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121 διφθέρα
Grammatical information: f.Meaning: `prepared skin, hide, leather', also leather objects (Ion.-Att.);Dialectal forms: Myc. diptera ( diptera₃) `leather' \/ diphthera\/; dipteraporo \/ diphthera-phoros?\/Derivatives: Diminut. διφθέριον (Theognost.); διφθερίς = διφθέρα (AP); διφθέρωμα `id.' (Thd.;); διφθερίας `man in leathern jerkin, landmann etc.' (Com.; Chantraine 93); f. διφθερῖτις (Poll.; Redard Les noms grecs en - της 114); διφθεράριος `pergamentmaker' ( Edict. Diocl. Asin.); διφθέρινος `made of δ., leathern' (X.). - Denomin. διφθερόομαι `be dressed in hides' (Str.). Note διψάρα δέλτος, οἱ δε διφθέρα H. (cf Schwyzer 326).Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: To δέφω, δέψω (de Saussure MSL 7, 91). ε\/ι is frequent in Pre-Greek (there was no phoneme e). δίψαρα shows typical Pre-Greek variation. Fur. 308, 326. - On Iranian LW [loanword] from διφθέρα, i.e. NPers. daftar `office', s. Bailey, Trans. Phil. Soc. 1933, 50. From here Lat. littera, perhaps via Etruscan (cf. διφθεραλοιφός γραμματοδιδάσκαλος παρὰ Κυπρίοις Η.)Page in Frisk: 1,400Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > διφθέρα
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122 μάσθλης
Grammatical information: m.Meaning: `leather', name of leather objects (cf. διφθέρα) like `leather shoe, strap' (Sapph., Hp., S.); also metaph. of a flexible and flattering man (Ar.);Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]X [probably]Etymology: Formation like τάπης, λέβης etc. (cf. Schwyzer 499); explanation uncertain. Against the traditional derivation from ἱμάσθλη with loss of the anlaut after μάστιξ (Bq, Chantraine Form. 375, Strömberg Wortstudien 44; cf. Curtius 394 and on ἱμάς) tells the slightly deviating meaning, insofar as it is not dependent on the τ-enlargement. Reverse proposal by Schwyzer 533 and 725 n. 3 (s. also Belardi Doxa 3, 213): μάσθλης to μάστιξ, μαίομαι; from there ἱμάσθλη with secondary adaptation to ἱμάς. -- Extensively on μάσθλης Hamm Glotta 32, 43ff. - Poss. Pre-Greek (Fur. 172 n. 118.Page in Frisk: 2,180Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > μάσθλης
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123 Bramah, Joseph
SUBJECT AREA: Civil engineering, Domestic appliances and interiors, Land transport, Mechanical, pneumatic and hydraulic engineering, Public utilities[br]b. 2 April 1749 Stainborough, Yorkshire, Englandd. 9 December 1814 Pimlico, London, England[br]English inventor of the second patented water-closet, the beer-engine, the Bramah lock and, most important, the hydraulic press.[br]Bramah was the son of a tenant farmer and was educated at the village school before being apprenticed to a local carpenter, Thomas Allot. He walked to London c.1773 and found work with a Mr Allen that included the repair of some of the comparatively rare water-closets of the period. He invented and patented one of his own, which was followed by a water cock in 1783. His next invention, a greatly improved lock, involved the devising of a number of special machine tools, for it was one of the first devices involving interchangeable components in its manufacture. In this he had the help of Henry Maudslay, then a young and unknown engineer, who became Bramah's foreman before setting up business on his own. In 1784 he moved his premises from Denmark Street, St Giles, to 124 Piccadilly, which was later used as a showroom when he set up a factory in Pimlico. He invented an engine for putting out fires in 1785 and 1793, in effect a reciprocating rotary-vane pump. He undertook the refurbishment and modernization of Norwich waterworks c.1793, but fell out with Robert Mylne, who was acting as Consultant to the Norwich Corporation and had produced a remarkably vague specification. This was Bramah's only venture into the field of civil engineering.In 1797 he acted as an expert witness for Hornblower \& Maberley in the patent infringement case brought against them by Boulton and Watt. Having been cut short by the judge, he published his proposed evidence in "Letter to the Rt Hon. Sir James Eyre, Lord Chief Justice of the Common Pleas…etc". In 1795 he was granted his most important patent, based on Pascal's Hydrostatic Paradox, for the hydraulic press which also incorporated the concept of hydraulics for the transmission of both power and motion and was the foundation of the whole subsequent hydraulic industry. There is no truth in the oft-repeated assertion originating from Samuel Smiles's Industrial Biography (1863) that the hydraulic press could not be made to work until Henry Maudslay invented the self-sealing neck leather. Bramah used a single-acting upstroking ram, sealed only at its base with a U-leather. There was no need for a neck leather.He also used the concept of the weight-loaded, in this case as a public-house beer-engine. He devised machinery for carbonating soda water. The first banknote-numbering machine was of his design and was bought by the Bank of England. His development of a machine to cut twelve nibs from one goose quill started a patent specification which ended with the invention of the fountain pen, patented in 1809. His coach brakes were an innovation that was followed bv a form of hydropneumatic carriage suspension that was somewhat in advance of its time, as was his patent of 1812. This foresaw the introduction of hydraulic power mains in major cities and included the telescopic ram and the air-loaded accumulator.In all Joseph Bramah was granted eighteen patents. On 22 March 1813 he demonstrated a hydraulic machine for pulling up trees by the roots in Hyde Park before a large crowd headed by the Duke of York. Using the same machine in Alice Holt Forest in Hampshire to fell timber for ships for the Navy, he caught a chill and died soon after at his home in Pimlico.[br]Bibliography1778, British patent no. 1177 (water-closet). 1784, British patent no. 1430 (Bramah Lock). 1795, British patent no. 2045 (hydraulic press). 1809, British patent no. 3260 (fountain pen). 1812, British patent no. 3611.Further ReadingI.McNeil, 1968, Joseph Bramah, a Century of Invention.S.Smiles, 1863, Industrial Biography.H.W.Dickinson, 1942, "Joseph Bramah and his inventions", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 22:169–86.IMcN -
124 جلد
جِلْد \ leather: the skin of an animal, prepared for use (for making shoes, bags, etc.). skin: the covering of a person’s or creature’s body, or of a fruit. \ جِلْد الحيوان \ hide: an animal’s skin, for use as leather. \ جِلْد الغَنَم \ sheepskin: (esp. attrib.) a skin of a sheep with the wool on it: a sheepskin coat. \ جِلْد الماعِز (شَمْوَاه) \ suede: soft leather, made from the skin of young goats: suede shoes. \ جِلْد مَصْقُول للكِتابة \ parchment: the skin of an animal (esp. a goat or sheep), used for writing on in former times. -
125 مقود
مِقْوَد \ halter: a rope that is put round the neck of a large animal (horse, ox, etc.) so as to lead it. lead: a leather string for leading a dog. leash: a chain or a leather string for controlling a dog: Fierce watchdogs should be kept on a leash. rein: (often pl.) one of two strips of leather with which a rider controls the head of an animal that is ridden. \ See Also رسن (رَسَن)، عنان (عِنان) -
126 halter
مِقْوَد \ halter: a rope that is put round the neck of a large animal (horse, ox, etc.) so as to lead it. lead: a leather string for leading a dog. leash: a chain or a leather string for controlling a dog: Fierce watchdogs should be kept on a leash. rein: (often pl.) one of two strips of leather with which a rider controls the head of an animal that is ridden. \ See Also رسن (رَسَن)، عنان (عِنان) -
127 lead
مِقْوَد \ halter: a rope that is put round the neck of a large animal (horse, ox, etc.) so as to lead it. lead: a leather string for leading a dog. leash: a chain or a leather string for controlling a dog: Fierce watchdogs should be kept on a leash. rein: (often pl.) one of two strips of leather with which a rider controls the head of an animal that is ridden. \ See Also رسن (رَسَن)، عنان (عِنان) -
128 leash
مِقْوَد \ halter: a rope that is put round the neck of a large animal (horse, ox, etc.) so as to lead it. lead: a leather string for leading a dog. leash: a chain or a leather string for controlling a dog: Fierce watchdogs should be kept on a leash. rein: (often pl.) one of two strips of leather with which a rider controls the head of an animal that is ridden. \ See Also رسن (رَسَن)، عنان (عِنان)
См. также в других словарях:
Leather — Leath er (l[e^][th] [ e]r), n. [OE. lether, AS. le[eth]er; akin to D. leder, le[^e]r, G. leder, OHG. ledar, Icel. le[eth]r, Sw. l[ a]der, Dan. l[ae]der.] 1. The skin of an animal, or some part of such skin, with the hair removed, and tanned,… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
Leather board — Leather Leath er (l[e^][th] [ e]r), n. [OE. lether, AS. le[eth]er; akin to D. leder, le[^e]r, G. leder, OHG. ledar, Icel. le[eth]r, Sw. l[ a]der, Dan. l[ae]der.] 1. The skin of an animal, or some part of such skin, with the hair removed, and… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
Leather carp — Leather Leath er (l[e^][th] [ e]r), n. [OE. lether, AS. le[eth]er; akin to D. leder, le[^e]r, G. leder, OHG. ledar, Icel. le[eth]r, Sw. l[ a]der, Dan. l[ae]der.] 1. The skin of an animal, or some part of such skin, with the hair removed, and… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
Leather flower — Leather Leath er (l[e^][th] [ e]r), n. [OE. lether, AS. le[eth]er; akin to D. leder, le[^e]r, G. leder, OHG. ledar, Icel. le[eth]r, Sw. l[ a]der, Dan. l[ae]der.] 1. The skin of an animal, or some part of such skin, with the hair removed, and… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
Leather jacket — Leather Leath er (l[e^][th] [ e]r), n. [OE. lether, AS. le[eth]er; akin to D. leder, le[^e]r, G. leder, OHG. ledar, Icel. le[eth]r, Sw. l[ a]der, Dan. l[ae]der.] 1. The skin of an animal, or some part of such skin, with the hair removed, and… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
Leather leaf — Leather Leath er (l[e^][th] [ e]r), n. [OE. lether, AS. le[eth]er; akin to D. leder, le[^e]r, G. leder, OHG. ledar, Icel. le[eth]r, Sw. l[ a]der, Dan. l[ae]der.] 1. The skin of an animal, or some part of such skin, with the hair removed, and… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
Leather plant — Leather Leath er (l[e^][th] [ e]r), n. [OE. lether, AS. le[eth]er; akin to D. leder, le[^e]r, G. leder, OHG. ledar, Icel. le[eth]r, Sw. l[ a]der, Dan. l[ae]der.] 1. The skin of an animal, or some part of such skin, with the hair removed, and… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
Leather turtle — Leather Leath er (l[e^][th] [ e]r), n. [OE. lether, AS. le[eth]er; akin to D. leder, le[^e]r, G. leder, OHG. ledar, Icel. le[eth]r, Sw. l[ a]der, Dan. l[ae]der.] 1. The skin of an animal, or some part of such skin, with the hair removed, and… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
Leather — For other uses, see Leather (disambiguation). Modern leather working tools Leather is a durable and flexible material created via the tanning of putrescible animal rawhide and skin, primarily cattlehide. It can be produced through different… … Wikipedia
LEATHER INDUSTRY AND TRADE — Biblical and Talmudic Times The one Hebrew word רֹוע (or) covers skin, hide, and leather, so that it is difficult to establish whether references in the Bible are to skin or leather. The Bible frequently refers to garments made from skin (e.g.,… … Encyclopedia of Judaism
leather — noun ADJECTIVE ▪ thick, thin ▪ soft ▪ shiny ▪ worn ▪ black ▪ … Collocations dictionary
