско-английский словарь > Croke's King's Bench Reports temp.James I
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112 Die Another Day (James Bond movie)
Abbreviation: DADУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > Die Another Day (James Bond movie)
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113 Epistle of James
Religion: Jms -
114 Fort James Corporation
NYSE. FJУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > Fort James Corporation
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115 Jessie James
Names and surnames: JJ -
116 John James Audubon
Names and surnames: JJA (1785-1851)Универсальный русско-английский словарь > John James Audubon
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117 King James Bible Quizzing
Religion: KJBQУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > King James Bible Quizzing
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118 Market America (independent entrepenurial corporation founded by James H Ridinger)
Abbreviation: MAУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > Market America (independent entrepenurial corporation founded by James H Ridinger)
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119 Michael James Industries, Inc.
Trademark term: MJIУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > Michael James Industries, Inc.
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120 PATRICK JAMES McKAY Photography
Trademark term: PJMУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > PATRICK JAMES McKAY Photography
См. также в других словарях:
James — James, Henry James, Henry James, William * * * (as used in expressions) Agee, James Anderson, (James) Maxwell Audubon, John James Baldwin, James (Arthur) Balfour (de Whittingehame), Arthur James, 1 conde Ballard, J(ames) G(raham) Barrie, Sir… … Enciclopedia Universal
James — hace referencia a: Personas de apellido James: Chris James, futbolista neozelandés; Daniel James, actor neozelandés protagonista de La Tribu; Etta James, cantante de Estados Unidos; Fitz James O Brien, escritor irlandés; Henry James, escritor y… … Wikipedia Español
James — is a common English surname and given name: James (name), the typically masculine first name James James (surname), various people with the last name James James may also refer to: Contents 1 People 2 Places 3 Science and Technology … Wikipedia
James II — may refer to:* James II, Count of La Marche (1370 1438), King Consort of Naples * James II (EP), the second EP by Mancunian band James * James II of Aragon (1267–1327), King of Sicily * James II of Cyprus (circa 1438–1473), Titular King of… … Wikipedia
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James — prop. n. 1. William James, an American psychologist and philosopher (1842 1910). He was the brother of Henry James. Syn: William James. [WordNet 1.5] 2. Henry James, an American novelist and critic, born 1843, died 1916. He was the brother of… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
James I — may refer to:* James I, Count of La Marche (1319 1362), Count of Ponthieu * James I of Aragon (1208–1276), Count of Barcelona * James I of Sicily (1267–1327), King of Valencia * James I of Cyprus (1334–1398), Titular King of Armenia * James I of… … Wikipedia
James — [dʒeɪmz], 1) C. L. R. (Cyril Lionel Robert), westindischer Schriftsteller, * Tunapuna (bei Port of Spain, Trinidad) 4. 1. 1901, ✝ London 31. 5. 1989; war in den frühen 30er Jahren, von marxistischen und zeitweise auch trotzkistischen Ideen… … Universal-Lexikon
JAMES (C.) — JAMES CHARLES (1906 1978) Issu d’une famille américaine, Charles James effectue des études orageuses en Angleterre et en France avant de rejoindre ses parents à Chicago. C’est là qu’il ouvre, en 1926, une maison de modiste sous le nom de Charles… … Encyclopédie Universelle
James IV — may refer to:* James IV of Majorca (circa 1336 1375), King of Majorca * James IV of Scotland (1473 1513), Duke of Rothesay * James Gamble Rogers IV (1937 1991), folk artist * James H. Burnley IV (born 1948), American politician and lawyer * James … Wikipedia
James — m English and Scottish form of the name borne in the New Testament by two of Christ s disciples, James son of Zebedee and James son of Alphaeus. This form comes from Late Latin Iacomus, a variant of Iacobus, Latin form of the New Testament Greek… … First names dictionary
